L39-动名词及其短语 初中英语词性句法新讲课件

(共21张PPT)
动名词及其短语
Lesson 39：
授课人：曾老师
动名词的概念与词性：
动名词，顾名思义是将动作词名词化。比如：
Walking to school is a good idea.
Smoking is not allowed here.
Seeing is believing.
Your task is cleaning the windows.
He likes swimming and dancing.
You should practice speaking English more.
I'm sorry for giving you so much trouble.
She is busy (in) correcting her exercises.
那么，什么时候需要
将动词名词化呢？
动词指动作，是动词性的。动名词指“做这个动作的这件事情”, 虽然本质中它还含有动作的意思
在内，但此时它的身份却是名词性的。说的通俗一点，它已经“变性”过了。
第二个例子：
他开车很快，这句话中“开车”为动作词，英文一般这么表述：He drives fast.
他喜欢开车，这句话中“开车”为名称词，英文一般这么表述：He likes driving.
“开车”没有对应的名称词形式，英文就用“driving”来指“开车这种行为”。“driving”就是一个动名词。
第一个例子：
我的父母鼓励我努力学习，这句话中“鼓励”为动作词，英文一般这么表述：
My parents encourage me to study hard.
我父母的鼓励让我开心，这句话中“鼓励”为名称词，英文一般这么表述：
My parents’ encouragement makes me happy.
“鼓励”这个动词在英文中有对应的名词形式“encouragement” 。
动名词的构成：
规则动作词后面加上“ing”就构成了动名词。部分不规则的动作词则会稍有改动。
(这个在很多语法书上有说明，此不多述)
部分动名词，比如象“building, swimming, teaching”等，现代词典已将它们收录进词典作为
一个正式的名词了。相当于这些词已经得到正式的“liscence”可以在句子中当作名称词用了。
那些还没有被收录进词典，临时造出来用的，被称作动名词。比如：
His refusing made me crazy. “refusing”就是一个临时造出来的词
动名词及其短语的句法功能：
动名词及其短语在句子当中的用法跟名词性的词/词组短语是一样的。
可以用作：主语、宾语、表语、补足语、定语。比如：
1). 主语：
Listening to music gives me pleasure.
Walking to school is a good idea.
Smoking is not allowed here.
It is no use learning theory without practice. “it”用作形式主语，动名词才是真正的主语
动名词及其短语的句法功能：
2). 宾语：
I cannot help laughing.
You should practice speaking English more.
I prefer living in an apartment.
I'm sorry for giving you so much trouble.
She is busy (in) correcting her exercises.
The rain prevented us from completing the work.
动名词及其短语的句法功能：
3). 表语：
Seeing is believing.
What he is doing now is just wasting time.
Your task is cleaning the windows.
What I hate most is being laughed at.
= Wasting time is what he is doing now.
= Cleaning the windows is your task.
= Being laughed at is what I hate most.
▲ 注意动名词与现在分词的分别：
动名词作表语时，可以同样作主语；进行时结构中的现在分词则不能。
动名词及其短语的句法功能：
4). 补足语：
We call the activity hiking.
How could you think this cheating you
I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.
5). 定语：
a sleeping car, a washing machine, a walking stick, …
▲ 注意动名词用作定语时，代表属性用途，没有正在进行的意思。
常接动名词作宾语的动作词及其词组：
advise doing
suggest doing
allow doing
avoid doing
appreciate doing
imagine doing
consider doing
deny doing
dislike doing
enjoy doing
finish doing
complete doing
mention doing
miss doing
resist doing
forbid doing
mind doing
keep doing
practise doing
prevent doing
risk doing
……
put off doing
look forward to doing
can’t help doing
can’t stand doing
keep on doing
give up doing
recommend doing
……
关键：
对一个动作行为采取了哪种动作
动名词的逻辑主语：
1). 动名词(或短语)可以有自己的逻辑主语，这个逻辑主语一般用所有格形式来表示：
His collecting stamps wastes him a lot of money.
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Would you mind my smoking here
She hates her husband’s staying up late every night.
I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.
他的集邮行为花了他很多钱
他们的到来及帮助对我们鼓励极大
你介意我在这抽烟吗
她讨厌她丈夫每晚很迟才睡
你今天下午能回我电话最好了
动名词的逻辑主语：
2). 有些时候这个逻辑主语也可以用名称词的主格来表示。比如：
Would you mind me smoking here
Is there any hope of our team(’s) winning the match
They insist on Mary(’s) going with them there.
She hates her husband staying up late every night.
It is not really success that the British dislike. It’s people using their success in a way that
seems proud or unfair or which separates them from their roots.
动名词的否定形式：
1). 动名词的否定形式是直接在其前面加上“not”，比如：
Not having enough food troubles them now.
I regret not following his advice.
His not knowing English gets him a lot of trouble.
2). 有些时候(尤其是布告牌上)在动名词前加“no”构成否定形式，比如：
There is no denying the fact that he is diligent.
No Smoking. No Parking. No Swimming Here!
食物不足问题正烦扰着他们。
对于没听他劝告这事，我很后悔。
他不懂英语这事给他带来许多麻烦。
任何人都不能否认他很用功。
完成时结构下的动名词：
1). 完成时结构改成动名词时，一般是将“have”改成动名词，其它不变。比如：
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
He remembers having given the poor man some money.
2). 如果这个完成时结构是否定的句式，则这个“not”要提到“have”的前面。比如：
I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before.
He felt sorry for not having done the work well.
我们因提前完成工作而受表扬
他记得已给过那个可怜人一点钱了
很抱歉，没有提早给你打电话。
他为没有把工作做好而感到难过。
动名词与其同源名词及不定式形式的区别：
He likes drinking coffee.
He would like to drink a cup of coffee.
He would like to have a drink.
He hates talking with his parents.
He hates to talk with his parents.
He hates a talk with his parents.
Walking to school is a good idea.
To walk to school is a good idea.
A walk to school is a good idea.
他平时喜欢喝咖啡
他(现在)想喝一杯咖啡
他(现在)想去喝一次
他(平时)讨厌跟父母谈话
他讨厌(接下来)去跟父母谈话(这件事)
他讨厌与父母(接下来)进行一次谈话
(平时)走路上学是个好注意
(现在)走路去上学是个好注意
(让我们来)一次步行上学，这是个好注意
动名词与其同源名词的区别：
70% of the top 100 crops that feed 90% of the humans population reply on bees for pollination (授粉). Without them, these plants would stop existing. This can have a (harm) effect on the food chain.
harming
动名词与其同源名词的区别：
Encouragement 与 Encouraging
His lose
his losing
harming effect
harmful effect
Encouragement is the activity of encouraging someone, or something that is said or done in order to encourage them.
I also had friends who gave me a great deal of encouragement.
Thanks for your advice and encouragement.
Financial encouragements include tax relief on mortgage interest.
动名词与不定式的区别：
It’s interesting climbing mountains.
It’s interesting to climb a mountain.
It’s so nice sitting here with you.
(平时)爬爬山是有趣的
(现在)去爬一座山是有趣的
(平时)和你一起坐在这里真愉快
或：和你坐在一起真是愉快 (和你坐了一会才说这句话)
(要是)能和你一起坐在这里真愉快 (坐之前说这句话)
It’s so nice to sit here with you.
She forgot to post her letter to the professor.
She forgot (once) posting her letter to the professor.
Please remember to visit the museum.
He remembered visiting the museum.
她忘了将信寄给教授了(信没寄)
她忘了曾经给教授寄过信了
请记得去参加一下展览馆
他(还)记得(曾经)参观过展览馆(这件事)
动词不定式强调：接下去要做的一件事，动作还没有去做
动名词强调：做某件事的这种形为，仅仅是将动作名称化
动名词与不定式的区别：
It is no use talking about that.
It is no use to talk about that.
描述一个事实：谈论这件事情没用
交待一件事情：再去谈论这件事情没用
Smoking is not good for your health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.
描述一个事实：见过的才是可信的
交待一件事情：去见过后才值得相信
描述一个事实：(平时)吸烟对你的健康不好
交待一件事情：你再去吸很多烟对健康不好
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.
I found it pleasant to walk along the seashore.
他时常会呆在他家边上的公园里：
可以说成：Usually he would like to stay in the park near his house.
也可以是：Usually he would like staying in the park near his house.
动名词与现在分词的区别：
尽管动名词与现在分词的构成形式相同，但：
动名词：是动作词的名词化，它指的是“事情”，没有正在进行的意思；
现在分词：是动作词的形容词化，它是描述性或限定性的，指的是这个动作处于正进行中的状态。
比如：
My hobby is swimming.
They are swimming now.
动名词 (表游泳这件事)
现在分词 (表正在进行)
Reading is an art.
He is reading now.
动名词 (表阅读这件事)
现在分词 (表正在进行)
Your task is cleaning the windows.
My parents are cleaning the windows now.
动名词 (表打扫这件事)
现在分词 (表正在进行)
动名词与现在分词的区别：
试对比以下动名词形式与现代分词形式在意思上的区别：
a sleeping car
a swimming suit
a swimming pool
a dining room
a reading room
a leaving day
a walking stick
a printing shop
一辆房车
一套游泳装
一个游泳池
一个餐厅
一间阅览室
一个别离的日子
一根手杖
一家打印店
动名词
现在分词
a sleeping child
a swimming girl
a talking bird
a running car
an interesting dog
Dad is leaving.
She is walking.
He is printing.
一个熟睡中的小孩
一个正在游泳的女孩
一个正在说话的鸟
一辆飞驰的汽车
一条吸引人的狗
爸爸正在离开
她正在走路
他正在打印
动名词与现在分词的区别：
现在分词在用作定语时，基本上都可以用定语从句来表述相同的意思。比如：
a sleeping child
a swimming girl
a talking bird
a running car
an interesting dog
= a child who is sleeping
= a girl who is swimming
= a bird which is talking (which can talk)
= a car that is running
= a dog which is interesting
但是，动名词是绝对不可以这样的。比如不能说：
a sleeping car = a car which is sleeping.