L40-现在分词及其短语 初中英语词性句法新讲课件

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现在分词及其短语
Lesson 40：
授课人：曾老师
现在分词的概念：
“be+Ving”为系表结构。
根据已讲述的系表结构概念，这是将一个表动作行为的句式相对静态化(动作静态)。
现在分词及其短语常用于进行时的结构中，表述动作正在进行。比如：
The students are playing football on the playground.
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.
The present situation is inspiring.
学生们正在操场上踢足球
正在这家电影院上演的电影激动人心
当前的形势鼓舞人心
现在分词的概念：
现在分词有二层明显的内在含义：
1. “正在进行或即将进行”的特性：表示动作是处于正在进行中或马上要进行的状态。
2. 逻辑上“主谓关系”的特性：该动作与它的逻辑主语之间是主谓关系。
比如：
a moving train
The train is moving.
The train is leaving.
an interesting small dog
The small dog is interesting.
正在移动中的一辆火车
那辆火车正处于移动中的状态
火车正在开走，也可以理解为火车马上要走了
一只正在吸引别人眼神的小狗
那只小狗正处于吸引别人眼神的状态中
现在分词的构成方式：
现在分词的构成方式与动名词相同。 (具体的构成方式此略)
部分现在分词，比如象“exciting, interesting, developing”等，现代词典已将它们收录作为
一个正式的形容词了。也就是说，这些词已拿到了可以用作形容词的正式“license”。
那些还没有被正式收编进词典，相当于是临时造出来用的，被称作现在分词。比如：My grandpa is coughing. “coughing ”就是一个临时造出来用的词。
现在分词的词性及用法：
I was shaking all over, trembling like a leaf.
相当于我处于“正在晃动的”这种状态。
现在分词由动作词变化而来，虽然本质中还含有动作的意思在内，但从词性的角度来讲，
它的身份却完全变掉了。通俗一点讲，它“变性”过了 。
因此它无法单独用来做谓语，必须要跟系动词或系动动词搭配后才行。比如：
A ring with a diamond looks shining in a glass display case.
玻璃展示柜里，一只镶钻的戒指看起来(正处于)闪闪发光(的状态)。
现在分词的词性及用法：
1). 现在分词的主词性是形容词性的。
① 它可以用作系表结构中的表述语 (进行时结构中，前文已述)
a changing world
a developing country
a sleeping child
a swimming girl
a running car
an interesting dog
相当于：a world which is changing
相当于：a country which is developing
相当于： a child who is sleeping
相当于： a girl who is swimming
相当于： a car that is running
相当于： a dog which is interesting
② 也可用作定语，用来限定或修饰一个名称词(相当于一个定语从句)。比如：
现在分词的词性及用法：
In the following years he worked even harder.
Nothing interesting can be found here.
The man speaking to the teacher is my father.
前置定语：单独一个现在分词做定语时，常放在被修饰词的前面；
后置定语：但如果用来修饰不定代词，或如果是一个分词短语，则常用作后置定语。
③ 用作补足语结构中的表述语。比如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room
He kept the car waiting at the gate.
可以用作前置定语，也可用作后置定语：
在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了
这里一点有趣的东西都没有
正与老师谈话的那个人是我的父亲
He was often seen watching plants (close) and thinking of ways ...
closely
现在分词的词性及用法：
2). 现在分词的第二词性是副词性的，在句子中用作状语。比如：
(While) working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
他在厂工作时是名先进工人
① 用作时间状语：
(As) being a League member, he is always helping others.
由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人
② 用作原因状语：
He stayed at home, (while) cleaning and washing.
他呆在家里，又擦又洗
③ 同步伴随状语：
(If) playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你会浪费宝贵的时间
④ 用作条件状语：
现在分词的词性及用法：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.
他把杯子掉了，(结果)摔得粉碎
⑤ 用作结果状语：
He went swimming the other day.
几天前他去游泳了
⑥ 用作目的状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了
⑦ 用作让步状语：
现在分词的词性及用法：
Generally speaking, girls are more careful.
一般说来，女孩子更细心
⑧ 独立短语状语：
▲ 特别要提醒的是，如果用现在分词短语作独立状语，一定要把句子的结构搞对。比如：
his wife finally leaving him, so he became lonely.
把so去掉
He spends hours on the telephone, talks to his son.
句法错误，将talks改成talking
Having been ill for a long time, so she fell behind her classmates.
把so去掉
Being very tired, he still continued his working.
使用“be”的现在分词形式，其它结构不变。比如：
完成时结构下的现在分词短语：
Having finished the homework, the children went out to play football.
使用“have”的现在分词形式，其它结构不变。比如：
完成时结构的现在分词短语用作独立短语时的否定形式：
Not having finished the homework, the children were not allowed to play football.
这种情况一般直接在“having”前面加“not”：
被动语态结构下的现在分词短语：
现在分词的逻辑主语：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.
Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises.
His computer being occupied, he has nothing to do but wait.
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
All his work having been finished, he left his office.
现在分词也可以有自己的逻辑主语。但与动名词不同，它的逻辑主语一般用主格形式：
这样的短语，我们称之为“独立主格结构”。
我在等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上
如果时间允许，我们将做另外两个练习
电脑被占用，他只有呆着等
票全卖光，他们失望走了
所有工作完成后，他离开了办公室
动名词短语中的逻辑主语如果用主格，也构成“独立主格结构”。比如：
It is not really success that the British dislike. It’s people using their success in a way that seems
proud or unfair or which separates them from their roots.
连词与介词的模糊性：
With the candles still burning, he fell asleep.
If time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
As all the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
英文中有时也可用“介词+宾语+分词”这样的独立短语表述方式：
灯还点着，他睡着了
现在分词与介词的模糊性：
在介词短语章节我们讲过，分词短语作状语时，表述的方式与意思与介词短语基本相同。
所以，不管是作为介词，还是作为分词，它所表达的意思是一样的。比如：
I’ve got a three-day holiday including today.
It typically takes a day or two, depending on size.
Call me if you have any problems regarding your work.
“Can’t you tell me " he said, pointing to young Murphy.
Cassie went into the office, following her teacher.
She's very active, considering her age.
We often provide our kids with footballs, thinking they may like them.