L41-过去分词及其短语 初中英语词性句法新讲课件

(共18张PPT)
过去分词及其短语
Lesson 41：
授课人：曾老师
过去分词的概念：
与现在分词一样，过去分词也是动作词的一种“变形变性” 。主要是将动作词“形容词性化”,
起到描述性或限定性的作用。指的是这个动作处于已完成或被动完成的状态。
She has finished her homework.
He is interested in the story.
a used computer
This computer is used.
她已经完成她的家庭作业了
他的注意力被这个故事吸引住了
一台已被用过的旧电脑
这台电脑被用过了
过去分词内含二大主要特性：
* 表示这个动作处于“已经完成的”状态 (常用于完成时结构中)
* 动作与主语之间为“动宾关系” (常用于被动语态中)
过去分词的构成方式：
过去分词的构成方法在课文中或许多语法资料上可以找到，此不多述。
同样，部分过去分词比如象“left, retired, broken, developed”等，现代词典也已将它们收录作为一个正式的形容词了。
那些还没有被正式收编进词典，相当于是临时造出来用的，被称作过去分词。比如：
It isn’t worth having it repaired. “repaired ”就是一个临时造出来用的词。
过去分词的词性及用法：
过去分词的词性与现在分词基本相同。它也无法单独用作谓语。在完成时的表述结构中，
它必须要跟“have”搭配后才行。比如：
have属于动词辅助词，既然是动作辅助词，那它辅助的应该是一个动作词。
从这个角度来说，过去分词应该是动词性的。这个问题值得探讨。
It has rained these days.
It has been raining for three hours.
By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
这几天已下过雨了
这雨已下了3个小时了，还在下
到上学期末止，我们已学了4本书了
明天到这个时候，你将已经到达上海了
过去分词的词性及用法：
This novel was written by Hemingway.
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains.
The window is broken.
The window was broken by the naughty boy.
They were frightened at the sad sight.
1). 过去分词的形容词性：
① 用在被动语态中，作为系表结构中的表述语。比如：
这小说由海明威所写
这个城市三面被山包围
窗户破了(形容词，系列结构)
与上句意思基本相同，但强调被动动作
他们被眼前悲惨的景象惊住了
过去分词的词性及用法：
a retired old man
spoken English
a broken car
一个退体老人
英语口语
一辆破车
a developed country
some married women
my lost key
一个发达国家
一些已婚妇女
我丢失的钥匙
② 也可用作定语(单个前置，短语后置) ，用来限定或修饰一个名称词。比如：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.
Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting.
I like reading the novels written by Moyan.
过去分词的词性及用法：
③ 用作补足语结构中的表述语。比如：
He found his wallet stolen.
I’ll have my bike repaired this afternoon.
He had his leg broken.
I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.
Don't leave those things undone.
I consider the matter settled.
He found his hometown greatly changed.
过去分词的词性及用法：
2). 过去分词的第二词性是副词性的，在句子中用作状语。 过去分词及其短语可以看作是
由一个被动语态句子变化而来的。该动作行为与句子的主语之间为动宾关系(逻辑主语
与这个动作之间是被动关系)。比如：
When heated, the water changes into steam.
Watched from the space, the earth seems very small.
= When it is heated
Written in a hurry, this article was not so good.
= While it is watched from the space
= As it was written in a hurry
过去分词的词性及用法：
Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
He stood there silently, moved to tears.
= If I am given another hour
Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
= Because he was caught in a heavy rain
= while he was moved to tears
过去分词与现在分词的区别：
A. 现在分词用在进行时中，表示动作“正在进行”，逻辑主语与动作之间为“主谓关系”。
比如：The naughty boy is cutting the cherry tree.
B. 过去分词用在被动语态中，内含动作“已经完成”，逻辑主语与动作之间为“动宾关系”。
通俗一点说，这个逻辑主语是“被这个动作怎么样了的。
比如：The cherry tree is being cut by the naughty boy.
The cherry tree is cut down by the naughty boy.
The cherry tree has been cut down by the naughty boy.
过去分词与现在分词的区别：
让我们用实例来对比一下他们之间的区别：
a falling leaf
a developing country
an interesting man
an exciting movie
an inspiring story
a moving speech
a tiring journey
surprising words
the rising sun
boiling water
a changing world
fallen leaves
a developed country
an interested man
some excited girls
an inspired soldier
a moved audience
a tired player
surprised listeners
the risen sun
boiled water
a changed world
已掉落的叶子
一个发达国家
被吸引住的一个男人
有点激动的一些女孩
受到鼓舞的一个士兵
受感动的一个观众
累倒了的一个运动员
听蒙了的听众们
已升起的太阳
烧开过的水(可能是凉水)
变了样的世界
一片飘落中的叶子
一个发展中国家
一个招人注目的男人
一部激动人心的电影
一个鼓舞人的故事
一场动人的演说
一次累人的旅行
雷人的话
正在升起的太阳
正在翻滚的水
一个正在变化的世界
过去分词与现在分词的区别：
要了解英文动词的本意，有些词很容易用错。比如：
余下的钱：
the remained money
the remaining money
过去分词与现在分词的区别：
作状语时：
A. 过去分词及其短语可以看作是由一个被动语态句子变化而来的。该动作行为与句子的
主语之间为动宾关系(逻辑主语与这个动作之间是被动关系)。比如：
Compared with you, we still have got a long way to go.
She walked out of her house, followed by her daughter.
= If we are compared with you
= While she was followed by her daughter
B. 现在分词则不同，句子的主语与动作是主谓关系的，它从主动句变来。比如：
Following the old man, we went upstairs.
Crossing the street, he was knocked down by a speeding car.
Thinking perhaps I was too tired, I stood up and went to sleep.
He died, leaving his wife with five children.
He spends hours on the telephone, talking to his friends.
= While we followed the old man
= While he was crossing …
= When/After I thought …
= and (he) left ….
= while he is talking to…
过去分词与现在分词的区别：
1. Finished the homework, the children went out to play football.
2. I rushed over without delay, jumped into the water and swam towards him.
3. Its tail, which is white, moving up and down as it runs.
4. Think perhaps I was too tired, I stood up and was going to sleep.
5. There were over 1000 students attend it.
6. Is teaching kids English as interested as you expected in college
7. Filling with many people, the room is crowded.
8. At the interview there are many people who wait to interviewed for jobs.
9. Thinking he happened to have no work to do, and he came back home.
10. Child as he is, but he knows a lot.
11. The day we have been looking forward to having come at last.
12. Look! Here the bus coming.
改错题：
Finishing
jumping, swimming
moves
Thinking
attending
interesting
Filled
be interviewed
去掉and
去掉but
having改成has
comes
过去分词短语用作独立短语状语时的否定形式：
Not invited to join them, the children went away.
Not given enough time, he hasn’t finished his work.
Not replaced by any other energy, oil is likely to be used up in the nearest future.
与现在分词一样，一般直接在过去分词前面加“not”构成否定。比如：
Their homework finished, the children went out to play football.
The day broken, he got up to train.
The candle burnt, he went to sleep.
与现在分词一样，过去分词的逻辑主语一般也用主格形式：
With the candles still burning, he fell asleep.
If time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
As all the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
英文中有时也可用“介词+宾语+分词”这样的独立短语表述方式：
过去分词的逻辑主语：
作业完成后，孩子们出去踢足球了
天亮了，他起床训练了
蜡烛烧光了，他去睡了
过去分词、现在分词与介词短语的“异曲同工”：
现在分词短语表述法：
Finishing the homework, the children went out to play football.
介词+动名词表述法：
After finishing the homework, the children went out to play football.
介词+宾语+过去分词表述法：
With the homework finished, the children went out to play football.
四种表现方式，达到的效果是一样的。
让我们先来看以下例子：
After they finished the homework, the children went out to play football.
过去分词、现在分词与介词短语的“异曲同工”：
The day broken, he got up to train.
= After the day broken, he got up to train.
= With the day broken, he got up to train.
The candle burnt, he went to sleep.
= After the candle burnt, he went to sleep.
= With the candle burnt, he went to sleep.
因此，过去分词短语基本上可以用介词短语来替代表述。比如：
Their homework finished, the children went out to play football.
= After their homework finished, the children went out to play football.
= With their homework finished, the children went out to play football.