高考英语语法一点通课件——Lesson 4 定语从句

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定语从句什么是复合句（主从句）“从”即“从属”主句从句连词I thinkhe is a studentthat主从复合句名词性从句定语从句状语从句abeautifulflower一朵漂亮的花the flowersin the park公园里的花……一朵朋友送给我的花This is a book.I bought yesterday.a bookthatThis is a book that I bought yesterday.I like the bookthatI bought yesterday.主句从句关系词关系词的作用连接主句和定语从句在定语从句中充当某一个句子成分代替先行词先行词（名词、代词、句子）定语从句为什么缺少句子成分？I like the book.I bought the book yesterday.I like the book that I bought yesterday.定语从句所缺句子成分主语宾语表语状语定语关系词关系副词关系代词定语从句的位置定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时也会分割开来。作主语的先行词后跟定语从句和一个较短的谓语时。Hecan conquer the whole world who can conquer himself.The bookwill sell well, which is written by the famous writer.作宾语的先行词后跟定语从句和一个较短的宾语补足语或状语时。The exam madethe boyworried who had never studied hard.I will never forgetthat afternoonat the age of six when I had a big aimsetin my heart.定语从句的分类Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.Do you know the reason why the meeting is cancelled He is the only student who passed the exam.关系代词的用法He is the man who(that) is equal to his words.The table which(that) stands in the corner is made of wood.He becomes a scientist, which makes his family proud.As is known to us, he has sacrificed a lot to love his wife.The boy who/whom the teacher is punishing is a bad boy.关系代词作宾语时可以省略whose的用法whose+名词the+n+of whom/whichof whom/which+the+nHe lives in a housewhose windowsface south.(=He lives in a housethe windows of whichface south.或者He lives in a houseof which the windowsface south.)The girlwhose hairis yellow is my sister.(=The girlthe hair of whomis yellow is my sister.或者The girlof whom the hairis yellow is my sister.)用定语从句表示所属关系时，用“名词（代词或数词）+of+whom/which”结构；of whom和of which也可提到先行词前面.Our class has 40 students, six of whom are boys.Our class has 40 students, of whom six are boys.He wrote many books, most of which are novels.He wrote many books, of which most are novels.as的用法引导限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句as引导限制性定语从句在限制性定语从句中，当先行词被such, the same, so修饰时，定语从句用as引导。Such a meeting as is being held is very important.He is not the same man as we knew before.She is so lovely a girl as we all like.the same......as“同一类”the same......that“同一个”This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. You should return it to me.You wear the same coat as my mother bought me last month.as引导非限制性定语从句引导非限制性定语从句时，as多代替整个句子，位置比较灵活，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号同主句隔开，表示“正如……一样，正像……一样”。常用于下列结构中：as we all know(as is known to us或as is well known) 众所周知as is reported 据报道as is often the case 情况常常如此as is expected 正如期望的那样as has been said before 如前所述The weather, as may be predicted , is very bad.He is a gentleman, as is shown in his behavior.As is supposed, he succeeds in the end.As we know, the scenery of the city is beautiful.as引导非限制性定语从句代替整个句子与which引导非限制性定语从句代替整个句子的区别as可位于句首、句中或句尾，which只能放在句尾。More American troops are sent to the Middle East,as/which I have learnt from the newspaper.As I have learnt from the newspaper, more American troops are sent to the Middle East.More American troops，as I have learnt from the newspaper, are sent to the Middle East.as后接is或was+过去分词构成的被动语态时，is或was可以省略，which后的is或as在同样情况下则不可以省略。The material is elastic, as shown under the pressure.as引导定语从句时，有“为人所熟知，显然”的含义；which则起到补充说明的作用。As turned out, he was a spy.The book, as we know, deals with some recent technology.He came late to school, as seemed unusual.She became a song star, which surprised us a lot.关系代词that与who/which的区别先行词被形容词最高级或者序数词修饰时，只用that。She is the most elegant girl that I know.It is the first fiction film that I have ever seen.以who或which开头的特殊疑问句，只用that。Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting Which is the book that you bought yesterday 先行词既有人也有物时，只用that。Do you know the things and persons that they're talking about 先行词为不定代词all、both、none、somebody、anybody、nobody、everybody、someone、anyone、something、anything、everything等时，只用that。All that want to be successful shall make great efforts.We should do anything that we can to help the homeless people.先行词被the only、the last、the same、the very修饰时，只用that。He is the only person that has joined the army among us.That is the very keythat we are looking for.在定语从句中充当表语时，只用that。He isno longer the man that he used to be.先行词为人称代词或指示代词时，只用who或which。He who I met yesterday was a famous actor.Those who can seize every opportunity are more likely to succeed.紧跟在介词后面作宾语，只用whom或which。The man with whom my father talked is the headmaster.That is the city in which we lived for three years.引导非限制性定语从句时，只用who或which。We don't like the boy, who is always shouting in public.Have you been to the museum, which is opposite the hospital.关系代词which指人which引导定语从句，指人时，多表示人的职业或者身份。He is a lawyer, which he wants to be.关系副词的用法I won't forget the day when (on which) I went to college.The village where (in which) the writer was born is famous now.The reason why (for which) he was late for school is clearly a lie.关系副词和介词+which同时出现时，选择关系副词when的用法when用作关系副词时，先行词为表示时间的名词，在从句中作时间状语。Do you still remember the year when (in which) he joined the army I will never forget the day when(on which) we had a good time together.occasion充当先行词时，用when引导定语从句作状语。There are some occasions when you don't know how to express yourself.where的用法关系副词where引导的定语从句，在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词不仅可以是具体的地点，也可以是抽象的地点，如：point,situation,scene,case,condition,job, instance, environment, surrounding等。There are cases where (in which) the word“kid”is used as a verb.There are many instances where (in which) he is humorous.They entered a difficult situation where(in which) all efforts seem futile.That is a good job where (in which) you can improve yourself.in which 可同不定式连用而where不可以，不定式只同“介词+which”连用。He is looking for a hotel in which to have a sleep.how不能引导定语从句先行词表示方式的way，在定语从句中作状语时，用in which或that引导定语从句，且可以省略，而不能用how。That is the way (in which/that) she behaves.介词+关系代词(whom/which)①“介词+关系代词”既可引导限制性定语从句也可引导非限制性定语从句。②“介词+关系代词”结构中只能用whom或which，不用who或that。③“介词+关系代词”结构中介词选择可根据上下文、先行词前介词的习惯搭配或根据动词的习惯搭配。④“介词+关系代词”结构在定语从句中可以作状语或定语。⑤“介词+which”后接不定式短语做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。He often recalledthe day on whichhe went to college.A path,on both sides of whichgrowsgrass, leads to the forest.He holds the opiniontowhich Idisagree.It's an expensive caronwhich hespentone million.That's a mysteryaboutall the scientists arecurious.The pen is an importanttool withwhich we write.He was addicted to the Net bar,because ofwhich he was forced to leave school.He spent four years at college,during which timehe mastered Englishwell.Water boils at 100℃,at which temperatureit changes to gas.She carried anumbrella with whichto protect herselffrom sunshine.=She carried anumbrella with whichshe could protect herselffrom sunshine.两个词或三个词构成的固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词同动词拆开放在关系代词前面，如：look after、take care of、look forward to、depend on、 pay attention to、look at等。She is my sick grandma whom my mother must look after.This is the result that I have been looking forward to.from where可以引导定语从句，表示“从……地点或方位”。He stood at the window, from where he could see the train far away.He climbed to the top of the hill, from where he could have a better view of the whole city.关系词的选择①辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。②分析代替先行词的关系词在定语从句中充当的句子成分，缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语还是状语，缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语选用关系代词；不缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语则缺少状语，这时选用关系副词。③判断定语从句是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句。The reason which he gave is clearly a lie. （which作宾语）The reason why she refused him is not known.（why作状语）The night which he spent together with his friends is wonderful.（which作宾语）The night when he stayed in his uncle's family made him at ease.（when作状语）定语从句“六部曲”①读出定语从句，找出修饰与被修饰的关系。②确定先行词与定语从句部分。③判断先行词所指代的对象。（先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。）④对定语从句进行句法分析，找出所缺句子成分，从而确定先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分是主语、宾语、表语、定语还是状语，进而确定用关系代词还是关系副词。缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语选用关系代词；不缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语则缺少状语，选用关系副词。⑤确定用关系代词还是关系副词后，结合每个关系词的具体用法，最后确定运用某个具体的关系词。⑥通读全句，进一步确定修饰关系。(2012江苏省高考)1. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ____urgently needed clean water,medicine and shelter to survive. A. whichB. whoC. whereD. what(2013江苏省高考)2.The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, ___he remembers starting as early as his childhood.A. where B. which C. what D. when(2014江苏省高考)3.The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work _____a good impression is a must.A.which B. when C. as D. where(2015江苏省高考)4.The number of smokers,___is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.A. it B. which C. what D. as(2016江苏省高考)5.Many young people, most _____were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.A.of which B.of them C.of whom D.of those