2022届高考英语二轮复习：谓语动词课件（84张）
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| 名称 | 2022届高考英语二轮复习：谓语动词课件（84张） |  | |
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2022-04-11 10:51:48 | ||
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(共84张PPT)
冲刺高考
谓语动词
1. It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac， but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield， Illinois，
(prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
2、By about 6000 BC，people___________
(discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
答案与解析：has proved/has proven 考查时态。根据后面的since it opened to the public可知，此处要用现在完成时。故填has proved/has proven。
答案与解析：had discovered 考查时态。句意：大约在公元前6000年，人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。分析句子，简单句中除了提示词外无其余动词，故此处需用动词的时态。逻辑主语和提示词之间表示主动逻辑。by ＋ 过去时间 译为“到……为止”，后面的句子用过去完成时。
3. The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored
(修复).
4.The parts of a museum open to the public
(call) galleries or rooms.
答案与解析：was built 分析句子成分可知，空处和has now been completely restored作并列谓语。第二步：考虑时态、语态和主谓一致。有时间状语in the Tang dynasty可知发生在过去，根据主语it(The Xi’an City Wall)与动词build之间是被动关系。故用一般过去时的被动语态。
答案与解析：are called 考查动词时态及语态。句意：博物馆对公众开放的部分被称为画廊或展厅。此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时；主语与call是逻辑动宾关系，应使用被动语态，且主语是复数概念。
一般现在时与一般过去时
一般现在时和一般过去时是近几年语法填空必考的语法项目，而且考查的均是最基本的用法。
(一)一般现在时
一般现在时常用来表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态。
1.谓语动词的构成：do/does(下面所有的谓语动词的构成皆以do为例)
2.基本用法
(1)表示经常性的动作。
常与usually，always，often，sometimes，never，every day等表示频度的时间状语连用。
On Monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.
星期一早晨，我通常花费一小时开车去上班。
(2)表示客观真理、格言或者警句等。
表示客观真理时，即使主句是一般过去时，宾语从句还要用一般现在时。
As we all know， the earth travels around the sun.
众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
(3)表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。
谓语动词是come， go， arrive， leave， start， begin， return， live， fly等，可以用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。
My dream school starts at 8：30 am and ends at 3：30 pm.
我理想的学校上午8：30上课，下午3：30放学。
(4)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
If you come this afternoon， we'll have a meeting.
如果你今天下午过来，我们将开个会。
(二)一般过去时
1.谓语动词的构成：did
2.基本用法
(1)表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用，如yesterday， last month， just now， the other day， three days ago， in 1989等。
The other day I came across an old friend on the top of Mount Tai.
前几天，我在泰山顶上偶然遇到了一位老朋友。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(3)表达“原以为/本来认为/原希望”等意义时，know，think，expect等动词常用一般过去时。
Much to my disappointment，the film is not as moving as I expected.
使我非常失望的是，这部电影不像我原来预料的一样感人。
(4)常见句型：
①It is time that sb. should do/did sth.
该到……的时候了
②It is/has been＋一段时间＋since...did sth.
自从做某事已经一段时间了
③would/had rather sb. did sth.
宁愿某人做某事
It is time that we took action to protect our environment.
该到我们采取措施保护环境的时候了。
As far as I know，it is/has been three years since he joined the army.
据我所知，他参军三年了。
(5)句中暗含有表示过去的时间状语。
George said that he would come to school to see me the next day，but he didn't.乔治说他会在第二天来学校看我，但是他没有来。
单句语法填空
1.The study found that between 1985 and 2017， average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men. In cities， however， the gain (be) 1.3 in women and 1.6 in men.
2.What comes next is the endless series of steps.You can’t help wondering how hard it (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
答案与解析：was 考查动词时态。根据上文the study found可知此处应用一般过去时。故填was。
答案与解析：was 考查时态和主谓一致。句中有时间状语then，因此这里说的是当初人们把那些石头放在固定的位置上(即做成石头台阶)很难，本空填was。
3.When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist， they smiled and
(point) down the river.
4. As a result， as the number of qubits(量子位) (increase)， the computing ability of quantum computers rises too.
答案与解析：pointed and是并列连词，在该句中连接两个并列谓语，两个并列谓语时态应一致；根据and前的 smiled 可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填pointed。
答案与解析：increases 根据句意可知，句子为as引导的时间状语从句，句子陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，the number of作主语时，谓语动词用单数，故空格处应用increase的第三人称单数形式increases。
现在进行时、过去进行时与将来进行时
(一)现在进行时
1.谓语动词的构成：
2.基本用法
(1)表示此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态，常与时间状语now，at the moment，at present等连用。
He is watching a football match on TV at home now.
他现在正在家里看电视上的足球赛。
am/is/are +doing
(2)一些特定的表示动作趋向性的短暂性动词come， go， leave， get， start， open， arrive， begin， return等常用现在进行时表将来。
I am leaving for Shanghai to attend an important international meeting.
我要出发去上海参加一个重要的国际会议。
(3)现在进行时态与频率副词always，constantly连用表达某种感彩，如不满、厌恶、赞赏等。
You are always forgetting the important thing.
你总是把重要的事情忘掉。(表达出不满的情绪)
(二)过去进行时
1.谓语动词的构成：
2.基本用法
(1)过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作或者存在的状态。
He was playing basketball with his friends on the playground at 3：00 pm yesterday.昨天下午3点他正在操场与他的朋友们一起打篮球。
(2)表示过去一个动作发生时另外一个动作正在进行。
She was watching TV when a burglar broke into her house.
她正在看电视，这时一个盗贼闯入她家。
(3)表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作，此用法常见动词有go，begin，leave，arrive，come，return等。
I was coming to visit you later that day，but I had to phone and cancel.
我本打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是我不得不打电话取消了。
(三)将来进行时
1.谓语动词的构成：will be doing
2.基本用法
表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
This time next week I'll be lying on the beach，enjoying the sunshine.
下星期这个时候，我正躺在海滩上，享受着阳光。
单句语法填空)1.Currently， about 35，000 works
(display) in over 300 rooms in the Louvre， and it would take a lifetime to see everything.
2.I (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
答案与解析：are being displayed 考查时态语态。句意：目前，大约有3.5万件作品陈列在卢浮宫的300多个房间里，要想看完所有的东西要花一辈子的时间。根据Currently和语境可知，此处表示目前正在发生的事，应用现在进行时；作品被陈列，应用被动语态。
答案与解析：was driving 此处是be doing...when...结构，意为“正在做……，这时(突然)……”。由从句的谓语动词found可知，主句应用过去进行时。
3.Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she
(teach)a class at that time.
答案与解析：will be teaching 句意为：简不能参加今天下午三点的会议，因为那个时候她正在上课。句中的时间状语at that time 代指at 3 o'clock this afternoon，表示在将来的某一时刻正在做某事。故用将来进行时。
考点三 现在完成时、过去完成时与现在完成进行时
(一)现在完成时
1.谓语动词的构成：
2.基本用法
(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常用的时间状语：already，so far，never，just，before，recently，for a long time，in the past/last few years等。
Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years.
在过去的10年中我们的城市发生了很大变化。
(2)表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态，常与“since＋时间点”或“for＋时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。
He moved here in 2019 and he has lived here ever since.
他2019年搬到这里，自那之后他一直住在这里。
3.现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。
Please return the book to me when you have finished it.
当你读完这本书请归还给我。
名师指津 (1)注意牢记以下固定句型：
①It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已经……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.
我大学毕业已十年了。
②This/It/That is the first/second/third...time that...表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that从句中要用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次游览这座城市。
③This is＋the＋形容词最高级＋名词＋that...结构，that从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(2)注意避免思维定式：一看到for＋时间段，就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境强调是“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时)，还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。
Yang Zhenning lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.
杨振宁在美国定居多年，现在他生活在中国。
Dashan has lived in China for many years.
大山在中国住了许多年。
(二)过去完成时
1.谓语动词的构成：had＋done
2.基本用法
(1)表示到过去某一时间之前动作已经完成即“过去的过去”，常见的时间状语有by...，until...，when...，before...等。
When he was in Beijing， he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
By the time Jack returned home from England， his son had already graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
(2)表示意向的动词，如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本……(事实上未能……)”。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
我们原来预料你们能够赢比赛。
(3)表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作发生，这种情况多见于宾语从句。
He remembered that he had left the key at home.
他记得他把钥匙落家了。
(4)过去完成时的常用句型
①It was the first/second...time that...
这是第一/第二……次……
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
这是那个男孩第三次迟到了。
②had hardly...when刚……就……；had no sooner...than一……就……。如：
I had hardly opened the door when he hit me.
我刚打开门，他就打了我。
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
(三) 现在完成进行时
1.谓语动词的构成：
2.基本用法
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
For days the kids have been looking for others we can help.
几天以来，孩子们一直在找我们能够帮助的其他人。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
I have been calling him many times this morning，but there's no answer.
今天早晨我一直给他打了很多电话，但是没人接。
单句语法填空
1.There (be) a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years， causing largely by rising global temperatures，according to a new report from the United Nations.
2.We (do) quite enough work for the morning； now let's take a break.
答案与解析：has been 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。over the past 20 years表示“在过去的二十年中”，常和现在完成时连用，a dramatic rise 是单数。故填has been。
答案与解析：have done 考查时态。此处强调对现在造成的影响。故应用现在完成时。
3.This was the first time I (experience) sandstorms and I don’t ever want to be in one again.
4.Mr White (teach) in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.
答案与解析：had experienced 考查动词的时态。根据“This was the first time”可知，从句用过去完成时。
答案与解析：had taught 根据for nearly forty years可知用完成时，由时间状语从句before he retired last month可知用过去完成时。
考点四 一般将来时和过去将来时
(一)一般将来时
1.表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态常用以下四种结构
(1)will/shall＋动词原形
(2)be going to＋动词原形
(3)be to＋动词原形
(4)be about to do sth.
2.基本用法
(1)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，即单纯的将来事实。
He will graduate from Beijing University next year.
明年，他将毕业于北京大学。
(2)be going to do sth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。
Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
(3)be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将要做某事，或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。
We are to obey these rules when we go into the library.
当我们去图书馆时，我们要遵守这些规章制度。
(4)be about to do sth.表示即将要发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。
The train is about to leave.火车即将开出。
(二)过去将来时
1.谓语动词的构成：
2.基本用法
过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即过去将来时是“立足过去，着眼未来”的一种时态，常用于宾语从句中。
The shop would soon close，and all the people would go home.
这个商店不久将关闭，所有的人将回家。
◎即学即练(单句语法填空)
1.If you give up in winter， you (miss) the hope of spring， the beauty of summer， and the harvest of autumn in your life.
2.If you are able to come with us，please let us know and we
(wait)for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning.
3.[2022·浙江嘉兴基础测试]They made up their minds that they
(buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs.
答案与解析：will miss if引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来，主句用一般将来时。故该空填will miss。
答案与解析：will wait 根据if从句用的是一般现在时表示将来，可知主句用will＋动词原形表示一般将来时。
答案与解析：would buy 句意：他们决定一旦拉里换了工作，他们就买座新房子。that引导的从句为复合句，其中once引导的时间状语从句用的是一般过去时。故主句用过去将来时。
考点五 语态
1.被动语态在各种时态中的运用
时态 被动语态的构成
一般现在时 am/is/are done
一般过去时 was/were done
一般将来时 shall/will be done
现在进行时 am/is/are being done
过去进行时 was/were being done
现在完成时 have/has been done
过去完成时 had been done
将来完成时 shall/will have been done
To my delight，I was chosen from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
使我高兴的是，我从成百上千申请者中被选出来参加开幕仪式。
2.不能用被动语态的特殊动词
(1)系动词类(look，seem，feel，taste，sound，prove，appear等)。
(2)表示主语特征的词(read，wash，write，sell，wear，lock等)，常与not，hardly，well，easily，badly，nicely等副词连用。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
这种布料容易洗。
3.get构成的表示被动的短语
此类短语主要有get paid/lost/hurt等。
We get paid every week.我们按周获得薪酬。
4.主动形式表示被动意义
(1)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词；worth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这房子需要修理。
(2)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这道题很难计算出。
单句语法填空
1.The little home (paint) white. It was sweet and fresh.
2.Single－use plastic bags are used at most a few times before they (throw) away.
答案与解析：was painted 考查时态语态。The little home与动词paint之间是被动关系。故填was painted。
答案与解析：are thrown 考查时态语态。句意：一次性塑料袋在扔掉之前最多使用几次。本句讲的是客观事实，应该用一般现在时，主语they(Single－use plastic bags)和谓语动词throw之间是被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态，且谓语动词用复数形式。故填are thrown。
3.And，as more children were born，more food
(need).
4.The artist was sure he would (choose)， but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister， the old man laughed.
答案与解析：was needed 考查时态语态。句意：随着越多的小孩出生，越多的食物被需要。分析句子，逻辑主语和need之间表示被动逻辑。同时此处描述的是过去的时间，所以时态应用过去时。故此处应用过去时的被动语态。food为不可数名词。故填was needed。
答案与解析：be chosen 考查动词语态。句意：画家确信他会被选中，但是当他把他的杰作送给皇帝的宰相时，这位老人笑了。本句中主语he与谓语动词choose构成被动关系，且would后跟动词原形。故填be chosen。
二、主谓一致
1.It is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kg by their height in meters squared and a BMI of between 19 and 25
(consider) healthy.
2.This is why decorating with plants， fruits and flowers (carry) special significance.
答案与解析：is considered 考查时态和主谓一致。 根据句意，BMI在19到25之间都被认为是健康的，本空填is considered。
答案与解析：carries 考查主谓一致。句意：这就是用植物、水果和鲜花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。这是一个表语从句，从句主语为动名词短语decorating with plants, fruits and flowers，所以谓语动词用单数形式。故填carries。
3Often， only a small part of a museum's collection
(be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
4.The musician along with his band members (give) ten performances in the last three months.
答案与解析：is 考查主谓一致。句意：通常，博物馆只展出一小部分藏品。此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时，主语a small part of a museum's collection是单数概念，谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式，且后面的Most of it is stored away or used for research.中的is也是提示。故填is。
答案与解析：is 考查主谓一致。句意：通常，博物馆只展出一小部分藏品。此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时，主语a small part of a museum's collection是单数概念，谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式，且后面的Most of it is stored away or used for research.中的is也是提示。故填is。
考点一 主谓一致的基础“3原则”
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、就近一致原则和意义一致原则。
1.语法一致原则
主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，including，in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.
那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。
I think Tom， rather than you is to blame for the accident.
我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。
2.就近一致原则
(1)由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
要么是你要么是你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。
(2)由there， here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。
3.意义一致原则
(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。
(2)“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。
(3)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。
单句语法填空
1.The traditional Chinese marriage usually (involve) some necessary procedures， such as match making， engagement， meeting the bride， and three bows.
2.Walking to work， taking part in an online exercise program or meeting with friends for a walk also (work) to easily get more physical activity.
答案与解析：involves 考查主谓一致。根据该句中的usually可知，此处表示经常发生的动作，故用一般现在时；主语The traditional Chinese marriage为第三人称单数。故谓语动词应用单数形式。
答案与解析：works 考查一般现在时和主谓一致。此处描述客观事实，应用一般现在时。并列主语用or连接时，主谓一致遵循“就近原则”。“meeting with friends for a walk”为动名词。所以谓语动词应用第三人称单数。
3Furthermore，the amount of sleep
(change) greatly over the past 15 years.
答案与解析：works 考查一般现在时和主谓一致。此处描述客观事实，应用一般现在时。并列主语用or连接时，主谓一致遵循“就近原则”。“meeting with friends for a walk”为动名词。所以谓语动词应用第三人称单数。
考点二 主谓一致的3种特殊情况
1.“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。
2.all， the rest， the remaining/part...＋主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
讲座的前半部分很生动，但后半部分非常枯燥。
3.“几分之几/百分之几＋of＋名词”结构作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60%的工作。
单句语法填空
1.Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations， three are declining， six (be) stable， one is increasing， and nine lack enough data.
答案与解析：are 句意：在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中，有3个正在减少，6个保持稳定，1个正在增加，还有9个缺乏足够的数据。分析句子结构可知，本句由多个分句并列组成，其中设空处所在的分句的主语是six, 为复数概念，谓语应用复数，且下文的lack也是提示；本句叙述的是一般事实， 应用一般现在时。故填are。
2.More than one doctor (be) involved in the rescue that took place after the earthquake.
3.[Because the number of possible topics
(be) practically limitless， we focus on a sample of the most interesting and useful applications and tools and explain the basic principles of technology.
答案与解析：was 句意为：许多医生都加入到了震后的营救工作中。“more than one＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。根据从句用一般过去时可知，主句也应用一般过去时。故填was。
答案与解析：is the number of ……的数目，后接可数名词的复数形式，谓语动词用单数。根据主句的时态可知，从句用一般现在时。
1.It used to be that you drive for miles here without seeing another person， but now there are houses and people everywhere.
2.Jim says we stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
答案与解析：could 考查情态动词辨析。句意：过去你可能开车数英里看不到一个人，但现在处处都有房屋和人。could表示“有可能”。
答案与解析： can 考查情态动词。句意：吉姆说我们可以住在他的房子里，只要我们保持它干净整洁。根据后面的”as long as we leave it clean and tidy”可知，Jim许可我们待在他的房子里，即：我们“能，可以”待在他的房子里。
3.The workers were not better organized，otherwise， they (accomplish) the task in half the time.
答案与解析：would have accomplished
考查虚拟语气。句意：工人们没有被更好地组织，否则他们会用一半的时间完成任务。此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，用would have done sth.表示“本来能够做某事”，因此填would have accomplished。
4.They might have found a better hotel if they (drive) a few more kilometers.
5.There is a good social life in the village，and I wish I (have) a second chance to become more involved.
答案与解析：had driven 句意为：如果他们再多行驶几千米，他们或许就会找到一个更好的宾馆了。本题考查虚拟语气。根据题干中主句的谓语might have found可知本句为与过去事实相反的虚拟，因此if引导的从句中谓语动词形式应为had done。故填had driven。
答案与解析：had 考查虚拟语气。句意为：这个村子里的人们有良好的社交生活，我希望自己能再获得一次机会去更多地参与其中。wish后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，此处表达现在的一个愿望，谓语动词要用过去式。故填had。
考点一 助动词
1.助动词do/does/did主要帮助构成疑问句、否定句及部分倒装。助动词do/does/did后只能跟动词原形，助动词不能用作实义动词。
2.助动词be/being/been主要帮助构成进行时、完成进行时和各种被动语态。需注意be虽然没有实际意义，但却是结构中不可缺少的。
3.助动词have/has/had主要是帮助构成完成时态和完成进行时态。需注意其构成形式have/has/had done和have/has/had been doing。
I am Li Hua，a student from Class 2，Grade 3. I am writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer.我是李华，三年级二班的一名学生。我写信申请学生志愿者职位。
It is the third time that you have been late for work this week.这是你这周第三次上班迟到。
考点二 9大情态动词的基本用法
1.can/could
(1)表示能力(could常用于过去的能力)。
Many people can use the computer.
许多人会用电脑。
No one could answer this challenging question.
没人能回答这个具有挑战性的问题。
(2)表示客观或理论上的可能性。
It can be very hot here in summer.
这里夏天有时会很热。
Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.
醉酒的司机都有可能发生交通事故。
(3)表示请求或允许。在疑问句中could可以代替can，语气更委婉。
Can I have a word with you？It won't take long.
我可以和你谈谈吗？不会花很多时间的。
(4)表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句。can比could语气强。
He can't be our manager.He has gone to Beijing.
他不可能是我们的经理。我们经理已经去北京了。
2.may/might
(1)表示请求、允许、许可，might比may的语气更委婉。
—Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter？
——我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗？
—Yes， you may．
——是的，可以。
(2)表示推测，意为“或许，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。
—I don't really like James. Why did you invite him？
——我真的不喜欢詹姆斯。为什么你邀请他？
—Don't worry. He might not come.He said he wasn't certain what his plans were.
——别担心，他或许不会来。他说他还不能确定他的计划。
3.must
(1)表示“必须；应该”。
—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now？
——我该马上通知他日程改了吗？
—I am afraid you must， in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我想你必须(通知他)，以免他开会迟到。
(2)表示推测，意为“一定”，用于肯定句。
Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday.I found it wet.昨天一定有人用了我的雨伞，我发现它湿了。
(3)意为“偏要，非要……不可”。
If you must go， at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走，至少要等到暴风雨停止(再走)。
(4)mustn't表示禁止，意为“不得，不允许；一定不要”。
That car is my property； you mustn't use it without my permission.那辆车是我的财产，你必须得到我的允许才能使用。
4.shall
(1)用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见。
Shall we put off the sports meet till next month？
我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月？
Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow？
明天汤姆可以和我一起去那里吗？
(2)用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等；或用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为“必须”。
You shall be punished for what you have done.
你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。
5.should
(1)should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。
We should be strict with ourselves.
我们应该严格要求自己。
(2)should表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然，居然”。
Such a gentleman should do that.
这样一位绅士竟然会做那种事。
6.will/would
(1)用于表示意志或意愿。
—Why didn't you come to my party last night？
——昨晚你为什么不参加我的晚会？
—I wanted to， but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.
——我想参加，但是晚上那么晚我母亲就是不让我出去。
(2)表示“请求；建议”。用would比will委婉、客气。
Will/Would you please keep the door open？
请你把门开着好吗？
(3)表示习惯，will可以表示现在的习惯，意为“总是；习惯于”。表示过去的习惯性动作用would。
He would get up early when he lived in the country.生活在农村时他过去常常早起。
7.need
表示“需要；必要”，用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。
You needn't be told twice about one single thing.
同一件事不必对你说两遍。
—Need I tell him everything that's happened to his parents？
——我有必要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗？
—Yes， you must．/No， you needn't．
——是的，必须。/不，没必要。
need还可以作实义动词，此时有人称和数的变化，后面可跟名词、带to的不定式或动名词等作宾语，其否定形式、疑问形式都要通过助动词do构成。
Plants need light in order to survive.植物生长必须有光照。
Do I need to leave my telephone number and address？
我有必要把电话号码和地址留下吗？
You don't need to hand in your compositions today.
你们今天不必交作文。
8.dare
表示“敢；敢于”，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用于肯定句。I dare say是习惯说法，意为“我想，大概”。
I dare not face the danger bravely.
我不敢勇敢地面对困难。
9.ought to
表示义务，意为“应当”，语气比should强，表示不十分肯定或含蓄的推测，意为“应是，应该”。
You ought to work harder than before.
你应当比之前更努力地工作。
You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。
单句语法填空
1.I love the weekend， because I not get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
2.It was really annoying； I not get access to the data bank you had recommended.
答案与解析：need 句意为：我喜欢周末，因为在周六周日我不必早起。根据句意可知填need。
答案与解析：could 句意：这真让人生气，我不能进入你推荐的数据库。此处强调没有能力做某事，且讲述的是过去的情况，could not 意为“不能”，符合语境。
考点三 5大表示推测的情态动词用法比较
情态 动词 适用句式 适用时态 意义
must 肯定句 一般时、进行时、完成时 一定，肯定
Jack described his father， who must have been a brave boy many years ago，as a strong willed man. 杰克描述了他的父亲，他多年前一定是一个勇敢的男孩，是个意志坚强的人。
can (could) 疑问句，否定句 一般时、进行时、完成时 可能，能够
It can't be the postman at the door.It's only six o'clock.不可能是门口的邮递员。现在才六点钟。
may (might) 否定句 一般时、进行时、完成时 也许，可能
—I left my handbag on the train，but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. 我把手提包落在火车上了，但幸运的是有人把它交给了铁路官员。 —How unbelievable to get it back！I mean，someone might have stolen it. 能再得到它真不可思议！我的意思是，有人有可能已经偷走了它。
should (ought to) 否定句 一般时、完成时 确定或期待，“应该”
I shouldn't have watched that movie—it'll give me horrible dreams. 我本不应看那部电影，它会带给我可怕的梦。
will (would) 肯定句，否定句，疑问句, 一般时、进行时、完成时 大概
This will be the house you're looking for. 这大概就是你在寻找的那个房子。
单句语法填空
1.Since nobody gave him any help， he have done the research on his own.
2.You not have waken me up.I don't have to go to work today.
3.You (come) here earlier，for the lecture was important.
答案与解析：must 句意为：既然没人给他帮忙，那他肯定是自己做的研究。主句是对从句表达的原因的一种猜测，must have done想必/准是/一定做过某事，符合主从句之间的逻辑关系。
答案与解析：need 根据语境，“今天不上班”可知，你本来没必要喊醒我。故need符合语境。
答案与解析：should have come 句意为：因为这个演讲很重要，你本来应该早点来的。 should have done sth.本来应该做某事。
考点四 状语从句中虚拟语气的用法
1.非真实条件句中虚拟语气的用法
虚拟语气 从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词
与现在事 实相反 过去式(be的过去式形式用were) would/could/should/might＋动词原形
与过去事 实相反 过去完成式 would/could/should/might＋have done
与将来事 实相反 ①were to do ②should do ③过去式 would/could/should/might＋动词原形
If my brother were here， everything would be all right.
要是我弟弟在这儿，一切都会好的。
If it should rain this afternoon，the basketball match would be put off.
要是今天下午下雨，篮球比赛就会被推迟。
Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week？If you had told me， I could have helped.
上个星期你为什么不把你的困难告诉我？如果你告诉我， 我会帮助你的。
(1)在if引导的虚拟条件句中，条件句的谓语动词中含有had/were/should时，可以把if省略，把had/were/should提到句首，变为倒装句。
Had you (＝If you had) come earlier， you would have caught the early bus.
如果你早点来，就能赶上早班车了。
Were I (＝If I were) twenty now， I would join the army.
如果我现在20岁，我就参军。
Should he come(＝If he should come)， tell him to ring me up.
他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。
(2)如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟，则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语。
Maybe if I had studied science， and not literature then， I would be able to give you more help now.
也许如果当时我学的是理科不是文科的话，那么我现在就可以给你更多的帮助了。
2.虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这种叫含蓄虚拟语气。常见的这类词或短语有：
without (要是)没有
in case 万一；以防
but for 要不是
supposing 假如
for fear that 以免
otherwise 否则
or 否则
We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call.
要不是一个电话，我们不可能在一起待一分钟。
考点五 其他从句中虚拟语气的用法
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气
It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/
essential/a pity＋that从句，从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference.
他有必要整理些信息供我参考。
2.宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望，其谓语动词构成形式如下表：
I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
我希望我是只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。
I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
我多希望昨天见到了那个影星。
虚拟语气 从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反 had＋过去分词
与将来事实相反 would/could/might＋动词原形
(2)表示“建议；命令；要求”等意义时，宾语从句用“(should＋)动词原形”。 常见的此类动词有：
①坚持：insist；②命令：order， command；③建议：advise， suggest， recommend；④要求：request， require， demand， ask。
It is strongly recommended that the machines (should) be checked every year.
强烈建议将这些机器每年检查一次。
She suggested that Dale join the debating team， believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.
她建议戴尔参加辩论队，她认为辩论队里的演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。
(3)would rather/prefer＋that从句(从句用虚拟语气)
①表示愿望与“现在事实或将来事实相反”，从句用一般过去时。
I would rather you were not here with me now.
我宁愿你现在不在我身边。
②表示愿望与“过去事实相反”，从句用过去完成时。
I would rather you hadn't done that.
我宁愿你没有做那件事。
3.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， request， advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是“(should＋)动词原形”。
We followed his advice that we (should) ask our teacher for help.
我们接受了他要求我们向老师求助的建议。
(2)as if， as though引导的表语从句常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
She looks as if nothing had happened to her.
她看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。
4.定语从句中的虚拟语气
It's (about/high/very) time＋that从句(从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去时或should＋动词原形， should不能省略)，意为“某人该做某事了”。
It's time that we should go/went home.
该到我们回家的时间了。
5.if only从句中的虚拟语气
if only引导的感叹句，其虚拟语气的结构与wish后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气的结构相同。
If only the driver hadn't driven so fast then！
要是司机那时没开那么快就好了。
单句语法填空
1.It is high time that you (consider) that if there were no stress in your life，you would achieve a little.
2.He was still running with a smile on his face， as if nothing (happen).
答案与解析：considered/should consider 考查虚拟语气。在It is high time that...句式中，从句用虚拟语气，即：谓语动词用过去式或should＋动词原形。
答案与解析：had happened 考查虚拟语气。由was可知此处表示对过去的虚拟。故从句用过去完成时。
3.The order came that the medical supplies (send) to the earthquake stricken area soon.
4.John wants to see me now，but I have so much work on hand that I would rather he (come) tomorrow than today.
答案与解析：(should) be sent 考查虚拟语气。表示建议、要求、命令等词后的宾语从句、同位语从句中谓语动词用(should＋)动词原形。
答案与解析：came would rather后面接从句时，从句中的谓语动词通常要用一般过去时，表示对现在或将来的假设。
Ⅰ.语法填空
For many people in the world，food waste has become a habit；buying more food than we need at markets，1. (let) fruit and vegetables spoil at home or taking more than we can eat.
答案与解析：letting 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，该空与前面的buying和后面的taking形成并列。所以空处需要填letting。
These habits put extra pressure 2. our natural resources and damage our environment.When we waste food，we waste so much labour，effort，3. (invest) and the precious resources that go into producing it，not to mention the resources in transporting and processing it.In short，wasting food increases greenhouse gas emissions and 4.
(contribute) to climate change.
2．答案与解析：on 考查介词。此处考查固定搭配put pressure on，意为“向……施加压力”、所以空处需要填on。
3．答案与解析：investment 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处与labour，effort和the precious resources形成并列，同作waste的宾语，需要用到名词。所以填investment。
4．答案与解析：contributes 考查时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处与increases形成并列，两者并列作本句的谓语，且主语为wasting food。所以空处需要填contributes。
It's 5. urgent issue.In fact，tons of food is lost or wasted 6.
(global) every day.The part of food that is lost from harvest up to，but not including，the retail level is called food
5．答案与解析：an 考查冠词。结合语境“这是一件紧迫的事情”可知，此处表泛指；且空后urgent的发音以元音音素开头。所以空处需要填an。
6．答案与解析：globally 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰谓语，需要用副词。所以填globally。
The part wasted at the consumer or retail level 7. (refer) to as food waste.We make this distinction to address those root 8.
(cause) of this problem，a problem that everyone from farmers and producers to customers can help end.
7．答案与解析：is referred 考查时态语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，该空在句中作谓语；根据语境可知，此处需要用到一般现在时表示客观事实；根据语境“在消费者和零售层面浪费的部分被称作食物浪费”可知，本句语态为被动语态；主语The part为第三人称单数。所以空处填is referred。
8．答案与解析：causes 考查名词的数。cause是一个可数名词，根据前面的those可知，空处需要用到复数，所以填causes。root cause“根本原因”。
Reducing food loss and waste is essential in a world 9.
millions of people go hungry every day.When we reduce waste，we respect that food is not a given. It's up to us 10. (change) our habits to make not wasting food a way of life！
9．答案与解析：where 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该空引导定语从句，先行词为表示地点的名词world，该空指代先行词在从句中作地点状语。故填关系副词where。
10．答案与解析：to change 考查非谓语动词。此处考查的是固定句型It's up to sb. to. do sth.，所以空处需要填to change。
Ⅱ.写作运用
补全下面写作， 注意动词的运用。
Hello， everyone！ I would like to share with you my first travel abroad. 1.__________________________________________________________
. (去年暑假， 我和几个同学一起参加了与一所美国学校的交流项目。) During our visit， we stayed in host families， which gave us an opportunity to learn about American society. The main part of our program was to experience the school life.
2. . (与中国学生相比， 美国学生更加开放和活跃。)Besides， they have less homework and fewer exams.
Last summer vacation, I, together with several classmates, took part in an exchange program with an American school
Compared with Chinese students, American students are more open and active
3. . (但我们也有很多共同点， 比如对NBA的狂热。) When the visit was over， I made friends with some American students， who become very interested in Chinese culture. 4.
. (美国学生也从中获益匪浅。)
But we also have a lot in common, like being crazy about NBA
The American students also benefited much from the program
冲刺高考
谓语动词
1. It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac， but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield， Illinois，
(prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
2、By about 6000 BC，people___________
(discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
答案与解析：has proved/has proven 考查时态。根据后面的since it opened to the public可知，此处要用现在完成时。故填has proved/has proven。
答案与解析：had discovered 考查时态。句意：大约在公元前6000年，人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。分析句子，简单句中除了提示词外无其余动词，故此处需用动词的时态。逻辑主语和提示词之间表示主动逻辑。by ＋ 过去时间 译为“到……为止”，后面的句子用过去完成时。
3. The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored
(修复).
4.The parts of a museum open to the public
(call) galleries or rooms.
答案与解析：was built 分析句子成分可知，空处和has now been completely restored作并列谓语。第二步：考虑时态、语态和主谓一致。有时间状语in the Tang dynasty可知发生在过去，根据主语it(The Xi’an City Wall)与动词build之间是被动关系。故用一般过去时的被动语态。
答案与解析：are called 考查动词时态及语态。句意：博物馆对公众开放的部分被称为画廊或展厅。此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时；主语与call是逻辑动宾关系，应使用被动语态，且主语是复数概念。
一般现在时与一般过去时
一般现在时和一般过去时是近几年语法填空必考的语法项目，而且考查的均是最基本的用法。
(一)一般现在时
一般现在时常用来表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态。
1.谓语动词的构成：do/does(下面所有的谓语动词的构成皆以do为例)
2.基本用法
(1)表示经常性的动作。
常与usually，always，often，sometimes，never，every day等表示频度的时间状语连用。
On Monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.
星期一早晨，我通常花费一小时开车去上班。
(2)表示客观真理、格言或者警句等。
表示客观真理时，即使主句是一般过去时，宾语从句还要用一般现在时。
As we all know， the earth travels around the sun.
众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
(3)表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。
谓语动词是come， go， arrive， leave， start， begin， return， live， fly等，可以用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。
My dream school starts at 8：30 am and ends at 3：30 pm.
我理想的学校上午8：30上课，下午3：30放学。
(4)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
If you come this afternoon， we'll have a meeting.
如果你今天下午过来，我们将开个会。
(二)一般过去时
1.谓语动词的构成：did
2.基本用法
(1)表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用，如yesterday， last month， just now， the other day， three days ago， in 1989等。
The other day I came across an old friend on the top of Mount Tai.
前几天，我在泰山顶上偶然遇到了一位老朋友。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(3)表达“原以为/本来认为/原希望”等意义时，know，think，expect等动词常用一般过去时。
Much to my disappointment，the film is not as moving as I expected.
使我非常失望的是，这部电影不像我原来预料的一样感人。
(4)常见句型：
①It is time that sb. should do/did sth.
该到……的时候了
②It is/has been＋一段时间＋since...did sth.
自从做某事已经一段时间了
③would/had rather sb. did sth.
宁愿某人做某事
It is time that we took action to protect our environment.
该到我们采取措施保护环境的时候了。
As far as I know，it is/has been three years since he joined the army.
据我所知，他参军三年了。
(5)句中暗含有表示过去的时间状语。
George said that he would come to school to see me the next day，but he didn't.乔治说他会在第二天来学校看我，但是他没有来。
单句语法填空
1.The study found that between 1985 and 2017， average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men. In cities， however， the gain (be) 1.3 in women and 1.6 in men.
2.What comes next is the endless series of steps.You can’t help wondering how hard it (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
答案与解析：was 考查动词时态。根据上文the study found可知此处应用一般过去时。故填was。
答案与解析：was 考查时态和主谓一致。句中有时间状语then，因此这里说的是当初人们把那些石头放在固定的位置上(即做成石头台阶)很难，本空填was。
3.When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist， they smiled and
(point) down the river.
4. As a result， as the number of qubits(量子位) (increase)， the computing ability of quantum computers rises too.
答案与解析：pointed and是并列连词，在该句中连接两个并列谓语，两个并列谓语时态应一致；根据and前的 smiled 可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填pointed。
答案与解析：increases 根据句意可知，句子为as引导的时间状语从句，句子陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，the number of作主语时，谓语动词用单数，故空格处应用increase的第三人称单数形式increases。
现在进行时、过去进行时与将来进行时
(一)现在进行时
1.谓语动词的构成：
2.基本用法
(1)表示此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态，常与时间状语now，at the moment，at present等连用。
He is watching a football match on TV at home now.
他现在正在家里看电视上的足球赛。
am/is/are +doing
(2)一些特定的表示动作趋向性的短暂性动词come， go， leave， get， start， open， arrive， begin， return等常用现在进行时表将来。
I am leaving for Shanghai to attend an important international meeting.
我要出发去上海参加一个重要的国际会议。
(3)现在进行时态与频率副词always，constantly连用表达某种感彩，如不满、厌恶、赞赏等。
You are always forgetting the important thing.
你总是把重要的事情忘掉。(表达出不满的情绪)
(二)过去进行时
1.谓语动词的构成：
2.基本用法
(1)过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作或者存在的状态。
He was playing basketball with his friends on the playground at 3：00 pm yesterday.昨天下午3点他正在操场与他的朋友们一起打篮球。
(2)表示过去一个动作发生时另外一个动作正在进行。
She was watching TV when a burglar broke into her house.
她正在看电视，这时一个盗贼闯入她家。
(3)表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作，此用法常见动词有go，begin，leave，arrive，come，return等。
I was coming to visit you later that day，but I had to phone and cancel.
我本打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是我不得不打电话取消了。
(三)将来进行时
1.谓语动词的构成：will be doing
2.基本用法
表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
This time next week I'll be lying on the beach，enjoying the sunshine.
下星期这个时候，我正躺在海滩上，享受着阳光。
单句语法填空)1.Currently， about 35，000 works
(display) in over 300 rooms in the Louvre， and it would take a lifetime to see everything.
2.I (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
答案与解析：are being displayed 考查时态语态。句意：目前，大约有3.5万件作品陈列在卢浮宫的300多个房间里，要想看完所有的东西要花一辈子的时间。根据Currently和语境可知，此处表示目前正在发生的事，应用现在进行时；作品被陈列，应用被动语态。
答案与解析：was driving 此处是be doing...when...结构，意为“正在做……，这时(突然)……”。由从句的谓语动词found可知，主句应用过去进行时。
3.Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she
(teach)a class at that time.
答案与解析：will be teaching 句意为：简不能参加今天下午三点的会议，因为那个时候她正在上课。句中的时间状语at that time 代指at 3 o'clock this afternoon，表示在将来的某一时刻正在做某事。故用将来进行时。
考点三 现在完成时、过去完成时与现在完成进行时
(一)现在完成时
1.谓语动词的构成：
2.基本用法
(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常用的时间状语：already，so far，never，just，before，recently，for a long time，in the past/last few years等。
Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years.
在过去的10年中我们的城市发生了很大变化。
(2)表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态，常与“since＋时间点”或“for＋时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。
He moved here in 2019 and he has lived here ever since.
他2019年搬到这里，自那之后他一直住在这里。
3.现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。
Please return the book to me when you have finished it.
当你读完这本书请归还给我。
名师指津 (1)注意牢记以下固定句型：
①It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已经……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.
我大学毕业已十年了。
②This/It/That is the first/second/third...time that...表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that从句中要用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次游览这座城市。
③This is＋the＋形容词最高级＋名词＋that...结构，that从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(2)注意避免思维定式：一看到for＋时间段，就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境强调是“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时)，还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。
Yang Zhenning lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.
杨振宁在美国定居多年，现在他生活在中国。
Dashan has lived in China for many years.
大山在中国住了许多年。
(二)过去完成时
1.谓语动词的构成：had＋done
2.基本用法
(1)表示到过去某一时间之前动作已经完成即“过去的过去”，常见的时间状语有by...，until...，when...，before...等。
When he was in Beijing， he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
By the time Jack returned home from England， his son had already graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
(2)表示意向的动词，如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本……(事实上未能……)”。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
我们原来预料你们能够赢比赛。
(3)表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作发生，这种情况多见于宾语从句。
He remembered that he had left the key at home.
他记得他把钥匙落家了。
(4)过去完成时的常用句型
①It was the first/second...time that...
这是第一/第二……次……
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
这是那个男孩第三次迟到了。
②had hardly...when刚……就……；had no sooner...than一……就……。如：
I had hardly opened the door when he hit me.
我刚打开门，他就打了我。
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
(三) 现在完成进行时
1.谓语动词的构成：
2.基本用法
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间，一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
For days the kids have been looking for others we can help.
几天以来，孩子们一直在找我们能够帮助的其他人。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
I have been calling him many times this morning，but there's no answer.
今天早晨我一直给他打了很多电话，但是没人接。
单句语法填空
1.There (be) a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years， causing largely by rising global temperatures，according to a new report from the United Nations.
2.We (do) quite enough work for the morning； now let's take a break.
答案与解析：has been 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。over the past 20 years表示“在过去的二十年中”，常和现在完成时连用，a dramatic rise 是单数。故填has been。
答案与解析：have done 考查时态。此处强调对现在造成的影响。故应用现在完成时。
3.This was the first time I (experience) sandstorms and I don’t ever want to be in one again.
4.Mr White (teach) in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.
答案与解析：had experienced 考查动词的时态。根据“This was the first time”可知，从句用过去完成时。
答案与解析：had taught 根据for nearly forty years可知用完成时，由时间状语从句before he retired last month可知用过去完成时。
考点四 一般将来时和过去将来时
(一)一般将来时
1.表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态常用以下四种结构
(1)will/shall＋动词原形
(2)be going to＋动词原形
(3)be to＋动词原形
(4)be about to do sth.
2.基本用法
(1)一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，即单纯的将来事实。
He will graduate from Beijing University next year.
明年，他将毕业于北京大学。
(2)be going to do sth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。
Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
(3)be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将要做某事，或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。
We are to obey these rules when we go into the library.
当我们去图书馆时，我们要遵守这些规章制度。
(4)be about to do sth.表示即将要发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。
The train is about to leave.火车即将开出。
(二)过去将来时
1.谓语动词的构成：
2.基本用法
过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即过去将来时是“立足过去，着眼未来”的一种时态，常用于宾语从句中。
The shop would soon close，and all the people would go home.
这个商店不久将关闭，所有的人将回家。
◎即学即练(单句语法填空)
1.If you give up in winter， you (miss) the hope of spring， the beauty of summer， and the harvest of autumn in your life.
2.If you are able to come with us，please let us know and we
(wait)for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning.
3.[2022·浙江嘉兴基础测试]They made up their minds that they
(buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs.
答案与解析：will miss if引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来，主句用一般将来时。故该空填will miss。
答案与解析：will wait 根据if从句用的是一般现在时表示将来，可知主句用will＋动词原形表示一般将来时。
答案与解析：would buy 句意：他们决定一旦拉里换了工作，他们就买座新房子。that引导的从句为复合句，其中once引导的时间状语从句用的是一般过去时。故主句用过去将来时。
考点五 语态
1.被动语态在各种时态中的运用
时态 被动语态的构成
一般现在时 am/is/are done
一般过去时 was/were done
一般将来时 shall/will be done
现在进行时 am/is/are being done
过去进行时 was/were being done
现在完成时 have/has been done
过去完成时 had been done
将来完成时 shall/will have been done
To my delight，I was chosen from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
使我高兴的是，我从成百上千申请者中被选出来参加开幕仪式。
2.不能用被动语态的特殊动词
(1)系动词类(look，seem，feel，taste，sound，prove，appear等)。
(2)表示主语特征的词(read，wash，write，sell，wear，lock等)，常与not，hardly，well，easily，badly，nicely等副词连用。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
这种布料容易洗。
3.get构成的表示被动的短语
此类短语主要有get paid/lost/hurt等。
We get paid every week.我们按周获得薪酬。
4.主动形式表示被动意义
(1)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词；worth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这房子需要修理。
(2)在某些“主语(人/物)＋be＋形容词＋不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这道题很难计算出。
单句语法填空
1.The little home (paint) white. It was sweet and fresh.
2.Single－use plastic bags are used at most a few times before they (throw) away.
答案与解析：was painted 考查时态语态。The little home与动词paint之间是被动关系。故填was painted。
答案与解析：are thrown 考查时态语态。句意：一次性塑料袋在扔掉之前最多使用几次。本句讲的是客观事实，应该用一般现在时，主语they(Single－use plastic bags)和谓语动词throw之间是被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态，且谓语动词用复数形式。故填are thrown。
3.And，as more children were born，more food
(need).
4.The artist was sure he would (choose)， but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister， the old man laughed.
答案与解析：was needed 考查时态语态。句意：随着越多的小孩出生，越多的食物被需要。分析句子，逻辑主语和need之间表示被动逻辑。同时此处描述的是过去的时间，所以时态应用过去时。故此处应用过去时的被动语态。food为不可数名词。故填was needed。
答案与解析：be chosen 考查动词语态。句意：画家确信他会被选中，但是当他把他的杰作送给皇帝的宰相时，这位老人笑了。本句中主语he与谓语动词choose构成被动关系，且would后跟动词原形。故填be chosen。
二、主谓一致
1.It is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kg by their height in meters squared and a BMI of between 19 and 25
(consider) healthy.
2.This is why decorating with plants， fruits and flowers (carry) special significance.
答案与解析：is considered 考查时态和主谓一致。 根据句意，BMI在19到25之间都被认为是健康的，本空填is considered。
答案与解析：carries 考查主谓一致。句意：这就是用植物、水果和鲜花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。这是一个表语从句，从句主语为动名词短语decorating with plants, fruits and flowers，所以谓语动词用单数形式。故填carries。
3Often， only a small part of a museum's collection
(be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
4.The musician along with his band members (give) ten performances in the last three months.
答案与解析：is 考查主谓一致。句意：通常，博物馆只展出一小部分藏品。此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时，主语a small part of a museum's collection是单数概念，谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式，且后面的Most of it is stored away or used for research.中的is也是提示。故填is。
答案与解析：is 考查主谓一致。句意：通常，博物馆只展出一小部分藏品。此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时，主语a small part of a museum's collection是单数概念，谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式，且后面的Most of it is stored away or used for research.中的is也是提示。故填is。
考点一 主谓一致的基础“3原则”
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、就近一致原则和意义一致原则。
1.语法一致原则
主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，including，in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.
那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。
I think Tom， rather than you is to blame for the accident.
我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。
2.就近一致原则
(1)由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
要么是你要么是你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。
(2)由there， here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。
3.意义一致原则
(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。
(2)“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。
(3)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。
单句语法填空
1.The traditional Chinese marriage usually (involve) some necessary procedures， such as match making， engagement， meeting the bride， and three bows.
2.Walking to work， taking part in an online exercise program or meeting with friends for a walk also (work) to easily get more physical activity.
答案与解析：involves 考查主谓一致。根据该句中的usually可知，此处表示经常发生的动作，故用一般现在时；主语The traditional Chinese marriage为第三人称单数。故谓语动词应用单数形式。
答案与解析：works 考查一般现在时和主谓一致。此处描述客观事实，应用一般现在时。并列主语用or连接时，主谓一致遵循“就近原则”。“meeting with friends for a walk”为动名词。所以谓语动词应用第三人称单数。
3Furthermore，the amount of sleep
(change) greatly over the past 15 years.
答案与解析：works 考查一般现在时和主谓一致。此处描述客观事实，应用一般现在时。并列主语用or连接时，主谓一致遵循“就近原则”。“meeting with friends for a walk”为动名词。所以谓语动词应用第三人称单数。
考点二 主谓一致的3种特殊情况
1.“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。
2.all， the rest， the remaining/part...＋主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
讲座的前半部分很生动，但后半部分非常枯燥。
3.“几分之几/百分之几＋of＋名词”结构作主语时，一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60%的工作。
单句语法填空
1.Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations， three are declining， six (be) stable， one is increasing， and nine lack enough data.
答案与解析：are 句意：在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中，有3个正在减少，6个保持稳定，1个正在增加，还有9个缺乏足够的数据。分析句子结构可知，本句由多个分句并列组成，其中设空处所在的分句的主语是six, 为复数概念，谓语应用复数，且下文的lack也是提示；本句叙述的是一般事实， 应用一般现在时。故填are。
2.More than one doctor (be) involved in the rescue that took place after the earthquake.
3.[Because the number of possible topics
(be) practically limitless， we focus on a sample of the most interesting and useful applications and tools and explain the basic principles of technology.
答案与解析：was 句意为：许多医生都加入到了震后的营救工作中。“more than one＋可数名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。根据从句用一般过去时可知，主句也应用一般过去时。故填was。
答案与解析：is the number of ……的数目，后接可数名词的复数形式，谓语动词用单数。根据主句的时态可知，从句用一般现在时。
1.It used to be that you drive for miles here without seeing another person， but now there are houses and people everywhere.
2.Jim says we stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
答案与解析：could 考查情态动词辨析。句意：过去你可能开车数英里看不到一个人，但现在处处都有房屋和人。could表示“有可能”。
答案与解析： can 考查情态动词。句意：吉姆说我们可以住在他的房子里，只要我们保持它干净整洁。根据后面的”as long as we leave it clean and tidy”可知，Jim许可我们待在他的房子里，即：我们“能，可以”待在他的房子里。
3.The workers were not better organized，otherwise， they (accomplish) the task in half the time.
答案与解析：would have accomplished
考查虚拟语气。句意：工人们没有被更好地组织，否则他们会用一半的时间完成任务。此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，用would have done sth.表示“本来能够做某事”，因此填would have accomplished。
4.They might have found a better hotel if they (drive) a few more kilometers.
5.There is a good social life in the village，and I wish I (have) a second chance to become more involved.
答案与解析：had driven 句意为：如果他们再多行驶几千米，他们或许就会找到一个更好的宾馆了。本题考查虚拟语气。根据题干中主句的谓语might have found可知本句为与过去事实相反的虚拟，因此if引导的从句中谓语动词形式应为had done。故填had driven。
答案与解析：had 考查虚拟语气。句意为：这个村子里的人们有良好的社交生活，我希望自己能再获得一次机会去更多地参与其中。wish后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气，此处表达现在的一个愿望，谓语动词要用过去式。故填had。
考点一 助动词
1.助动词do/does/did主要帮助构成疑问句、否定句及部分倒装。助动词do/does/did后只能跟动词原形，助动词不能用作实义动词。
2.助动词be/being/been主要帮助构成进行时、完成进行时和各种被动语态。需注意be虽然没有实际意义，但却是结构中不可缺少的。
3.助动词have/has/had主要是帮助构成完成时态和完成进行时态。需注意其构成形式have/has/had done和have/has/had been doing。
I am Li Hua，a student from Class 2，Grade 3. I am writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer.我是李华，三年级二班的一名学生。我写信申请学生志愿者职位。
It is the third time that you have been late for work this week.这是你这周第三次上班迟到。
考点二 9大情态动词的基本用法
1.can/could
(1)表示能力(could常用于过去的能力)。
Many people can use the computer.
许多人会用电脑。
No one could answer this challenging question.
没人能回答这个具有挑战性的问题。
(2)表示客观或理论上的可能性。
It can be very hot here in summer.
这里夏天有时会很热。
Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.
醉酒的司机都有可能发生交通事故。
(3)表示请求或允许。在疑问句中could可以代替can，语气更委婉。
Can I have a word with you？It won't take long.
我可以和你谈谈吗？不会花很多时间的。
(4)表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句。can比could语气强。
He can't be our manager.He has gone to Beijing.
他不可能是我们的经理。我们经理已经去北京了。
2.may/might
(1)表示请求、允许、许可，might比may的语气更委婉。
—Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter？
——我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗？
—Yes， you may．
——是的，可以。
(2)表示推测，意为“或许，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。
—I don't really like James. Why did you invite him？
——我真的不喜欢詹姆斯。为什么你邀请他？
—Don't worry. He might not come.He said he wasn't certain what his plans were.
——别担心，他或许不会来。他说他还不能确定他的计划。
3.must
(1)表示“必须；应该”。
—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now？
——我该马上通知他日程改了吗？
—I am afraid you must， in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我想你必须(通知他)，以免他开会迟到。
(2)表示推测，意为“一定”，用于肯定句。
Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday.I found it wet.昨天一定有人用了我的雨伞，我发现它湿了。
(3)意为“偏要，非要……不可”。
If you must go， at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走，至少要等到暴风雨停止(再走)。
(4)mustn't表示禁止，意为“不得，不允许；一定不要”。
That car is my property； you mustn't use it without my permission.那辆车是我的财产，你必须得到我的允许才能使用。
4.shall
(1)用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见。
Shall we put off the sports meet till next month？
我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月？
Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow？
明天汤姆可以和我一起去那里吗？
(2)用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等；或用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为“必须”。
You shall be punished for what you have done.
你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。
5.should
(1)should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。
We should be strict with ourselves.
我们应该严格要求自己。
(2)should表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然，居然”。
Such a gentleman should do that.
这样一位绅士竟然会做那种事。
6.will/would
(1)用于表示意志或意愿。
—Why didn't you come to my party last night？
——昨晚你为什么不参加我的晚会？
—I wanted to， but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.
——我想参加，但是晚上那么晚我母亲就是不让我出去。
(2)表示“请求；建议”。用would比will委婉、客气。
Will/Would you please keep the door open？
请你把门开着好吗？
(3)表示习惯，will可以表示现在的习惯，意为“总是；习惯于”。表示过去的习惯性动作用would。
He would get up early when he lived in the country.生活在农村时他过去常常早起。
7.need
表示“需要；必要”，用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。
You needn't be told twice about one single thing.
同一件事不必对你说两遍。
—Need I tell him everything that's happened to his parents？
——我有必要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗？
—Yes， you must．/No， you needn't．
——是的，必须。/不，没必要。
need还可以作实义动词，此时有人称和数的变化，后面可跟名词、带to的不定式或动名词等作宾语，其否定形式、疑问形式都要通过助动词do构成。
Plants need light in order to survive.植物生长必须有光照。
Do I need to leave my telephone number and address？
我有必要把电话号码和地址留下吗？
You don't need to hand in your compositions today.
你们今天不必交作文。
8.dare
表示“敢；敢于”，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用于肯定句。I dare say是习惯说法，意为“我想，大概”。
I dare not face the danger bravely.
我不敢勇敢地面对困难。
9.ought to
表示义务，意为“应当”，语气比should强，表示不十分肯定或含蓄的推测，意为“应是，应该”。
You ought to work harder than before.
你应当比之前更努力地工作。
You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。
单句语法填空
1.I love the weekend， because I not get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
2.It was really annoying； I not get access to the data bank you had recommended.
答案与解析：need 句意为：我喜欢周末，因为在周六周日我不必早起。根据句意可知填need。
答案与解析：could 句意：这真让人生气，我不能进入你推荐的数据库。此处强调没有能力做某事，且讲述的是过去的情况，could not 意为“不能”，符合语境。
考点三 5大表示推测的情态动词用法比较
情态 动词 适用句式 适用时态 意义
must 肯定句 一般时、进行时、完成时 一定，肯定
Jack described his father， who must have been a brave boy many years ago，as a strong willed man. 杰克描述了他的父亲，他多年前一定是一个勇敢的男孩，是个意志坚强的人。
can (could) 疑问句，否定句 一般时、进行时、完成时 可能，能够
It can't be the postman at the door.It's only six o'clock.不可能是门口的邮递员。现在才六点钟。
may (might) 否定句 一般时、进行时、完成时 也许，可能
—I left my handbag on the train，but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. 我把手提包落在火车上了，但幸运的是有人把它交给了铁路官员。 —How unbelievable to get it back！I mean，someone might have stolen it. 能再得到它真不可思议！我的意思是，有人有可能已经偷走了它。
should (ought to) 否定句 一般时、完成时 确定或期待，“应该”
I shouldn't have watched that movie—it'll give me horrible dreams. 我本不应看那部电影，它会带给我可怕的梦。
will (would) 肯定句，否定句，疑问句, 一般时、进行时、完成时 大概
This will be the house you're looking for. 这大概就是你在寻找的那个房子。
单句语法填空
1.Since nobody gave him any help， he have done the research on his own.
2.You not have waken me up.I don't have to go to work today.
3.You (come) here earlier，for the lecture was important.
答案与解析：must 句意为：既然没人给他帮忙，那他肯定是自己做的研究。主句是对从句表达的原因的一种猜测，must have done想必/准是/一定做过某事，符合主从句之间的逻辑关系。
答案与解析：need 根据语境，“今天不上班”可知，你本来没必要喊醒我。故need符合语境。
答案与解析：should have come 句意为：因为这个演讲很重要，你本来应该早点来的。 should have done sth.本来应该做某事。
考点四 状语从句中虚拟语气的用法
1.非真实条件句中虚拟语气的用法
虚拟语气 从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词
与现在事 实相反 过去式(be的过去式形式用were) would/could/should/might＋动词原形
与过去事 实相反 过去完成式 would/could/should/might＋have done
与将来事 实相反 ①were to do ②should do ③过去式 would/could/should/might＋动词原形
If my brother were here， everything would be all right.
要是我弟弟在这儿，一切都会好的。
If it should rain this afternoon，the basketball match would be put off.
要是今天下午下雨，篮球比赛就会被推迟。
Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week？If you had told me， I could have helped.
上个星期你为什么不把你的困难告诉我？如果你告诉我， 我会帮助你的。
(1)在if引导的虚拟条件句中，条件句的谓语动词中含有had/were/should时，可以把if省略，把had/were/should提到句首，变为倒装句。
Had you (＝If you had) come earlier， you would have caught the early bus.
如果你早点来，就能赶上早班车了。
Were I (＝If I were) twenty now， I would join the army.
如果我现在20岁，我就参军。
Should he come(＝If he should come)， tell him to ring me up.
他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。
(2)如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟，则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语。
Maybe if I had studied science， and not literature then， I would be able to give you more help now.
也许如果当时我学的是理科不是文科的话，那么我现在就可以给你更多的帮助了。
2.虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这种叫含蓄虚拟语气。常见的这类词或短语有：
without (要是)没有
in case 万一；以防
but for 要不是
supposing 假如
for fear that 以免
otherwise 否则
or 否则
We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call.
要不是一个电话，我们不可能在一起待一分钟。
考点五 其他从句中虚拟语气的用法
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气
It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/
essential/a pity＋that从句，从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。
It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference.
他有必要整理些信息供我参考。
2.宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望，其谓语动词构成形式如下表：
I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
我希望我是只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。
I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
我多希望昨天见到了那个影星。
虚拟语气 从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反 had＋过去分词
与将来事实相反 would/could/might＋动词原形
(2)表示“建议；命令；要求”等意义时，宾语从句用“(should＋)动词原形”。 常见的此类动词有：
①坚持：insist；②命令：order， command；③建议：advise， suggest， recommend；④要求：request， require， demand， ask。
It is strongly recommended that the machines (should) be checked every year.
强烈建议将这些机器每年检查一次。
She suggested that Dale join the debating team， believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.
她建议戴尔参加辩论队，她认为辩论队里的演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。
(3)would rather/prefer＋that从句(从句用虚拟语气)
①表示愿望与“现在事实或将来事实相反”，从句用一般过去时。
I would rather you were not here with me now.
我宁愿你现在不在我身边。
②表示愿望与“过去事实相反”，从句用过去完成时。
I would rather you hadn't done that.
我宁愿你没有做那件事。
3.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， request， advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是“(should＋)动词原形”。
We followed his advice that we (should) ask our teacher for help.
我们接受了他要求我们向老师求助的建议。
(2)as if， as though引导的表语从句常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
She looks as if nothing had happened to her.
她看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。
4.定语从句中的虚拟语气
It's (about/high/very) time＋that从句(从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去时或should＋动词原形， should不能省略)，意为“某人该做某事了”。
It's time that we should go/went home.
该到我们回家的时间了。
5.if only从句中的虚拟语气
if only引导的感叹句，其虚拟语气的结构与wish后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气的结构相同。
If only the driver hadn't driven so fast then！
要是司机那时没开那么快就好了。
单句语法填空
1.It is high time that you (consider) that if there were no stress in your life，you would achieve a little.
2.He was still running with a smile on his face， as if nothing (happen).
答案与解析：considered/should consider 考查虚拟语气。在It is high time that...句式中，从句用虚拟语气，即：谓语动词用过去式或should＋动词原形。
答案与解析：had happened 考查虚拟语气。由was可知此处表示对过去的虚拟。故从句用过去完成时。
3.The order came that the medical supplies (send) to the earthquake stricken area soon.
4.John wants to see me now，but I have so much work on hand that I would rather he (come) tomorrow than today.
答案与解析：(should) be sent 考查虚拟语气。表示建议、要求、命令等词后的宾语从句、同位语从句中谓语动词用(should＋)动词原形。
答案与解析：came would rather后面接从句时，从句中的谓语动词通常要用一般过去时，表示对现在或将来的假设。
Ⅰ.语法填空
For many people in the world，food waste has become a habit；buying more food than we need at markets，1. (let) fruit and vegetables spoil at home or taking more than we can eat.
答案与解析：letting 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，该空与前面的buying和后面的taking形成并列。所以空处需要填letting。
These habits put extra pressure 2. our natural resources and damage our environment.When we waste food，we waste so much labour，effort，3. (invest) and the precious resources that go into producing it，not to mention the resources in transporting and processing it.In short，wasting food increases greenhouse gas emissions and 4.
(contribute) to climate change.
2．答案与解析：on 考查介词。此处考查固定搭配put pressure on，意为“向……施加压力”、所以空处需要填on。
3．答案与解析：investment 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，此处与labour，effort和the precious resources形成并列，同作waste的宾语，需要用到名词。所以填investment。
4．答案与解析：contributes 考查时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处与increases形成并列，两者并列作本句的谓语，且主语为wasting food。所以空处需要填contributes。
It's 5. urgent issue.In fact，tons of food is lost or wasted 6.
(global) every day.The part of food that is lost from harvest up to，but not including，the retail level is called food
5．答案与解析：an 考查冠词。结合语境“这是一件紧迫的事情”可知，此处表泛指；且空后urgent的发音以元音音素开头。所以空处需要填an。
6．答案与解析：globally 考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰谓语，需要用副词。所以填globally。
The part wasted at the consumer or retail level 7. (refer) to as food waste.We make this distinction to address those root 8.
(cause) of this problem，a problem that everyone from farmers and producers to customers can help end.
7．答案与解析：is referred 考查时态语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，该空在句中作谓语；根据语境可知，此处需要用到一般现在时表示客观事实；根据语境“在消费者和零售层面浪费的部分被称作食物浪费”可知，本句语态为被动语态；主语The part为第三人称单数。所以空处填is referred。
8．答案与解析：causes 考查名词的数。cause是一个可数名词，根据前面的those可知，空处需要用到复数，所以填causes。root cause“根本原因”。
Reducing food loss and waste is essential in a world 9.
millions of people go hungry every day.When we reduce waste，we respect that food is not a given. It's up to us 10. (change) our habits to make not wasting food a way of life！
9．答案与解析：where 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该空引导定语从句，先行词为表示地点的名词world，该空指代先行词在从句中作地点状语。故填关系副词where。
10．答案与解析：to change 考查非谓语动词。此处考查的是固定句型It's up to sb. to. do sth.，所以空处需要填to change。
Ⅱ.写作运用
补全下面写作， 注意动词的运用。
Hello， everyone！ I would like to share with you my first travel abroad. 1.__________________________________________________________
. (去年暑假， 我和几个同学一起参加了与一所美国学校的交流项目。) During our visit， we stayed in host families， which gave us an opportunity to learn about American society. The main part of our program was to experience the school life.
2. . (与中国学生相比， 美国学生更加开放和活跃。)Besides， they have less homework and fewer exams.
Last summer vacation, I, together with several classmates, took part in an exchange program with an American school
Compared with Chinese students, American students are more open and active
3. . (但我们也有很多共同点， 比如对NBA的狂热。) When the visit was over， I made friends with some American students， who become very interested in Chinese culture. 4.
. (美国学生也从中获益匪浅。)
But we also have a lot in common, like being crazy about NBA
The American students also benefited much from the program