2022届高考英语备考复习：构词法讲解课件（33张）

(共33张PPT)
高考复习　
构词法
1. In 1844 they bought it for $1，200 and some land from Charles Dresser， who performed their _________ (marry)ceremony in 1842.
2.It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become _________ (educate) about the areas—both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics， and often provides money for conservation and benefits the _________ (develop) of the local areas.
答案与解析：marriage　考查词性转换。根据句意可知，此处要用名词marriage作ceremony的定语，表示“结婚仪式，结婚典礼”。故填marriage。
答案与解析：educated　development　考查形容词。在系动词become后应用形容词作表语，educated“受过教育的，有教养的”。考查名词。空格在冠词the之后，应填名词development“发展”。
3.Because of the confidence she inspired in me， I've carved out a _________ (success) profession as a journalist.
4.Oliver says if you're _________ (luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking， ask them if/whether you can join in when it's possible.
答案与解析：successful　考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。profession 为名词， 意为“职业”，故应用形容词来修饰。故填successful。
答案与解析：lucky　考查形容词。句意：奥利弗说，如果你足够幸运，身边有一个喜欢烹饪的人。空前有be动词，所以空处填形容词做表语。故填lucky。
考点一 名词的构词规律
1.动词变名词的后缀
(1)-al表示人、物、行为、状态(特殊：去e＋-al)
approve 赞成→approval 赞成
survive 幸存→survival 幸存
arrive 到达→arrival 到达；到达者；到来物
refuse 拒绝→refusal 拒绝
propose 提议→proposal 提议；建议
(2)-ance/-ence表示性质、状态或行为
appear 出现→appearance 出现；外貌
perform 表演→performance 表演
exist 存在→existence 存在
prefer 较喜欢→preference 偏爱
refer 参考；查阅→reference 参考；查阅
depend 依靠→dependence 依赖；依靠
guide 指引→guidance 引导；指导
(3)-ion/-tion/-ation表示状态或行为
direct 指挥；指导→direction 方向；指导
expect 期待→expectation 期待；期望
explain 解释→explanation 解释
invite 邀请→invitation 邀请；请柬
solve 解决→solution 解决
compete 竞争→competition 比赛；竞争
pronounce 发音→pronunciation 发音
describe 描述→description 描写
repeat 重复→repetition 重复
(4)-s(s)ion表示行为或状态
discuss 讨论→discussion 讨论
admit 承认→admission 承认；准许加入
decide 决定→decision 决定
(5)-ing具有……(特征)的
hear 听→hearing 听力；听觉
listen 听→listening 听；听力
begin 开始→beginning 开始部分
(6)-ment表示行为、结果等
achieve 达到；完成→achievement 成就
develop 发展→development 发展
(去e)argue 争论→argument 争论；论据
(7)-ure/-ture表示行为或状态
fail 失败→failure 失败
press 压；挤→pressure 压力
mix 混合→mixture 混合物
expose 暴露→exposure 面临；暴露
(8)-y表示……的动作(或过程)
recover 恢复→recovery 恢复；痊愈
discover 发现→discovery 发现
(9)其他常见变化：
choose 选择→choice 选择
vary 相异→variety 多样化；品种
tend 倾向→tendency 趋向；趋势
grow 生长→growth 生长
marry 结婚→marriage 婚姻
carry 搬→carriage 客车厢；运输
pack 收拾(行李)→package 包；盒
post 邮寄→postage 邮资；邮费
store 贮存→storage 贮存
2.形容词变名词的后缀
(1)-cy表示性质、状态
fluent 流利→fluency 流利；流畅
accurate 准确的→accuracy 准确(性)
private 私有的→privacy 隐私
efficient 效率高的→efficiency 效率
(2)-dom表示地位、状况等
free 自由的→freedom 自由
wise 明智的→wisdom 智慧
(3)-ness表示性质、状态
dark黑的→darkness 黑暗
weak 虚弱的→weakness 虚弱
kind 友好的→kindness 善良
cold 寒冷的→coldness 冷淡；冷漠
aware 知道的；意识到的→awareness 知道；意识
(4)-th表示结果、过程、性质、状态
warm 温暖的→warmth 温暖
true 真的→truth 真相
deep 深的→depth 深(度)
strong 强壮的→strength 力量
long 长的→length 长度
wide 宽的→width 宽度
(5)-y/-ity表示性质或状态
difficult 困难的→difficulty 困难
honest 诚实的→honesty 诚实
safe 安全的→safety 安全
cruel 残忍的→cruelty 残忍
responsible 负责的→responsibility 责任
(6)-ent变为-ence，-ant变为-ance， -nd变为-nse
different 不同的→difference 不同(之处)
silent 沉默的；不说话的→silence 寂静
respond 回应→response 响应
patient有耐心的→patience 耐心
absent缺席的→absence 缺席
present 出席的→presence 出席
confident 自信的→confidence 信心
convenient方便的→convenience 便利
important重要的→importance 重要(性)
defend防御；保卫→defense/defence 防御；保护
单句语法填空
1. In the eyes of the Yi people， fire is the symbol of light， which is believed to have the ability to drive away insects and pests and protect the _________ (grow) of crops.
2. This _________ (achieve) marks that China has reached the first great breakthrough on the path to full-scale quantum computing—a quantum computational advantage， also known as “quantum supremacy”．
答案与解析：growth　句意：火在彝族人眼中是光的象征，火被认为有驱除害虫和保护农作物生长的能力。空处作宾语，表示“生长”应用名词growth，表抽象概念，不可数。
答案与解析：achievement　句意：这一成就标志着中国实现了全面量子计算道路上的第一个重大突破——量子计算优势，也被称为“量子霸权”。空处作主语，表示“成就”应用名词achievement，this修饰可数名词单数。
3.“The new robotic arms cost no more than 1，000 yuan，” said Chen Xiaoping， _________ (direct) of the Robotics Laboratory at USTC， adding that this gives them an advantage for much wider application.
4.Chinese people are proud of their food. However， when foreigners like Britons think of Chinese food， their _________ (impress) of it is different to what you might think.
答案与解析：director　此处用direct的名词形式director作Chen Xiaoping的同位语，意为“主管，负责人”。
答案与解析：impression　句意：中国人对他们的菜感到自豪。然而，当像英国人这样的外国人想到中国菜时，他们对中国菜的印象与你想的可能不同。在形容词性物主代词their后应用名词作主语，名词impression意为“印象”，符合语境，根据is可知用其单数形式。
考点二 形容词和副词的词形转换1.形容词的构词规律
类别 例词
词尾加-y cloud→cloudy， luck→lucky， health→healthy， sleep→sleepy
词尾加-(e)d gift→gifted， talent→talented， advance→advanced， excite→excited
词尾加-ing surprise→surprising， convince→convincing， frighten→frightening
词尾加-ful/-less meaning→meaningful/meaningless， care→careful/careless， help→helpful/helpless， harm→harmful/harmless， home→homeless， colour→colourful/colourless， use→useful/useless， thank→thankful/thankless， peace→peaceful/peaceless
类别 例词
词尾加-able comfort→comfortable， knowledge→knowledgeable， accept→acceptable， respect→respectable
词尾加-ous danger→dangerous， courage→courageous， humour→humorous
词尾的-ce变为-t confidence→confident， difference→different
词尾加-al music→musical， person→personal， nation→national， education→educational， tradition→traditional
词尾加-ly friend→friendly， week→weekly， love→lovely
词尾加-en wood→wooden， wool→woolen
类别 例词
其他常见变化 energy→energetic， fool→foolish， pleasure→pleasant/pleased， science→scientific
以重读闭音节结尾的名词变成形容词时，要双写该辅音字母再加-y(如sun→sunny， fun→funny等)，以e结尾的名词要去掉e再加-y(如noise→noisy， ice→icy， taste→tasty等)
动词词尾加-ive/-ative attract→attractive， talk→talkative， prevent→preventive， protect→protective
　如何区分-ed形容词与-ing形容词
解决此类问题有两个切入点：第一，看语境表示的是“令人……”(-ing)，还是“感到……”(-ed)；第二，看语境说明的是性质特征(-ing)，还是感受(-ed)。具体如下：
(1)-ing型形容词主要用于修饰物或事，表示事物的性质特征，常译为“令人……的”。
(2)-ed型形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，强调人自身的情感波动；修饰事物时，则多修饰smile(微笑)， feeling(感觉)， appearance(外貌)， cry(哭)， face(面部表情)， voice(声音)， mood(情绪)， look(表情)等表示人的情绪状况的名词。
2.副词的构词规律
类别 例词
形容词＋后缀-ly clear→clearly， great→greatly， loud→loudly， sudden→suddenly， sincere→sincerely
以辅音字母加-y结尾的形容词，把y变成i再加-ly happy→happily， heavy→heavily， angry→angrily， lucky→luckily， noisy→noisily
*shy→shyly(y的发音为/a?/，直接加-ly)
词尾为-ble/-le的形容词，去掉e，再加-y terrible→terribly， possible→possibly， gentle→gently， probable→probably， comfortable→comfortably， responsible→responsibly， suitable→suitably (例外：whole→wholly)
类别 例词
词尾为-ue的形容词，去掉e再加-ly true→truly(高中阶段仅此一例)
词尾为-ll的形容词，直接加-y full→fully， dull→dully
词尾为-ic的形容词，加-ally basic→basically， scientific→scientifically， specific→specifically， automatic→automatically
单句语法填空
1. But 30 years later， the BMI differences between urban and rural people in many countries had narrowed _________ (sharp).
2.In the 18th and 19th centuries，_________ (wealth) people travelled and collected plants， historical objects and works of art.
答案与解析：sharply　考查副词。空格处修饰动词narrowed。故用副词sharply“急剧地，大幅度地”。
答案与解析：wealthy　考查词性转换。根据空格后的名词people可知，这里应用形容词wealthy作定语。
3. Steve moved to the piano and sat at the bench， hands trembling as he _________ (gentle) placed his fingers on the keys.
4.David Katz was upset by all the plastic going into the ocean. To help solve the problem，he had a _________ (create) idea—to treat plastic like money.
答案与解析：gently　考查词性转换。根据空格后的动词placed可知，这里应用副词gently作状语。
答案与解析：creative　考查词性转换(动词变形容词)。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰名词idea，应用形容词形式。故填creative。
考点三 动词的构词规律
前/后缀 例词 前缀 en- able→enable 使能够 large→enlarge 扩大
rich→enrich 使充实；使丰富 danger→endanger 危及
courage→encourage 鼓励 sure→ensure 保证
后缀 -en broad→broaden 使变宽　ripe→ripen 使成熟
sharp→sharpen 使尖锐 wide→widen 加宽
short→shorten 变短 deep→deepen 加深
dark→darken 使变暗 hard→harden 使变硬
-ify class→classify 把……分类 just→justify 证明……正确
simple→simplify 简化 beauty→beautify 美化
pure→purify 净化
-ize apology→apologize 道歉 　 emphasis→emphasize 强调
memory→memorize 记住 real→realize 认识到；实现
◎即学即练(单句语法填空)
1.You can_________ (large) your vocabulary in many ways such as reading books and listening to the radio.
2.In order to _________ (rich) our campus life， our school organized a 5 km cross-country running race last Sunday.
3. While Queensland Rail makes every effort to _________ (sure) trains run as scheduled， there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services.
4.This can _________ (deep) their knowledge about the history of the moon and the solar system.
enlarge
enrich
ensure
deepen
　转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。
转化规则 例词
名词→动词 face 　　 (n.脸→v.面对)
shoulder (n.肩→v.肩负)
water (n.水→v.浇水)
back (n.背→v.支持)
name (n.名字→v.命名)
动词→名词 look　　　 (v.→n.)看
try (v.→n.)尝试
dream (v.→n.)梦想
chat (v.→n.)聊天
high、deep、wide用作副词时表示具体概念，而highly、deeply、widely表示抽象概念。
转化规则 例词
形容词→动词 empty　 (adj.空的→v.倒空)
slow (adj.慢的→v.减慢)
dirty (adj.脏的→v.弄脏)
warm (adj.暖的→v.使变暖)
形容词→副词 hard 　　(adj.难的→adv.努力)
high (adj.高的→adv.高)
deep (adj.深的→adv.深)
wide (adj.宽的→adv.宽)
Ⅰ.语法填空
A Mirror of Chinese culture
What comes to mind when you think of kung fu？If your mind 1._________ (fill) with images of Shaolin monks，Bruce Lee，jaw-dropping stunts or Kung Fu Panda，you wouldn’t be wrong.But for Laurence J．Brahm，an American documentary filmmaker，the first thing 2. _________springs to mind is the concept of non-violence.
1．答案与解析：is filled　考查时态和语态。文章的主体时态是一般现在时。mind和fill是被动关系，这里用一般现在时的被动语态。故填is filled。
2．答案与解析：that　考查定语从句。空外引导定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语，指的是物，先行词被the first修饰。故关系词宜用that。
“Kung fu，in my eyes，is a mirror of Chinese culture，” Brahm said.“The traditional 3. _________ (value) of kung fu，actually，are in the minds of all Chinese people.”
“China adopts a policy of not wanting 4. _________ (have) conflict with other countries.Why does China want to be in harmony 5. _________ other nations？It’s part of the psychology of the Chinese people.It's also 6._________ (nation) psychology.”
3．答案与解析：values　考查名词的数。根据谓语动词are可知，空处应该是复数形式。故填values。
4．答案与解析：to have　考查非谓语动词。want to do sth.“想要做某事”为固定用法。故填to have。
5．答案与解析：with　考查介词。be in harmony with为固定搭配。故填with。
6．答案与解析：national　考查词性转换。空处修饰后面的名词psychology，应用形容词。故填national。
Brahm also believes that today’s world 7. _________ (urgent) needs to restart equal exchanges between countries without stereotypes (成见)，and that culture and sports，such as kung fu， can serve as 8. _________ great channel and platform.
7．答案与解析：urgently　考查词性转换。空处修饰后面的动词needs，应用副词。故填urgently。
8．答案与解析：a　考查冠词。空后的“channel and platform”是可数名词单数，表示泛指，应用不定冠词，且great的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
“In the same way，since ping-pong as a cultural and sports exchange 9._________ (open) relations for China with the West in the 1970s，kung fu can become the new cultural diplomacy (外交) of our time，10._________ (bring) people together in mutual sharing of skills and culture，and furthering respect and understanding.”
9．答案与解析：opened　考查时态。分析句子结构可知，空处作从句的谓语，根据时间状语“in the 1970s”可知，从句应用一般过去时。故填opened。
10．答案与解析：bringing　考查非谓语动词。主句已有谓语“can become”，空处应填非谓语动词，bring和其逻辑主语kung fu是主谓关系。故填bringing。
Ⅱ.写作运用
补全下面写作，注意构成法的运用。
Dear Li Jiang，
You mentioned in your letter that 1. _____________________________ ___________________________ (你花费很多时间网上聊天和玩电子游戏)since you entered high school， which I totally disapprove of.
2. __________________________________ (网络有许多优点) such as abundant up-to-date information accessible to us， which improves our learning efficiency.
you have spent much time chatting and playing computer games online
There are many advantages of the Internet
3.______________________________________ (也存在许多弊端). The teenagers 4. __________________________________________ (沉迷于玩电子游戏和网上聊天) will be more likely to withdraw from society， which 5. ____________________________________ (对身心有害).
Therefore， I feel it vital for us to limit our use of the Internet and develop a positive attitude towards life. I do hope my advice will be of help.
Yours，
Li Hua
Meanwhile, there exist many disadvantages as well
addicted to playing computer games or chatting online
does great harm to physical and mental health