鲁教版（五四学制）六年级英语下册知识讲义-Units 5-6语法归纳

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课程标题 下册Unit 5-6的语法归纳
一、学习目标
掌握下册Units 5-6的语法内容。
二、重点、难点
重点：
1. how引导的特殊疑问句；
2. 祈使句的用法；
3. 情态动词have to, must。
难点：
祈使句的用法。
知识梳理
【语法学习】
一、how引导的特殊疑问句
【用法1】
how引导的特殊疑问句，可用来询问做某事的方式或方法，也可用来询问某人或某物的状况。


【用法2】
how可与其他词连用，来引导特殊疑问句。
① how old 多大，提问年龄。
【例句】
How old is your sister 你的妹妹多大了？
② how many 多少，提问可数名词的量。
【例句】
How many bananas do you want 你想要多少香蕉
③ how much 多少，提问不可数名词的量。
多少钱；提问价格。
【例句】
How much water is there in the bottle 瓶子里有多少水？
How much is the sweater 这件毛衣多少钱？
④ how long 多长时间，提问一段时间。
多长，提问物体的长度。
【例句】
How long does it take you to get home 你到家要花费多长时间？
How long is the classroom 这教室多长？
⑤ how far 多远，提问距离。
【例句】
How far is the park from here 公园离这儿多远？
【拓展】
① how soon 多快。
【例句】
How soon will he be back 他多快回来？
② how often 多久一次，提问频率。
【例句】
How often do you go to the movie 你多久去看一次电影？
【考题链接】
1. —____ is it to the train station
— About six kilometers.
A. How long B. How far C. How much D. How often
答案：B
思路分析：根据答语“大约六公里”可知问句询问距离，故排除A, C, D三项。
2. —______ do you live here
—For about five months.
A. How much B. How often C. How long D. How far
答案：C
思路分析：根据答语“大约五个月”可知问句提问一段时间，故选C项。
3. —_____ are the socks
—They’re 10 yuan.
A. How old B. How much C. How soon D. How many
答案：B
思路分析：根据答语“它们10元”可知问句提问价格，故选B项。
即学即练
对画线部分提问
1. I go hiking twice a week.
____ ____ do you go hiking
2. It takes me 15 minutes to walk to school.
____ ____ ____ it ____ you to walk to school
3. It’s three miles from my home to school.
____ ____ is it from your home to school
4. I go to school by car.
____ ____ you go to school
5. I sleep nine hours every night.
____ ____ _____ do you sleep every night
6. His son is 11 years old.
____ ____ is his son
7. The boy will finish his homework in 2 hours.
_____ _____ will the boy finish his homework
8. I want two glasses of milk.
_____ _____ milk do you want
9. I think the book is interesting.
_____ do you _____ the book
10. My skirt is 20 dollars.
_____ _____ is your skirt
答案：1. How often 2. How long does; take 3. How far 4. How do 5. How many hours 6. How old 7. How soon 8. How much 9. How; like 10. How much
二、祈使句的用法
1. 定义
用来表示请求、命令、建议、号召、警告等的句子。说话的对象大多为第二人称you，且常被省略。句末用感叹号或句号，读时用降调。
为了表示客气，常用please一词。放在句首时，其后不加逗号；放在句末时，其前通常加逗号。
2. 构成
祈使句分为肯定祈使句和否定祈使句。
(1) 肯定祈使句的构成：
① Do型，即以行为动词原形开头。
【例句】
Stand up, please! 请起立！
② Be型，即以动词be开头。
【例句】
Be quiet please! 请安静！
③ Let型，即以let开头。
【例句】
Let’s play basketball. 让咱们去打篮球吧。
【考题链接】
1. Please _____ the blackboard.
A. look B. look at C. to look D. to look at
答案：B
思路分析：本句是一个祈使句，动词用原形。look是不及物动词，后接宾语时要先接介词at，故B项正确。
2. Let Lily ______ piano.
A. play B. to play C. to play the D. play the
答案：D
思路分析：浏览题干，piano是乐器“钢琴”，故“弹钢琴”用play the piano；let sb.后接动词原形，故选D项。
(2) 否定祈使句的构成：
① Do型和Be型的否定式，在动词前加don’t或never。
【例句】
Don’t come in. 不要进来。
Never be angry. 绝不生气。
② Let型的有两种否定形式：
在let前加don’t 或在let sb. 后加not。
【例句】
Don’t let them cry. = Let them not cry. 不要让他们哭。
Let me not go there. = Don’t let me go there. 不要让我去那儿。
③No +v.-ing形式/名词，用于警示人们不要做某事。
No swimming! 禁止游泳！
No photos! 禁止拍照！
【考题链接】
1. ______ late for school.
A. Not be B. Not is C. Don’t be D. Don’t is
答案：C
思路分析：浏览题干和选项可知本题考查否定祈使句。开头用Don’t，后接动词原形，故C项正确。句意为“上学不要迟到”。
2. ______ smoking!
A. Not B. Don’t C. No D. Doesn’t
答案：C
思路分析：smoking是动词的-ing形式，故其前用No。句意为“禁止吸烟！”。
3. 答语
祈使句的动作通常是将来发生的动作，所以回答祈使句时，一般用will或won’t。
【例句】
—Please pass me that book. 请把那本书递给我。
—OK, I will. 可以。
【注意】
在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时，要注意形式一致和意义相反。即：yes与will；no与won’t要一致；yes意为“不”；no意为“是”。
【例句】
—Don’t go out. It’s raining hard. 不要出去了。天正下着大雨。
—Yes, I will. Lily is waiting for me. 不，我要去。莉莉在等我呢。
【考题链接】
—Peter, don’t step on the grass.
—______.
A. It doesn’t matter B. I can’t do it
C. Don’t worry D. Sorry, I won’t do it again
答案：D
思路分析：浏览题干可知是否定祈使句“不要践踏草地”，其答语应选D项“对不起，我不会再那样做了”。其他三项不合句意。
4. 注意
祈使句和陈述句的连用
祈使句与陈述句连用，有两种形式：
(1)祈使句+ and/ then + 陈述句，二者之间表示一种顺承关系。
【例句】
Study hard, and you can get good grades. 努力学习，你就会取得好成绩。
(2)祈使句+ or +陈述句，二者之间表示一种否定条件关系。
【例句】
Hurry up, or we’ll be late. 快点，否则我们会迟到的。
【考题链接】
Hurry up, _____ you will miss the early bus.
A. or B. and C. so D. but
答案：A
思路分析：浏览各选项可知A项意为“或者；否则”；B项意为“和”，表示并列关系或顺承关系；C项意为“所以”，表示因果关系；D项意为“但是”，表示转折关系。根据句意“快点”和“你会耽误早班车”可知用or，意为“否则”。
即学即练
句型转换
1. You must come here early tomorrow. (改为祈使句)
_____ here early tomorrow!
2. Look at the picture! (改为否定句)
_____ _____ at the picture!
3. Let her help you. (改为否定句)
_____ _____her help you.
4. You can’t be late next time. (改为祈使句)
______ _____ late next time.
5. You can drink and eat in the dining hall. (改为否定祈使句)
_____ drink _____ eat in the dining hall.
答案：1. Come 2. Don’t look 3. Don’t let 4. Don’t be 5. Don’t; or
三、情态动词have to, must
1. have to意为“不得不”，强调客观需要，能用于多种时态。本身有第三人称单数形式has to。
【例句】
My brother is ill. I have to look after him at home. 我弟弟生病了。我不得不在家照看他。
【考点1】
一般现在时态中，have to 的否定句要借助助动词don’t / doesn’t，再加have to。
【例句】
You don’t have to come here so early. 你不必那么早来这儿。
Lucy doesn’t have to wear school uniforms. 露西不必穿校服。
【考点2】
一般现在时态中，have to的一般疑问句要借助于助动词do/ does放在开头，后接have to。
【例句】
Does he have to wear a hat 他必须戴帽子吗？
【考点3】
一般现在时态中，特殊疑问句是：特殊疑问词+ do/ does+主语+have to +其他？
【例句】
What does he have to do 他必须做什么？
【考题链接】
It’s too late. We _____ go home.
A. can B. have to C. may D. must
答案：B
思路分析：根据“天太晚了”可知“我们不得不回家”，是客观上的必须，故选B项。
2. must意为“必须；应当”，表示义务、命令或必要。强调主观看法，没有时态变化。否定式mustn’t表示“禁止，严禁”。
【例句】
He must work today. 今天他必须工作。
You mustn’t take the book away from the library. 你不可以把这本书带出图书馆。（如果将书带出图书馆将违反相关法律法规）。
【考点4】
以must开头的一般疑问句，简略肯定回答用must，简略否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to。needn’t 相当于don’t have to，意为“不必”。
【例句】
—Must I do the dishes today 我今天必须洗餐具吗？
—Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t/ don’t have to. 是的，必须。/ 不，你不必。
【考题链接】
1. —May I go to the cinema, Mom
—Certainly. But you _____ be back by 11 o’clock.
A. can B. may C. must D. need
答案：C
思路分析：根据答语“当然可以了”和转折连词but可知后句句意为“你必须11点以前回来”。故选项C正确。can意为“能；会；可以”；may意为“可以”；need意为“需要；有必要”。
2. —Dad, must I finish my homework today
—No, you _____. You may do it tomorrow.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. don’t D. won’t
答案：A
思路分析：以must开头的一般疑问句，其简略否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to。浏览各选项可知A项正确。
即学即练
句型转换
1. He has to eat in the dining hall. (改为否定句)
He _____ _____ to eat in the dining hall.
2. We must be on time. (改为一般疑问句)
_____ we ______ on time
3. Bill has to listen to the music outside. (改为一般疑问句)
_____ Bill _____ to listen to the music outside
4. —Must they follow the rules (作否定回答)
—_____, they _____.
5. The students have to read books in the morning. (对画线部分提问)
______ _____ the students _____ to read books
答案：1. doesn’t have 2. Must; be 3. Does; have 4. No; needn’t 5. When do; have
同步练习
(答题时间：45分钟 满分：100分)
Ⅰ. 单项选择(每小题1分，共20分)
1. _____ up early tomorrow, or you can’t catch the train.
A. Getting B. Get C. To get D. Got
﹡2. This is a secret between you and me. You _____ tell it to others.
A. should B. mustn’t C. can D. may
3. _____ call me Mimi. It’s my cat’s name.
A. Not B. Didn’t C. Doesn’t D. Don’t
4. —_____does the baby sleep every night
—About ten hours.
A. How many B. How much C. How long D. How often
﹡5. — Must I be in hospital for a week, doctor
—No, you _____. You can go back home tomorrow.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. must D. have to
6. Ssh! _____talk loudly. The baby is sleeping right now.
A. Do B. Does C. Don’t D. Doesn’t
7. —____ is it from your home to school
—It’s two kilometers.
A. How long B. How far C. How many D. How soon
﹡8. — I get there on time today
— No, you needn’t.
A. Can B. May C. Must D. Should
9. Don’t _____ too much TV. It’s bad for your health.
A. watch B. watched C. watching D. to watch
10. —Must we finish copying all these articles this morning
— No, you .
A. mustn’t B. haven’t C. not have to D. don’t have to
11. —_____ does the girl go to work
—By bus.
A. Where B. When C. How D. What
﹡12. Please don’t park here. There’s a sign “ _______”.
A. Not park B. No parking C. Don’t parking D. Not parking
﹡13. You ___ be late for school again next time.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. don’t have to D. don’t need to
﹡14. —_____will you buy a new bike
—In two months.
A. How often B. How far C. How long D. How soon
15. _____in bed. It’s bad for your eyes.
A. Not to read B. Don’t read C. Don’t to read D. Not read
﹡16. His arm is all right. He_____ go and see the doctor.
A. has not to B. don’t have to C. haven’t to D. doesn’t have to
17. ______ more, and you’ll improve your spoken English.
A. Speak B. Speaks C. Speaking D. To speak
﹡﹡18. ______ tell a lie.
A. Hardly B. Not C. No D. Never
19. Please ______ look outside. Look at the blackboard.
A. not B. don’t C. aren’t D. can’t
﹡﹡20. —Please bring your homework to school tomorrow, Steven.
—OK, I _____.
A. will B. won’t C. do D. don’t
﹡﹡Ⅱ. 完形填空 (每小题1分，共10分)
Our school has a library and many kinds of 1 are in it. They are 2 science, history, language, and so on. You 3 read books in the library, and you can 4 borrow them from it. But you have to obey(遵守) some 5 .
First, when you read in the library, you have to be quiet. You can’t talk with others 6 , and you can’t use your mobile phone. Second, don’t take your bags 7 the library. Third, don’t eat 8 drink in the library. 9 you want to borrow books from the library, you have to take good care of them and give them back on time. If you lose the books, you 10 pay for them.
1. A. people B. books C. desks D. news
2. A. for B. in C. on D. from
3. A. can B. have to C. can’t D. don’t have to
4. A. too B. each C. never D. also
5. A. rules B. shows C. words D. people
6. A. quickly B. loudly C. slowly D. quietly
7. A. at B. on C. into D. for
8. A. or B. and C. so D. then
9. A. Because B. Where C. When D. If
10. A. have B. have to C. needn’t D. can
﹡﹡Ⅲ. 阅读理解 (每小题2分，共20分)
A
We find many different kinds of animals on the earth. Some animals, such as tigers and elephants, live in big forests. They are called wild animals. Some others, like cats and dogs live with people and they are called domestic animals.
Animals are important to people. People catch wild animals for fur and meat. Domestic animals give us food, too. We get milk from cows and eggs from chickens. Without them, life will be hard.
Sheep and pigs give people food and fur. Skins of some animals can be made into coats or shoes. Dogs can help people a lot. They can do many things for us.
So everyone has to know animals are our friends and we can’t live without the animals.
1. Which are wild animals
A. Tigers and horses. B. Elephants and tigers.
C. Sheep and dogs. D. Cows and cats.
2. Why do people catch wild animals
A. For fur and meat. B. They are cute.
C. They like them. D. They are friendly.
3. ______ give us different kinds of food.
A. Only wild animals B. Only domestic animals
C. Cows and pigs D. Both A and B
4. Some animals’ skins can be made into ______.
A. pictures B. food C. houses D. coats and shoes
5. What does the underlined word “domestic” mean
A. 家庭的 B. 驯养的 C. 温和的 D. 室内的
B
In most schools, all students must wear school uniforms when they are at school. But not every student likes the school uniform.
Li Jia, a 13-year-old girl from No. 9 Middle School, said, “I don’t like my school uniform at all. It is too ugly. I think young girls should wear some colorful clothes. But, I have to wear it every day.”
However, Su Yang, also a middle school student, has different opinions. He said, “I like my school uniform. It is very beautiful. It is a symbol of my school and I like my school very much.”
Mr. Chen, a teacher, told the reporter, “It’s good for the students to wear uniforms. It saves a lot of time and money. In the past, my daughter spent much time on her clothes. But now, she seldom (很少) asks me to buy clothes for her because she has to wear the school uniform.”
Do you like your school uniform Welcome to write to us.
6. Most middle school students must wear the school uniform because ______.
A. their parents ask them to do so B. the uniforms are beautiful
C. they don’t have money to buy other clothes D. it’s the school rule
7. What do you know about Li Jia
A. She doesn’t like the uniform because it is expensive.
B. She is an ugly girl.
C. She doesn’t like her school uniform at all.
D. She never wears her uniform.
8. What does Su Yang think of his school uniform
A. He thinks it is very beautiful. B. He thinks it is very ugly.
C. He doesn’t like it. D. He likes a symbol.
9. The underlined word “opinions” probably means ______in Chinese.
A. 校服 B. 看法 C. 情况 D. 成绩
10. From the passage, we know that ______.
A. most students like their uniforms
B. most students don’t like their uniforms
C. different people have different opinions about their uniforms
D. uniforms are very popular in China
Ⅳ. 句型转换 (每小题2分，共20分)
1. You must get home early. (改为祈使句)
______ _____ early.
2. I live about five kilometers from school. (对划线部分提问)
_____ _____ do you live from school
3. You can’t be late for school again. (改为祈使句)
_____ _____ late for school again.
4. Tom has to practice the guitar this afternoon. (对划线部分提问)
_____ _____ Tom have to do this afternoon
﹡﹡5. Can I have a look at your new dress (改为祈使句)
_____ me _____ a look at your new dress.
6. I have to help my mom make breakfast. (改为一般疑问句)
_____ you _____ to help your mom make breakfast
﹡7. No photos! (改为祈使句)
_____ _____ photos here!
8. Frank usually goes to school by bike. (对划线部分提问)
_____ _____ Frank usually go to school
﹡﹡9.We go to the zoo together. (改为祈使句)
_____ _____ to the zoo together.
﹡﹡10. Let’s play ping-pong tomorrow. (改为否定句)
_____ _____ play ping-pong tomorrow.
Ⅴ. 补全对话 (每小题2分，共10分)
从方框中选择恰当的句子补全对话，其中两项多余


A: 1
B: I live in Beach Garden.
A: 2
B: I usually get to school by bus.
A: 3
B: It’s about two miles.
A: 4
B: It takes ten minutes.
A: 5
B: It is fast, but it is too crowded on the bus.
Ⅵ. 书面表达(20分)
下表是演员Dreamer一天的主要活动。请根据提示写一篇60词左右的短文，向大家介绍一下他的活动，可适当发挥。
Name Age Morning Afternoon Evening
Dreamer 25 gets up at 5:00; meets friends; makes DCs plays soccer; sells his movie CDs has dinner with parents; does some shopping; takes a shower; goes to bed
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________.
答案
Ⅰ. 1-5 BBDCB 6-10 CBCAD 11-15 CBADB 16-20 DADBA
思路分析：
1. 祈使句的开头用动词原形，故选B项。
2. A项意为“应当”；B项意为“一定不要”；C项意为“可以；能”；D项意为“可以”。题干的前句意为“这是一个你我间的秘密”，故“你一定不要告诉他人”，B项正确。
3. 祈使句的否定句在动词前加Don’t，故选D项。
4. 根据答语“大约十小时”可知问句询问“多长时间”，故选C项。
5. 根据答语中的no可知用否定回答，故排除C项；含有must的一般疑问句的否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to，故选项B正确。句意为“—医生，我必须住院一周吗？—不，你不必。明天你就可以回家”。
6. 根据后句“这婴儿此刻正在睡觉”可知“不要大声讲话”，C项正确。
7. 根据答语“两公里”可知问句询问“距离”，故选B项。
8. 根据答语中的needn’t可知问句用must开头，故C项正确。
9. Don’t后接动词原形，故选A项。
10. 由must开头的一般疑问句的否定回答可以用needn’t，也可用don’t have to，故选D项。
11. 根据答语“乘公共汽车”可知问句询问交通工具，故用how，C项正确。
12. 否定祈使句可以是Don’t后接动词原形，排除A, C两项；否定祈使句还可以是No+ v-ing / n.，排除D项，故只有B项正确。意为“禁止停车”。
13. B, C两项都意为“不必”；D项意为“不需要”；都不符合句意。句意为“下次你一定不要上学再迟到了”，故A项正确。
14. 根据答语“两个月后”可知问句用how soon提问。
15. 否定祈使句是在动词原形前加Don’t或Never，故选B项。
16. 浏览题干可知he是第三人称单数，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，B, C两项不正确；have to 的否定句要借助于助动词，故A项也不正确。
17. 肯定祈使句应用动词的原形，故选A项。
18. tell是动词原形，故其前用Don’t 或Never来构成否定句，D项正确。
19.本句是否定祈使句，故选B项。
20. 本题考查祈使句的肯定答语，常用OK, I will.，故A项正确。
Ⅱ. 1-5 BCADA 6-10 BCADB
思路分析：
1. 前句“我们学校有一个图书馆”，故里面有许多种类的“书籍”。B项符合题意。
2. 介绍这些书籍是“关于”科学、历史、语言等方面的，故用on。
3. 根据后句的“但是……”可知“你可以在图书馆里读书”，故选A项。
4. 你可以在图书馆里读书，下半句是“你也可以从图书馆里借书”，放在句中的“也”用also。
5. 与“遵守”相搭配的只有“规则”，shows意为“展览”；words意为“单词；话语”；people意为“人”。
6. 上句“当你在图书馆读书时，你必须安静”，故“你不能大声和他人交谈”，故选B项。
7. 根据题意可知“不要把你的包带入图书馆”，故用into。
8. 以don’t开头，是否定句，故用or连接。
9. A项意为“因为”；B项意为“在哪儿”；C项意为“什么时候”；D项意为“如果”。根据句意“如果你想从图书馆借书，你必须好好照管它们……”可知选D项。
10. 句意为“如果你丢了书，你‘必须’赔款”。故选B项。
Ⅲ. 1-5 BADDB 6-10 DCABC
思路分析：
1. 根据第一段第二句和第三句“一些动物，像老虎和大象住在大森林里，它们被称作野生动物”可知选B项。
2. 根据第二段第二句“人们为了皮毛和肉而捕杀野生动物”，故选A项。
3. 根据句子 People catch wild animals for fur and meat. Domestic animals give us food, too.可知D项正确。
4. 根据句子Skins of some animals can be made into coats or shoes.可知D项正确。
5. 根据句子 like cats and dogs live with people “像猫和狗与人们一起生活”，故推断词意为B项。
6. 根据第一段第一句可推知“大多数的中学生在学校必须穿校服是一项学校的规则”，故选D项。
7. 根据句子I don’t like my school uniform at all.可知选C项。
8. 根据句子I like my school uniform. It is very beautiful. 可知A项正确。
9. 第二段是李佳对校服的“观点”，第三段是苏阳对校服的“观点”，故选B项。
10. 通读全文可知“不同的人对校服有不同的看法”，C项符合。
Ⅳ. 1. Get home 2. How far 3. Don’t be 4. What does 5. Let ; have
6. Do; have 7. Don’t take 8. How does 9. Let’s go 10. Let’s not
Ⅴ. 1. E 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. B
Ⅵ.
Dreamer’s day
Dreamer is an actor. He is 25 years old. He is very busy every day. He usually gets up at 5:00 in the morning. Then he meets his friends and makes CDs. In the afternoon, he plays soccer and sells his movie CDs. In the evening, he has dinner with his parents and does some shopping. At about 10:00 pm, he takes a shower and then goes to bed.