【专题一】名词和代词
【考情分析】
(1)名词在高考中的考查重点：
1．名词词义辨析
2．名词的数
3．名词作定语
4. 名词所有格
5. 抽象名词具体化
6. 名词与冠词的结合
(2)代词在高考中的考查重点：
1．考查它们在特定结构中的用法，如：anyone，both，neither，nothing等与从句相结合。
2．考查any，some，all，none，other，another等不定代词在特定语境中的意义和功能差别。
3．it，one，that，ones，those作替代词的用法区别。
4．it表时间、天气、距离等及it作形式主语、形式宾语。
5．each，every，any的用法。
6.no one,nobody,nothing 和none的区别
7.other, another, others, any other, the other 的区别
8.all ,both, either, neither, one的区别
【知识归纳】
名词
考点一 名词辨析
1.注意一词多义的名词.
2.注意形似意异名词
3. 注意近义和同义名词的用法。
考点二 名词的数
1．可数与不可数名词
名词的可数与不可数是一个十分复杂而又非常重要的问题。许多名词通常是不可数的，但在一定的情况下又可以变为可数名词。
(1)物质名词一般不可数，如：milk，gold，coffee，beer，但有些可用作可数名词，表示特殊意义，如：an ice cream(一份冰淇淋)，a light rain(一阵小雨)。
(2) 抽象名词具体化
具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名词可用作可数名词。
difficulty 困难；a difficulty 一件难事 experience 经验；an experience 一次经历
failure 失败；a failure 一位失败者，一件失败的事 knowledge 知识；a good knowledge 丰富的知识
success 成功；a success 一位成功者，一件成功的事 surprise 惊奇；a surprise 一件令人吃惊的事
honour 荣誉；an honour 一位(件)带来荣誉的人或事
如：Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。
His new book was a great success.他的新书获得巨大成功。
(3) 有些不可数名词后面加 s时表示特殊意义
time 时间 times 次数；时代；倍数 glass玻璃 glasses 眼镜 wood 木头 woods 树林
sand 沙子 sands 沙滩 paper 纸 papers 试卷；论文；报纸 wish 愿望 wishes 问候
如：She wears a pair of glasses. 她戴着一副眼镜。
Don’t judge a man by his looks. 不要以貌取人。
It is bad manners to talk with his mouth full. 说话时满嘴食物是不礼貌的。
2.常用作复数的名词
people, police, goods (货物)，trousers, glasses (眼镜)，clothes, congratulations, preparations, tears, repairs, regards(问候), sports等。
3.单复数同形的名词
sheep (羊), deer (鹿), fish (鱼)，bison(犀牛)，Chinese (中国人), Japanese (日本人), Swiss (瑞士人)，means (方法)，aircraft (飞机)，works (工厂)等。
4.可作单数也可以作复数的名词
family, team, committee, crew, public, group, class, government, company, party 等。以上名词若看作一个整体作单数，谓语动词用单数；若看作一个集体中的成员，谓语动词用复数。
考点三 名词所有格与名词作定语
1．名词的格
(1)带’s的所有格形式，一般只适用于以下几类名词：
①有生命的名词，表示所属关系：children’s book儿童书籍，Lucy’s room露茜的房间。
②表示时间的名词：yesterday’s paper昨天的报纸，an hour’s lecture一个小时的演讲。
③表示距离的名词：ten kilometers’ walk 10公里的路程。
④表示长度的名词：100 meters’ distance 100米的距离。
⑤表示地点的名词： Beijing’s industry 北京的工业
⑥表示价格的名词： 10 dollars’ worth 10美元的价值
(2)of ＋n.所有格，一般适用于无生命的名词或当名词短语太长时。如：
the students of our school我们学校的学生。
the development of industry 工业的发展。
(3)双重所有格
比较：a photo of my father’s (我父亲所有照片中的一张，不一定是他本人的照片)
a photo of my father (表示我父亲本人的照片)
2．名词作定语
(1)名词作定语一般用单数,如boy students 男学生，girl player 女选手。但是名词woman, man作定语且修饰复数名词时，作定语的名词也用复数。如：
men teachers男老师，women doctors女医生。
(2)“名词作定语”与“名词所有格作定语”的区别：
①名词可以位于另一个名词前面作定语。名词定语在逻辑上表示中心词的用途(职能)、材料、来源、时间， 还可以与中心词构成主语－补语、整体－部分、宾语－动作者等关系。如：a shoe shop鞋店，a stone wall 石墙，a mountain plant 高山植物，August weather八的月的天气，a girl friend女朋友，a street sweeper 扫路机， telephone number电话号码，evening dress 晚礼服， coffee cup咖啡杯等。
②名词所有格是表示一种所有关系。一般来说只有下列名词才有所有格形式：有生命的名词、集体名词、度量(重量、价格、距离、长度、时间等)名词以及国家、城市、地区等名词后可加’s构成所有格。例如：ten minutes’ walk 10分钟的路程，today’s newspaper今天的报纸，Beijing’s street 北京的街道，Tom’s home汤姆的家等。
代词
考点一 it, that, one(s), those的用法
1．it代替的是前面提到的同一事物，即同名同物，所代替的名词可以是可数名词， 也可以是不可数名词。如：
I’d like to look at that atlas. May I borrow it?我想看看那张地图，我能借用一下吗(it代替可数名词atlas)？
2．one叫作泛指代词
代替的是前面提到的同名异物中的任何一个， 所代替名词是可数名词单数， 其前可带冠词与修饰语。如果代替复数名词，则用ones。如：
①The population problem may be the greatest one in the world today.
人口问题可能是当今世界上最大的一个问题。 (one代替可数名词problem)
②—Which jackets are yours?
“哪些是你的夹克？”
—The white ones. (ones代替可数名词jackets)
“这些白色的。”
3．that叫作特指代词
代替前面提到的同名异物中特指的事物，所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数，也可以是不可数名词，后面常有限制性定语。如：
①The doctor in our school is younger than that in their school.
我们学校的校医比你学校的要年轻。(that代替可数名词doctor，相当于the one)
②The weather of this week is worse than that of last week.
这周的天气比上周的天气要坏。(that代替不可数名词weather)
4．those是that的复数形式
代替前面提到的同名异物中特指的事物，只能指代复数名词，相当于the ones。如：
The computers in your office are more expensive than those / the ones in our school.
你办公室的电脑比我们学校的电脑要贵。(those代替复数名词computers)
no one, nobody, nothing和none的用法区别
考点二 no one,nobody,nothing 和none 的用法
1．no one＝nobody 意为“没有人”，只能指人，不能指物，不可与介词 of 连用，谓语动词用单数形式，回答 who 引导的问句。如：
—Who is in the classroom?
“是谁在教室？”
—No one.
“没有人。”
2．nothing 意为“没有东西”，一般回答what。如：
—What’s in the cave?
“洞里面有什么？”
—Nothing.
“什么都没有。”
3. none 既可指人，也可指物，强调数量，意为“一点也不，一个也不”；谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数；常与 of 连用，通常指“三者以上的人或物中没有一个”，上下文已明确的情况下，也可省略of短语。常用来回答 how much 和 how many 引导的疑问句。如：
They were all tired, but none (of them) would stop to have a rest.
他们都累了，但没有一个愿意停下来休息。
考点三 other, another, others, any other, the other 的区别
1．other 表示泛指，意为“另外的、其他的”
常与复数名词。如果前面有 the, some, any, each, every, no, one 以及形容词性物主代词时，其后就可接单数名词。如：
I have no other place to go. 我再也没有别的地方可去。
2. another 常用于指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个”，泛指单数。可单独使用，也可后接名词。如果其后接复数名词，则表示“又、再、还”。如：
①This cap is too small for me. Show me another (one). 这顶帽子对我来说太小了。再给我拿一顶。
②We need another three assistants in our shop. 我们店里还需要三位助手。
3．others：相当于复数名词，是“other＋复数名词” 的一种变式，意为“别的人或物”，但不指全部。特指时在其前加定冠词；前面可加任何限定词以及数量词。如：
He has more concern for others than for himself.
比起自己来说，他更关心他人。
4. any other表示一个之外的其他任何一个，而不是两个之中的另一个。如：
China is far larger than any other country in Asia.
中国比亚洲的任何一个国家都要大得多。
5．the other：表示两者中的另外一个。可单独使用，也可接单数名词。如：
No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to the other.
因为双方都不向另一方让步，所以讨论没有达成任何协议。
考点四 all ,both, either, neither, one的区别
1．all 与 both均表示“都”，但 all 表示三者以上的人或物， both 则表示两个人或物。二者都表示肯定意义，如果与 not 连用时，则表示部分否定。
2．neither 与 either 都可用于表示两个人或物。 neither 表否定意义，意为“(两者中的每一个)都不”；而 either 表肯定意义，意为“(两者中的每一个)都”。都可单独使用，也可同介词 of 连用。如：
①Both teams were in hard training; neither is willing to lose the game.
这两支球队都在刻苦训练。哪一方都不愿意输掉这次比赛。
②—Do you want tea or coffee? 你想喝茶还是喝咖非？
—Either. I really don’t mind. 啥也行，我其实不介意。
3．none表示三者以上的人或物都不，经常与of短语连用。有时none也可表示不可数名词。如：
None of them has seen me before. 以前他们没有一个人见过我。
None of the money belongs to me. 这些钱都不属于我。
考点五 it 用法
it可用作人称代词、指示代词、先行词及引导词等。
1．代表前文已提到过的一件事物。如：
That vase is valuable. It’s more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很珍贵，它有200多年的历史。
2．当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时，也可用it来表示。 如：
It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 宝宝真可爱，是男孩还是女孩？
3．it作没有具体意义的主语，出现于表示天气、气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如：
It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. 这里离最近的医院也有六英里。
4．it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。如：
How is it going with you? 你近况如何？
5. it充当形式主语或形式宾语。
it充当形式主语或形式宾语，本身无意义，只起一种先行引导的作用。后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、 ing分词结构或名词性从句。 如：
①It is getting harder every day for a lazy man to make a living. 懒汉谋生是日益困难了。 (形式主语)
②We must make it clear to the public that something should be done to stop pollution. 我们必须使公众明白应该采取措施制止污染。 (形式宾语)
6．it用于强调结构。其基本句型为：It＋is/was＋被强调部分＋that(who)＋其他……。
① It is I who have done it.是我做的这件事。
②It was at that time that I thought of giving him a call. 直到那时我才想起要给他一个电话。
7．it还可在介词后占有宾语的位置，然后通过that引出一个介词宾语从句。如：
①You may depend on it that they will support you. 你相信好了，他们会支持你的。
②They will answer for it that the computer is reliable. 他们愿意保证这台电脑是可靠的。
【考点例析】
1. It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any ________.【2012湖北卷】
A. symptom B. similarity C. sample D. shadow
1. A考查名词辨析。句意为：定期检查眼睛看看是否有眼疾症状很重要。A项意为“症状”，符合句意；B项意为“类似”，C项意为“样本”，D项意为“阴影”，都与语意不符。
2. The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct ________ in applying for a visa. 【2012湖北卷】
A. pattern B. procedure C. program D. perspective
2. B 考查名词辨析。句意为：这位官员坚持认定Michael没有按照正确的程序申请签证。B项意为“程序”，符合句意；A项意为“模式”，C项意为“节目”，D项意为“远景”，都与语意不符。
3. — Can I help you with it?
— I appreciate your_____, but I can manage it myself. 【2012江苏卷】
A. advice B. question C. offer D. idea
3. C 考查名词词义辨析。句意为：——我可以帮你吗？——我感激你的提议 “offer”，但我自己能设法做的。offer意为“提议”，符合题意。A意为“建议，劝告”；B意为“问题”；D意为“想法，主意”。
4．You’d better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future______. 【2012江西卷】 .
A．purpose B．reference C．progress D．memory
4.B 考查词义辨析。句意：你最好写下这个餐馆的号码以便日后参考用。for future reference是一个常用词组搭配，表示“以供日后参考”。
5. He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later. It’s just a matter of _____.【2012四川卷】
A. luck B. value C. time D. fact
5. C 本题考查名词辨析。句意为：他迟早会渐渐理解你付出的努力的。这只是个时间的问题。根据句意选C。
6. The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great ______ in this city. 【2012全国II】
A. quantity B. progress C. production D. demand
6.D本题考查名词辨析。此处quantity数量；progress进步； production生产；demand要求。这里be in great demand意为：需求量很大，畅销。句意：《哈利波特》很受欢迎；在这个城市有很大的需求量。
代词:
7. My brother would like to buy a good watch but ____was available from that shop. 【2012江西卷】 A．nothing B．none C．no one D．neither
7.B 考查不定代词。nothing指物，什么都不是；none既可指人也可指物，强调“每一个”；no one只能指人；neither表两者都不，故此题选B。
8.-John, when shall we meet again, Thursday or Friday?
-_________.I’ll be off to London then. 【2012重庆卷】
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
8. B 考查不定代词用法。根据答语“I’ll be off to London then.”可知，约定的星期三或者星期五对John来说，都不行。在选项中B选项是“两者都不”之意，符合语境。因此，正确答案为B选项。
9. If you’re buying today’s paper from the stand, could you get _____for me?
A. one B. such C. this D. that
9. A 考查代词的用法。句意：如果你去报摊上买今天的报纸，给我捎回一份好吗？one作“一个”，“一本”，“一件”等解，用来代替上文提到过的paper。相当于a copy of paper.
10. No matter where he is, he makes _____a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. 【2012陕西卷】
A. him B this C. that D. it
10.D 考查代词。所填词做使役动词make的形式宾语，真正宾语是to go for a walk，选D。
【方法技巧】
名词的复习方法：
熟记近义名词的辨析
熟记常见的不可数名词, 单复数同形的名词, 形单义复的名词和集合名词表示单复数的情况, 如：advice, furniture, equipment; means, works (工厂), series; police, cattle；family, audience等等
掌握名词的抽象化和具体化
掌握名词的所有格单复数形式
注意(复合)名词作定语时可单可复
熟记名词与动词的固定搭配使用
代词的复习方法：
1.明确指代。在解答代词题目时，我们应首先分析前后文，明确代词所指代的对象，从而避免误判。具体说来应从以下几方面考虑：
（1）代词指代的是人还是物；
（2）代词指代的是可数名词还是不可数名词；
（3）代词指代的是特指还是泛指概念;
（4）代词指代的概念是表示两者之间还是三者或三者以上。
（5）代词所表示的是肯定还是否定概念。
2.理清逻辑。需要通过分析上下文所蕴涵的逻辑关系才能做出正确判断。具体说来应从以下方面去考虑:
（1）代词所表示的范围；
（2）代词表示的是全部否定还是部分否定。
3 吃透语境。有些ＮＭＥＴ试题考查的是代词在具体语境中的灵活运用，这样的题目须分析具体的语境才能选出正确答案，忌死抠语法。
【专题训练】
1. Most female workers in Beijing suffer from________connected to the global financial crisis, according to a recent survey.
A. curiosity B. eagerness C. Thirst D. anxiety
2. Charles Dickens wrote many novels to call________to social problems at that time.
A. Interest B. attention C. notice D. mind
3. His story of the accident does not make any________.He is telling a lie.
A．Difference B．sense C．Excuse D．point
4．—What do you think of the TV play “The Meteor Garden”？
—I take no interest in it. One of the reasons in that such a life is out of our________.
A. Mind B. point C. reach D. sight
5．—Who did you spend last weekend with?
—________.
A. Palmer’s B. The Palmer C. The Palmers D. The Palmer
6．lf you don’ take away all your things from the desk，there won’t be enough________for my stationery.
A. Area B. place C. Room D. surface
7．We all know that________speak louder than words.
A. Movements B. performances C. Operations D. actions
8. When it comes to a close friendship, your gift can’t be just________. It must be special.
A. something B. anything C. Nothing D. everything
9．—I wonder if I can use your camera.
—I don’t have________. But my roommate does.He bought________last month.
A．one；one B．it；one C．it；it D．one；it
10. Little Franz had hoped to get to school on time but found at the last minute that he couldn’t________.
A．help it B．make it C．hope for that D．get that
11．—Are there any tickets left?
—Sorry. There are________if________.
A. few; any B．a few; some C．some ; few D．any; some
12．—Daniel! The alarm clock has been ringing for almost a minute.
—Oh, Mum! Can I sleep________minutes?
A．another five B．more five C.five another D．five other
13．—Anything wrong?
—There was no objection on the part of________present.
A. this B. those C. These D. who
14．—Of the several suits, which one is your favorite?
—________. I like plain clothes.
A. None B. Neither C. Not all D. No one
15. Within industries，companies are always trying to develop products that are one step better than________of other companies.
A．one B．that C．Those D．it
【参考答案】
1-5DBBCC 6-10CDBDB 11-15AABAC
【专题七】情态动词与虚拟语气
【考情分析】
1．准确把握情态动词表允许、推测、判断等用法。
2．准确把握情态动词在虚拟语气句子结构中的使用。
3．wish，as if/though，if only，would rather＋从句，It’s time＋从句等句型中的虚拟语气。
4．表示“坚持、命令、建议、要求”的词语后及各类从句中的虚拟语气。
5．虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的倒装。
【知识归纳】
情态动词
考点一 情态动词的基本用法
1．can 和could的用法
(1)表示惊讶，常用在否定句和疑问句中。
How could you do such a silly thing?
你怎么能做那样的蠢事呢？
(2)cannot...too/enough表示“无论……也不过分”；
“越……越好”。
You can’t be too careful while driving.
开车时越小心越好。
2．may和might的用法
(1)may和might表示“许可”，“可能性”，“祝愿”等意义。
①在给予别人许可时，常用can，但有时也用may。不能用might。
—May I play basketball this afternoon?
“今天下午我可以打篮球吗？”
—No，you may not.
“不，不行。”
②“may as well＋动词原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如”。
You may as well do it at once.
你最好马上就做这件事。
We may as well stay where we are.
我们留在现在的地方倒也不错。
(2)may作“可以”讲时，其否定式常用“mustn’t”表示“禁止”；must作“必须”讲时，其否定式是“needn’t”，表示“不必”。
—May I use your car?
—No，you mustn’t.(委婉的拒绝可用：Sorry，but I am using it now.或You’d better not.等)
—Must I work out the problem tonight?
—No，you needn’t.
3．must
(1)表示禁止(用于否定句)
You must not speak ill of others.
你一定不要说别人的坏话。
Smoking must not be allowed in the office.
严禁在办公室吸烟。
(2)表示“偏执”，“固执”
Must you make so much noise?
你非得弄出这么大声吗？
If you must smoke，please go out.
如果你偏要吸烟，那你就出去吧。
4．shall的用法
(1)用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。
Shall we begin our class?
我们可以开始上课吗？
Shall the driver wait outside?
司机在外边等着可以吗？
(2)用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
I promised he shall get a present for his birthday.
我许诺给他一件生日礼物。
You shall not get my support if you do such a thing.
假如你做那种事，我就不支持你。
5．will和would的用法
作情态动词的will，would与作助动词的will，would的各种形式相同。
(1)表示自愿做或主动提出做什么，如意志、愿望或决心等。would用于过去的情况。
John promised his doctor he would not smoke，and he has never smoked ever since.
约翰答应他的医生不再吸烟了，自从那时起他就再也不吸烟了。
I have told him again and again to stop smoking，but he will not listen.
我已再三告诉他戒烟，但是他就是不听。
(2)will可以表示一种习惯性的动作，有“总是”或“总要”之意。
Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
每天早晨，他总是沿着小河散步。
(3)would 可以表示过去的习惯性动作，比used to正式，但没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。
Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class.
去年我们的英语老师常常课后给我们讲英语故事。
考点二 情态动词的“推测”用法
表示对目前或将来情况的推测往往用“情态动词＋动词原形”这种结构。
1．can用于肯定句中有时可以用来表示推测，意为“有时会”；用于疑问句中可以表示推测，意为“可能”，有时表示一种惊讶的语气；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，can’t 意为“不可能”，语气很强烈。
Mr.Bush is on time for everything.How can it be that he was late for the meeting?
布什先生做什么事情都很准时，他怎么可能开会迟到呢？
The story can’t be true.
这个故事不可能是真的。
2．may用于肯定句中可以用来表示推测，意为“可能”；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，may not意为“可能不”，表示一种不太确定的语气。may在疑问句中不能表示推测。
Peter may come with us tonight，but he isn’t sure yet.
彼得今晚可能和我们一起来，但他还没确定。
3．must 表示推测时只能用于肯定句中，意为“一定，必定”，表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can)。
He must be ill.He looks so pale.
他准是病了，他的脸色苍白。
—It’s the office！So you must know eating is not allowed here.
“这是办公室！所以你一定知道这里不许吃东西。”
—Oh，sorry.
“噢，对不起。”
4．should 用来表示推测时意为“应该”，即含有“按道理来说应当如此”的意思。
There shouldn’t be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
因为你在驾校训练了那么多，通过路考应该没什么困难。
5．表示对现在正在发生的事情进行推测要用“情态动词＋be＋现在分词”这种结构。这种结构在高考题中出现的次数不太多，但也提醒考生注意。
My mother must be watering the flowers in the garden now.
现在我母亲一定正在花园里浇花。
The students may be climbing the mountain at the moment.
此刻学生们有可能正在爬山。
考点三 情态动词+have+过去分词用法
表示对过去发生的情况或存在的状态的推测常用“情态动词＋have＋过去分词”这种结构。
1．can/could have done表示“本来可以做，而实际上未做”或者“过去可能”，疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为表示怀疑或不肯定，其中can’t have done多用于语气强烈的否定，意为“不可能做过”。
—Do you know where David is？I couldn’t find him anywhere.
“你知道大卫在哪里吗？我到处找不到他。
—Well.He can’t have gone far—his coat’s still here.
“大卫的上衣还在这里，因此他肯定没走远。”
The accident could have been avoided.
这场事故本来是可以避免的。
2．may/might have done表示对过去行为的推测，意为“可能做过”。might所表示的可能性比较弱，语气较委婉。此外might have done可表示“本可能做而实际上未做”。
Sorry，I’m late.I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
对不起，我迟到了。我可能把闹钟关掉后又睡着了。
3．must have done表示对过去行为的推测，意为“一定，想必”，语气十分肯定。
He must have completed his work；otherwise，he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside.
他一定是已经完成工作了，否则他不会在海边玩得那么高兴了。
4．ought to/should have done表示过去本来应该做某事而实际上却没有做；shouldn’t have done表示过去本来不应该做某事而实际上却做了。这一用法往往含有责备的意味。
I’m not feeling well in the stomach.I shouldn’t have eaten so much fried chicken just now.
我现在觉得肚子疼，我刚才真不应该吃那么多的炸鸡的。
5．needn’t have done表示本来不必做某事而实际上却做了。
—Catherine，I have cleaned the room for you.
“Catherine，我已替你打扫了房间。”
—Thanks.You needn’t have done it.I could manage it myself.
“谢谢。你本来不必做，我自己可以做的。”
虚拟语气
1．在非真实条件句中谓语动词用虚拟语气
非真实条件句有以下三类：
(1)与现在事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：
从句：过去式
主句：would/should/could/might＋动词原形。
(2)与过去事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：
从句：过去完成时
主句：would/should/could/might have＋过去分词。
(3)与将来事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：
从句：过去式/should＋动词原形/were to＋动词原形。
主句：would/should/could/might＋动词原形。
【专家提醒】 (1)若条件句中有were，had，should，可把if省略，而把were，had，should放在主语前，形成倒装结构，这种结构主要用于书面语中。
Had you taken my advice，you wouldn’t have failed in the examination.
如果你听了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格了。
(2)有时主句和虚拟条件从句的动作发生的时间不一致，此时，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选择适当的动词形式。
If you had worked hard，you would be very tired now.
如果你真的努力工作了，你现在就会感到很累的。(从句指过去，主句指现在)
(3)有时虚拟条件并不通过条件从句表达出来，而是通过词、短语或上下文暗示，此时句子的时态要依具体情况而定。
Without electricity(＝If there were no electricity)，life would be quite different today. 如果没有电，今天的生活就会完全不同。
But for your help(If it hadn’t been for your help)，I couldn’t have finished it.
要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them.(If I hadn’t been busy that day，I would have gone there with them.)
我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。
2．虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用
(1)用在suggest，order，demand，ask，command，propose，request，insist等动词后面的宾语从句中。
(2)用在wish后面的宾语从句中。
(3)用在以as if/as though引起的从句中。
(4)用在以in order that，so that引起的目的状语从句中。
(5)用在以it is(high)time引起的从句中。
(6)用在混合时间条件句中：主句和从句不一定用指同一时间的动词。如：
If I had learned French，I would be able to interpret for our French friends.
如果我以前学过法语，现在我就能给法国朋友当翻译了。
(7) would rather句型中的虚拟语气表示愿望，意为“宁愿，但愿”。如：
I’d rather we didn’t go to see a film this evening.
我倒希望我们今晚不去看电影。
(8)无主句条件句。如：
If only I had been more careful!
我要是再仔细一点就好了！
【考点例析】
1.We ______have bought so much food now that Suzie won’t be with us for dinner. 【2012江西卷】
A．may not B．needn’t C．can’t D．mustn’t
1.B考查情态动词的用法。句意为：既然Suzie不和我们一起吃晚饭，所以我们就不需要买这么多食物。
may not不可以，needn’t不需要，can't不可能， mustn't绝不可能。故B为正确答案。
2.Sorry, I am too busy now. If I ____ time, I would certainly go for an outing with you. [2012湖南卷]
A. have had B. had had C. have D. had
2. D 此题考查条件状语从句中的虚拟语气，从句中用一般过去时表现在的假设。根据句意，试题应为对现在情况的虚拟，故正确答案为D。
3.-____you interrupt now? Can’t you see I’m on the phone? 【2012重庆卷】
-Sorry Sir, but it’s urgent.
A. Can B. Should C. Must D. Would
3. C 考查情态动词用法。句意：“——你现在一定要打断我吗？难道你不能看到我在打电话吗？——对不起，先生，事情很急。”根据语境结合选项的词义，C选项符合题意。因此，正确答案为C选项。
4. One of our rules is that every student wear school uniform while at school. 【2012辽宁卷】
A. might B. could C. shall D. will
4. C 本题考查情态动词。Shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。这儿是说根据学校规定学生在校时都必须要穿校服。故正确答案为C。
5. I got close enough to hear them speaking Chinese, and I said “Ni Hao ” just as I ____ do in China. 【2012四川卷】
A. must B. might C. can D. should
5.B 本题考查情态动词。句意为：我靠他们足够的近以听见他们说汉语，而且我会像我在中国可能做的那样说“你好”。might表示“可能”。故选B。
6. If my car _________more reliable, I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer. 【2012陕西卷】
A. was B. had been C. should be D. would be
6.B 考查虚拟语气。根据主语的谓语动词可知题干是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句谓语动词用had done，选B。
7.I______ thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home. 【2012陕西卷】
A. won’t B. can’t C. can D. will
7.B 考查情态动词。所填情态动词与too 构成固定句型can’t/couldn’t …too…，意思是：再……都不为过，选B。
8. I ____use a clock to wake me up because at six o'clock each morning the train comes by my house. 【2012全国新课程】
A. couldn't B. mustn't C. shouldn't D. needn't
8. D 考查情态动词的用法。句意：我没有必要用闹钟唤醒我，因为每天早上6点火车都经过我的房子。
此处考查情态动词，needn’t+动词原形表示：没有必要做某事。
9. If we ______adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful. 【2012山东卷】
A. haven’t made B. wouldn’t make C. didn’t make D. hadn’t made
9. D考查虚拟语气的用法。句意：如果我们没有做好充分的准备，会议就不会这样成功。在虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句用过去完成时，主句用would have done的形式。故D为正确答案。
10. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we________ more places of interest yesterday. 【2012福建卷】
A. visited B. had visited C. would visit D. would have visited
10. D本题考查虚拟语气的用法。本题关键是从时间状语yesterday知道是对过去的虚拟，前半句是个过去的客观事实“我们在那个小山村迷路”，otherwise否则后半句是用对过去的虚拟would have done，答案为D项。
【方法技巧】
1.情态动词表“推测和可能性、必要性、请求、允许、允诺”等有关知识应引起足够重视。
2.熟记并掌握虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的使用规则, 特别是主从句的具体形式应熟练掌握。
3.熟练掌握虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用。表语从句，同位语从句和主语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。 从句中的谓语动词是should +动词原型，should 可以省略
4. 掌握一些特殊句型中要运用虚拟语气的具体规则。
①混合时间的虚拟语气，如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。
②虚拟语气中的倒装句，如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, should，有时可将if省去，而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should, 之后
③含蓄条件句，有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过用其他词来代替条件句，常见词有otherwise, or, but for 和if only等
【专题训练】
1. Not every prisoner can travel，and we have strict and fair regulations. Those selected ________have performed well in the prison and are going to be released soon.
A. could B. might C. must D. should
2． I am going to buy the overcoat if the shop owner ________lower the price.
A．must B．should C．could D．will
3. According to the school rules, no student________go out of the school after eleven o’clock.
A．will B．must C．may D．shall
4.—I’m leaving now.
—It’s so late. Better stay with me. Call a taxi if you________.
A．will B．must C. would D．may
5.—What do you mean by this?
—No need for you to worry about your money and be angry with me. You _____get it this afternoon.
A. will B. shall C. may D. need
6. You ________get the book on condition that you give it back to me in time.
A．should B．must C．ought to D．shall
7． According to the school rules, no student________go out of school without the permission of the teachers.
A．will B．must C．may D．shall
8.—It was the drug，not the disease，that killed the boy.
—He would be still alive today if he ________that drug.
A. not take B. shouldn’t have taken
C. didn’t take D. hadn’t taken
9. It’s a very kind offer, but I really ________accept it.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. don’t
10. —I saw your uncle take a taxi to the airport.Why didn’t you drive him there.
—I.________ But my car________.
A. would；was fixed B. would have；was fixed
C. would have；was being fixed
D. did；was being fixed
11. You________practise the drums while the baby is sleeping.
A. needn’t B. mightn’t C. mustn’t D. won’t
12. You________him the news; he knew it already.
A. needn’t tell B. needn’t have told C. mightn’t tell D. mightn’t have told
13. “Isn’t it about time you ________to do morning exercises？” “Yes, it is. Would you like to join us？”
A. begin B. have begun C. began D. had begun
14. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I________in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall
15. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he________a goal.
A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored
16. But for the help you gave me, I _______ the examinations.
A. would have passed??????????????? B. would pass C. wouldn’t have passed??????????? D. wouldn’t pass
17. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show??????????B. would show C. am going to show??????D. am showing
18. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
A. do????????????? B. are C. will????????????????? D. would
19. “He will come tomorrow.” “But I’d rather he _____ the day after tomorrow.”
A. will come??????????? B. is coming C. came???????????????? D. had come
20. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he ____ badly wounded and that he ____ at once.
A. should be; be operated on B. were; must be operated on
C. was; should be operated D. was; be operated on
【参考答案】
1-5 CDDBB 6-10 DDDCC 11-15 CBCBD 16-20 CBDCD
【专题三】形容词和副词
【考情分析】
形容词与副词是高考语法的重要内容，也是高考考查的热点。关于形容词与副词这一考点，主要考查以下几个方面：
1. 考查形容词和副词的基本用法
形容词在句中一般作定语、表语、补语，而副词在句中主要作状语。
2. 考查形容词作定语的后置规律
?形容词作定语一般位于所修饰的名词前，但下列三种情况形容词要后置：①形容词短语作定语时；②表语形容词作定语时；③修饰复合不定代词时。
3. 考查多个形容词作定语的排序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其排序规律是：(限定词+程度副词+) 描绘+大小(长短、高低)+形状+年龄(新旧)+颜色+国籍或产地+物质材料+类别或用途+名词
4. 考查副词在句中的位置规律
副词修饰形容词或其它副词时，一般位于被修饰词的前面，但enough却要放在被修饰的形容词或副词的后面。
?5. 考查–ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别
-ed形容词，通常说明人，意为“(某人)感到……”；-ing形容词通常说明事物，意为“(某事物)令人……”或“令人……的(事物)”。
?6. 考查两种不同形式的副词的用法差异
即考查与形容词同形的副词与形容词后加ly构成的副词的区别。
7. 考查形容词和副词的比较等级。
8. 考查比较等级的修饰语。
【知识归纳】
一、形容词副词的基本用法:
1．形容词的位置
(1)当名词中心词带有多个形容词作前置修饰语时，这些形容词可以大体按下列词序排列：1)限定词—2)一般描述性形容词—3)表示大小、长短、高低的形容词—4)表示形状的形容词—5)表示年龄、新旧的形容词—6)表示颜色的形容词—7)表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词—8)表示物质、材料的形容词—9)表示用途、类别的形容词—10)名词中心词。如：
①It is a charming small round old brown French oak writing desk.
这是一张漂亮的古式棕色法国橡木小圆写字台。
②Yesterday my uncle bought a beautiful large green Chinese carpet.
昨天我叔叔买了一张漂亮的中国大型绿色地毯。
③Four brilliant young American engineers live here.
有四个杰出的美国年轻工程师住在这儿。
但在实际应用中，一个名词词组既不可能带有这么多前置修饰语,也不可能都如此刻板地排列。
(2)形容词一般放在被修饰的名词前面作定语，但考生特别要注意形容词放在被修饰词后面的情况：
①这些形容词，如：alive，afraid，awake，alone，asleep，worth等作定语时，常放于被修饰词的后面。
The baby still asleep might be awake very soon.
仍在睡着的那婴儿可能很快会醒的。
②形容词在修饰somebody，something，anybody，anything，nobody，nothing等不定代词时，需要置于其后。如：
—Is there anything wrong，Bob？You look sad.
“鲍勃，有什么不对吗？你看上去闷闷不乐的。”
—Oh，nothing much.In fact，I was just thinking of my friends.
“噢，没什么，其实我在想念我的朋友。”
③形容词后面有介词短语时，必须放在名词后面。
He is a student worthy of praise.
他是个值得赞扬的学生。
④形容词后面有动词不定式时，必须放在名词后面。
Isn’t it a problem difficult to solve?
这难道不是一个很难解决的问题吗？
2．形容词作状语
形容词作状语表示伴随或结果，并不表达动作的方式。 如：
After a long journey，the three of them got back home，hungry and tired.
经过长时间旅行后，他们三个回到了家，又饿又累。
He lay in bed，wide awake.他躺在床上醒着。
3．副词的位置
副词修饰形容词或其他副词时，一般位于被修饰词的前面，但enough要放在被修饰词的后面。
Although she did not know Boston well，she made her way easily enough to the post office.
虽然她对波士顿不熟，但她仍然很轻松地到了邮局。
4.can not/never 与enough或too连用表示“无论怎样都不过分；越……越好”
—I was riding alone in the street and all of a sudden，a car cut in and knocked me down.
“我在街上正独自骑行，突然一辆轿车切进来把我撞倒了。 ”
—You can never be too careful in the street.
“在大街上你再小心也不为过。 ”
5．副词的排列顺序
(1)时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
(2)方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。
Please write slowly and carefully.请慢慢地、清晰地写字。
(3)多个不同副词排列：程度＋地点＋方式＋时间副词。
I don’t know him well enough.我不太熟悉他。
There is enough food for everyone to eat. 有足够的食物供每个人吃。
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
【专家提醒】
副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
6．兼有两种形式的副词
(1)close与closely: close意思是“近”； closely 意思是“仔细地”。
(2)late与lately: late意思是“晚”； lately 意思是“最近”。
(3)deep与deeply: deep意思是“深”，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，“深深地”。
(4)high与highly: high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。
(5)wide与widely: wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”。
(6)free与freely: free的意思是“免费”；freely 的意思是“无限制地”
考点二：形容词、副词的比较等级
解答比较等级这类题目时考生一定要善于判断比较的对象或范围：如果没有比较的对象或范围就用原级；如果是两者或两方面之间的比较就用比较级；如果是三个或三个以上的人或事物进行比较那就用最高级。
比较级中的两个特殊作用的结构 :
The ＋ 比较级 ＋ 句子， the ＋ 比较级 ＋ 句子和 比较级＋ and ＋ 比较级。
前一个句型结构表示的意义是“越(怎么样就)越(怎么样)”，在这个结构中的两个“比较级”不要求词性一定相同，它们各自的词性要依句子的需要而定；后一个句型结构表示的意义是“越来越(怎么样)”，在这个结构中的两个“比较级”则要求词性相同。如：
The harder you work at your study, the better academic records you will have.
你学习越努力，你的成绩就越好。
The more we have, the more we want.人欲无穷。
When winter is coming , it gets colder and colder.冬天来临之际，天越来越冷了。
He became less and less satisfied with the football team’s performance.
他对足球队的表现越来越不满意了。
2．比较级与否定词连用可表示最高级之意。如：
I have never seen a better film than the one I saw last night.
我从来没有看过比昨天晚上那部更好的电影。
—Shall we have a short rest?“我们可不可以休息一会儿？”
—I can’t agree any more.“非常同意。”
3．as＋形容词或副词原级＋as像……一样………
在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as…
He cannot run so/as fast as you.他跑得不如你快。
【专家提醒】
当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式：as ＋形容词＋ a(an) ＋单数名词； as ＋ many/much ＋名词
This is as good an example as the other is.这是一个和另一个一样好的例子。
4．可修饰比较级的程度副词
(1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。
(2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
(3)以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
5．than构成的习语
(1) more B than A A不如说B
(2) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多
no less… than…与……一样……
(3)more than ，非常
(4)rather than 而不是
(5)other than 除……外。
首先要正确理解以下结构的含义：
not more...than＝不如……
no more...than＝和……一样不 (否定两者)
not less...than＝不如……不 (即指不如 less 后形容词的反面)
no less...than＝和……一样 (肯定两者)
比较以下各句的意思：
You are more careful than he is. 你比他仔细。
You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。
You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。
You are less careful than he is. 你不如他仔细(你比他粗心)。
You are not less careful than he is. 你比他仔细(你不如他粗心)。
You are no less careful than he is. 你和他一样仔细。
三、倍数表示法
(1)……倍数＋形容词(或副词)的比较级＋than。如：
①This rope is twice longer than that one.
这根绳的长度是那根绳的三倍。(比那根绳长二倍)
②This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.
这个大厅比我们的教室大五倍。(是我们教室的六倍)
(2)……倍数＋as＋形容词(或 much)或副词＋as。如：
①This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.
这块大石头的重量是那一块的三倍。(这块石头比那块重二倍)
②The plane flew ten times as high as the kite.
那架飞机飞行高度是那个风筝的十倍。(高出九倍)
(3)……倍数＋the size(length，height...)of。如：
①This street is four times the length of that street.
这条街是那条街的四倍长。
②This hill is four times the height of that small one.
这座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。(比那座小山高三倍)
也可用：The height of this hill is four times that of that small one.
【考点例析】
1. Bicycling is good exercise;_____, it does not pollute the air.【2012年，湖南卷】
A. nevertheless B. besides C. otherwise D. therefore
1.D 本题考查副词. 根据句意:骑自行车是一种很好的运动方式,而且又不会造成大气污染. Nevertheless “尽管如此”;besides “而且”;otherwise“否则”；therefore“所以”，故正确答案为B。
2. We used to see each other______, but I haven’t heard from him since last year.【2012年，辽宁卷】
A. especially B. regularly C. particularly D. approximately
2. B 本题考查副词。句意：我们原来经常见面，但从去年我就没再收到过他的信。A项“尤其；特别”；B项“定期地，经常地”；C项“特别，尤其”；D项“近似地，大约”，故正确答案为B 。
3.The hotel is almost finished, but it _____needs one or two weeks to get ready for guests.【2012年，四川卷】
A. only B. also C. even D. still
3. D 本题考查副词用法。根据句意“这个旅馆差不多竣工了，但仍还要一两周才可以接待客人。”故D为正确答案。
4. Many people have donated that type of blood; however, the blood bank needs _____.【2012北京卷】
A. some B. less C. much D. more
4. D。本题考查形容词比较级。根据句意即刻判断，该句应使用much 的比较级是more,故正确答案为Ｄ。
5.Next to biology , I like physics ________.【2012全国II】
A. better B. best C. the better D. very well
5. B 本题考查副词的最高级。句意：除了生物，我最喜欢物理。此处best是副词的最高级，修饰动词like。
故正确答案为B。 6.The secretary arranged a(n)___________time and space for the applicants to have an interview. 【2012天津卷】
A. important B. spare C. public D. convenient
6. D 本题考查形容词。句意：这位秘书安排适当的时间和地点让求职者进行面试。根据句意，D为最佳选项。
7.The dog may be a good companion for the old. _______, the need to take it for walks may be a disadvantage.【2012天津卷】
A．Besides. B. However C. Therefore D. Instead.
7.B 本题考查副词。句意：这只狗或许是这位老人的伙伴，然而（对老人来说）带它出去散步或许又成了不利因素。故正确答案为B。
8. This restaurant wasn't that other restaurant we went to. 【2012全国新课程】
A. half as good as B. as half good as C. as good as half D. good as half as
8. A 本题考查倍数表达法。句意：这家饭店不及我们去过另一家的一半好。在as…as…句型中，倍数放在第一个as的前面，故A正确。
9. Be______ ---you can’t expect me to finish all this work in so little time.【2012年山东卷】
9. A 本题考查形容词。句意：要讲道理，你不能指望我在如此短的时间里完成所有的工作。
此处confident信心；creative有创造力的；grateful感激的；reasonable有道理的。故正确答案为A。
10. Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver, should be respected. 【2012福建卷】
A. especially B. equally C. naturally D. normally
10.B本题考查副词辨析。 句意：无论是官员还是公共汽车司机，都应该平等的被尊敬。equally“平等地，公平地”；especially“尤其地”；naturally“自然地”；normally“正常地”，只有B项符合题意。
11. — Can you lend me the book Gone with the Wind?
— Sorry. I returned it to the library just now. Maybe it is still ____.【2012福建卷】
A. available B. affordable C. acceptable D. valuable
11.A本题考查形容词辨析。根据前半句“我刚刚还给图书馆”和下半句中的still可知这本书或许还可得到的用available，而其它三项 affordable“支付的起的”；acceptable “可接受的”；valuable“贵重的”均与题意不符。
12. Mike was usually so careful, ______this time he made a small mistake. 【2012浙江卷】
A. yet B. still C. even D. thus
12.A 本题考查副词。句意：麦克通常很认真的，然而（yet）这次他犯了个小错误。Still仍旧；even甚至；thus因此，均不符合语境。故正确答案为A。
13.The research lacks _____evidence, and therefore, its conclusions are doubtful. 【2012浙江卷】
A. solid B. fierce C. severe D. potential
13. A 本题考查形容词词义辨析。根据句意：研究缺乏实证（solid evidence），因此所得出的结论还有待考证。fierce激烈的；severe严重的；potential，有潜力的。故正确答案为A。
14.Queen Elizabeth Ⅱis often to be richest woman in the world____, her personal wealth seems rather small. 【2012安徽卷】
A. Besides B. Otherwise C. However D. Altogether
14.C。 本题考查副词。前面说她富有，后面说她个人财富相当少。应为转折关系“然而”；故C为正确答案。
15. Interest is as______to learning as the ability to understand , even more so. 【2012安徽卷】
A. vital B. available C. specific D. Similar
15. A 本题考查形容词。Be vital to 表示：对.....极端重要；something be available to somebody表示某人可以得到某物；答案specific 不能与to 搭配；D 答案 similar to 表示：与.....相似。本题可以把定于to understand 省掉，也可以把后面的even more so省掉或还原。依据题意，A为正确答案。
【方法技巧】
1.对于形容词和副词，学生首先应该掌握形容词和副词的比较级和最高级。
2.熟记这些半系动词sound，taste，smell，look，feel，seem，appear，stand，fall，remain，keep，get，grow，become，turn等后面常跟形容词作表语。
3.掌握名词前多个形容词的顺序问题，一般表主观形容词，如新旧大小长短是否漂亮这些形容词在前，表客观形容词，如颜色材料质地本质形容词在后面。如an old small red paper packet 一个旧的红色的小纸包。记忆口诀“限定描绘大长高, 形状年龄和新老。 颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。”
4. 熟练掌握倍数表达法。
【专题训练】
1. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _____ voice.
A. a better B. a best C. the better D. the best
2. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is _____ known for his plays.
A. the best B. more C. better D. the most
3. The plane flew smoothly ______ in the sky and people spoke ______ of the?experienced pilot.
A. high；high??? ???????B. highly；highly C. high；highly???????????? D. highly；high
4. —— What do you think of the concert?—— Oh, it was______success.
A. a very B. quite a C .so D. really
5. I haven’t seen______ this since I collected stamps.
A. as old a stamp as B. so an old stamp as C. stamp as old as D. as an old stamp a
6.The task is too much for me, so I can’t carry on ______any longer. I must get some help.
A. singly B.simply C.alone D.lonely
7. Have your working conditions improved?
---No, ______than before, I’m afraid.
A. no better B.a little batter C.not worse D.no worse
8. To their great relief, the missing child returned home, ______, after an absence of two weeks.
A. felt tired and sound B. tiring and soundly C. feeling tired but soundly D. tired but sound
9. We must keep our room clean, for dirt and disease go______, you know.
A. hand in hand B. step by step C. from time ti time D. one after another
10. How are you getting on with your classmates?
——______. I’ve got to know them all.
A. Far better B. Much pleased C. Very comfortable D. Very good
11. It is always difficult being in a foreign country, __________if you don’t speak the language.
A.extremely B.naturally C.basically D.especially
12. It is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science.
A.an art much as B.much an art as C.as an art much as D.as much an art as
13．—Jim, are you ______this Saturday?
—Oh, sorry. I need to go to the bookshop ______the bank on Saturday.
A．convenient; and B．convenient; as well as C．available; with D．available; as well as
14.This new kind of chemicals will help keep the air, soil and water ______from pollution.
A. free B. empty C. loose D. short
15．—How is your father?
—He’s fine. He’s ______to play tennis every Sunday.
A. enough active still B. enough still active C. still active enough D. still enough active
16.—Which team is________to win the game?
—I don’t know, but I’ve found________for ours to win.
A. probable; it unlikely B. likely; it possible C. possible; it possible D. likely; it possibly
17. He didn’t understand the ________question, so there was a________expression on his face.
A. puzzling; puzzled B. puzzling; puzzling C. puzzled; puzzled D. puzzled; puzzling
18. It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she stood________to her mother.
A. close B. closely C. closed D. closing
19．I can’t give you an answer right now. I’d like________more time to consider my decision.
A．still B．fairly C．quite D．a lot
20. I spent ________time doing the job, but I didn’t do any better than he.
A．as twice B．twice much C．twice much as D．twice as much
【参考答案】
1-5ACCBA 6-10CADAA 11-15DDDAC 16-20BAAAD
山东省鄄城县第二中学（274600） 潘庆锋
【专题九】名词性从句
【考情分析】
1．what，that引导名词性从句的区别；
2．whether，if引导名词性从句的区别；
3．名词性从句与定语从句、状语从句的区别；
4．it作形式主语、形式宾语的情况；
5．名词性从句中的虚拟语气。
【知识归纳】
考点一：名词性从句分类
名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。
（一）主语从句
1、主语从句在复合句作主语。
e.g. Who will go is not important.
2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。
e.g. It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.
注意：that引导主语从句时，不能省略。
e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.
（二）表语从句
1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。
e.g. The question was who could go there.
注意：引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。
e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.
（三）宾语从句
1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。
e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.
2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。
e.g. I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work..
I’m interested in what you’ve said.
注意1：whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。
①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。
e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.
②用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。
e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）
③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。
e.g. I don’t know whether or not the report is true.
I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.
注意2以下情况只能用whether
⑴介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导
⑵whether 可与不定式连用
⑶whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，让步状语从句，以上从句中均不能换成if
⑷宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用
e.g. It depends on whether we have enough money.
They don’t know whether to go there.
（四）同位语从句
同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。
e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
1.同位语从句的功能?
同位语从句对名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导。如：?
The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.?
国王作出的这名囚犯释放的决定让人们大吃一惊。
2.同位语在句子中的位置?
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。如：?
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.?
他从玛丽那里得知运动会要延期举行。
3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别?
1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。?
2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述它的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。如：?
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.?
他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）?
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.?
汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）?
考点二 名词性从句的关联词分类：
1． 从属连词：that, whether, if, as if
注意：that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。
Eg: The question is whether it is worth doing.
My hope is that she will soon be well again.（表语从句）
Everybody hopes that she will soon be well again.（宾语从句）
That she will soon be well again is our hope.（主语从句）
需要注意的是：引导主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句的情况，that是不可以省略的
2． 连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever
Eg:Who will take his place is unknown.
That is what he is worried about.
I have no idea which team will win.
注意：连接代词有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。
3． 连接副词：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however
Eg:Where she has gone s not known yet.
Please tell me when we shall discuss our work plan.
This is why he is late.
You have no idea how worried I was.
注意：连接副词有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。
总结：连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式，而应用陈述语序。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether、if 和as if都用不上时，才用that作连接词（that本身无任何含义）。
考点三 that 和what 引导的名词性从句
that和what都可以引导名词性从句，但that是连接词，本身无词义，仅起连接作用，不在从句中担任任何成分；what是连接代词，不仅引导名词性从句，而且在从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、宾语或表语。如：
That he stole a bike was true.
他真的偷了一辆自行车。
The important thing is what you do, but not what you say.
重要的是你做什么，而不是说什么。
考点四 if和whether引导的名词性从句
whether和if均可引导动词后的宾语从句，常可互换。但从句中有or not时或介词宾语从句中只能用whether连接。其他名词性从句，如主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句只用whether连接，不用if。如：
I don’t care about whether you have money or not.
我并不在意你是否有钱。
介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和if引导，要用whether和what。that也很少引导介词宾语从句，只在except, but, besides等之后才用。如：
I could say nothing but that I was angry.
我无话可说，只是感到生气。
考点五 “疑问词”及“疑问词＋ever”引导的名词性从句
1．如何选择这些引导词呢？根据它们的意思和从句所缺的成分进行选择
(1)who意为“谁”，在从句中可以用作主语、表语或宾语。
(2)whom意为“谁”，在从句中用作宾语，一般可以用who来取代，但在介词后面时只能用whom。
(3)whose意为“谁的”，在从句中用作定语。
(4)which意为“哪一个”，在从句中用作定语。
(5)when意为“什么时候”，在从句中用作时间状语；where意为“哪里”，在从句中用作地点状语；how意为“怎样，多么……”，在从句中用作状语；why意为“为什么”，在从句中用作原因状语。
2．连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever可引导名词性从句，相当于anyone who, anything that等。他们也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter who/ what/ which。如：
Whoever breaks the law should be punished. 任何违法的人都要受到惩罚。
3．who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别
一般说来，what/who等含特指意义，而whatever/whoever等含泛指意义，意为“无论什么/无论谁”，相当于anything that.../anyone who...。 如：
Whoever wants to go may go.
无论谁想去都可以去。
Do you know who can repair a bike?
你知道谁会修自行车吗？
You can have whatever food you want.
你想吃什么都可以。
He can do what he wants to.
他可以(能够)想做什么就做什么。
【提醒】
(1)介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和if引导，要用whether和what。that也很少引导介词宾语从句，只在except, but, besides, in等之后才用。
(2)引导宾语从句的连接词that一般可以省略，但如果有二个或二个以上的宾语从句时，最后一个that不可以省略。
(3)如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则必须用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置，并且that不能省略。
(4)doubt用于肯定结构时，后面用whether/ if引导名词性从句；用于否定结构或疑问结构时，后面用that引导名词性从句。be sure 用于肯定句或疑问句时，后接that引导的名词性从句；用于否定句时，后接whether/ if引导的名词性从句。
(5)连接代词who，what，whose，which通常不能引导同位语从句。
1. 在主语从句中, 下面的几种情况谓语动词通常用“should +动词原形”,should可省略。 ① “It is+形容词+that ... ”句型。常见的形容词有important, necessary, natural, funny, strange, surprising, astonishing等。
I was surprised/shocked that the boy should shout at his head teacher. 这位男生竟然对班主任大声嚷嚷,我感到很吃惊。 It is strange that the poor old man should have been invited to his wedding. 那位贫穷老人竟然被邀请参加他的婚礼,真是奇怪。
② “It is +名词+that ...”句型。常见的名词有pity, shame, advice, suggestion, proposal(提议,建议),requirement, request, desire, order等。
It’s really a wonder that all the passengers on board should have been saved while the plane itself sank into the freezing Hudson River in New York.
③ “It is+动词的过去分词+ that ... ”句型。常见的动词有advise, order, propose, request, suggest, demand, require等。如: It was ordered that no parking allowed in front of the building.
2. 在含有advice, order, demand, proposal(提议), requirement, suggestion等名词的表语从句、同位语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。如: It’s his suggestion made yesterday that we delay buying a flat.
3. 在下列动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。这类动词有:insist(坚持), urge(催促), order(命令),command(命令), request(请求,要求), demand(要求),require(要求,需要),suggest(建议),advise(建议),propose(建议) , recommend(建议, 推荐) 等。如:
1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight. 2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
4. 用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例： I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了) He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) We wished he had spoken to us.(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲) I wish you had called earlier.(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了).
【考点例析】
1. As many five courses are provided, and you are free to choose ______ suits you best. 【2012陕西卷】
A whatever B. whichever C. whenever D. wherever
1.B 考查名词性从句。句意：由于提供了五个课程，因此你可以自由选择最适合你的那一个。
所填词引导的从句做动词choose的宾语，引导词在从句中做主语，故正确答案为B。
2. Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ______ he could have expressed it differently. 【2012北京卷】
A. why B. how C. that D. whether
2 C。本题考查名词性从句。宾语从句不缺少成分用that引导。故正确答案为C。
3．It suddenly occurred to him ____he had left his keys in the office. 【2012江西卷】
A．whether B．where C．which D．that
3.D 考点：考察名词性从句当中的主语从句。it作形式主语，真正的主语为that he had left his keys in the office。且that在句中无意义，并不充当任何成分。故正确答案为D。
4. Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn't matter ____ you have lived there for a short or a long time. [2012湖南高考真题]
A. why B. how C. whether D. when 4.C 本题考查名词性从句引导的用法。根据空后的or可知为whether … or短语。故正确答案为C。
5. Evidence has been found through years of study______ children’s early sleeping problem likely to continue when they grow up. 【2012重庆卷】
A. why B. how C. whether D. that
4. D考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知，空白处后面为句子主语“Evidence”的同位语从句，在这一从句中，句意完整，不缺少成分，应该使用“that”作为引导词。因此，正确答案为D选项。
5.The limits of a person’s intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but_____he reaches these limits will depend on his environment. 【2012安徽卷】
A. where B. whether C. that D. why
5.B 考查名词性从句。首先把插入语generally speaking删掉， but whether he reaches these limits作为句子主语，也就是说本题应为whether引导的主语从句，故正确答案为B。
6. It is by no means clear _____the president can do to end the strike. 【2012全国新课程】
A. how B. which C. that D. what
6. D 本题考查主语从句。句意：总统采取什么行动结束这次罢工一点也不清楚。此处it是形式主语，what引导的是主语从句，作真正的主语。What作do的宾语。故空格处应使用兼语词what, 故正确答案D。
7. It doesn’t matter ________ you pay by cash or credit card in this store. 【2012山东卷】
A. how B. whether C. what D. why
7 B 本题考查主语从句。句意：在这个商店中用现金或信用卡支付都可以。此处it是形式主语，后面whether...or…引导的主语从句是真正的主语，whether...or…意为：是…还是…都行。
8. We promise _____attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star. 【2012福建卷】
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
8.C 本题考查名词性从句。首先本句考查的关键短语是promise sb sth“向某人承诺某事“本句指的是向参加聚会的人提供一个和电影明星合影的机会，不定式做chance的定语，然后就是参加聚会的任何人whoever=anyone who，故正确答案为C。
9.It doesn’t matter _________you turn right or left at the crossing ---both roads lead to the park. (2012天津卷)
A. whether B. how C. if D. when
9.A考查名词性从句。句意：在十字路口，你是向右拐还是向左拐都没有关系——两条路都到公园。
whether引导主语从句。it做形式主语。因为从句的部分是选择性的一般疑问句，所以选择whether。
10.—We've only got this small bookcase. Will that do?
—No, ____ I am looking for is something much bigger and stronger.【2012上海卷】
A. who B. that C. what D. which
10.C考查名词性从句。句意：—我们只是弄到了这只小的书架，行吗？—不行。我所要找的是比它更大更坚实的书架。既要引导主语从句又要在主语从句中作宾语，只有what具备这样的双重功能。故正确答案为C
【方法技巧】
我个人认为在师生备考复习的过程中应该：21世纪教育网
1．从结构和句意两方面分析定语从句和名词性从句，尤其是定语从句和同位语从句的区别。
2．从结构入手，分析名词性从句和状语从句之间的关系及区别。
3．加强名词性从句引导词各自意义，用法，特点的辨析。
4．加强长、难句的分析和理解练习。
总之，在名词性从句的测试中首先应该把握住名词性从句的定义：相当于一个名词的句子；其次应该记住名词性从句的引导词：that、what、whether、if、who、whom、whoever、which、whichever、whose、when、where、how、why等等；再就是应该弄明白连接词之间的区别和各自的功能，比如：that和what 、whether和if等等；最关键的应该学会分析句子结构，从句子结构来找到解决问题的突破口：即问题的题眼。
【专题训练】
1.Your skirt is really splendid, but ______we actually need is not a skirt but a new pair of shoes.
A. that B. what C. whether D. how.
2. ______made me more surprised was ______the pickpocket asked my friend to lend him some money and he agreed.
A. What ;that B. That; that C. What; whether D. It; that
3. What do you think of this suggestion that we ______lunch at the new restaurant?
A. will have B. are going to have C. would have C. have
4. I don’t know the reason ______you were absent from the meeting, but I’m sure that someone will tell me the reason ______you haven’t told me.
A. why; that B. that; why C. because; which D. of which; that
5. ______made his mother surprised was ______Tom Smith should have been fooled by such a simple trick.
A. What; that B. What; because C. That; what D. That; because
6. According to Bill Gates, the idea ______we can play video games and receive E-mails without sitting at a keyboard will come true. However, it is unclear ______it will be on sale and ______it will cost.
A. which; that; what B. /; whether; how much C. that; when; what D. that; that; how much
7. The doctors are trying their best to reduce the people’s fear ______they would be infected by the present disease called SARS.
A. whether B. which C. when D. that
8. Word has come ______in some western countries, demand for graduates from MBA courses has fallen down.
A. that B. while C. when D. as
9. Though Frances congratulates herself on her success she sometimes wonders ______will happen to her private life.
A. it B. what C. which D. that.
10. I think Mother would like to know ______I’ve been up to so far, so I decide to send her a quick not.
A. which B. why C. what D. how
11. Pointing to the house on________roof grew lots of bush，the old man told me that was________I would stay.
A．its；what B．whose；what C．whose；where D．its；where
12．The news________ is spreading around this area is________ a heavy storm is coming.
A. what；/ B. that；that
C. /；that D. that；which
13. After more than ten years’ study, they realized________they thought was the whole family’s dream________ he had been working for.
A. where; which B. that; that C. which; where D. what; that
14． A normal young child gains great pleasure when________ he(she) does pleases his(her) mother.
A. that B. if C. as D. what
15． ________made many contestants angry is________was called the fair play turned out to be unfair at all.
A. What; that what B. What; what C. It; that D. It; what that
16. He told me the news, believe it or not，________he had earned $1 000 in a single day.
A. that B. which C. as D. because
17. They lost their way in the forest, and________made matters worse was that night began to fall.
A. it B. which C. that D. what
18. Patience is a kind of quality and that is________it takes to do anything well.
A. what B. which C. which D. how
19. It has come to my notice________some of you have missed classes.
A. what B. which C. that D. when
20. “What were you trying to prove to the police？” “ ________I was last night.”
A. That B. When C. Where D. What
【参考答案】
1-5.B.A DA A 6-10 C DAB C 11-15 CBDDA 16-20 ADACC
【专题二】冠词和代词
【考情分析】
(1)冠词在高考中的考查重点：
冠词是历年高考的必考知识点,主要出现在单项选择和短文改错题中. 虽说只有两类,共三个（不定冠词a, an和21世纪教育网定冠词the),但其使用规则很复杂,考生对此语法束手无策。纵观历年高考试题,冠词考点主要集中在以下几点:
1.考查不定冠词a/an表示个别或泛指的用法
2.考查定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法
3.考查不定冠词和定冠词在固定搭配中的用法
4.考查零冠词（即省略冠词)表示泛指及其习惯搭配用法
5.考查冠词在表示类别名词前的用法
6.考查不定冠词在具体化抽象名词前的用法
7.考查冠词在比较级前的用法
8.考查冠词在其他特殊结构中的用法
9.考查有无冠词而迥异短语
(2)数词在高考中的考查重点：
1.数词表示确切数目和不确切数目的区别；
2.数词复数的特殊用法；
3.基数词和序数词的用法
4.dozen和score 的特殊用法
5.倍数表达法
【知识归纳】
冠词
考点一：不定冠词的基本用法
1．泛指一个。如：There is a book on the table.
2．指人或事物的某一种类。如：His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.
3．指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.
4．用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：We have meals three times a day.
5．表示同样的。如：They are of an age.(他们是同岁。)
6．表数量，相当于one，但语意较弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk.
7．使抽象名词具体化。如：The little girl is a help to her mother. (a hand译为“帮手”)
8．固定搭配。如：as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word
考点二：定冠词的基本用法
1．表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：I have bought a book. The book is very useful.
2．用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Close the window, please.
3．用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。
4．用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east, the right。
5．用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：the first, the tallest。
6．用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：the sick, the wounded。
7．用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：the United States, the United Nation。
8．用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake。
9．用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：The Smiths。
10．用于乐器的名词前。如：play the piano; play the violin。
11．发明物。如：The compass was invented in China.
12．年代名词前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.
13．固定词组中。如：in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time
考点三：零冠词的基本用法
1．表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love cartoons.(儿童喜欢卡通影片。)
2．不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：We are studying English.
3．名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.
4．官职、季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：She likes spring most.
5．呼语前不用冠词。如：What shall I do next, Mother?
6．三餐饭前不用冠词。如：What did you have for lunch?
7．节假日前不用冠词。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.
8．球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：She is fond of playing basketball.
9．在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：arm in arm(手挽手); hand in hand(手牵手); side by side(肩并肩); day and day(日日夜夜); young and old(老老少少); from door to door(挨门挨户); from beginning to end(从头到尾); from morning till night(从早到晚)等。
10.与by连用表示交通方式的名词前；以and连接的两个相对的名词连用时；
数词
考点一： hundred, thousand和million的用法
若hundred, thousand, million, billion等词的前面有基数词或several修饰时，hundred, thousand, million, billion等只能用单数形式；注意hundred, thousand, million, billion等词前不能用many，若表示不确定数目的数百、数千、数百万等时，要用它们的复数形式，还要加上of。
考点二：dozen与score的用法
(1)dozen （一打，十二），score （二十）与具体数词或与many, several 等连用时，后不加s，所修饰的名词前常省去of。如:two dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋，many dozen pencils好多打铅笔；dozen, score的复数形式后接of时，表示"许多"，是概数。如:dozens of eggs几十个鸡蛋，scores of pencils几十支铅笔。
(2)当所修饰的名词之前有限定词these, those, my, your等或是修饰人称代词宾格them, us, you时，这时需要加of。如：two dozen of these pens, three score of them。
考点三： 分数的表达法：
分子用基数词，分母用序数词，若分子大于1，则分母用复数。如：one-fourth (a quarter) 1/4 two-fifths 2/5
考点四：年龄表达法
表示某人的确切年龄，用"基数词＋years old"或"基数词＋of age"或者"at the age of＋基数词"，也可直接用基数词；表示某人几十多岁时，用"in one’s + 逢十的基数词的复数(如tens, twenties, thirties等)"来表达。
He is in his late twenties. 他快30了。
The old lady died in her early seventies beside a church in New York.
那位老太太70来岁就死在了纽约的一个教堂附近。
考点五：年代表达法
表示"几十年代"时，在阿拉伯数字后加s或’s。in the 1990s
考点六：倍数的表达方式
(1)……倍数＋形容词(或副词)的比较级＋than。如：
①This rope is twice longer than that one.
这根绳的长度是那根绳的三倍。(比那根绳长二倍)
②This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.
这个大厅比我们的教室大五倍。(是我们教室的六倍)
(2)……倍数＋as＋形容词(或 much)或副词＋as。如：
①This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.
这块大石头的重量是那一块的三倍。(这块石头比那块重二倍)
②The plane flew ten times as high as the kite.
那架飞机飞行高度是那个风筝的十倍。(高出九倍)
(3)……倍数＋the size(length，height...)of。如：
①This street is four times the length of that street.
这条街是那条街的四倍长。
②This hill is four times the height of that small one.
这座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。(比那座小山高三倍)
也可用：The height of this hill is four times that of that small one.
【考点例析】
【高考真题】
1．The Smiths don’t usually stay at_____ hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by ________ sea. 【2012江西卷】
A．/; a B．the; the C．/; the D．the; a
1．C 考查冠词。hotel为复数，前不会用定冠词the来修饰；江，河，湖，海前要加定冠词
2. The development of industry has been_______ gradual process throughout _______ human existence, from stone tools to modern technology. 【2012浙江卷】
A. 不填, the B. the; a C. a; 不填 D. a; a
2. C 考查冠词。第一空process是可数名词，第一次出现一般用不定冠词，且此次表示“一个”的概念；第二空existence是不可数名词，其此处表示抽象概念，故用零冠词。
3. Carl is studying _____food science at college and hopes to open up ____meat processing factory of his own one day. 【2012安徽卷】
A. / ； a B. / ；the C. the ; a D. the ; the
3.A 本题考查冠词。science是不可数名词，用零冠词，后面的factory是一个可数名词，用a 表示泛指。
4. Sam has been appointed _______ manager of the engineering department to take ____ place of George. 【2012重庆卷】
A. /,/ B. the,/ C the the D./, the
4. D 考查冠词用法。句意：Sam被任命为工程部经理取代了George。表示官衔职务的名词作补语和同位语时，前不加冠词。在题干中，“manager”表示职务，作主语补足语，不需要加冠词，而第二个空白处为固定短语“take the place of”，是“代替，取代”之意。因此，正确答案为D选项。
5.I woke up with ______bad headache, yet by ______evening the pain had gone. 【2012辽宁卷】
A. the; the B. the; an C. a; the D. a; an
5.C 考查冠词。第一空表示泛指；第二空为固定用法，用定冠词the，故选C项
6. Sarah looked at _____finished painting with _______satisfaction. 【2012全国卷】
A.不填；a B. a; the C. the; 不填 D. the; a
6.C考查冠词用法。句意：Sarah满意地看着那幅已画完的画。第一空特指“已经画完的画”；第二空考查介词短语with satisfaction意为：满意地，作状语。此处satisfaction为抽象名词，在此短语中不用冠词。
7. Being able to afford _______ drink would be ______ comfort in those tough times. 【2012山东卷】
A. the; the B. a; a C. a; 不填 D. 不填；a
7.B考查冠词的用法。句意：在那些艰难的岁月里，能买得起一杯饮料是一种莫大的安慰。
第一空中的a drink意为：一杯饮料；第二空中的a comfort意为：一件令人安慰的事。
8. The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be________ the present one. (2011·陕西)卷
A．as three times big as B．three times as big as C．as big as three times D．as big three times as
8. B 考查倍数表达法。倍数＋as＋adj.as表示“一物是另一物的几倍”。
9. It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park.It was ________ journey. (2010·上海)
A．three hour B．a three hours C．a three hour D．three hours
9. C考查数词。句意：去游乐园花了我们很长一段时间，是3个小时的路程。一段3个小时的路程有两种表达方式：a three hour journey；three hours’ journey。
10. One-third of the country_____covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ____ black people. (2011 湖南卷) A. is; are B. is; is C. are; are D. are; is 10 A 考查数词与主谓一致。因为one-third 后面的中心词为country这个不可数名词，谓语动词应使用单数；第二空中的citizens为复数,谓语动词使用复数形式。 【名校试题】
1. I heard you have vacant position for a secretary. I’ve come to apply for job.
A．the; a B．a; the C．/; a D．a; /
【答案】B一个职位岗位，可数名词；特指上文说的空缺的那个工作，所以用定冠词
2. People think that ______ opening ceremony of the 29th Olympic Games is _____ great success.
A. an; a B. the ; a C. the ;the D. the ; /
【答案】D专指奥运会开幕式；成功，抽象名词不可数。
3.Shenzhou VII，?? ? ???? country’s third manned spaceship, was launched successfully on September 25, 2008 in???? ??? northwestern Gansu Province，China．
A. a；不填?????? ? B. the；the??????? C. the；不填???????? D. a；the
【答案】B序数词表顺序用定冠词；指具体地点，特指，所以用定冠词。
5.John is ______ European but doesn’t know or speak ______English language at all.
A. an，a B. a，the C. the ，an D. a，不填
【答案】D一个欧洲人，可数名词；语言的前面是零冠词。
6. General speaking, ___ graduate from ____ well—known university is more likely to find a good job.
A．a, the B．a, a C．the, a D．the, the
【答案】B类指或说泛指，表明一个来自一所著名大学的毕业生。
7.For each individual, sport is ___ possible source for inner improvement. Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on ___ joy found in effort.
A．a; a B．the; the C．a; the D．the; a
【答案】C一种可能的资源，用不定冠词；特指通过努力而寻找到的快乐。
8. Sit on the edge of _____ bed _____ minute before putting your feet on the floor.
A. /; a B. the; a C. the; the D. /; the
【答案】B具体指哪一张床；一分钟可数名词。
9.The Spring Festival is ________unique day for families. It is also _______ day for special foods like niangao.
A. an, a B. an, the C. a, a D. the, a
【答案】C独一无二的一天，unique开头读音为辅音，用a;泛指一天，也用a.
10.Mary couldn’t remember the exact date of the hurricane, but she knew it was ____ Saturday because everybody was at ___ church.
A. /; the B. a; / C. /; a D. the; /
【答案】B a表示某一，at church 表示“在做礼拜”，故church前不加the;
【易错典例】
1. “Do you know________English for ‘帅哥’？” “I’m afraid I don’t. I’m not interested in________English language.”
A. the；the B. the；不填 C. 不填；the D. 不填；不填
【易误分析】 容易误选D，因为表示语言的名词前通常不用冠词。
【名师指津】 最佳答案为A。在英语中，表示语言的名词前通常不用冠词，但在某些特殊情况下可用冠词。如：
(1) 当语言名词表特指意义，其前可用定冠词。如：
The English spoken in America and Canada is a little different from that spoken in England. 美国和加拿大讲的英语与英国讲的英语有点不同。
(2) 当语言名词表示某一语言中的对应词时，其前要用定冠词。如：
What’s the English for this? 这个东西用英语怎么说？
(3) 当在语言名词后加上 language一词时，也要用冠词。如：
There have been many changes in the history of the English language. 英语发展过程中有很多变革。
2. I couldn’t remember the exact date of the storm, but I knew it was________Sunday because everybody was at________church
A. a；the B. a；不填 C. 不填；a D. 不填；不填
【易误分析】 容易误选D，因为星期名词前不加冠词；而 at church 表示在教堂里做礼拜，其中也不用冠词。
【名师指津】 最佳答案为B。确实，在通常情况下星期名词前不用冠词，但在某些特殊情况下还是可以用冠词的，如表示特指，其前可用定冠词；表示“某一个”或受描绘性定语修饰表示“某种”这样的意义等，其前可用不定冠词。如：
He came on the Sunday and went away on the Monday. 他星期日来，星期一就走了。
My birthday happened to be on a Saturday. 我的生日碰巧是星期六。
3. Which person do you refer to, the one with________long hair or the one with________long beard?
A. a；a B. 不填；不填 C. a；不填 D. 不填；a
【易误分析】 误选A或B，认为hair(头发)和beard(胡须)性质和用法应该差不多，要么都可数，要么都不可数，或者说要么都用不定冠词，要么都不用。
【名师指津】 最佳答案选D。hair 和 beard 在用法上并不完全相同：hair 可用作可数或不可数名词，用作可数名词时，指一根一根的毛发或头发，如说 There’s a hair in my soup .(我的汤里有根头发)；用作不可数名词(集合名词)时，则是整体地指一个人的头发。比较：
He has gray hairs. 他有几根白发了。
He has gray hair. 他满头白发了。
而beard 则通常只用作可数名词，且指的是一个人所有的胡须，而不是指一根胡须，它的复数形式，通常是指多个人的胡须，而不是指多根胡须，如：
He no longer wears a beard. 他不再留胡须。
Not all men grow beards. 并不是所有的男人都留胡须。
4. “May I take your order now？”“ We’d like three black________and two green________.”
A. coffee, cups of teas B. coffees, teas C. cups of coffee, tea D. cup of coffees, teas
【易误分析】 误选C，认为coffee和tea均为不可数名词，不能后加复数词尾 s，从而排除选项A、B、D。
【名师指津】 选B。有的同学认为 coffee 和tea是物质名词，不可数，不能用 three coffees, two teas 这样的表达。其实，coffee既可用作不可数名词，表示“咖啡”这种物质，也可用作可数名词，表示“一杯咖啡”，即在口语中 three coffees 就等于 three cups of coffee。同样，“三杯茶”既可说成 three cups of tea，也可说成 three teas；“三杯啤酒”既可说成 three glasses of beer，也可说成 three beers。
【方法技巧】
冠词
1. 平时熟记定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的用法，做题时仔细分析所表达的意义。
2. 熟悉一些名词的用法，和冠词结合。有很多不可数名词，有时候被具体化的情况，也是考查的重点。
3. 多做练习，能够提高熟悉语境的能力，很多考题是要和语境相联系起来考查的，这方面一定要重视
4. 特别注意形容词比较级、最高级前的冠词问题，以及序数词前加不定冠词或定冠词的区别。
数词
1．掌握基数词、序数词、分数词、倍数、百分数、年月日、钟点、年龄、序号的基本用法。
2．掌握不定数量词、约数词的表达方法。
3. 掌握倍数表达法
【专题训练】
1. Having received training of___ MS. Company，he was offered____ important position in management.
A. the；an B. 不填；an C. the；不填 D. ara
2．For many Beijingers, dreams of living in ______green area are becoming _______reality.
A. a；a B. the；the C. 不填；不填 D. a；the
3．—Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?
—Yes. As you saw, ________party went on in ________most pleasant atmosphere.
A. the；a B. the；the C. a；the D. a；a
4．I often have conversations with John over _______telephone，while I keep in touch with Tom by ____letter.
A. 不填； the B. 不填；a C. the；不填 D. the；a
5. Many ________scientist wants to be ________second Newton.
A a；the B. a；a C．不填；a D. 不填； the
6. I’ve told him________ so she should remember it.
A. a hundred time B. hundred times C. hundred of times D. hundreds of times
7. —Were you educated in________good school?
—Yes，________very good one in my hometown.
A. the; the B. a; a C. the；a D. a；不填
8. The earth is nearly________the moon.
A. 50 time the size of B. 50 times the size of C. 50 times as size as D. 50 times as that of
9. It’s about________， the thickness of a human hair.
A. two fifteenth B. two fifteenths C. two fifteen D. two fifteens
10. South of the equator, 81 percent of the surface of the earth________ water.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
11. They sold ________boxes of such sweets last week.
A. four dozen B. four dozens C. four dozens of D. four dozen of
12. Don’t leave you work________.
A. done half B. half done C. a half done D. done a half
13. I had ________supper at my friend’s last Sunday and ________food was so delicious.
A. a; the B．不填；不填 C．不填；the D. the；不填
14.—Would you mind giving your advice on how to improve our business management?
—If you make ________most of the modern equipment, there will be ________rise in production.
A．不填； 不填 B．the; a C．不填； a D．the; 不填
15. I like this jacket better than that one, but it costs almost three times________.
A. as much B. as many C. so much D. so many
【参考答案】
1-5 AAACB 6-10DBBBA 11-15ABCBA
【专题四】动词的时态和语态
【考情分析】
一、考查具体语境下时态的呼应
对动词时态和语态的考查是高考题中的重点，考查的角度越来越趋向语境化、实用化，即以基础知识为主，把时态和语境结合起来，注重在实际运用的语境中考查知识点。解答此类题目时决不能脱离实际运用的语境而一味死记硬背语法规则的条条框框，在解答过程中应该捕捉信息，理解情景，综合分析，灵活答题。
二、考查常见的八大时态:
①八大时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在进行时，过去进行时，一般将来时，过去将来时，现在完成时和过去完成时。另外，现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时和将来完成时也比较常用。
②时态的考查主要以一般时、进行时和完成时为主，试题将继续呈现“情景立意”和“能力立意”的原则，即在考查固定句式中的时态和语态的同时，注重在语境中考查时态和语态。
③要求掌握时态的意义、各种时态的动词形式、与各种时态连用的时间状语以及一些时态的特殊意义。
三、考查主动语态和被动语态的使用以及改为被动语态时的一些特殊情形。
四、考查的时态呼应
【知识归纳】
考点一、动词的时态呼应：
在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。
1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.
2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：
（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then./She said she was reading at that time.
(2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice.
(3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest.
(4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round.
(5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.
考点二、动词的进行时态
一、现在进行时
1．表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作；表近期特定的安排或计划；go，come等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.他正教英语和学习汉语。
The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always，often等频度副词连用，表示某种感彩)
这个小女孩总是在公众场合下大声谈话。
2．下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。
(1)表示感官的动词：see，hear，notice，feel，smell，sound，taste，look。
(2)表示心理状态、情感的动词：like，love，hate，care，believe，want，mind，wish。
(3)表示存在的状态的动词：appear，exist，lie，remain，seem，belong to，have，own。
(4)表示一时性动作的动词：allow，accept，permit，promise，admit，complete。
二、过去进行时
1．过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。常常与at that time，at this time yesterday 等时间状语连用。
I was reading an interesting book at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在读一本有趣的书。
2．某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。
Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.当没人注意的时候，汤姆溜进屋来。
The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.那位记者说，当他看到时，不明飞行物正在自东向西飞行。
三、将来进行时
将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow，from 1∶30 to 4∶30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow。
I will be having a gathering party with my friends at this time tomorrow.明天这时我将与朋友一起正在聚会。
I will be having a meeting from 2∶30 to 5∶30 tomorrow afternoon.明天下午2∶30到5∶30我们将正在开会。
考点三、一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
一、一般过去时
1．一般过去时表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用(或上下文语境有暗示)；用于表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。如：
—If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy，I could have been back by 6 o’clock.
“要是交通不那么拥挤的话，六点之前我本来能够回来的。”
—What a pity！Tina was here to see you.“太可惜了！Tina来这里看望你了。”
2．在过去某一具体时间的前提下发生了某件事情要用一般过去时表示。如：
—Have you ever seen that movie?“你曾看过那部电影吗？ ”
—Yes.When I was in Tokyo，I saw it three times.“是的，当我在东京时，我看过三次。”
3．表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。
如：but，and，when，as soon as，immediately，the moment，the minute。如：
He bought a watch but lost it.他买了一块手表但丢了。
The moment she came in，she told me what had happened to her.她一进来，她就告诉我她发生了什么事情。
二、现在完成时
1．现在完成时除可以和for，since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)，in recent years等。
2．下列句型中常用现在完成时：
①It is (has been)＋一段时间＋since从句
This (That/It)is the first(second...) time that＋完成时
This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
这是我们全家第一次到电影院看电影。
②在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。
I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.只有我亲自看到，我才会相信你的话。(强调“看完”)
I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.
我干完了工作就和你一起去。(强调“干完”)
【专家提醒】 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
(1)时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago，last year，just now，the other day等。
结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；
(2)一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。
考点四、一般过去时和过去完成时的区别
一、过去完成时表示发生在“过去的过去”的动作，常用于以下几种情况中：
1．by，by the end of，by the time，until，before，since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，主句用过去完成时。
By the end of last year，another new cinema had been built in our city.
到去年年末，我们城市又建了一座新电影院。
I had learnt 5,000 words before I entered the university.
在我上大学前就学了5,000个单词。
2．表示“一……就……”的几个固定句型：Hardly/No sooner/Scarcely had＋主语＋过去分词＋when/than/before＋从句(一般过去时)。
Hardly(No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.
我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。
Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.
我们才刚刚动身，汽车的轮胎就漏气了。
3．intend，mean，hope，want，plan，suppose，expect，think等动词的过去完成时可用来表示一个本来打算做而实际上没有做的事。这种用法也可表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望，含有某种惋惜。
I had intended to call on you yesterday，but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
我昨天本来要去看你的，但是刚要出门就有人来访。
I had meant to help you，but I was too busy at the moment.
我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。
考点五、现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
1．如果与段时间连用，两个时态可相互替用，只不过现在完成进行时具有强烈的感彩。如：
I have been learning English for ten years.＝I have learned English for ten years.
我学英语有十年了。
2．现在完成时可与表示“次数”的状语，already，yet，ever连用，而现在完成进行时则不能。如：
①I have been to Hainan three times.我去过海南三次。
②Have you ever met such a strange thing?你遇到过这样奇怪的事情吗？
3．现在完成进行时一般强调过去发生的动作现在仍在继续。现在完成时强调过去发生的动作现在已经完成或表示曾经发生过。如：
①I have been writing an article.我一直在写一篇文章。(仍在)
②I have written an article.我已写好了一篇文章。(已完成)
4．现在完成进行时表示刚刚结束的动作，强调动作在不久前持续进行，带有感彩。 现在完成时表示已经结束的动作，强调动作的结果。如：
①Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere.
你到哪里去了？我们在到处找你。(表示刚刚结束的动作)
②We have looked for him, but haven’t found him.
我们找过他，但没有找到他。(表示动作已结束，强调动作的结果)
5．现在完成进行时可以表示现在以前的这段时间内反复发生的事情。如：
①All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。
②We have been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我们常常见面。
考点六、主动语态和被动语态
一、主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：
（1）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Ｉwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night.
（2）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.
（3）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday.
（4）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.
二、被动语态的特殊情形：
1．get＋过去分词表被动
They got married last week.他们上周结婚了。
He fell and got hurt.他摔倒受伤了。
2．主动形式表被动意义
(1)系动词look，feel，sound，smell，taste，seem，appear，go，prove，turn等＋形容词/名词。
Ice feels cold.冰摸上去凉。
His plan proved (to be) practical.他的计划被证明符合实际。
(2)表示主语的某种属性的词：read，write，act，cut，draw，drive，sell，wash，clean，wear，open，cook，lock，look，shut等。
The books sell well.这些书畅销。
The door won’t lock.门锁不上。
This coat dries easily.这种外衣容易干。
The plan worked out wonderfully.这计划进行得很顺利。
The engine won’t start.引擎发动不起来。
The pen writes smoothly.这只钢笔写起来流利。
【专家提醒】
1．短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。
①The children were taken good care of (by her)．孩子们得到很好的照料。
②Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.你的发音和拼写应当得到注意。
【方法技巧】
一、动词的时态和语态备考建议
1．清楚地了解英语中常用的八种常用时态的一些常用规则，留意在实际生活中如何使用各种时态的使用。准确掌握八大常见时态（一般现在时，一般过去时，现在进行时，过去进行时，一般将来时，过去将来时，现在完成时和过去完成时）以及三大热点时态（现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时和将来完成）的有关知识。考生在复习过程中，要侧重对语境的分析，提高对语境的理解能力，且要重视正确分析语言材料中的时态交互信息和对有特殊用法的动词的灵活运用。
2．建立时态的时、体概念。
“时”即现在时、过去时、将来时、过去将来时；每个“时”又分四个“体”，即一般体、进行体、完成体、完成进行体)。。
3．解答时态和语态类问题时，要遵循如下思路：
(1)说的是什么时间的事情或情况，即定“时”。
(2)这个动作是什么状态，是完成了、还是未完成、还是既不表示完成又不表示进行，即定“体”。
(3)这个动作与主语之间的关系，是主动还是被动，即定“语态”。
4．做有关语态的题目可以分两步走：第一步确定正确的时态，第二步确定正确的语态。判断用主动语态还是用被动语态的根据是看主语与谓语动词之间的关系：如果是主谓关系则用主动语态，如果是动宾关系则用被动语态。
二、主从句时态呼应
近年来的高考试题一般不再单纯考查主从句的时态呼应，而是将其放在真实的语境中进行考查，也会结合强调结构等其他语法现象进行考查。解答此类试题时，要把握以下几点：
1．在时间、条件等状语从句中，用一般现在时代替将来时，用一般过去时代替过去将来时，用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
2．正确认定主句动词和从句动词两个动词发生的时间，并认真体会命题人所给出的语境。
3．解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时，考生应熟知以下规则：如果主句动词为现在时态，则从句动词可根据具体情况使用任何时态；如果主句动词为过去时态，则从句动词须用合适的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时用一般现在时)。
【考点例析】
1.--Look! Somebody the sofa.
--Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it. 【2012江西卷】
A．is cleaning B．was cleaning C．has cleaned D．had cleaned
1. C 本题考查时态.。句意为：“看,有人已经打扫了沙发”。“是的,不是我,我没有做.”。强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响故用现在完成时，正确答案为C。
2. Don't worry. The hard work that you do now ____ later in life. 【2012湖南卷】
A. will be repaid B. was being repaid C. has been repaid D. was repaid
2.A 本题考查动词时态。从don't可知语境为现在，排除B、D；而later in life可知为将来的动作，故选A。
3. Food supplies in the flood-stricken area ______.We must act immediately before there’s left. 【2012重庆卷】
A. have run out B. are running out C. have been run out D. are being run out
3. B 本题考查动词的时态。分析题干语境可知，食品供应即将耗尽。run out为不及物动词短语，不能使用被动形式，由此可排除C和D两个选项。B选项为现在进行时态，可以表示将来，符合题意。因此，正确答案为B选项。
4.-kevin,you look worried. Anything wrong? 【2012重庆卷】
-Well, I____ a test and I’m waiting for the result.
A. will take B. took C. had taken D. take
4. B 考查动词的时态。根据答语的后半句可知，现在Kevin正在等待测试的成绩，参加测试为一个过去的动作，应该使用一般过去时态。因此，正确答案为B选项。
5.Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I _____on Friday. 【2012辽宁卷】
A. get paid B. got paid C. have paid D. had been paid
5. A 考查动词时态和语态。在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来，且I与pay之间是动宾关系，所以选A。
6.—Did you catch what I said?
—Sorry. I ______ a text message just now. 【2012四川卷】
A. had answering B. have answered C. would answer D. was answering
6.D 本题考查动词时态。句意为：“你听懂我所说的了吗？”“对不起。我刚刚在回短信。”根据句意及时间状语just now可知，回短信的动作正好是发生在问话人说话的那一时间点，即表示过去某一时间点正在发生的动作，故正确答案D。
7. They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house ____.【2012四川卷】
A. is being rebuilt B. has been rebuilt C. is rebuilt D. has rebuilt
7.A 本题考查动词的时态和语态。句意为：他们现在暂时和父母一起居住，因为他们自己的房子正在重建。根据句意可知，应使用被动语态，且house与动词rebuilt之间为被动关系，故使用现在进行时态的被动语态。
8. The manager ______ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am. 【2012全国II】
A. has told B. is telling C. has been telling D. will have told
8. C 考查动词的时态。句意：经理从早上9点开始就一直在不停的告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。根据句意选C。
9. "Life is like walking in the snow", Granny used to say, "because every step ” 【2012全国新课程】
A. has shown B. is showing C. shows D. showed
9. C 本题考查动词的时态。句意：奶奶过去常常说：“生活就像在雪中行走，因为每一步都看得见。”
此处是奶奶过去常常说的一句话，这里是直接引语，句子的内容是生活哲理。所以用一般现在时。
10. — Alvin, are you coming with us? 【2012浙江卷】
— I'd love to, but something unexpected .
A. has come up B. was coming up C. had come up D. would come up
10.A 考查动词时态。句意：---艾琳，你要和我们一起去吗？---我想去，但是发生了点意外。现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或事情到现在为止，且对现在造成了一定的影响，符合语境，故答案选Ａ。
【专题训练】
1. I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother ________ on the phone all the time!
A. was talking B. has been talking C. has talked D. talked
2. ----Where did you put the broom, Tom?
-----I _______it behind the door．But now it is gone．
A．do put B．do putting C．did to put D．did put[
3. Once harm ______ to the environment, it takes years to have the system recovered.
A. does B. is done C. will be done D. be done
4. I fixed my eyes upon the newcomer, wondering whether I ________ him somewhere before．
A．saw B．has seen C．had seen D．would see
5.My toothache is killing me．I _____ it _____ away．But now it’s getting worse and worse.
A．think; is going B．thought; was going C．have thought; is going D．had thought; had gone
6. My friend, Tom, left New York in 1976 and since then he_______.
A．hadn’t been heard of B．hasn’t been heard of C．hasn’t heard of D．hadn’t heard of
7.–You speak very good Chinese.
--Thanks. I _______ it for 4 years before I came to China.
A. studied B. study C. was studying D. had studied
8. Travelers______ that they should bring their ID cards with them.
A. have reminded B. are reminded C. were reminding D. had been reminded
9. “Look! Everything here is under construction.” “What is the small building that________for？”
A. is being building B. has been built C. is built D. is being built
10. A red sky in the morning ________to be a sign of bad weather.
A. says B. is saying C. has said D. is said
【参考答案】
1-5 ADBCB 6-10 BDBDD
【专题八】定语从句
【考情分析】
1．关系词的使用，特别是which，that，when，where等；
2．介词和关系代词连用时，介词的选用；
3．以as引导的定语从句；
4．只用that的情况；
5．只用which的情况；
6．关系代词与关系副词的选用；
7．定语从句与其他句型的区别。
【知识归纳】
考点一：关系词的选用：
1．关系词的选择主要依据先行词在从句中所作的成分，先行词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，选择关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose)；先行词在从句中作状语时，应选择关系副词(where，when，why)。
2．who，whom，that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想见你的那个人吗？(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/that I am waiting for.
他就是我正在等待的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
which，that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
He failed in the exam，which made his father angry.
他考试不及格，这使他父亲很生气。
3．关系副词when，where，why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。具体用法如下：when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语；why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
The reason why I don’t trust him is that he often tells lies.
我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。
【专家提醒】 先行词是时间名词或地点名词时，如果在从句中不作状语，则不能用when或where引导定语从句，而要用which/that。
I still remember the day which/that we spent together in the city.
我仍然记得我们一起在那座城市度过的那一天。(这里which/that指代the day作spent的宾语)。
考点二：关系代词whose的用法：whose用来指人或物，在定语从句中只作定语
I know the girl whose father is our headmaster.我认识那个女孩，她的父亲是我们的校长。
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.门破了的那间教室很快就会被维修。
考点三：.that引导的定语从句
1．不用that的情况
(1)引导非限定性定语从句时
(2)介词后不能用。
2．只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(1)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
(2)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
(3)先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。
(4)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
(5)先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
考点四：介词+关系代词
1．介词＋关系代词中介词的宾语只能是which或whom
The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.
你昨天告诉我的那位绅士证实是小偷。
In the dark street，there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为她提供帮助。
2．当复合介词短语＋which引导定语从句时，这种定语从句常与先行词用逗号隔开，从句用倒装语序
He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.
他住在一所大房子里，房前有一棵大树。
3．介词＋which/whom＋不定式结构
The poor man has no house in which to live.那个可怜的人没有房子住。
4．of＋which/whom表示所属关系。(表所属关系也可用whose)
Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(＝whose price) was very reasonable.
最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。
考点五：As,which 引导的定语从句：
1．关系代词as引导的定语从句
关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：
(1)such...as...像……那样的……。当先行词被such修饰或本身是such 时，as作为关系代词，引导定语从句，修饰这个先行词。如：
We hope to get such a tool as he is using.
我们希望弄到像他使用的一样的工具。
They are such warm hearted men as I’ll never forget.他们是那样热心的，我永远不会忘记的人们。
That was such terrible weather as destroyed our whole trip plan.
那是一个那样可怕的天气，毁坏了我们的整个旅游计划。
【专家提醒】
such...as...与such...that...的区别
as引导定语从句，as要在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。that引导结果状语从句，that在从句中不作成分。如：
He is such a good student as all the teachers like.
他是那样一个老师们都喜欢的好学生。
He is such a good student that all the teachers like him.
他是那样一个好学生，以致于老师们都喜欢他
(2)the same...as...像……一样的……。这是一个习惯句式，当先行词是the same或被the same修饰时，后面的定语从句常用as引导，这时as是关系代词，常在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。这样的定语从句常用省略形式。如：
I live in the same house as he(lives in).
我的房子与他的房子相同。
She got the same salary as a man(got)．
她的薪金与男的相同。
【专家提醒】
as引导的这种从句有时用that或where引导。that表示“同一个人或物”；as表示“相同中的另一个”。如：
I lived in the same house that he lives in.我与他住在同一房子中。
I lived in the same house where he lives.
比较：the same...that...像……一样的……。that引导定语从句，表示“同一个”。如：
She gave him the same answer as before：“No”．
她回答他跟以前一样：“不。”
This is the same dictionary that I lost last week.
这部词典同我上星期丢失的那一本一样。
2．关系代词as，which的区别
(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。
The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.
(2)当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as。
As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.
＝The moon travels round the earth once every month，as/which is known to everybody.
＝It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
＝What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
后两句属名词性从句范畴。
(3)as意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多是see，know，expect，say，mention，report，announce等；which意为“这一点”。
As is known to all，Bell invented the telephone.
＝Bell invented the telephone，as is known to all.
As is often the case，Mike was late again and made up an excuse to fool the boss.
考点六：定语从句和其他从句的区别
1.定语从句与并列句
1). a. I saw some trees, and the leaves of them were black with disease.
b. I saw some trees, the leaves of which were black with disease.
2). a. The professor is a little man, on the nose of whom there is a pair of glasses
b. The professor is a little man, and on the nose of him there is a pair of glasses
解题点拨 :
是否有连词是区分定语从句和并列句的关键
2. 定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“……的(名词)”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较：
We all have heard the news that our team won.
我们都听到了我们球队胜利的消息。 (同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that 在从句中不作任何成分)
We don’t believe the news that/which he told us yesterday. 我们不相信他昨天告诉我们的那个消息。(定语从句，that 作told 的宾语).请看例题：
1). a. The news that our volleyball team won the match made us excited.
b. The news that /which he told me yesterday is exciting.
2) a. I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.
b. The mother made a promise that /whichpleased all her children.
解题点拨：that引导的定语从句是对其先行词的修饰或限制；在句中作成份(作宾语省略),指物时可用which代替；而同位语从句是对前面名词的说明和解释。that在从句中仅起连接作用,不充当成份，不能省略,不能用which代替。
3.定语从句与强调句型
1) a. It is in this room that I lived last year.
b. It is the room where I lived last year.
2) a. It was at seven o’clock that he went to school this morning.
b. It was seven o’clock when he went to school this morning.
解题点拨：强调句型：It is/was+被强调的成份+that/who+其它部分; 去掉 It is/was….that/who… ,句子照样成立;而定语从句的引导词在句中要作成份。
【定语从句】定语从句顺口溜
1.定从分类有奥妙,? 限与非限看逗号;
定前必有先行词，名代两类最适宜；
定从先行很紧密，代副两词拉关系；?
?
2.关系代词有六个，听我逐一来说破；
which表物人用who,人物都有that顾；
which用在逗号后，意表前句你要know;
who做主语很称职，whom用到宾语里；?
?
3.that用法真有趣， 两个地方它不去；
逗号后边它不去， 介词之后不考虑；?
?
4.That which代表物，区别听我来叙述；
先行若是不定代，that就把which 踹；
先行词前有两数， 就用that定无误；
先行词前最高级， 还用that必无疑；
句中若有there be, that应把which替；
先行主中做表语， 避免重复从句里；
（Just the only very same last, 其后也要用that;）?
?
5.指人可用that who, 以下情况多用who;
Those people做先行，There be的结构中；
先行指人不定代，从中做主who要在；
两个定从一起来，不要重复你有才；?
?
6.定从之中少定语，whose为你唱一曲；
Whose指人又指物，所属关系要记住。?
?
7.As/which在句末，若有否定as错；
句首只能用as,还有认知猜想词；
固定结构用as, the same /such/so/as;
So /such …that宾不离，so/such…as宾要弃；?
?
8.关系代词到这里，主宾表定作用起；
关系代词做宾语，省与不省全靠你；?
?
9.关系副词when/where/why, 从中做状莫懈怠；
时间用when原因why,地点where经常在；
关系副词可替换，介词加上关系代；
关系代，关系代，that与who要除外；
挑选介词要聪明，必看动词和先行；
聪明反被聪明误，只因乱用关系副；
关系副，关系副，定缺主宾它不住；
它不住，它不住，关系代词来玩酷；?
?
10.只记上边不可以，特殊情况告诉你；
先行用way 做状语, in which/ that /略可以；
one of +复做先行，从中谓语复数明，
one前若有only/very, 从中谓语定用单 ；
定从名从可转换，all that被 what换
【考点例析】
1. Maria has written two novels, both of ___ have been made into television series. 【2012山东】
A. them B. that C. which D. what
1.C 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：Maria写了两部小说，两部都被拍成了电视剧。此处先行词为two novels,后面是一个非限制性定语从句且介词在前面，因此用使用both of which来引导，故正确答案为C。
2. The air quality in the city, _____ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. 【2012福建】
A. that B. it C. as D. what
2. C 本题考查定语从句引导词。句意：正如报道的那样，这个城市的空气质量在过去的两个月里已经得到了改善。应为as引导的非限制性定语从句，故正确答案为C。
3. Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _____, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. 【2012浙江卷】
A. which B. who C. where D. whom
3.B 考查定语从句。通过分析可以看出，本句先行词为ellen,指人，空格处应做主语。
Which修行先行词是物的定语从句；whom修饰先行词为人，且在从句中做宾语；where修饰先行词是地点名词，且在从句中地点状语，均不符合语境，故排除。who引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中做主语，故正确答案为B。
4.We live in an age _____more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 【2012浙江卷】
A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which
4. B 考查定语从句。when引导定义从句，在从句中做时间状语，修饰先行词an age（时代）. 此处的when=at which。故正确答案为B。
5.After the flooding, people were suffering in that area,_______ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. 【2012江苏卷】
A. which B. who C. where D. what
5. B考查定语从句中关系代词的使用。指人的先行词people在非限制性定语从句中充当主语，所以用关系代词who引导。故选B项。
6. Sales director is a position ______ communication ability is just as important as sales【2012重庆卷】
A. which B. that C. when D. where
6.D 考查定语从句。“position”为先行词，后面是其定语从句，关系词在从句中作的是地点状语，因此，应该使用关系副词“where”来引导定语从句。因此，正确答案为D选项。
7. In our class there are 46 students, _____ half wear glasses. 【2012四川卷】
A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them
7.C 本题考查定语从句。前后两句话之间无连词，故不能用人称代词them而应用关系代词whom引导定语从句；在46个学生当中，表所属，应用of。故答案选C。
8. It is the third time that she has won the race, ______ has surprised us all. 【2012陕西卷】
A. that B. where C. which D. what
8.C 考查定语从句。所填词前有逗号，是非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，关系词在从句中做主语，选C。
9. When deeply absorbed in work, ______ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping. 【2012北京卷】
A. that B. which C. where D. when
9. B本题考查非限制性定语从句。句意：当沉下心工作后，他经常这样，他会忘了吃饭和睡觉。这里也是一个定语从句，不过这里的定语从句修饰的是前面整个句子，故使用which表示前面整个句子，所以答案为B。
10 That evening, _____ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late. 【2012全国II】
A. that B. which C. what D. when
10.B 考查定语从句。句意：以后我将和你谈起的那个晚上，我工作到了很晚。这里that evening是先行词，其在定语从句中作介词about的宾语，所以用which。
11.I wish to thank Professor Smith, without_______help I would never have got this far. 【2012天津卷】
who B. whose C. whom D. which
11.B 本题考查定语从句。句意：我想感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助我从来不会发展到这个地步。本句为非限制性定语从句，且句子缺少定语，故正确答案为B。
【方法技巧】
1 了解有关定语从句的所有语法规则，弄清从句中关系代词和关系副词的区别
2.分清及物动词和不及物动词，判断句子结构是否完整，注意句子中逗号的语法作用。
3注意先行词的特殊性和关系代词的选择，依据先行词来选择/"介词+关系代词/"的结构。
4. 加强有关定语从句的理解和练习
5．注重复习疑问句中或倒装句中考查定语从句的情况。
6.掌握通过拆分词组和固定搭配或者添加插入语或状语来考查定语从句的做题方法。
【专题训练】
1. Was it in the waiting room ______ only allows mothers-to-be to enter that you lost your wallet?
A. / B. where C. that D. when
2 Obama, _______ life was once hard when he was young, were elected President of American.
A. for whom B. who C. to whom D. /
3 _______ has been announced, our government will take more measures to make the falling economics recover as soon as possible.
A That B As C It D What
4. Lee Yu chun was titled as the top thin beauty in Ansia , _______ caused a lot of disagreements in the field of entertainment.
A. that B. which C as D it
5 There were so many attractions in Disney Park. After lunch we came to a place, _______ stood a big tower.
A. which B. that C. / D. where
6． A political advisor suggested giving out red pockets to the whole nation directly to encourage economics，_____I believe is of great value.
A that B. / C. which D. why
7 Is this the website_______ you want to have ____ into your files to help you learn English?
A. who; to add B. that; add C. whom; adding D. that; added
8． We have heard of many cases _______ some citizens ，especially some famous people， have suffered because personal information had been leaked.
A. why B. which C. as D. where
9． Tony showed me his new cell phone, _______ was small but it could change colors in different weather.
A. the screen of whom B. whom the screen of C. which the screen of D. the screen of which
10．I will never forget the day _______ I came to my university and the day ______ I spent in a new city.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
11This article may shock some sensitive readers，________I offer my apologies in advance.
A. from whom B. for whom C. to whom D. towards whom
12． We hope the measures to control house prices，________are taken by the government, will succeed.
A．which B．that C．what D．as
13. Is this the reason________at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
14. Luckily, we’d brought a road map without________we would have lost our way.
A. it B. that C. this D. which
15. When he was working there he caught a serious illness from________efforts he still suffers.
A. which B. that C. whose D. what
16. It’s said that he’s looking for a new job, one________he can get more money to support his family.
A. when B. where C. that D. which
17. We are living in an age________many things are done on computer.
A. which B. that C. whose D. when
18. The little time we have together we’ll try________wisely.
A. spending it B. to spend it C. to spend D. spending that
19. The old building, behind________was a famous church, was________we used to work.
A. that, the place B. it, the place C. which, where D. what, where
20. We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, ________other visitors seldom go.
A. what B. which C. where D. when
21. The modern history of Italy dates from 1860, ________the country became united.
A. when B. if C. since D. until
22. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those________in the forest.
A. once they grew B. they grew once C. that once grew D. once grew
23. You could see the runners very well from ________we stood.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
24. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase，________was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
25. What have you got________will help a cold?
A. what B. that C. it D. who
【参考答案】
1-5 CABBD 6-10CDDDA 11-15CAADC 16-20BDCCC 21-25ACBBB
【专题六】非谓语动词
【考情分析】
非谓语动词包括不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词，是高中英语学习的难点，也是高考考查的重点。高中英语非谓语动词十个重要考点：
1.考查不定式、现在分词与过去分词的基本区别
2.考查非谓语动词的主动式与被动式
3.考查非谓语动词完成式的用法
4.考查非谓语动词用作伴随状语
5.考查非谓语动词用作目的状语
6.考查非谓语动词用作结果状语
7.考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语
8.考查非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题
9.考查非谓语动词用作主语的问题
10.考查“(be+)过去分词+介词”结构
【知识归纳】
考点一：非谓语动词的基本用法
1.动词不定式：
动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。
1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。
语态式
一般式
完成式
进行式
完成进行式
主 动
to build
to have built
to be building
to have been building
被 动
to be build
to have been build
2.现在分词-ing形式
1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：
动词 语态
形式
及物动词make
不及物动词go
主动语态
被动语态
主动语态
一般式
making
being made
going
完成式
having made
having been made
having gone
2、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.
3、被动语态-ing一般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours.
4、被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
5、-ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peter’s (or Peter)going there first.
3.过去分词：
过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者。
考点二：非谓语动词作状语
（一）现在分词作状语
1．现在分词作状语时其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语，这时该动词与句子的主语之间往往存在主谓关系。
They entered the theatre，talking and laughing.
他们说笑着进了剧院。
2．现在分词有：一般式、被动式、完成式和完成被动式四种形式，每一种形式的否定式都是直接在前面加not构成。一般式(doing)表示主动的一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作；被动式(being done)表示正在进行的被动的动作，完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作；完成被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。
Not having received a reply，he decided to write again.
没有得到答复，他决定再写信去。
The old man，having worked abroad for twenty years，came back to his motherland.(work与句子的主语the old man之间存在主谓关系，而且work这一动作发生在谓语动作之前)
在国外工作了二十年后，这位老人回到了祖国。
Having won the championship，he was awarded a million dollars.因为获得了冠军，他被奖励100万美元。
【提醒】 通常现在分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，即彼此间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。但generally speaking, strictly speaking, roughly speaking, judging from等词组不受这种语法限制。 如：
Generally speaking，children like playing in the fields.
一般来说，孩子们喜欢在田野里玩。
Judging from what he said，he must be an honest man.
从他说的话来判断，他一定是一位诚实的人。
（二）过去分词作状语
1．过去分词作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作或状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况；其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且主语是过去分词动作的承受者，过去分词与主语之间存在动宾关系。
Given the right kind of training，these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.(这里give与句子的主语these teenage soccer players之间存在动宾关系)
给予正确的训练，这些青少年足球运动员有一天会成为国际明星。
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.
倘若给予更多的关注，这些树会生长得更好。
2．某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构中。此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，这样的词有：lost(迷路的)，seated(坐)，hidden(躲)，stationed (驻扎)，lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)，dressed in(穿着)，tired of(感到厌倦)等，不管它们作什么成分都不用其 ing形式。
Absorbed in his book，he didn’t notice me enter the room.
专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。
Dressed in red，she looks more beautiful.
穿着红色的衣服，她看上去更漂亮了。
【提醒】 作状语时，是用动词 ing形式还是用过去分词，取决于该动词与句子主语之间的关系。如果是意义上的主谓关系，一般用动词 ing形式；如果是意义上的动宾关系，则一般用过去分词。请记住下面的例子，并细心体会。注意：句子的主语改变了，分词的形式也要相应地发生变化。 试比较：
Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。(see 与主语the park之间存在动宾关系)
Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we之间存在主谓关系)
（三）不定式作状语
1．作目的状语：作目的状语时，不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语，这里往往译作“为了，想要”。
To be a winner，you need to give all you have and try your best.
要想成为赢家，你要付出所有并竭尽全力。
Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we之间存在主谓关系)
2．用于：so...as to...；such...as to；enough to...；too...to；only to等结构中往往用来作结果状语。
He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets had been sold out.
他匆忙去了售票处，结果被告知所有的票已经卖完了。(“only＋to do”表示出乎意料的结果，tell和主语he之间存在动宾关系，因而应用不定式的被动结构。)
【提醒】 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别：不定式作结果状语往往表示意想不到的结果，而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。
His parents died，leaving him an orphan.
他的父母去世了，使他成为孤儿。
3．与形容词连用时，大多表示原因，用作原因状语。这些形容词主要有：happy，kind，surprised，frightened，angry，shocked，glad，delighted，disappointed等。 如：
I’m very glad to hear the news. 听到这个消息我非常高兴。
考点三：非谓语动词作定语
1．现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行
China is a developing country.中国是一个发展中国家。
Be quiet.There’s a sleeping baby.安静点，这儿有一个正在睡觉的孩子。
2．过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成
The developed countries also need help from any other country in the world.
发达国家也需要世界上其他国家的帮助。
“Things lost never come again！”I couldn’t help talking to myself.
“失去的东西再也不会回来！”我情不自禁地自言自语。
3．动词不定式作定语多表示将来动作
The problem to be discussed is of great importance.要讨论的这个问题很重要。
考点四：非谓语动词作宾补
1．过去分词作宾语补足语
过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。
I’ll have my house painted tomorrow.
明天我会让人把我的房子粉刷一下。
When I opened the door，I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.
当我打开门时，我发现地面被落叶所覆盖。
2．现在分词作宾语补足语
现在分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系。现在分词作宾语补足语强调正在进行中的主动动作，即动作过程的一部分。可以带这种复合宾语的动词有see，watch，hear，observe，feel，find，have，keep等。
He saw a boy getting on the bus.
他看见一个男孩正在上公交车。(强调动作在进行)
Jenny found a wallet lying on the ground.
詹妮发现地上有一个钱包。(主动)
3．不定式作宾语、主语补足语
表示一个完整的动作过程将要发生、经常发生或已发生。诸如get, ask, beg, invite, oblige, allow, hate, wish, want, expect, like, permit, encourage, request, advise, order, persuade, cause, warn等动词后都可用不定式作宾语补足语。如果是动词let, have, make, hear, notice, see, observe, feel, look at, listen to等使役动词和感官动词，在主动语态中要用不带to的不定式作宾补，在被动语态中时，用带to的不定式作主语补足语。如：
①The policeman told the boy not to play on the road.
警察告诉这个小孩不要在道路上玩。
②The old man was often seen to stand at the door of his house.
这位老人经常被看到站在门口。(经常性的动作)
考点五：非谓语动词作宾语
1．不定式作宾语
有些动词之后要用不定式作宾语。表示某次具体的动作或行为。类似的动词有hope, agree, choose，manage，promise，expect，determine，decide，seek，refuse，arrange，desire等。如：
She pretended not to see me when I came in.
她假装没有看到我进来。
2．动名词作宾语
有些动词(词组)后接动名词形式，表示动作的经常性、习惯性或已经完成。类似的词有enjoy, mind, finish, practise, suggest, advise, allow/permit, forbid, keep, admit, avoid, escape, consider(考虑), delay, put off, give up等。如：
Would you mind my opening the window?
你介意我打开窗户吗？
【提醒】 want, need, require 等动词以物作主语时，其后的宾语用主动式表示被动含义或用不定式的被动式。如：
Those young trees need watering/ to be watered.
那些小树需要浇水了。
3．有些动词既可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，但意义不同。如：
regret to do对要做的事遗憾(未做)；regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔(已做)
①I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
②I don’t regret telling her what I thought.
我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
remember/forget to do记着/忘记要做某事(未做)；remember /forget doing记得/忘记做过某事(已做)。如：
①Remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
②Don’t you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗？
mean to do 打算要做某事；mean doing意味着某事
stop to do停下来去做另一件事；stop doing停下做某事
try to do 试图做某事；try doing尝试着做某事
can’t help doing情不自禁做某事；can’t help (to) do不能帮着做某事
考点六：非谓语动词作主语：
（1）动词不定作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.
（2）现在分词作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。Talking is easier than doing. –ing作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing后置。如：It isn’t much good writing to them again. It’s no use waiting here.
考点七：非谓语动词作表语：
1.动词不定式作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day.
2.现在分词作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.
3.过去分词作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。
【注意】过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。
【考点例析】
1．Having finished her project, she was invited by the school _____to the new students. 【2012江西卷】
A．speaking B．having spoken C．to speak D．to have spoken
1. C考查非谓语动词作状语。本题为不定式表目的，又因D选项时态错误，故选C。
2. We’re having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______ at the meeting will in the future of our company. 【2012重庆卷】
A. to be made B. being made C. made D. having been made
2 A 考查非谓语动词作定语。分析句子结构可知，空白处为后置定语，与被修饰的名词是逻辑上的被动关系，而且是将要发生的动作。由此可知，表示被动和将来的A选项符合题意。B表示被动进行，C表示被动完成，D表示被动完成，但是不作定语。因此，正确答案为A选项。
3. I looked up and noticed a snake ______ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. 【2012四川卷】
A. to wind B. wind C. winding D. wound
3C 本题考查非谓语动词。此题考查现在分词作宾语补足语。winding its way与宾语snake之间为主动关系且此动作正在进行，故选C。
4. Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ____.【2012四川卷】
A. washed B. wash C. washing D. to wash高666考%%
4. A 本题考查非谓语动词。考查过去分词作宾语补足语。句意为：在驱车进城之前，你必须将你的车洗了。此题中使役动词get后接的宾语car与作宾语补足语的动词wash之间为被动关系，构成短语：get sth. done。故答案选A。
5. ______ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. 【2012重庆卷】
A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked
5.A考查非谓语动词用法。经过分析，我们发现逗号前为原因状语，空白处与句子的主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，由此可排除表示主动关系的B和C选项，D选项常作目的和结果状语，不作原因状语，也可排除，而A选项为现在分词完成式的被动形式，可作时间状语、原因状语、结果状语、伴随状语等。因此，正确答案为A选项。
6.________ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad . 【2012陕西卷】
A. Standing B. To stand C. Stood D. Stand
6.A考查非谓语动词作伴随状语。非谓语动词短语后有逗号，说明非谓语动词做题干的状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语we，非谓语动词与逻辑主语是主动关系，且其动作与谓语动词wait的动作同时进行，用动词v-ing的一般式，选A。
7. The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy _____ anything that happened to be on. 【2012全国II】
A. to watch B. watching C. watched D. to have watched
7. A 考查动词不定式作目的状语。句意：那位老人每天晚上坐在电视机前，高兴地看要上演的任何节目。
此处happy to watch anything that happened to be on作sat的目的状语。
8. Film has a much shorter history, especially when_____such art forms as music and painting. 【2012全国新课程】
A. having compared to B. comparing to
C. compare to D. compared to
8. D考查非谓语动词的用法。句意：电影的历史短的多，尤其是当它和像音乐和绘画这样的艺术形式相比时。此处是被省略的时间状语从句，其相当于：when film is compared to such art forms as music and painting. 这里film和compare之间是被动关系，故用过去分词。又因为主语一致，所以film被省略。故正确答案为D项。
9. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ________. 【2012山东卷】 A. providing B. provided C. having provided D. provide
9.B 考查非谓语动词作定语。句意为：完成并签名后，请把表格放入我们提供的信封内送回。此处动词provide与其逻辑主语envelope之间是被动关系，在句中作定语，相当于which is provided。
10. George returned after the war, only _______ that his wife had left him. 【2012山东卷】 A. to be told B. telling C. being told D. told
10.A不定式短语作结果状语。句意：乔治战争后回到家，结果被告知妻子已经离开了。此处only to do/be done表示意料之外的结果；现在分词作结果状语则表示自然的结果。这里George和tell之间是被动关系，因此用to be told。
【方法技巧】
一、复习要点
1．平时的备考中用注意不定式的完成式、进行式、被动式；不定式作后置定语与分词作后置定语的区别。
2．不定式的省略与不定式的否定结构。
3．只能接动名词的动词，只能接不定式的动词以及接动名词、不定式有区别的动词。
4．现在分词与过去分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语的区别，以及不定式作状语与分词作状语的区别。
二、做题方法
要解答好这类题目，第一步判断该动词与被修饰的名词之间的关系，如果是动宾关系就要用表示被动的非谓语形式(过去分词，现在分词的被动式，不定式的被动式)，如果是主谓关系则用现在分词或动词不定式；第二步看动作发生的时间，如果没有确定的时间，一般情况下动宾关系用过去分词，主谓关系用现在分词。
【专题训练】
1. I walked out of the cinema, ____I'd never come back to this hell of a place．
A．determining B．decided C．to determine D．to decide
2. ____in black business suit in the opening ceremony of the 2011 World University Games, President Hu Jintao waved his hands to the people all over the world．
A．Dressed B．Worn C．Dressing D．Wearing
3. The problems _____at the meeting the day after tomorrow are really hard to solve．
A．discussed B．to discuss C．to be discussed D．discussing
4. Our headmaster introduced the rules that he would like to see _______ the next year.
A. establish B. establishing C. established D. to establish
5. I don’t know whether you happen ____ it, but I’m going to spend my holiday in Beijing next week.
A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard
6.My wife told my little son not to leave the water ____ while he brush his teeth.
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
7. _____ some treasures of the Palace Museum , Shi Bokui had to look for a place to hide them.
A. Having stolen??? B. Having been stolen? C. Stolen????? D. Stealing
8. The school was built in honor of the singer who was believed _____ the future of the poor children.
A. to have saved B. to have been saved C. to save?????? D. having been s
9. The witness kept quiet about the accident lose his job.
A．so not as to B．so as not to C．so as to not D．not so as to
10. The robber was lucky that it just missed .
A．catching B．to be caught C．being caught D．to catch
11. The policeman reached the spot qucikly but he found the man in bed, dead.
A．lying B．lie C．lay D．laying
12. It was said that Jack was made the window for a week as a punishment.
A．to wash B．washing C．wash D．to be washing
13. ---- My baby has a heart trouble.
---- Did the doctor find it difficult ______ ?
A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat
114.Judging by the expression on his face, the foreigner seemed his way.
A．to be losing B．to have missed C．to have lost D．missed
15、The young man told the doctor that he didn’t need his heart .
A．having, checked B．to have, checked
C．having, to check D．to have, to check
【参考答案】
1-5 AACCD 6-10BAABC 11-15 AADCB
【专题十】特殊句式与交际用语
【考情分析】
特殊句式
1．对于感叹句、祈使句、反意疑问句和否定句的考查主要从以下几个方面进行：
(1)感叹句的考查要点是what与how引导的感叹句作为宾语从句出现在试题中，其难点有两方面：一是复数名词或不可数名词前面用what还是how；二是感叹句的语序。
(2)祈使句的主要考点是：根据句式特点判断是祈使分句还是状语成分；祈使句＋and/or＋结果分句。
(3)反意疑问句主要考查主从复合句和并列句后面的反意疑问句。
(4)否定句的考查主要是对于部分否定句的辨认。
2．对省略句的考查主要从以下几个方面进行：
(1)省略主语、主语和谓语、主语和谓语的一部分；(2)不定式符号to的省略；
(3)状语从句中主语和谓语动词部分的省略；(4)不定式中动词的省略；
(5)not，so，neither，nor的“替代性”省略。
3．对倒装句的考查主要从以下几个方面入手：
(1)含有否定意味的词置于句首时，部分倒装；(2)only＋状语位于句首时，部分倒装；
(3)so/such...that句型中，so/such位于句首时，so/such后的主句倒装，that从句不倒装。
4．对主谓一致的考查重点是：
(1)主语＋as well as/together with＋名词/代词；
(2)not only...but(also)．...，neither...nor...，either...or...连接两个主语；
(3)means，works等词汇作主语。
5．强调句型的考查重点是：
（1）考查强调句式的基本结构
（2）考查含有“not…until…”句型的强调句式
（3）考查强调句式的疑问句
（4）考查强调句式的正确判断
交际用语
情景交际是高考必考内容，主要包括习惯应答类和语言结构类两种交际用语。前者要求考生掌握一些常见的诸如打电话、问路、购物等交际话题的固定套语，以及表示感谢、道歉、请求等的应答用语。对于这类题目，考生要遵循英美人的语言习惯进行选择。后者则要求考生依据对话情景和所掌握的正确的交际用语作出选择。此类交际用语以习惯用法和变异句，如省略句居多，考生要注意积累和识记。
【知识归纳】
特殊句式
考点一 倒装句
1．全部倒装
在全部倒装的句子中，要把整个谓语放在主语的前面去而构成倒装语序。
(1)当there, here, then, now等副词在句首，且谓语是come, go, be等动词时，句子一般要全部倒装。其意义在于引起他人的注意。如果这类句子的主语是代词，则不用写成倒装句。如：
Now, here goes the story.
这个故事是这样的。
Look, there comes the taxi.
瞧，出租车过来了。
Then came another question.
然后又一个问题提出来了。
(2)表示方向或位置的副词或介词短语放到句首，该句要用全部倒装。如：
High up into the sky went the kite.
风筝高高地飞向天空。
2．部分倒装
在部分倒装的句子中，只把谓语的一部分(如情态动词、助动词、或是系动词be)放到主语的前面去，构成倒装语序。
(1)为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用“so ＋ be动词(助动词、情态动词)＋主语”或“neither / nor ＋ be动词(助动词、情态动词)＋主语”的倒装句式。其中第一个句式表示“与前面所述的肯定情况相同”， 第二个句式表示“与前面所述的否定情况相同”。例如：
His brother is a college student; so is mine.
他弟弟是大学生，我弟弟也是。
His brother is not a college student; nor is mine.
他弟弟不是大学生，我弟弟也不是。
(2)具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时(除否定词修饰主语外)，句子一般要写成部分倒装句。这类词或短语常见的有：not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, by no means, under no conditions[circumstances], in no way, at no time, no sooner... (than), hardly... (when), not only ...(but also), not until...，等等。如：
Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door.
她还没来得及坐下来，就听见有人敲门。
Not until twelve o’clock did he go to bed last night.
他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。
(3)当so...that, such...that中的so...和such...放在句首时，句子一般要倒装。如：
So serious was the situation that everybody faced a test.形势如此地严峻，每个人都面临着一场考验。
(4)only修饰的状语放到句首，主句要形成部分倒装。如：
Only in this way can you come up with a solution to the problem.
只有这样，你才有可能想出解决这个问题的办法。
考点二 强调句
一、强调句基本结构
1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。强调句可以强调除谓语以外的一切成分。下面我们针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。
强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.
2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。
e.g. Was it yesterday that he met my old friend?
3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？
e.g. When was it that you were born?
我们需要注意的是：第一、构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略。
第二、It's?....that/who....的强调句型只是为了强调某一成分，而不充当成分。所以它和It作形式主语，真正的主语从句后置的情况有所不同。 我们一起看下面两个例句: 1.It's?necessary?that?we?should?learn?english.(主语从句) 2.It's?not?until?he?got?off?the?bus?that?he?realized?his money was stolen.(强调句型) 解析：因为强调句型中的It's....that/who....在句子中不充当任何成分。所以去掉后句子依然完整。 例子2去掉It's....that/who....后就成了 ?????until?he?got?off?the?bus?he?realized his money was stolen.?而例子1去掉后句子则不完整。
二、not … until … 句型的强调句
1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分
e.g. 普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his son came back.
强调句：It was not until his son came back that he went to bed.
2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
三、谓语动词的强调
1、It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。
e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。
考点三 省略句
1．在when，while，whenever，till，as soon as, if，unless，as if，though，as等引导的状语从句中，若谓语有be动词，而主语又与主句主语相同或主语是it时，从句的主语和be动词常被省略
Unless(I am) invited，I won’t go to the party.
除非被邀请，否则我是不会去参加那个派对的。
When (you are) working，you must pay attention.
上班时，你必须全神贯注。
Get up early tomorrow，if not (you don’t get up early)，you will miss the first bus.
明天早点起床，如果不的话，你会错过早班车。
2．I’m afraid，I think，I believe，I hope，I guess等作答句，后面跟so与not分别等于肯定或否定，宾语从句可省去
—Do you think it will rain?
“你认为会下雨吗？”
—I hope not (that it will not rain)．
“我希望不下。”
—Do you believe our team will win?
“你相信我们队会赢吗？”
—I guess so.
“我猜会赢。”
3．不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to
(1)用来代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid，glad，happy，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，seem，try，want，wish等的后边。
I asked him to see the film，but he didn’t want to.
我请他去看电影，但他不想去。
—Will you join in the game?
“你愿意加入做游戏吗？”
—I’d be glad to.
“我很高兴加入。”
(2)如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。
—Are you a sailor?
“你是海员吗？”
—No，but I used to be.
“不，但我过去是。”
4．What if句式。这一结构用来表达“要是/即使……怎么办/怎么样”
What if this plan of yours fails?
要是你的计划失败了怎么办？
考点四 主谓一致
一、就近一致原则
1．由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最邻近的主语在单复数上保持一致。
Neither you nor I am fit for the work.
你和我都不适合这份工作。
Are neither you nor I fit for the work?
你和我都不适合这份工作吗？
【注意】 “with/along with/together with/including/but/except/like/as well as/no more than/besides/rather than＋名词”置于主语后，谓语动词一般仍与前面的名词在单复数上保持一致。
Henry，rather than Jane and John，is responsible for the loss.
损失的责任应由亨利而不是由简和约翰来承担。
2．由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There is a pencil and two pens in the pencil box.
文具盒内有一支铅笔和两支钢笔。
二、意义一致原则
(一)谓语动词用单数的情况
1．由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现。
The worker and writer is from Wuhan.
那个工人兼作家来自武汉。
2．“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都很有理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。
3．非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语。
Persuading him to join us seems really hard.
劝他加入我们看起来确实难。
To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.
早睡早起是一个好的习惯。
Whatever was left was taken away.
无论剩下了什么都被拿走了。
【提醒】 what引导的主语从句，谓语动词一般用单数形式，若从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数形式，则谓语动词用复数形式。
What they need are books.
他们需要的是书。
(二)谓语动词用复数的情况
1．由and连接的两个并列成分表示两个不同的概念。
Both bread and butter are sold out.
面包和黄油都卖完了。
2．people，police，cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语。
People read for pleasure during their spare time.
人们闲暇之余的阅读是为了消遣。
交际用语
考点一 感谢、道歉、祝愿和请求
感谢、道歉、祝愿、请求等都有其固定的应答用语，这些应答用语通常是高考考查的热点。对于这类题目，我们要紧紧遵循英语习惯进行作答。以下是常见的应答交际用语。
1．英语中常用于回答感谢的应答用语有：You are welcome./Don’t mention it./It is my pleasure./Not at all./That’s all right.
2．常用于回答别人道歉的用语有：Never mind./It doesn’t matter./Not at all./That’s all right.
3．常见的祝愿和祝贺用语有：Good luck！/Best wishes to you./Have a nice time./Wish you a success (pleasant) journey./Congratulations！/Merry Christmas！/Happy birthday to you!
而常用的应答用语有：Thank you./The same to you./You too.
4．接受请求或邀请的应答用语有：With pleasure./I’m happy (glad) to.../No problem./Good idea./Why not？拒绝请求或邀请的应答用语有：Sorry，but.../I’m afraid，but.../I’d rather you.../Thank you，but...
考点二 提供帮助和应答类交际用语
1．What can I do for you？/Can (Could) I help you (with the box)？/Would you like me to.../Is there anything else I can do for you？/Do you want me to.../Anything else I can do for you？/What else can I do for you？/Would you like some help？/Let me carry it for you，OK?
2．That is very kind.太谢谢了。
3．Thanks，that would be nice(fine)．/It’s very kind of you./Thank you for your help.注意：接受帮助时不能说“Yes，you can/may.”
4．No，thanks (thank you)．I can manage it myself./Thank you all the same./It’s very kind of you，but I can manage it myself./It’s all right.Thank you./No，it’s OK.Thank you.
【注意】 拒绝帮助时不能说“No，you can’t.”，以免显得十分无礼。
考点三 劝告和建议类交际用语
1．You’d better (not)．...
2．Shall we.../Why not...
3．What about/How about...
4．肯定回答常用That’s OK/all right；否定回答常用No，thanks或Sorry。
【考点例析】
1.Never before seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert. 【2012江西卷】
A．had she B．she had C．has she D．she has
1.C考查部分倒装。句首有关键词Never，否定词提前到句首，句子部分倒装。排除B,D。再根据句子时态，应用现在完成时，故选C。
2. ----I don’t know about you, but I’m sick and tired of this weather. 【2012山东卷】
-----______ I can’t stand all this rain.
A. I don’t care B. It’s hard to say C. So am I D. I hope not.
2. C考查倒装句的用法。句意：---我不了解你。我讨厌这种天气。---我也是。我无法忍受整天下雨。
当表示后者与前者具有相同特征的时候，后者用倒装的形式；肯定用so，否定用nor或neither构成。根据后面一句中的I can’t stand all this rain可知，此处与上一句中的I’m sick and tired of the weather表达同样的感受，因此应该用So am I，表示“我也是”。故正确答案为C。
3.Had they known what was coming next, they_______second thoughts. 【2012浙江卷】
A. may have B. could have C. must have had D. might have had
3. D 考查虚拟语气中的情态动词。本句是一个倒装句，可还原为：if they had known what was coming next, they might have had second thought。根据had known提示，可知是与过去事实相反，因此虚拟语气主句中应该用would/might +have done，由此可见答案D符合语境。
4.There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent, _______________?【2012江苏卷】
A. is there B. isn't there C. is he D. isn't he
4.A 考查反义问句。根据前面there be 句里含有否定意义的词little，所以反意疑问句用肯定形式，其主谓应与陈述部分的主谓保持一致，故选A项。
5.It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic______ Zheng sailed to East Africa【2012重庆卷】
A. when B. that C. after D. since
5. B考查特殊句式—强调句型。句子虽然比较长，但是其主干为强调句型，是对“80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic”进行了强调，由此可知，空白处应该填写“that”。因此，正确答案为B选项。
6.Not until he retired from teaching three years ago,______having a holiday abroad. 【2012辽宁卷】
A. he had considered B. had he considered C. he considered D. did he consider
6.D 考查特殊句式—倒装。Not until位于句首时句子要倒装，consider having a holiday abroad这个动作发生在retire之后，所以用一般过去时。
7.The basketball coach, as well as his team , ______interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance. 【2012陕西卷】
A. were B. was C. is D. are
7.B 考查动词时态和主谓一致。句子两个并列主语由as well as连接，所以主语中心词是the basketball coach，是单数，根据shortly after the match可以推断出题干时态是一般过去时，故选B。
8.--Have you paid? What’s my share of the bill?
-- ______. It wasn’t very much. 【2012江西卷】
A．Don’t worry about it B．It’s my share C．None of your business. D．It’s up to you.
8. A考查情景交际。句意为：”你付了钱吗?我的那份账单是多少?”,”不用担心,这不是很贵的.”选项
A:不用担心。选项B：这是我的那份。C：不管你的事。D：这取决于你。故正确答案为A。
9.—Look, here comes your dream girl. Invite her to dance.
—______What if she refuses me? 【2012重庆卷】
A.I don’t know B. Why me? C. With pleasure D. So what?
9.A 考查交际用语。分析语境可知，对于是否邀请对方跳舞拿不定主意，害怕对方拒绝。在四个选项中，A选项符合语境。因此，正确答案为A选项。
10. — I’m terribly sorry to interrupt, but may I use your phone? It’s rather urgent.
— Yes,_____. 【2012辽宁卷】
A. with pleasure B. no burry C. it doesn’t matter D. of course
10.D 考查交际用语。由前面的Yes可知，第二个人同意对方用他的电话，所以用of course。学生可能会误选为A，with pleasure意为“乐意帮忙”而这个题是说对方当然可以用他的电话，所以with pleasure在这儿不合题意。
【方法技巧】
1.考前应认真研读高考题目，了解高考题目的立意方向和设问风格，做到知彼知己，百战不殆。
2.掌握几种特殊句式的基本式及其变式，高考的考查方向一向以实用为主，故可能会在长句中考查。建议大家从题型入手，仔细分析试题的内部结构，以不变应万变。
3. 建议大家尽力在写作中灵活运用特殊句式来表达，对文章加以润色，增加文章“闪光点”，增长作文“得分点”。
4. 复习交际用语时，建议大家仔细分析试题的具体语境；判断句子是感谢、建议、劝告、购物等类型，是正确作答的关键。
【专题训练】
1．—Who are making so much noise in the garden?
—________the children.
A. It is B. They are C. That is D. There are
2. It is________he often fails in exams________makes his parents worried about him.
A. what; that B. that; what C. that; that D. / ; that
3. What she says and does________nothing to do with me.
A. was B. were C. has D. have
4. There________a dictionary and several books on the desk.
A. are B. must C. have been D. is
5. No teacher and no student________.
A. are admitted B. is admitted C. are admitting D. is admitting
6．________had the bell rung________the students took their seats.
A. Hardly；when B. No sooner；when C. Hardly；than D. No sooner；then
7．________the baby fell asleep________the room.
A. After；did the mother leave B. Not until；did the mother leave
C. Not until；the mother left D. Soon after；the mother had left
8．It was________his mother came in________to prepare his lessons.
A. not until；did the boy begin B. until；that the boy began
C. until；did the boy begin D. not until；that the boy began
9.We’d say that never before________so moving a film as After Shock.
A．we had seen B．had we seen C．we have seen D．have we seen
10—Hey! Lucy! Have you heard about the optional courses this year?
—________What about that?
A．Not really B．Not exactly C．Not simply D．Not nearly
11.——Mum，can I go out to play with Tom for just a while?
——________and do what you like.
A. No way B. Go ahead C. It depends D. Don’t worry
12. “I hear Johnson was badly injured in the accident.” “________let’s go and see him.”
A. What’s more B. If so C. Where possible D. When necessary。
13.“Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation？” “It________.”
A. all depend B. all depends C. is all depended D. is all depending
14. There is going to be a fire drill this afternoon, ______?
A. is there??? B. is going there??? C. isn’t there???? D. did there
15. He must be our English teacher,______?
A. must he? B. doesn’t he? C. mustn’t he? D. isn’t he
【参考答案】
1-5 ACCDB 6-10 ABDDA 11-15 BBBCD
【专题四】介词、连词与状语从句
【考情分析】
介词
1．常见介词的用法及辨析。
2．介词与其他词性所构成的一些短语。
3．在定语从句中，介词的使用情况。
连词
1. 考查并列连词、从属连词的用法
2. 重点考查主从复合句和并列句的连接词的选用。
状语从句
1.状语从句的分类
1.可分为时间、原因、地点、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较及方式等类型。
2.状语从句的引导词与介词的用法比较；状语从句与定语从句引导词的辨析。
3.能够辨别同类状语从句中近似连接词的用法差异。
【知识归纳】
介词：
1.“名词＋介词”型
the key/answer/visit/apology/introduction/way…to；
wish/desire/prize/respect…for；
pity/mercy/congratulation/effect/advice/impression/influence…on
2.“介词＋ 名词”型
(1) in ＋ 名词
in advance 在前头，事先，预先 in case 如果，万一 in charge 主管，掌管，看管
in common 共有，共同，公有 in demand 有需要的in doubt 感到疑惑的，难以确定的
(2) ①on＋ 名词
on guard 在值勤 on leave 在休假 on holiday在度假 on strike罢工 on sale出售 on loan 借贷
②on＋the＋名词 on the move 在移动，搬迁；离开 on the march 在行军 on the flow 在涨潮
(3) beyond ＋名词
beyond one's power 是某人力所不及的 beyond one's reach 够不着
beyond description 难以形容 beyond words 无法用语言形容 beyond doubt 无疑
(4) under ＋ 名词
under development 在发展中under observation 在观察中 under test 在测试中
under construction 在建设中under examination 在检查(调查)中 under consideration 在考虑中
(5) at ＋ 名词
at length 详细地，长时间 at sea 茫然 at will 任意地at work 在上班at lunch 在吃午饭
at rest在休息 at table 在吃饭 at school 上学 at church 做礼拜 at peace 处于和平状态
(6) out of ＋ 名词
out of breath 上气不接下气 out of balance 失去平衡 out of date 过时 out of patience 不耐烦
3．“动词＋介词”搭配
①rob sb. of sth. ; supply us with food ;make a desk of wood ; make bread from flour
②介词 ＋ the ＋ 部位与动词的关系(＝动词 ＋ sb.’s ＋ 部位，可换用)
strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用)
catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by连用)
注意：同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异的情况。
reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和音乐唱(跳)，amount to 达到，加起来有……，devote to把……贡献给，drink to为……干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜……，ask...for...寻找，use...for用作，leave for前往，take...for误以为，
4．“形容词＋介词”型
at前的adj.：angry, good, bad, surprised, excited, puzzled等。
of前的adj.：afraid, sure, certain, full, tired, fond, proud, worthy等。worthy of值得的；proud of(take pride in)自豪；sure of / about确信；fond of喜欢；full of充满
with前的adj.: angry, strict, busy, careful, popular, patient等。satisfied with (by)满意；busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙着干某事；wrong with不对
in前的adj.：strict, weak, interested, successful, rich等。
to前的adj.：polite, kind, cruel, rude, close, available等。similar to相似
for前的adj.：sorry, famous, fit, unfit, eager, anxious，(be) hungry/thirsty等。grateful for sth. to sb.为某事感激某人；fit for适合；ready for准备
from前的adj.：far, different, free, safe等。free from没有……(免除……)；far from离……远
about前的adj.：worried, anxious, careful，curious等。glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事高兴
5． 复杂介词型
(1) 表示原因(通常在句中作状语), 意为“由于，因为”。
because of：表示实际原因(表达一种较强的因果关系)；on account of：常用来引述逻辑、理性和事实因素。
(2) 表示“除……之外”。
with the exception of＝ except, except for“除……之外”；
apart from (＝美式英语中的aside from)是个复合介词，既可表示“除……之外”，相当于except (for), 又可以表示“除……之外，(还，也)”，相当于besides； in addition to“除……之外(还，也)”，相当于besides。
(3) 表示“有关，关于”。
concerning=regarding“关于，就……而论，在……方面”；with respect to“关于，就……而言”；
as for和as to用于句首时表示“至于”。
(4) 表示“在……之前”。
ahead of=in advance of，可表示“(在空间或时间上比某人或某事物)更前，更早”，还可表示“领先，优于”；
in front of 多指空间的前后关系，“在……前方”。
(5) 表示“支持，赞成”。
in support of 维护，支持，支援；in favor of 可指某人“支持，赞成”，也可指事物“有利于……”。
(6) 表示“鉴于，由于；根据，按照”。
in the light of 按照，考虑到 in terms of 就……而言，谈到 according to 根据；按照
in view of 鉴于，因为
(7) 表示“尽管”。
in spite of 尽管，不管
连词
连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词是连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用；而从属连词一般连接主句与从句，从句形式有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等。
1．并列连词
并列连词可用来连接词与词，词组与词组，分句与分句。常用的并列连词有：and(和)，as well as(既……又)，both... and(不但……而且)，not only... but also(不但……而且)，not ...but(不是……而是)，neither...nor(既不……也不)， either... or(不是……就是)，or(或者)，but (但是)，yet(然而)，for(因为)，so(所以)，while(而)，when(这时)等。如：
Both my brother and my sister are teachers./ His room is bright but mine is gloomy(暗沉沉的)．/ He can not only repair radios but also fix them./ It is a glorious(光荣的)yet difficult task./ Strike while iron is hot.
2．从属连词
从属连词是指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有：
(1)引导时间状语从句的：after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as
(2)引导原因状语从句的：because, since, as
(3)引导让步状语从句的：although, though, no matter(无论), even if (though)
(4)引导条件状语从句的：if, unless, once, so (as) long as
(5)引导结果状语从句的：so... that..., such...that...
(6)引导目的状语从句的：so that..., in order that...
(7)引导比较状语从句的：as...as..., not so (as)．.. as...，... than...
(8)引导方式状语从句的：as if...
(9)引导主语，宾语或表语从句的连词主要有：that, whether, if三个。其中that 和whether间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。
3.几组容易混淆的并列连词：
(1)and, or和but
I must work hard, or I'll fail in the contest.
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
—Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
—I'd like to, but I'm too busy.
(2)not only...but (also), as well as不但……而且
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
(3)neither...nor “既不……也不……”； both...and...“两者都”；either...or...“不是……就是……”
Neither you nor he is to blame.
Either you or I am right.
(4)not...but... 不是……而是……
They were not the bones of an animal, but the bones of a
human being.
(5)for 因为
He is absent today, for he is ill.
注意：for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。
(6)so, therefore因此
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.
状语从句：
（一）时间状语从句
时间状语从句
1．when, while, as的区别
这三个词都可以用作连接词，表示时间关系，但有所区别。
(1)when表示时间关系时，意思常常是“当(在)……的时候”。主句和从句中的动作或事情可以同时发生，也可以先后发生。例如：
When we were at school, we went to the library every day.
我们在求学的时候，每天都到图书馆去。
(2)while 用作连接词表示时间关系时，意思也是“当(在)……的时候”，主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生。它有时可与when通用，但它只能指一段时间(a period of time)，而不能指一点时间的(a point of time)。如上面第一个例句中的when，可以用while代替；而第二个例句中的when，就不能用while代替。例如：
Please don’t talk so aloud while others are working.
别人在工作的时候，请勿大声讲话。
(3)as用作连接词表示时间关系时，意思也是“当(在)……时候”，往往可与when或while通用，但它着重指主句和从句中的动作或事情相并发生。例如：
I saw him as he was getting off the bus.当他下公共汽车的时候，我看见了他。
2．一些表示时间的名词短语也可用来引导时间状语从句
the minute, the moment, the instant, every time, the last time, every time。如：
The first time I got to the island, I was amazed by its beauty.
我第一次到这座岛屿的时候，我就对它的美丽感到惊异。
The moment I entered the room, I smelled something usual.
我一走进房间里，就觉得不对头。
Every time I visit him, he is always reading.
每次当我拜访他的时候，他总是在读书。
3．directly和immediately也可作为连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“一……就……”，相当于the moment/the instant和as soon as。如：
I knew something was wrong directly I arrived.
我一到就知道出事了。
The boys did all sorts of mischief immediately my back was turned.
我一转身孩子们就捣乱。
4．before 和after
before 引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之后，如果从句是过去时，主句一般要用过去完成时或一般过去时。after引导的从句动作通常发生在主句动作之前，如果主句要用过去时，从句则要用过去完成时或一般过去时。例如：
The plane had taken off before he arrived at the airport.他到机场前飞机早就起飞了。
After he had lived in the south for nearly 20 years, he decided to go to seek his fortune in the north.
他在南方生活了将近二十年后，决定去北方碰碰运气。
They arrived at the cinema after the film began.
电影开始之后他们到了影院。
5．no sooner...than 和hardly (scarcely)．.. when
这两个连词词组都是表示主句与从句动作随即发生，意为“一……就……”。主句动词用过去完成时。如果no sooner, hardly 或scarcely位于句首，主句要倒装。例如：
No sooner had he entered the house than it began to rain.
他刚走进房间天就开始下起雨来了。
He had hardly gone to bed when the telephone rang.
他刚上床电话就响了。
6．till 和until
这两个词的用法十分近似，都表示“直到……”，但在句首只能用until。在肯定句中，主句要用延续性动词；在否定句中，主句要用非延续性动词，这时until和before同义。例如：
Until they had finished the work, they did not go home.直到他们完成工作才回家。
7. It 与before, since, when引导的时间状语从句连用时的区别：
(1)It is/has been＋时间段＋since ... 自从……以来已有多长时间了。
(2)It is/was＋时间点＋when ... when 引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的 it 指时间，表语由具体的时间充当。常译为“当……的时候，是……”。
(3)It be ＋时间段＋ before ... it 指时间， 主句中的时态常是一般将来时或过去时两种时态．主句中的表语多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等表示时间段的词或短语。常译为“……之后……”。例如：
How long is it since we met last time?
自从上一次我们见面以来已有多长时间了？
It was a lready midnight when I got home.
当我到家时已是半夜了。
It was not long before she got married and moved to Japan.
不久她就结婚，搬往日本了。
（二）地点状语从句
地点状语从句用where, wherever引导
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。
Wherever they went, they received a warm welcome. 无论他们走到哪儿都受到热烈欢迎。
（三）原因状语从句
原因状语从句用because（因为），since（既然）, as（由于）引导
1、由why提问必须用because回答。
since, as不回答why的提问，而且从句一般放在句首，because一般放在主句之后。
2、because of +名词
Because of the rain, we didn’t go to the park.
3、because 和so不可连用，只能选其一。（另有although, but）
Why didn’t he come to school? Because he was ill.
Since I must die, I must. 既然我一定要死，我一定这样做。
4、for并列连词，不能放在句首，主要放在两个并列句之间。for所提供的理由为一个补充说明，而且前面常有逗号隔开。
The days are short, for it is December now.
（四）目的状语从句
目的状语从句用so（常用于口语）, that, so that, in order that引导
目的状语从句的谓语常含有may, might, can, could, should, would等情态动词。
We’ll sit never to the front so we can hear better.
He studied hard so that he might succeed. 他努力学习，以便成功。
They hurried to the station in order that they could catch the train.
他们急忙赶往火车站，以便能赶上火车。
（五）条件状语从句
1．if 和unless
if 表示正面的条件，意为“如果”，unless表示反向的条件，意为“除非，如果不”。例如：
If you’ve got exams tomorrow, why aren’t you studying？如果你明天有考试，你为什么不学习？
The sports meet will begin tomorrow unless it rains.运动会明天将要开始，除非下雨。
【专家提醒】 条件状语从句中常用一般时表示将要发生的动作。
2. providing, provided (that), supposing, suppose (that), as long as, so long as, on condition that 和in case
这些连词(词组)意思相近，有“如果，只要，假如，假使，在……条件下”等意思。例如：
All living things respire as long as they live.
所有的生物只要他们活着都要呼吸。
Supposing (that) you fail a second time, don’t get disappointed, but try again.
假如你又一次失败了，不要泄气，再试一次。
On condition that the liquid is cooled still further, it will turn to a solid.
如果液体进一步冷却的话，会变成固体。
3．only if和if only
only if 引导的从句用陈述语气，意为“只要”； if only引导的从句要用虚拟语气，意为“但愿……”，“要是……就好了”。例如：
only if you have persistence, can you achieve great success.
惟有你坚持下去，你才能成功。
If only I had wings, I would be able to travel around the world easily.
如果我有翅膀，我就能够轻松地环游地球了。
（六）结果状语从句
结果状语从句由such…that, so…that, so that, that 引导
1. such… that 的常用句型
such +a/an +形容词+可数名词单数+that
such +形容词+可数名词单数+that
such+形容词+可数名词复数（不可数名词）+that
注意so many （much, few, little） +名词，such a lot of （或lots of）+名词是惯用法，不可乱用。
She is such a beautiful girl that we all like her.
They were such beautiful flower that we bought home.
It was such delicious food that they ate it up.
2. so+形容词或副词+that
so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+that
He is so rich that he can buy lot of things for himself.
It was so hot a day that we all went swimming.
It was such a good day that we all went swimming.
3. so that, that都可以引导结果状语从句
He didn’t study hard, （so） that he failed the exam.
4. too…to, enough…to 可以引导结果状语从句与so…that 替换，so…that结构可以用too…to替换必须具备两个条件，一是主句和结果状语从句的主语必须一致，二是从句中的谓语部分必须含有can（could） not.
She is so young that she can’t go to school.
She is too young to go to school.
She isn’t old enough to go to school.
（七）让步状语从句
1．让步状语从句可由although，though，as，while，even if(though)，whatever，whether...or...，no matter who (when，what...)等引导。
Although/Though she works very hard，(yet) she makes very slow progress.尽管她学习很努力，但还是进步不快。
Whenever I’m unhappy(＝No matter when I’m unhappy)，it is my friend who cheers me up.
不管什么时候我不高兴，总是我的朋友给我鼓励。
【专家提醒】
(1)however引导让步状语从句时，与它所修饰的词一起放在句首。
(2)英语不允许在though 或although从句后同时用but。如果要强调前后两个部分的对比意义，可以在主句前加上yet或still。
2．as引导的让步状语从句的常见的几种倒装方式
(1)如果从句的谓语部分为“不及物动词＋副词”时，常将从句中的副词提到从句的句首。
Hard as you may try，you will not succeed.
尽管你努力了，你可能不会成功。
(2)如果从句的谓语部分为“情态动词＋不及物动词”，常将这个不及物动词提到从句的句首。
Wait as you may，he will not see you.
尽管你等了，他可能不会见你。
(3)如果从句的谓语部分是“系动词＋单数名词”，则常将这个作表语的名词提前，但这个名词前面的不定冠词要省略。
Child as he is，he can tell right from wrong.
尽管他还是个孩子，他能明辨是非。
3．while作“尽管”讲引导让步状语从句时往往放在句首
While I understand your viewpoint，I don’t agree with you.
尽管我明白你的观点，我不赞成你。
（八）方式状语从句
1．as 和just as
二者都表示“如……；犹如……，正如……”。just as 比as强调的语气更强。例如：
In the early days, people could not count as we do now.
在早期日子中，人们不和我们现在一样能计数。
Most plants need sunlight just as they need water.
大部植物像它们需要水一样，也需要阳光。
2．as if 和as though
as if 或as though从句可以用陈述语气，表示可能符合事实的情况；也可以用虚拟语气，表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况，意为“好像，仿佛”。例如：
It looks as though it is going to rain.
天看起来要下雨。
He spoke as if he were a philosopher.
他说话就像是一位哲学家。(从句动词与主语谓语同时发生，从句谓语要用一般过去时)
He speaks as if he had been to the moon.
他谈起话来就好像是去过月球。(从句动作发生在主句谓语之前，从句谓语要用过去完成时)
He speaks as if he would fly to the moon.
他谈起话来就好像是要飞往月球。(从句动词发生在主句谓语之后，从句谓语要用would/could/might＋do)
（九）比较状语从句
比较状语从句由as…as, not as（so）…as, than, the+比较级，the+比较级引导
He swims as well as you. （do）
He doesn’t swim as well as you （do）.
He got here earlier than you. （did）
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
【考点例析】
1.China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals ____all its citizens. 【2012福建卷】
A. in charge of B. for the purpose of C. in honor of D. for the benefit of
1.D考查介词短语。 In charge of “负责”；for the purpose of“为了……目的”；in honor of“为了纪念……”；for the benefit of“为了……的利益”，依据句意，D为正确答案。
2.Brown said he was by no means annoyed;_____ he was glad to be able to make himself clearly understood. 【2012浙江卷】
A. all in all B. for one thing C. on the contrary D. by the way
2. C 考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：布朗说他一点儿都不恼火。相反（on the contrary）他很高兴能够被透彻理解。All in all总而言之；for one thing其一；by the way顺便讲一下，均不符合语境，故排除。解题的关键是对词组by no means=never（决不）的理解。故正确答案为C。
3._______all the animals I've ever had, these two dogs arc the most sensitive to the spoken word. 【2012浙江卷】
A. From B. Of C. For D. With
3. B 本题考查介词用法。From从；for为了；with有，均不符合语境。two dogs所属于all animals，故用介词of表示这种关系，故答案B符合语境。
4. The furniture, with its modern style and bright colors, suits modern houses and their gardens, but looks _______ in the garden of a traditional home 【2012湖北卷】
A. out of question B. out of order C. out of sight D. out of place
4.D考查介词短语辨析。句意为：这套家具款式新潮，色泽明丽，与新式房屋和花园配套，但看起来与传统的房子和花园不相称。A项意为“毫无疑问”，B项意为“次序颠倒”，C项意为“看不见”，都与句意不符。D项意为“与……不相称”，符合句意。
5. — Thank God you're safe!
—I stepped back, just______to avoid the racing car. 【2012江苏卷】
A. in time B. in case C. in need D. in vain
5.A 考查介词短语。句意为：——谢天谢地，你是安全的！——我走回去，正好避免赛车。in time意为“及时”，in case意为“万一，假使”；in need意为“需要”；in vain意为“徒劳，无济于事”。依据题意，A为正确答案。
6.This training program can give you a lift at work, ____ increase your income by 40%.【2012四川卷】
A. as well as B. so long as C. so much as D. as soon as
6. A 本题考查介词as构成的短语用法区别。A意为“除…之外（还有）；和”；B意为“只要”；C意为“与…一样多”（不用于肯定句）；D意为“一…就”。此题句意为：这个培训计划除了可以提高你的收入40%之外，还能够让你在工作方面得到提升。根据句意选A。
7. A number of high buildings have arisen _______ there was nothing a year ago but ruins. 【2012山东卷】 A. when B. where C. before D. until
7.B考查状语从句的连接词。句意：很多高楼在一年前还是废墟的地方矗立起来了。此处应为where引导地点状语从句，表示“在……地方”。故B为正确答案。
8. He smiled politely ______ Mary apologized for her drunken friends. 【2012山东卷】 A. as B. if C. unless D. though
8.A考查状语从句的连接词。句意：当玛丽为她喝醉了朋友道歉时，他礼貌地微笑着。此处是as引导这个时间状语从句，这里smile和apologize同时进行，as意为：当…的时候。故A为正确答案。
9. It is hard for the Greek government to get over the present difficulties_________ gets more financial support from the European Union. 【2012福建卷】
A. if B. unless C. because D. since
9. B考查连词。句意：“除非有来自欧洲联盟的更多的经济支持，否则希腊政府很难克服目前的困难”，只能选择unless“除非”才能使句意完整。
10．You can borrow my car_______you promise not to drive too fast. 【2012江西卷】
A．unless B．even if C．in case D．as long as
10.D 考查状语从句。句意：只要你保证不开得太快，你就可以把我的车借走。A.unless除非，B.even if即使，C.in case以防万一，D.as long as只要。选D。
【方法技巧】
1．常见介词的用法，以及常见介词的辨析。
2．介词与动词、形容词所构成的短语要熟记。
3．介词加关系代词引导的定语从句中，介词的选用要重点注意。
4. 弄清楚易混介词的用法异同；能够根据具体语境灵活运用介词。
5. 注意正确使用不同的连词
6.引导时间、地点、条件、让步、比较、原因状语从句的连词应为备考重点。
7.状语从句中的时态、语态、语气，
8.注意状语从句与其它从句、句型结合起来考查。
【专题训练】
1. _______ journalism seems like a good profession (职业), I would prefer to be a teacher.
A. Although B. Even C. No matter D. Now that
2. _______ he wants to fire you, I suggest you stop wearing sport clothes in the office.
A. If B. Since C. Until D. Unless
3. She tried to phone him, _______there was no answer because he was abroad.
A. since B. while C. so D. but
4. I had just started back for the house to change my clothes _______ I heard the voices.
A. as B. for C. while D. when
5. You can speak French well _______ you practise it with a Frenchman every day.
A. unless B. although C. as long as D. so that
6. The class went on with the story _______they had left it before the holiday.
A. where B. which C. in which D. when
7. We didn’t plan to meet. We meet ___ in the street.
A. by the way B. by chance C. on purpose D. in surprise
8. — Could you tell me where Jim lives?
—_______Jim used to live next door to us, and now he is living in another town.
A. At the time B. At one time C. At a time D. At times
9. Smoking does great harm to our health. _______many people smoke in Public Places.
A. Therefore B. However C. Although D. No matter
10. Dr. Bethune began to work _______ he arrived at the front.
A. the moment B. by the time C. before D. at the moment
11. This class named _______Lei Feng is one of the best classes in this school.
A. in honour of B. in the place of C. in favour of D. in the way of
12. We had to be patient because it_______ some time _______we got the full result.
A. have been; since B. had been; until
C. was; after D. would be; before
13. _______ others say, the Professor is sure that his theory is correct.
A. No matter B. It doesn’t matter C .Whatever D. What
14. It’s cloudy. Take an umbrella _______you’ll regret it.
A. or B. and C. after D. before
15. — Let Jack take the place. He’s older and should be more experienced.
— I don’t think so. A man doesn’t necessarily grow wiser_______ he grows older.
A. because B. that C. than D. as
16. ______you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.
A. While B. Once C. Though D. Unless
17 .— Was he pleased to hear the news? —_______ Pleased, even excited.
A. No more than B. More than C. More D. More or less
18. _______, his wife will stand at the gate to wait for him to come back.
A. However he is late B. However is he late
C. However late he is D. However late is he
19. He whispered to his wife_______ he might wake up the sleeping baby.
A. so that B. on condition that C. for fear that D. so long as
20. I don’t believe ____ he says now. He is a cheat.
A. no matter what B. everything C. whatever D. how
【参考答案】
1-5 ABDDC 6-10ABBA 11-15 AD CDD 16-20 BBCCC
