Book 3 Unit 1 Nature in the balance
Extended reading
News that Matters: pollution in Norgate
Teaching Aims
By the end of this section, students will be able to:
1. understand the TV show transcript about a polluted city;
2. summarize the main viewpoints of the host and three guests;
3. come up with their own ideas about the relationship between economic development and environmental protection;
Teaching important points
1. To read and understand the transcript;
2. To write about what the world will be like 20 years from now.
Teaching Procedures
Step 1 Lead-in
Students brainstorm different kinds of pollution.
Students think about the pollution they have met or heard of before.
Step 2 Reading
1.First reading
The teacher has students answer the following question.
What kinds of pollution do you think the cities have now
2.Second Reading
The teacher has students finish Part A on Page 12.
Summarize the main viewpoints of the host and three guests.
3.Third Reading
The teacher has students find the supporting details of the three guests and the host.
Step 3 knowledge point
I.words
1.smog/smog/ n. [U,C]雾霾，烟雾
拓展：smog是由smoke和fog两个词各取一部分缩合而成的一个新词。如：brunch
是由breakfast和lunch缩合而成，意为“早午餐",motel是由motor和hotel缩合
而成，意为“汽车旅馆”。
2.colour 熟词生义vt.给……着色,给……染色
例句：The rising suncloure the skybright re.
冉冉阳把天空染得通红。
3.irresponsible adj.不负责任的
单词拆解：前级ir-(不，非) + responsible (adj.有责任)一 irresponsib
4.economic/iska'nomik/ adj.经济的，经济上的；可赚钱的
词链：economy(/i'konami/ n. [C]经济; [C,U]节约)→ economist (/i'konamist/ n. [C]经济
学家)→economic benefit/benifit/ n. [U,C]优势；益处；成效
economic benefits经济效益
economic development经济发展
5.golden rule n. [ usually sing. ]成功之重要面则
例句：The golden rule in tennis is to keep your eye on the ball.
打好网球的重要原则是眼要紧盯着球。
6.former/fo:ma(r)/adj.昔日的,前任的；以前的,从前的
the former前者→(反)the latter后者
例句：If I had to choose between fish and chicken, I'd prefer the former.
若让我在鱼肉和鸡肉之间选择，我更喜欢前者。
7.official /a'fifl/ n. [C]官员,要员adj.公务的；正式的,官方的 officially adv.正式地,官方地
例句：I've been officially invited to the wedding.
我正式获得邀请去参加这场婚礼。
8. poverty/'povati/ n. [U]贫穷,贫困;[U,sing. ]贫乏
live in poverty生活于贫困之中
lift people out of poverty帮助人们摆脱贫困
9.one and the same意为“同一个(人或物)”,表示强调。
例句：I was amazed to discover that Muhammad Ali and Cassius Clay were one and
the same.
我惊奇地发现穆罕默德·阿里和卡修斯·克莱是同一个人。
10.inseparable /m'seprabl/ adj. (与某事物)不可分离的,分不 开的;形影不离的
构词法：inseparable是由"否定前缀in-(意为"不,非,相反 的") + separable(adj.可分开的,
可分隔的,可分离的)"构 成的形容词。
11.large amounts of大量，许多
a large/ great good small amount of +不可数名词大量的/ 少量的……(作主语时，谓语动
词用单数形式)
large/small amounts of+不可数名词大量的/少量的…… (作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式)
the amount of +不可数名词……的总数(作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式)
12.chemical /'kemikl/ n. [C]化学制品adj.化学的;化学作用的
the chemical industry 化学工业
chemical experiment化学实验
chemistry/kemstri/ n. [U]化学
chemist n. [C]化学家；药剂师
II. sentence
1.wish +虚拟语气的宾语从句
教材例句I wish we could also do something to help.
我希望我们也能帮点忙。
析：wish后面接that引导的宾语从句，从句谓语动词形式如下：
(1)与现在事实不符，从句用一般过去时(be动词用were);
(2)与过去事实不符,从句用过去完成时;
(3)与将来事实不符,从句用would/ could/should/might + do。
I wish I were a bird flying high in the sky.
我希望我是一只高飞在天空的鸟。 (虚拟现在的情况)
I wish I had followed your advice in the last competition.
我真希望在上次比赛中我采纳了你的建议。(虚拟过去的情况)
I wish you would not be stubborn any more.
我希望你以后不再固执。(虚拟将来的情况)
2.in the last/past...作时间状语
教材例句 In the last 500 years, over 300 species of land animals have gone extinct.
在过去的500年里,超过300种陆地动 物已经灭绝。
析：(1) in the last/past...在过去的时间里,也可以表述为during/over/for the last/past....
(2) in/during/over/for the last/past..在句中作时间状语,谓语动词用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。
In the last few years, China has made great achievements in environmental protection.
在过去的几年里,中国在环境保护方面取得了巨大成就。
拓：常与现在完成时连用的其他表达: since+时间点; since then; ever since; recently; lately; so far; by now; up to now
3.倒装句:so+助动词/情态动词/系动词be+主语
教材例句：As the human population continues to grow, so does the effect we have on animals.
随着人口的持续增长,我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。
析：so/such引导的倒装句: "so/such+助 动词/情态动词/系动词be+主语”, 表示前面所说的肯定情况也适用于后者，意为“……也是这样”。
拓：在so/such...that...结构中,当so/such...置于句首时，其所在句子部分倒装，that...不倒装。
So hot a day was it that they all went swimming.
天气如此热,他们都去游泳了。
Such a tough problem is it that I find it really hard to handle.
这是一个如此困难的问题以至于我发现它真的很难解决。 链：(1)neither/nor引导的倒装句: "neither/nor+助动词/情态动词/系动词be + 主语”,表示前面所说的否定情况也适用于后者,意为“……也不……”
(2)如果前面句子的谓语既有肯定又有否定，或者形式不同，就用句型 "So it is/was with..."或"It is/was the same with.."
(3) "so/such +主语+助动词/情态 动词/系动词be",表示说话人同意对 方的观点,意为“……的确如此”。
4. It is one's duty to do sth.做某事是某人的责任。
教材例句：It's our duty to protect our environment while aiming for eco- nomic development.
我们的责任是保护环境,同时着眼于经济发展。
析：在句式It is one's duty to do sth.中, it是形式主语,后面的不定式短语是真正的主语。
It is our duty to keep the classroom clean.
保持教室干净是我们的职责。
链：能用于"It+be+名词词组+to do sth. / that从句”的名词词组还有a pity, an honour,a good thing, a fact, a surprise等。
It was a pity that you overlooked such an important detail.
真可惜你忽视了这么重要的细节。
Step 4 Appreciation
The teacher has students work in pairs and answer the following questions.
1. What’s the style of this TV show transcript
2. What’s the function of this style
Step 5 exercises
I.The teacher has students work in groups and finish Part B on Page 12.
II.exercises
Word Practice
1. The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has ________(分部)all over the country.
2. He is likely to go abroad for________ (更进一步的) study for the following four years.
3. With the tourist trade booming, the________(居民) of thi area are paying more attention to the protection of nature.
4. The ________ (委员会) members are for the plan he puts forward.
5. My sister Lucy is________ (完全地) different from me in looks, although we are twins.
6. Whenever or however you take notes, keep in mind that note-taking is a selective ________(过程).
7. It remains to be seen whether these newly established ________(政策) can be put into practice.
8. This advertisement is a typical example of their marketing ________(策略).
9. People in this area were hit by hunger and ________(贫困)
10. When Helen criticized me, Chris came to my________(辩护).
11. ________(官方的) reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013.
12. I was walking in the street yesterday evening when I suddenly ran into my ________(以前的) teacher.
答案：1. branches 2. further 3. residents 4. committee 5. entirely 6. process 7. policies 8. strategies 9. poverty 10. defence 11. Official 12. former
Grammar filling
Plants are very important. That is________they can make food with the help of air, water and sunlight.
He didn't attend the meeting last night. That's ________he doesn't know our plan for the picnic.
3The reason________ you got into a panic (恐慌) was________ you hadn't been well prepared for what would happen.
4.The reason ________his anger was________he lost his cellphone.
5.The reason________ he gave for his not coming to the party was his car broke down halfway.
答案： 1.1because ②why ③why; that ④for; that ⑤that/which; that
Step 6 Homework
1. Polish up the writing.
2. Finish the workbook.
PAGEBook 3 Unit 1 Nature in the balance
Integrated skills 1
Calling for the protection of animals
Teaching Aims
By the end of this section, students will be able to:
1. learn about how human activities have caused harm to animals;
2. be aware of the importance of animals and come up with ways to protect animals;
3. write an article for the school newspaper calling for everyone to protect animals.
Teaching important points
To learn to analyze the reasons for endangerment.
Teaching Procedures
Step 1 Lead-in
The teacher introduces the topic by asking students the following questions:
1. Do you know these animals
2. What do they have in common
Step 2 listening
Students answer the two questions in Part A on Page 8.
①. What are the three main reasons why people hunt animals
②. How do human activities indirectly have an effect on animals
2.Finish the exercise
①. what happened to several whale species in the last century
_______________________________________________
②. what can protected areas ensure
______________________________________________
③. what cause the loss of animal habitats in the Amazon rainforest
______________________________________________
④. what will we be better able ti do if we learn more about how human activities harm the environment
______________________________________________
Step 3 speaking
Students share their ideas in groups of four by asking the following question:
What are the reasons for their being close to extinction
After discussion, the teacher asks one or two students to report.
Step 4 Reading
The teacher guides students to read the news report on Page 8 and has students analyze the structure of the report by asking the following questions:
1. What does the writer want to tell us through the title
2. What has the writer mentioned in the first paragraph
3. How does the writer classify the impact of human activities on animals
Step 4 Writing
Students go through “Planning your writing” in Part D on Page 10 on how to write an article for the school newspaper calling for everyone to protect animals.
Word Practice
①. What 's the author's preferred solution to g________ warming
②. If wild animals cannot find enough food or their ________(栖息地) is destroyed, their number may decrease.
③. The ________(应用) of the new technology has greatly increased the production.
④. Tom is a fantastic musician. I'm________ (绝对地) certain that his next concert will be a success.
⑤. Large ________(足迹) have also been discovered which may belong to the wild man.
⑥. When he was to open the door, his keys were ________(无处) to be found.
答案：1. global 2. habitat 3. application 4. absolutely 5. tracks 6. nowhere
Step 5 Homework
1. Polish up your report.
2. Finish the workbook.
PAGEBook 3 Unit 1 Nature in the balance
Project
Making a booklet on environmental problems
Teaching Aims
By the end of this section, students will be able to:
1. use effective communication skills when interacting with others;
2. collect and sort the material needed when making the booklet;
3. present the outcome of group work;
4. evaluate and comment on each other’s booklet.
Teaching important points
1. To create and present a booklet.
2. To evaluate and comment on the booklet page.
Teaching Procedures
Step 1 Preparation
1.The teacher has students work in groups of four and collect different kinds of booklets as samples for discussion.
2.The teacher has students form a general idea of what a booklet should look like by showing several examples.
3.The teacher has students review the words and expressions relative to the topic of environmental problems in this unit.
Step 2 Implementation
The teacher has students discuss different environmental problems we are faced with and decide what topics should be included in a booklet on environmental problems.
Step 3 Discussion
The teacher has students discuss in groups, choose one problem to write about in the booklet and divide the tasks among group members by answering the following questions.
1. What topic will you choose to research
2. Why do you choose this topic
3. How will you research your chosen topic
Step 4 Exercises
The teacher has students collect information about their chosen problem and sort out relevant information.
Finish the exercise
It was merciless of the people to rub this kind of __________(毒药) on spears to kill wildlife.
With __________(更多的) efforts you will manage to build up confidence in yourself.
It's all part of an overall__________ (部署) to gain promotion.
Tom bursts into tears and anger pushes him to act without considering the __________(后果) 5. It is a custom that a great many__________(以前的) pupils will attend a farewell dinner.
6.His__________(正式的) visit to Beijing is scheduled to start on January 16th on the lunar calendar.
7. The skill of making and marketing snacks has helped the villagers get out of__________ (贫穷).
8. After the experiment, please set the acid __________(化学制品) and tools aside.
9. She clapped her hands in delight after reading the article on__________ (回收利用)
10. It sprang to mind that he could light the__________ (树枝)and warm himself up.
Step 5 Homework
1. Show and explain the booklet to one of your family members.
2. Finish the workbook
PAGE课前导入-美文欣赏 China to introduce 'forest chief' scheme nationwide Trees cover a hillside in Wuqi, Shaanxi province, the first county involved in the Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program, in last June. BEIJING -- China has issued a guideline to implement a "forest chief" scheme nationwide amid the country's continuous efforts to protect forests and grasslands. It was issued by the general offices of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council and urged that the "forest chief" scheme will be rolled out nationwide by June 2022. "General forest chiefs" should be appointed in all provincial-level regions, said the guideline. It clarified all levels of forest chiefs' responsibilities in protecting forest and grassland resources. Under the scheme, China will strengthen ecological protection and restoration of forests and grasslands, promote large-scale afforestation, and enhance monitoring and supervision for forest and grassland resources by utilizing modern information technologies. Efforts will also encourage the prevention and control of harmful pests and plant diseases, as well as natural disasters such as fires. China started trials of the "forest chief" scheme in 2017, and so far up to 23 provincial regions, including Anhui, Jiangxi and Chongqing, have already carried out the trial program, providing the foundation for nationwide implementation. "Nationwide implementation of the 'forest chief' scheme is a key step in enhancing local responsibilities in ecological protection," said Guan Zhiou, head of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration. Indicators measuring the performance of "forest chiefs" will include forest coverage, forest stock volume, comprehensive vegetation coverage of grassland and the area of desertified land restored, while specific targets will be tailored in accordance with local conditions, according to Guan. He said he believes nationwide implementation of the scheme will help pool resources and strength to enhance the protection of China's forest and grassland resources. 课中讲解 根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词 harm n. & vt. 伤害，损害→harmful adj. 有害的，导致损害的→harmless adj. 无害的；无恶意的 vary vi. 改变，变化→variety n. 不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体→various adj. 各种不同的，各种各样的 survive vi. 生存，存活；vt. 幸存，幸免于难→survivor n. 生还者，幸存者→survival n. 生存，幸存 produce vt. 生产→production n. 产量；生产→product n. 产品→productive adj. 多产的 extinct adj. 已灭绝的→extinction n. 灭绝，绝种 disappear vi. 消亡；消失，失踪；灭绝→disappearance n. 消失；灭绝→appear vi. 出现→appearance n. 出现；露面；外貌，外观 agriculture n. 农业，农学→agricultural adj. 农业的 根据提示补全下列短语 on account of ... =due to ... 由于，因为 take one’s revenge on sb. 报复某人，向某人复仇 do harm to ... 对……造成伤害 sound the alarm 发出警报 be home to ... 是……的家园/栖息地 a wide range of .../ a wide variety of ... 各种各样的…… judge from ... 根据……判断 be alive with ... 充满，到处都是（活的或动的东西） play a significant role in ... 在……中充当重要角色/起重要作用 maintain a balance between A and B 在A与B间保持平衡 with an area of ... 占地…… a mass of .../ masses of ... 大量的…… be made up of ... 由……构成（=consist of ...） feed on ... 以……为食 in turn 转而，相应地，因此；轮流，依次 break down （使）分解；（机器或车辆）出故障，坏掉；（谈判、关系、合作等）失败，破裂；（健康或精神等）崩溃，垮掉 breathe life into ... 给……带来起色，注入活力 build up 逐渐增加，扩大；增强，提高 For one thing, ... For another thing, ... 一方面，…… 另一方面，…… take in 欺骗，使上当；摄入，吸收；理解，领会 重点知识点解析 harm n. [U]（可用no, great, much, a lot of修饰）伤害，损害 vt. 伤害，损害 (教材P1) The human race has done much harm. 人类已经造成了很多危害。 【用法详解】do harm to sb./sth. =do sb./sth. harm 对某人/某物有害 mean no harm (to sb.) （对某人）无恶意 There is no harm in (sb’s) doing sth./ It does no harm (for sb.) to do sth. 做某事没有什么坏处。 harm sth. 损害某物（指人或国家的机会、前景、利益、声誉或形象等） -damage, hurt 如：He may look fierce, but he means no harm. 他可能看上去很凶，但并无恶意。 Hard work never did anyone any harm. 努力工作对任何人都绝无害处。 He may say no, but there's no harm in asking/it does no harm to ask. 他可能拒绝，但问一问也无妨。 【归纳拓展】词性转换： harmful adj. 有害的 harmless adj. 无害的；无恶意的 常见搭配 be harmful/harmless to sb./sth. 对……有害/无害 【即时巩固】单句语法填空 ①It’s just a bit of harmless(harm) fun. 开个小玩笑罢了，并无恶意的。 ②Fruit juices can be harmful to children’s teeth. more than 超过，多于；不仅仅是；很，非常 (教材P2) With an area of around 5.5 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. 亚马孙雨林占地约550万平方公里，是中国面积的一半以上。 【用法详解】more than的用法主要有： 在“more than +数字”结构中，more than意为“超过，多于”，相当于over；反义短语为less than。如： Do not write more than 200 words. 写的东西不要超过200字。 注意 “more than one +可数名词单数”意为“不止一个……”，其含义表复数概念，但形式是单数，即当此结构做主语时，其后的谓语动词用单数形式，类似用法还有many a（“许多……”）。如： More than one meaning is included in some legal terms. 有些法律术语有不止一个含义。
在“more than +n.”结构中，more than意为“不止，不仅仅是”。如： He’s more than a coach; he's a friend. 他不只是教练，更是朋友。 在“more than +adj./adv./v.”结构中，more than意为“很，非常”，相当于very (much), extremely。如： He will be more than happy (=extremely happy) to come with us. 他巴不得和我们一起来。 She was more than a little shaken (=extremely shaken) by the experience. 这次经历对她产生了极大的震动。 I’m sure conditions over there will more than satisfy your requirements. 我确信，那边的条件会大大满足你的要求。 “more than +句子（句中常含有can或could）”结构意为“非……所能……，是……难以……的”。如： The heat there was more than he could bear. 那里的高温令他难以忍受。 【归纳拓展】与than相关的其他短语： more A than B 与其B，倒不如A less than 少于，不足 rather than 而不是not/no more than 至多，不超过 no less than 多达 other than 除……之外（就没有了） -but, except
如：I have no ambitions other than to have a happy life and be free. 我没有雄心大志，只求自由自在地过幸福生活。 The exhibition at Boston's Museum of Fine Arts is more a production演出 than it is a museum display. 波士顿美术博物馆的展览与其说是一次博物馆展出，倒不如说是一场精心设计的展演活动。 No less than 35 per cent of the country is protected in the form of parks and nature sanctuaries 该国多达35%的地区以公园和自然保护区的形式受到保护。 variety n. [C, usu. sing.] 不同种类；[U] 变化，多样性；[C] 变种，变体 (教材P3) The forest’s different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife. 雨林的不同层次支撑种类多到难以置信的野生动物生活繁衍。 【用法详解】a (wide/great/range) variety of .../ varieties of ... 各种各样的……后常接复数可数名词，作主语时，谓动用复数；there be句型用就近原则 the variety of ... ……的种类后接名词，作主语时，谓动用单数 如：There is a wide variety of patterns to choose from. 有种类繁多的图案可供选择。 A variety of/Varieties of these crops have been collected from all around the district. 这些不同的作物已从该地区各处收集起来。 I'm always pleased to try out a new variety. 我一直乐于尝试新产品。 We all need variety in our diet. 我们都需要饮食多样化。 【归纳拓展】词性转换： vary vi. 相异；改变 常见搭配 vary in ... 在某方面不同 vary with ... 随……变化 vary between ... and .../ vary from ... to ... 从……到……不等，在……与……中变化 various/varied adj. 各种各样的，不同种类的 如：The menu varies with the season. 菜单随季节而变动。 Class numbers vary between 25 and 30. 班级的数目从25到30不等。 The students’ work varies considerably in quality. 学生作业的质量甚是参差不齐。 There are various/varied ways of doing this. 做这一工作的方法有很多。 【即时巩固】单句语法填空 ①Tastes and preferences vary from individual to individual. ②She took the job for various/varied(vary) reasons. ③The star varies in brightness by about three magnitudes. 星体的亮度大约分三个星等。 survive vi. & vt. (教材P3) Although close to extinction in other areas, jaguars can still survive here. 美洲豹虽然在其他地区近乎灭绝，但在这里仍可以生存。 【用法详解】survive vi. & vt. vi. ~ (from sth.) | ~ (on sth.) 存活；继续存在 如：Of the six people injured in the crash, only two survived. 因这次撞车事故受伤的六人中，只有两人活了下来。 Some strange customs have survived from earlier times. 有些奇怪的风俗是从早年留存下来的。 I can’t survive on 40 a week (=it is not enough for my basic needs). 一星期40英镑，我无法维持生活。 vt. 幸存；幸免于难；艰难度过…… 如：The company managed to survive the crisis. 公司设法渡过了危机。 Many birds didn't survive the severe winter. 很多鸟死于这次严冬。 vt. 比……活（或存在）的时间长（相当于outlive） 如：She survived her husband by ten years. =Her husband was survived by her of ten years. 丈夫死后她又活了十年。 【归纳拓展】词性转换： survivor n. 生还者，幸存者 survival n. 生存，幸存 【即时巩固】单句语法填空、翻译句子 ①$ 20 means a lot when you survive on $ 100 a week. ②His only chance of survival(survive) was a heart transplant. ③翻译句子：他在事故中幸免于难，没有骨折。 He survived the accident with no broken bones. in turn 继而，相应地；轮流，依次 (教材P3) These frogs, in turn, feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit. 这些青蛙以昆虫为食，而昆虫继而又以树叶和水果为食。 【用法详解】in turn意为“转而，相应地；轮流，依次”，可作状语，常位于句中或句末。如： The children called out their names in turn. 孩子们逐一自报姓名。 Increased production will, in turn, lead to increased profits. 增加生产会继而增加利润。 【归纳拓展】易混辨析： in return (for ...) 作为（对……的）回报/回应 -in reward for ... 如：It seems only fair that they should give us something in return. 似乎他们应该给我们点什么作为回报才像话。 In return for his labour, he receives food and shelter. 他以他辛苦的劳动换取食物和栖身之所。 due to 由于，因为（to是介词）；预计做某事（to是不定式符号）；应支付/应给予某人（to是介词） (教材P3) Over the past 50 years, 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming. 在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，17%的雨林已经消失了。 【用法详解】due to的用法： (be) due to ... 由于，因为（to是介词） -owing to ..., on account of ..., because of ..., as a result of ... 如：Most of the problems were due to human error. 多数问题都是人为错误造成的。 The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding. 这项工程由于缺乏政府的资助而不得不放弃。 be due to do sth. 预计/预期做某事（to是不定式符号） 如：Rose is due to start school in January. 罗斯一月份就要开始上学了。 be due to sb. 应付给/应给予某人（to是介词） 如：Have they been paid the money that is due to them 他们应得的钱付给他们了吗？ Our thanks are due to the whole team. 我们要向全队致谢。 impact n. [C, usu. sing., U] 巨大影响/作用；冲击力 v. ~ (on/upon) sth.（对某事物）有影响/作用 damage n. [U]（有形的）损坏，破坏，损失；[U] 消极影响，损害；[pl.] 损害赔偿金 (教材P3) As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lung of the planet” 人类活动的影响继续扩大，濒危物种的名单变得更长了，这留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起破坏“地球之肺”的后果吗？ 【用法详解】(1) image的用法： have/make/leave an impact on/upon ... =have/make/leave an influence/effect on/upon ... 对…有影响 impact on/upon ... =affect/influence ... 对…有影响 如：Businesses are beginning to feel the full impact of the recession. 工商企业开始感受到了经济衰退的全面冲击。 Her speech made a profound impact on everyone. 她的讲话对每个人都有深远的影响。 Her father's death impacted greatly on her childhood years. 父亲去世对她的童年造成巨大影响。 【用法详解】(2) damage的用法： damage sb./sth. 伤害某人/某物 do/cause damage to ... 对……造成损害/破坏 =do harm to ... 如：serious/severe/extensive/permanent/minor damage 重大的/严重的/大范围的/永久性的/轻微的损坏 brain/liver etc. damage 脑损伤、肝损伤等 The earthquake caused damage to property estimated at $6 million. 地震造成大约600万元的财产损失。 He was ordered to pay damages totalling 30 000. 他被责令支付总额为3万英镑的损害赔偿金。 词性转换 damaging adj. 造成破坏的；有害的；损害的 如：damaging consequences/effects 破坏性的后果/影响 Lead is potentially damaging/harmful to children’s health. 铅对儿童的健康具有潜在损害。 【即时巩固】单句语法填空 ①This could cause serious damage to the country’s economy. ②They say they expect the meeting to have a marked impact on the future of the country. 1. (教材P2) With an area of around 5.5 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. 亚马孙雨林占地约550万平方公里，是中国面积的一半以上。 【句式剖析】句中的“is more than half the size of”为倍数表达法。 【考点提炼】倍数表达法 常见的倍数表达法有以下几种：（前“倍”） A is＋倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as B A is＋倍数＋形容词/副词比较级＋than B A is＋倍数＋the＋计量名词＋of B 倍数＋what从句
注意 (1)注意倍数的位置；倍数部分也可用分数、百分数代替。 (2)表达倍数时，一倍常用once，两倍常用twice或double，三倍及三倍以上常用“基数词+times”。 如：语法填空 It’s said that the power plant is now twice as large as what it was. Sound travels about four times faster(fast) in water than in air. Nowadays the number of the athletes in the National Games is twice what it was ten years ago. 2. (教材P3) Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor. 在那之上，大量落叶层覆盖着昏暗的雨林地面。 【句式剖析】本句为完全倒装句。因作表语的介词短语也表方位或地点Above that置于句子开头，整句进行了全部倒装。正常语序为：“The mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor is above that.”。 【考点提炼】完全倒装 完全倒装，即将句中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前，此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时，不用于进行或将来时。使用完全倒装的情况有： ①当主语是名词时，将表示地点或方位的副词、介词短语置于句首，如here, there, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等（如果主语为人称代词，则不需倒装）； ②such置于句首时，其后的句子要用完全倒装； ③表语（分词、不定式、形容词、介词短语等）前置，句子用全部倒装。
如：(1)Into the dark apartment walked David, who was quite surprised when everyone shouted Happy Birthday. 大卫走进了黑暗的房间，当大家喊生日快乐时，他感到很惊讶。 (2)Then came the order to take off. 起飞的命令到了。 (3)Such is(be) our home in the future. 这就是我们未来的家。（此句也可看做因表语前置引起的完全倒装） (4)Sitting at the back of the classroom were several old teachers. →现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首 (5)Gone are the days when my heart was young and happy. (6)Great was his surprise when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息时大为吃惊。 √小试身手-完成句子 有些人担心旅游业的迅速发展可能会破坏当地环境。（damage n.） Some people worried that the rapid development of tourism might ______________ the local environment. 位于湖中央的这个岛是各种各样候鸟的落脚地。（home; variety） Located in the centre of the lake, the island ______________________ migrant birds. 现在这个村庄的人口数量是十年前的五倍。（倍数表达法） The population now in this village is ______________________ it was ten years ago. 【答案】1. do damage to 2. is home to a variety of 3. five times what 课后练习 Ⅰ. 单句语法填空 Being exposed to sunlight for too long will do harm to your skin. You’d better give up using that kind of medicine, because it may be harmful(harm) to your stomach. What’s particularly interesting is the attitude various(vary) cities have towards Dubanchet’s cause. I can’t survive on 40 a week. The movie is about survival and the choices people make when they want to survive. In the movie the survivors have much trouble in surviving. (survive) Your camp provides a good chance for me, where I can know more about other countries, and in turn tell them something about China. A total eclipse(日食) is due to take(take) place some time tomorrow. You were very rude to him just now, for which you should make an apology to him. Her speech made a profound(深远的) impact on everyone. Judging(judge) from his cheerful manner, he must have enjoyed his meal. II. 用方框内所给短语的适当形式完成下列句子 in turn breathe life into break down take in欺骗，使上当；摄入，吸收；理解，领会 more than be due to build up 1．Humans take in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. 2．He will be more than happy to come with us. 3．It may take a few weeks for you to build up your strength again. 4．We need some new people to breathe life into this project. 5．Talks with business leaders broke down last night. 6．Have they been paid the money that is due to them 7．There were cheers for each of the women as they spoke in turn轮流. III. 阅读理解 A If you’ll be taking vacation time in the coming year and plan on flying, here are some shopping tips for you. Those who fly first class and don’t care what airline tickets cost are excused from this lesson. When to buy If you are shopping for domestic(国内的) flights, check prices on Tuesday afternoons. This is an old tip but still useful because most US carriers continue to release sales on Tuesday morning, and competitors quickly drop their fares to match the better deals. When to fly Weekdays continue to be generally cheaper times to fly than weekends for most flights. In the US, the cheapest days are typically Tuesday, Wednesday and Saturday. A good itinerary(行程) for the expensive US spring break travel period is Tuesday to Saturday; it will save you money over weekend-to-weekend travel. Where to fly We continue to see good deals to Boston and Denver and more and more nice prices to Chicago, Seattle and Washington, D. C. As for Europe, there have been surprising deals throughout the fall and those will continue into the winter. Direct vs. connecting flights Compare the price of direct with connecting flights. Sometimes adding a stop to your route will save you money. An example: an Francisco to Raleigh/Durham: $553 direct, $362 one-stop. You’d better think twice about the direct flight for San Francisco to pare, compare, compare Stifle the impulse to go to your favorite airline site to purchase tickets without doing any comparison. Example: Let’s say you want to fly from New York to London and figure your favorite US legacy carrier will get you there for the best price. Airline price: $554 round-trip. However, the comparison site also showed a cheaper flight from the same legacy carrier ($521). See what you’re missing when you fail to compare 1. When can you possibly find the best price for flights within the US A. On Monday morning. B. On Tuesday morning. C. On Tuesday afternoon. D. On Sunday morning. 2. What does the underlined phrase “stifle the impulse” in the last but one paragraph mean A. Feel free to do something. B. Hold off on doing something. C. Get well prepared for something. D. Make quick decision on something. 3. Who is the text intended for A. Those who usually choose first class for their flights. B. Those who want to find suggestions on where to fly. C. Those who are traveling during the spring break. D. Those who are looking for the best airline ticket prices. B People like to post their selfies(自拍照) on social media. To know more about it, scientists at Syracuse University in New York recently did a research and came up with some surprising findings. People who post selfies and use editing software to make themselves look better show behavior connected to narcissism(自恋), the researchers said. Makana Chock, a professor from Syracuse University, said because social media is mostly used by people to share unimportant information about their lives, it is a good place for people to “work towards satisfying their own vanity.” Those “likes” under their Facebook selfies make them feel good. Besides, people who post group selfies show a need for popularity and a need to belong to a group, the research found. Some people feel “peer(同伴) pressure” to post selfies and some follow the popular belief that if there is no picture of an event or experience, it did not really happen. “Anyway, it shouldn’t be seen as negative. People get sense of satisfaction especially when they get likes. And it does no harm,” Chock said. Other findings from the study include: There are no major differences on how often men and women post selfies and how often they use editing software. But men who post selfies showed more of a need to be seen as popular than women who posted selfies. Chock said posting selfies on social media is not all that different from what people have done for many years. On trips and special events, our parents and grandparents used cameras instead of phones to take photos. They would bring back photos to show friends and family. You had no choice but to look at them. You probably commented about how nice everyone in the photos looked, especially children and the person showing the photos. They were happy to hear your comments. That was the old way of “clicking like”. On social media, however, people can decide not to look at photos -- even if they click “like”. 4. What is the research mainly about A. The ways of making people look better in selfies. B. The reasons for people posting selfies on social media. C. The differences between men and women in posting selfies. D. The connections between posting selfies and mental health. 5. What does the word “vanity” in paragraph 2 probably mean A. A deep desire to know about something. B. A special need to be more popular. C. Too much pride in one’s own appearance. D. Strong determination to improve oneself. 6. What is Chock’s attitude towards selfie posting A. Ambiguous. B. Cautious. C. Disapproving. D. Supportive. 7. From the last paragraph, we know that the older generations showed their photos to friends and family ______. A. to win praise from viewers B. to show off their cameras C. to improve relationships D. to share good moments 【答案】 CBD BCDA IV. 七选五阅读 It is known to us all that thinking is a good thing. However, some people don't do it enough, while some people overthink everything. If you're an overthinker, it can be exhausting running through all the possibilities of everything. It's not good that the what-ifs run your life and you are trapped. 16 . Here are some signs that you are an overhinker, even if you don't feel you are. ■ 17 Why didn't the girl look at me And why did Peter look away so fast What does it all mean ! When you're an overthinker, you tend to find meaning in the world around you. It's helpful to remind yourself that things mean the meaning you give them. ■ You think more than you do. Sometimes you think so much that you don't end up doing anything. You weigh the choices, decide which is the best, and compare; it with a new choice. You end up doing nothing. 18 ■ You find it difficult to let things go. When you've invested a lot of time and energy into something, it can be hard to let it go when it isn't working. 19 The more you think about something, the more it can eat away at you. ■ You want to get everything right. You might be a perfectionist. You always do your best. But when you don't get everything right, you seriously blame yourself. By recognizing that this can be a strength as well as a weakness, you should know that you simply can't get everything right, despite your best efforts. 20 Remind yourself that you can balance your level of over-thinking with more doing. You can even teach someone else who under thinks! A. You may continue thinking about it even when you believe you have already let it go. B. You assume that others know what you re thinking about. C. Remember that, instead of just thinking, it's equally important to act. D. You're proud of the act that you’re always thinking. E. You look for meaning in everything. F. It's even worse when you're unaware that you are just like this. G. Can any of the above signs be found on you 【答案】FECAG 自我总结-单元单词默写 _____________ /hɑ m/ n. & vt. 伤害，损害 (1) _____________ /s l/ n. 土壤；国土，领土，土地 (1) _____________ / i k s st m/ n. 生态系统 (2) _____________ / v si z/ adj. 海外的，国外的 adv. 向（在）海外，向（在）国外 (2) _____________ / ri d n/ n. 地区，区域；行政区 (2) _____________ / k nt n nt/ n. 大陆，陆地；洲 (2) _____________ / m lj n/ n. 一百万；许多，大量 (2) _____________ /le θ/ n. 长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，（电影）片长 (2) _____________ / ba da v s ti/ n. 生物多样性 (2) _____________ / spi i z/ n. (pl. species) 种，物种 (2) _____________ /n t/ n. 坚果 (3) →_____________ 巴西坚果 (3) _____________ / l li/ n. 百合（花） (3) →_____________ 睡莲 (3) _____________ /v ra ti/ n. 不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体 (3) _____________ / wa ldla f/ n. 野生动植物，野生生物 (3) _____________ /b ni θ/ prep. 在…下面，在…下方；配不上 (3) _____________ /m s/ n. 大量；团，块，堆；一大群 adj. 大批的，广泛的 (3) _____________ / ta r / adj. 高大的，高耸的；出色的 (3) _____________ / hɑ dw d/ n. 阔叶树；硬材（阔叶树的木材） (3) _____________ / l v / adj. 活着的，活的；在使用的 n. 生计，谋生；生活方式 (3) _____________ / m ml/ n. 哺乳动物 (3) _____________ / d ɡju (r)/ n. 美洲豹，美洲虎 (3) _____________ /s va v/ vi. 生存，存活 vt. 幸存，幸免于难 (3) _____________ /fr ɡ/ n. 蛙，青蛙 (3) _____________ 相应地，转而 (3) _____________ / nsekt/ n. 昆虫 (3) _____________ / ma kr g n z m/ n. 微生物 (3) _____________ 使分解（为），使变化（成） (3) _____________ / nju tri nt/ n. 营养素，营养物 (3) _____________ 给…带来起色， 注入活力 (3) _____________ / kɑ b n/ n. 碳 (3) _____________ / ks d n/ n. 氧，氧气 (3) _____________ / s/ adv. 因此，从而；这样 (3) _____________ / d s p (r)/ vi. 不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪 (3) _____________ 由于，因为 (3) _____________ / ɡr k lt (r)/ n. 农业，农学 (3) _____________ / k tl/ n. 牛 (3) _____________ / mp kt/ n. 影响，作用；撞击，冲撞 / m p kt/ vi. & vt. 有影响；冲击 (3) _____________ / k st k n/ n. 灭绝，绝种 (3) _____________ / d m d / vt. & n. 损害，伤害， 损坏，破坏 _____________ / kla m t/ n. 气候；倾向，风气 (5) 41. _____________ 逐渐增加，扩大 (5) harm soil ecosystem overseas region continent million length biodiversity species nut brazil nut lily water lily variety wildlife beneath mass towering hardwood living mammal jaguar survive frog in turn insect microorganism break down nutrient breathe life into carbon oxygen thus disappear due to agriculture cattle impact extinction damage climate build up课前导入-课文语法填空 根据P2-3教材课文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 As the __1__（large） rainforest in the world, the Amazon rainforest plays an important part __2__ maintaining the balance of the Earth’s ecosystem. The Amazon River, from __3__ the rainforest gets its name, supports many different ecosystems, __4__（give） this area the richest biodiversity on the Earth. From the tall and ancient Brazil nut trees to the water lilies, the forest’s different levels provide food and shelter for __5__ great variety of wildlife. The Amazon rainforest is also home to more than 1, 300 species of birds and over 400 species of mammals. For example, the jaguar, close to extinction in other areas, can __6__（find） here. __7__（know） as the “lungs of the planet”, the Amazon rainforest __8__（breathe） life into the planet by fixing carbon and producing over 20 per cent of all the Earth’s oxygen. __9__, 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human __10__（activity） such as agriculture and cattle farming. 【答案】1. largest 2. in 3. which 4. giving 5. a 6. be found 7. Known 8. breathes 9. However 10. activities 课中讲解 根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词 apply vt. 应用；涂抹 vi. 申请→application n. 应用，运用；申请→applicant n. 申请人 organize vt. 组织，筹备；安排→organization n. 组织，团体；组织工作；安排；条理 defend vt. & vi. 保护，防御 vt. 辩解→defence n. 辩解；防御，保护→defensive adj. 防御的，保护的 economy n. 经济；节约，节俭→economic adj. 经济的，经济上的；可赚钱的→economical adj. 经济的，实惠的；节俭的→economist n. 经济学家 official n. 官员，要员 adj. 公务的；正式的，官方的→officially adv. 官方地，正式地 poison n. 毒死，毒害 n. 毒药，毒物→poisonous adj. 有毒的 concern vt. 影响；涉及；让（某人）担忧 n. 担心，忧虑；关心；（对人、组织等）重要的事情→concerned adj. 忧虑的，关心的；关切的，关注的→concerning prep. 关于…… profit vi. 获益；对……有用（或有益） n. 利润，利益；好处→profitable adj. 盈利的；有好处的 根据提示补全下列短语 come up with 想出，提出（=put forward） call for （公开）要求，需要 call on 呼吁，号召 make every effort to do sth. 不遗余力做某事（=spare no effort to do sth.） sign up (for sth.) 报名（参加活动、比赛等） far from ... 远离……；远非…… at risk 有风险；冒风险 get rid of ... 摆脱…… protest against ... 反对…… make a profit/ make profits 获利 in defence of ... 为……作解释/辩护 be concerned about ... 关心……；为……担忧 draw one’s attention to ... 使某人注意到…… on the rise 在增加，在上涨 lift sb. out of poverty 使某人摆脱贫困 advance economic growth 促进经济增长 aim for ... 力求达到，力争做到 even though/if 尽管，即使 重点知识点解析 come up with ... 想出，提出……（-put forward） (教材P6) All of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve these problems. 他们都针对如何解决这些问题想出了创造性的点子。 【用法详解】come up with意为“想出，提出（计划、想法等）”，为及物动词短语，主语为人，后接名词或代词作宾语，相当于put forward。如： Several of the members have come up with suggestions of their own. 有几位成员提出了自己的建议。 No one has come up with a definitive answer as to why this should be so. 对于为什么应该是这样，还没有人想出最终确定的答案。 注意 come up意为“被想出，被提及”，为不及物动词短语，不用被动，其主语通常为物，即所提出的内容。如： The subject came up during a pre-dinner drink with our guests. 在与客人喝餐前酒的时候，有人提到了这个话题。 【归纳拓展】短语总结 come的其他短语： n. + to come 将来；未来的 when it comes to sth./to doing sth. 当涉及某事（或做某事）时 come across sb./sth. [无被动]（偶然）遇见，碰见，发现 come around/round或come to 恢复知觉；苏醒 come by vi.（为看望某人）作短暂拜访 vt. 设法得到（或获得） come down with ... 染上，得（病） come down on ... 责备，训斥 come down to business开始认真工作；言归正传 come in vi. 变时髦；时兴；流行 come on vi. 登台，上场；改进，改善；快点儿，加把劲；（表示知道某人所说的话不正确）得了吧 come out vi. 出版，发行，发表；显示出来 如：They may well regret the decision in years to come. 他们很可能会在以后的年月里为这个决定而后悔。 When it comes to getting things done, he’s useless. 一涉及做事，他便不中用了。 I think I’m coming down with flu. 我想我得了流感。 Your mother hasn’t yet come round from the anaesthetic. 你的母亲麻醉后还没有苏醒过来。 She came by the house. 她来住所看了一下。| Jobs are hard to come by these days. 如今找工作很难。 Long hair for men came in in the sixties. 男子留长发在60年代流行开来。 Her best qualities come out in a crisis. 她的优秀品质在危机时显示了出来。 “动词 + up with”型的其他短语： put up with 容忍 end up with 以……作结 make up with 与……和好catch up with 赶上…… keep up with 跟上；与……保持联系
application n. [C, U] 申请，请求，申请书/表；[U] 应用，运用；[C] 应用软件/程序（缩写为app） (教材P6) Some call for the application of modern technology, and others a change of lifestyle. 一些人要求使用现代科技，而其他人则要求改变生活方式。 【用法详解】application to sb. + for sth./to do sth. 申请 application of sth. to sth. 应用，运用，执行，实施 如：an application form 申请表 His application to the court for bail has been refused. 他向法庭申请保释遭到拒绝。 the application of new technology to teaching 新技术在教学上的应用 strict application of the law 法律的严格执行 【归纳拓展】词性转换： apply vi. 申请 vt. 使用，应用；涂抹 常见搭配 apply (to sb.) for sth. （向某人）申请…… apply ... to ... 将……应用于……；涂抹 apply to ... 适用于某人/某物；对……有效 如：The new technology was applied to farming. 这项新技术已应用于农业。 The convention does not apply to us. 这条惯例对我们不适用。 I am continuing to apply for jobs. 我正在继续找工作。 applicant n. [C] 申请者 appliance n. [C]（家用）电器，器具 常见搭配 electrical/household appliances 电器/家用器具 【即时巩固】单句语法填空 ①Apply the cream sparingly to your face and neck. 把乳霜薄薄地抹在脸和脖子上。 ②There were over 500 applicants(apply) for the job. get rid of 摆脱，丢弃 (教材P11) The smog in the air has coloured the sky a smoky grey; it’s also given me a cough that I can’t get rid of. 空气中的雾霾把天空染成了烟灰色，还让我患上了咳嗽，老是不好。 【用法详解】get rid of ... 摆脱，丢弃，扔掉 be rid of ... 摆脱…… rid oneself of ... 摆脱……，从……中解脱 如：She wanted to get rid of her parents and their authority. 她想摆脱父母及其权威的束缚。 I was glad to be rid of the car when I finally sold it. 把车卖掉时，我很庆幸终于脱手了。 【即时巩固】单句语法填空、翻译句子 ①He wanted to rid himself of the burden of the secret. ②翻译句子：我这头疼老也不好。 I can't get rid of this headache. profit n. [C, U] 利润，盈利（ [反] loss） vt. & vi. 获益，对……有用（或有益） (教材P11) People tend to connect factories with pictures of clouds of dirty smoke and irresponsible business eager to make huge profits. 人们往往将工厂与黑烟滚滚的照片和急于牟取暴利的不负责任的商人联系起来。 【用法详解】make a profit =make profits 获利 profit from/by ... 从……中受益（-benefit from ...）；靠……获利 profit sb. =benefit sb. 使受益 如：The company made a healthy profit on the deal. 公司在这笔生意中获利颇丰。 The agency is voluntary and not run for profit/ run on a non-profit basis. 这个机构是义务性的，不是为了赢利。 We tried to profit by/from our mistakes (=learn from them). 我们努力从错误中吸取教训。 【归纳拓展】词性转换： profitable adj. 获利的；有益的 常见搭配 be profitable for ... =be beneficial to ... 对……有益 non-profit adj. 非营利的，不以营利为目的的 【即时巩固】翻译句子 当地的许多人认为，这项开发将对他们有利。 Many local people believe the development will profit them. defence n. [U] 防御，保护，保卫；[C, U] 防御物，防务；[C] 辩解，辩白；辩词 (教材P11) In defence of factories, however, I’d like to point out that they also try to control the amount of pollution they produce. 不过，为工厂说句公道话，我想指出的是它们也在努力控制所产生的污染量。 【用法详解】in defence of sb. =in sb’s defence 为某人辩护 in defence 保卫，守卫 in defence of ... 为保卫/守卫…… 如：soldiers who died in defence of their country为保卫祖国而献身的战士 What points can be raised in defence of this argument 有什么论点能提出来为这个说法辩护呢？ I have to say in her defence that she knew nothing about it beforehand. 我得为她说句话，她事先并不知道此事。 Humour is a more effective defence than violence. 幽默是比暴力更有效的防御武器。 【归纳拓展】词性转换： defend vt. & vi. 防御，保护 vt. 辩解，辩白 常见搭配 defend sb./oneself/sth. (from/against sb./sth.) 保护……免受侵害；针对……为某人/某物辩解 如：All our officers are trained to defend themselves against knife attacks. 我们所有的警察都接受过自卫训练，能够对付持刀袭击。 Politicians are skilled at defending themselves against their critics. 从政者都善于为自己辩解，反驳别人的批评。 defensive adj. 防御的，保护的，保卫的；戒备的，怀有戒心的 【即时巩固】单句语法填空 ①Don't ask him about his plans─he just gets defensive(defend). ②It is impossible to defend against an all-out attack. 1. (教材P8) As the human population continues to grow, so does the effort we have on animals. 随着人口的持续增长，我们对动物的影响也在不断增加。 【句式剖析】句中的as引导时间状语从句，“so does the effort we have on animals”为“so+倒装”结构。 【考点提炼】“so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+另一主语”结构 该结构为肯定形式，表示前一句中主语的肯定情况也适用于后者，在时态上和前一句保持一致，但两句的主语是不同的两人，意为“某人/某物也是如此”。如： ①—He is a Chinese. —So am I. 我也是。 ②—Tom can dance. —So can Mary. 玛丽也能。 ③—My mother will go to Beijing. —So will I. 我也是。 ④—I have been to America. —So has Li Lei. 李雷也去过。 ⑤—She likes English. —So do they. 他们也喜欢（英语）。 ⑥Lily played basket yesterday and so did Lucy. 露西也是。 注意 (1)Lily played basket yesterday and so did Lucy. vs Lily played basket yesterday, as did Lucy. (2)so前面的句子都是肯定句。若前面的句子是否定句，则应用“neither/nor+be动词/情态动词/助动词+另一主语”结构，表示前一句中主语的否定情况也适用于后者，意为“某人/某物也不这样”。如： She didn’t turn up at the meeting. Neither/Nor did he. (3)“so+同一主语+be动词/情态动词/助动词”（同人不倒）意为“确实，……的确如此”，表示对前面话的内容加以确认或强调。如： ①—It’s a bad day today. —So it is. ②—John studies English well. —So he does. √小试身手（1）-完成句子 你有帮助他摆脱这个坏习惯的有效方法吗？（rid） Do you have any effective ways to help him ___________________ such a bad habit？ 为了获得未来职业的必要经验，你在大学期间应该积极参加社会活动。（take part in） To gain necessary experience for your future career, you should ___________________ social activities in college. 刚刚站在门前的是两个小男孩。（全部倒装结构） ___________________ two little boys just now. 即使你不能理解书上讲的所有内容也不要担心。（even） Don’t worry ___________________ you can’t understand anything in the book. 医生们彻夜工作以拯救伤者们的生命。（动词不定式作目的状语） Doctors worked through the night ___________________. 学生们经常讨论如何提高英语水平。（疑问词＋动词不定式） Students often discuss ___________________. 【答案】1. get rid of 2. take an active part in 3. Standing before/in front of the door were 4. even though/if to save the lives of the injured 6. how to improve their English 单元重点语法—省略 在英语中，为了使语言简洁、紧凑、重点突出，常常省略句中的一个或几个成分，这种语法现象称为省略。 一、词法上的省略—不定式结构中的省略 ①在同一个句子或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或补足语的不定式再次出现时，不定式符号to后面的内容常常被省略，只保留不定式符号to。此类省略常用于动词refuse, would like/love, wish, want, hope, expect, intend, plan等以及形容词afraid, happy, glade, willing, ready等之后。如： —Aren’t your uncle’s family going to Australia for holiday this summer — No, they finally decided not to. —Will you join us in the game —I’d be glad to. ②感官动词（词组）see, look at, hear, listen to, watch等和使役动词make, let, have等后面做宾补的动词不定式要省略to，但在此类动词（词组）的被动语态中，to不可省略（主动省略to，被动还原to）。如： They made the boy go to bed early. The boy was seen to enter the cinema. ③如果承前省略的不定式中含有be, have, have been时，不定式符号to后要保留be或have或have been。如： —Are you a farmer —No, but I used to be. —He hasn’t finished yet —Well, he ought to have. ④前有“do”，后无“to”。如： What I want to do now is to study hard. 句法上的省略 简单句中的省略 并列句中的省略（相同的部分就可以省）。如： ①省略共同的主语或宾语Mr. Li picked up an ID card on the road and (Mr. Li) handed it to a policeman. Normally many bacteria are present in (the human body) and on the human body.②省略由“助动词+主动词”构成的复合谓语John was given a pen and Alice (was given) a book. Tom has written a poem and Peter (has written) a short story.③若前后分句的主语和谓语相同，则省略后一分句的主语和谓语His advice made me angry, but (his advice made) Jim happy.
状语从句的省略 在表示时间、地点、条件、让步、方式、比较等状语从句中，如果①从句的主语和主句的主语相同或从句主语为it，且②从句中谓语动词含有be的某种形式时，可以省略从句中的主语和be（主语同，谓语be，二者省去不可惜），留下“连词+表语（形容词/分词/不定式/名词/介词短语）”的形式。如： Although (he is) against my opinion, the old professor didn’t come up with his own. We all know that, if (the situation was) not carefully dealt with, the situation will get worse. I am taller than he (is)./ He got up early as (it was) usual. While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called. 注意(1) as引导的时间、让步状语从句，以及because, since, as引导的原因状语从句中，都不能用省略结构。 注意(2) if so/if not/if ever/if any/if possible
■ 补充：定语从句的省略 ①在定语从句中，①关系代词做主语（“主语同”），且当定语从句是②进行时态be doing或被动语态be done（“谓语be”）时，可直接省略关系代词+be动词。如： The man (who was) sitting next to me is my brother. The goods (which were) ordered last week have not arrived yet. ②先行词是way（在从句中和介词连用作状语），time（作“次数”讲）时，关系词可省略 小试身手（2）-单句语法填空 1. We all know that, if ___________(not deal with) carefully, the situation will get worse. 2. When __________(walk) along the street, he came across an old friend. 【答案】1. not dealt with 2. walking 课后练习 Ⅰ. 单句语法填空 Students took to the streets to protest against the decision. That’s why I left so early. The reason why we aren’t going is that we can't afford it. What points can be raised in defence of this argument I attached a photo to my application(apply) form and sent it to the company. As the demand rises, so does(do) the price of this product. Several of the members have come up with suggestions of their own. She’s signed up for evening classes at the community college. II. 用方框内所给短语的适当形式完成下列句子 call for leave out far from spring to mind aim for 1．It didn't seem fair to leave out her father. 2．Though the idea may be dead, it is far from being buried. 尽管这种思想可能已无人相信，但还远没被人遗忘。 3．We should aim for a bigger share of the market. 4．It's a situation that calls for a blend(混合) of delicacy and force. 5．Integrity(正直) and honesty are words that spring to mind when talking of the man. III. 阅读理解 I knew my parents were planning something special for my birthday. I didn’t see anybody 41 and there was no shopping. I even doubted that they had 42 it. When I asked my dad about it, he said, “we’ll go for a 43 tomorrow. But make sure you take your savings.” I felt 44 because a birthday trip was what I really wanted. The next morning my dad and I 45 and soon we reached our destination. It was an old building on the banks of Periyar River. Some 46 were playing around. A man greeted us and 47 us to his office. My father asked me to give my 48 box to that uncle. I saw a big smile in his face but I was a bit 49 . The man told us that all kids we 50 playing outside were all orphans(孤儿) and many of them had 51 going to school. He wanted to build up a school to 52 them. The school hadn’t been completed totally but about 200 children were living in that 53 . I had tears in my eyes. I realized how lucky I was and felt 54 happy that my small coin box would help support his action. He took us around and introduced us to the kids. They 55 us and soon we became good friends. We started playing in the open ground and had a great 56 . Soon we were called for lunch. We all sat in a big hall and had a delicious lunch. There were happy 57 all around. It was time for us to 58 the place. I was unwilling to 59 I wanted to play with them. As we drove back I told my father that was the 60 birthday party in my life. 41. A. asked B. shown C. invited D. cared 42. A. prepared B. performed C. known D. forgotten 43. A. trip B. game C. course D. march 44. A. worried B. tired C. excited D. relaxed 45. A. came about B. moved on C. looked around D. set out 46. A. players B. kids C. teachers D. workers 47. A. raised B. held C. took D. pulled 48. A. coin B. tool C. candy D. gift 49. A. bored B. frightened C. impatient D. unhappy 50. A. introduced B. reported C. saw D. chased 51. A. considered B. stopped C. enjoyed D. escaped 52. A. support B. comfort C. please D. encourage 53. A. way B. organization C. family D. place 54. A. strangely B. hardly C. really D. highly 55. A. watched B. greeted C. touched D. helped 56. A. time B. event C. match D. joke 57. A. audiences B. faces C. memories D. actors 58. A. praise B. visit C. clean D. leave 59. A. but B. because C. so D. though 60. A. best B. kindest C. busiest D. simplest 【答案】41-45 CDACD 46-50 BCADC 51-55 BADCB 56-60 ABDBA IV. 七选五阅读 A happy family life doesn’t happen by chance. It is a result from husband and wife who carefully and diligently create a home where there is love, respect, forgiveness, patience, service and selflessness. 1 The love of husband and wife makes their union last forever; the love of parents for children enables them to feel safe in the world; the love of children for parents lightens the burden that the parents bear; and the love among children reduces quarrels and fights. A couple who respect each other never blame their spouse（配偶）. He or she doesn’t think much about her or his weaknesses but helps her or him overcome them. 2 Forgiveness cannot be ignored either. Conflicts often arise in a family but they can be settled right away. The one who is at fault should immediately ask for forgiveness and the other should choose to forgive. 3 4 If there patience in the family, anger will be controlled and there will be peace and harmony. 5 Small acts service in a family make people’s hearts glad. Children learn simple acts of service by giving their parents a glass of water, and a couple serve each other by taking care of family members. A. Live in harmony. B. Love is the greatest of all virtues. C. If there is respect, there will be encouraging words. D. If there is forgiveness, there will be no anger or misunderstanding. E. Being patient is difficult, especially for parents with babies or teenagers. F. If you do something wrong, you must make an apology. G. The best service is always found within the walls of homes 【答案】BCDEG 自我总结-单元单词默写 _____________ / ɡl bl/ adj. 全球的；全面的 (6) _____________ / ɡri nha s/ n. 温室，暖房 (6) _____________ /ɡ s/ n. 气体；煤气；汽油 (6) _____________ /dra t/ n. 旱灾，久旱 (6) _____________ 想出，想到 (6) _____________ （公开）要求；需要 (6) _____________ / pl ke n/ n. 应用，运用；申请 (6) _____________ / br (r)/ n. 小册子 (6) _____________ / ɡ na ze n/ n. 组织，团体； 组织工作；安排；条理 (7) _____________ / bs lu tli/ adv. 绝对地，完全 地；极其 (7) _____________ /belt/ n. 地带，地区；腰带；传送带 (7) _____________ / medl/ n. 奖章，勋章 (7) _____________ / m d / n. 形象；图像；意象 (8) _____________ / ɑ k/ n. 鲨鱼 (8) _____________ 突然记起（或想到） (8) _____________ /we l/ n. 鲸 (8) _____________ /d (r)/ n. (pl. deer) 鹿 (8) _____________ /tr k/ vt. & vi. 跟踪，追踪 n. 足迹，踪迹；小道；轨道； 跑道；路线 (8) _____________ / h b t t/ n. 生活环境，栖息地 (8) _____________ / n we (r)/ adv. 无处，哪里都不 (8) _____________ / d lf n/ n. 海豚 (8) _____________ / rez d nt/ n. 居民，住户 (11) _____________ /t i f/ n. 首领，最高领导人 adj. 主要的；首席的 (11) _____________ /k m ti/ n. 委员会 (11) _____________ / n ta li/ adv. 完全地，全部地， 完整地 (11) _____________ /sm ɡ/ n. 雾霾，烟雾 (11) get _______ /r d/ of 摆脱，丢弃，扔掉 (11) _____________ /pr test/ vi. 反对，抗议 vt. 坚持声称，申辩 / pr test/ n. 抗议，反对 (11) _____________ vi. & vt. 获益，得到好处 (11) _____________ /d fens/ (AmE defense) n. 辩护；防御，保护；防御物； 国防；防守 (11) _____________ / ve ri s/ adj. 各种不同的，各种各 样的 (11) _____________ / pr ses/ n. 过程，进程；步骤，流程 vt. 加工，处理 (11) _____________ / i k n m k/ adj. 经济的，经济上 的；可赚钱的 (12) _____________ / p l si/ n. 政策，方针；原则 (12) _____________ /brɑ nt / n.（政府或机构）部门；分部；树枝；支流；分 支 (12) _____________ / str t d i/ n. 策略，行动计划； 策划，部署 (12) _____________ / ri sa kl/ vt. 回收利用，再利用 (12) _____________ / s bwe / n. 地铁；地下人行道 (12) _____________ / f m (r)/ adj. 昔日的，前任的；以前 的，从前的 (12) _____________ / f l/ n. 官员，要员 adj. 公务的；正式的，官方的(12) _____________ / p v ti/ n. 贫穷，贫困；贫乏 (12) _____________ / p zn/ vt. 污染；毒死，毒害 n. 毒物，毒药 (13) _____________ / kem kl/ n. 化学制品 adj. 化学的；化学作用的(13) _____________ / k ns kw ns/ n. 结果，后果； 重要性 (13) _____________ 使发生（或存在） (13) _____________ / f (r)/ adj. 更多的，更进一步的 adv. 较远，更远；进一步 global greenhouse gas drought come up with call for application brochure organization absolutely belt medal image shark spring to mind whale deer track habitat nowhere dolphin resident chief committee entirely smog get rid of protest profit defence various process economic policy branch strategy recycle subway former official poverty poison chemical consequence give rise to further
