Unit2 Let's celebrate-Developing ideas考点精讲&典例示范
【知识概括】
【阅读词汇】
□global adj. □citizen n. □nationality n. □audience n.
□host n． □editor n． □software n. □overseas adv.
□interact v. □phenomenon n. □fancy adj. □guy n．
□dessert n． □riddle n．
【写作词汇】
1.request n. 请求，要求
2.eve n. 前夕，前一天
3.adult n. 成人，成年人
4.formal adj. 正式的
5.effort n. 力气，精力
6.occasion__n. 场合，时刻
7.wave v. 挥手， 招手
8.decorate v. 装饰，布置，美化
9.process n. (为达到某目标的)过程，进程
10.joy n. 欢欣，愉快，喜悦
【拓展词汇】
1.admit v．(不情愿地)承认→admission n．承认；认可
2.attract v．吸引，引起……的兴趣→attractive adj.有吸引力的；吸引人的→attraction n．吸引；吸引力
3.competition n．比赛，竞赛→compete vi.比赛；竞争→competitor n．竞争者→competitive adj.有竞争力的
4.exist v．存在，实际上有→existence n．存在
5.indicate v．表明，显示→indication n．迹象；表示；标示
6.loss n．失去，丧失→lose vt.失去；丢失→过去式/过去分词lost/lost→lost adj.丢失的；迷失的
7.retired adj.退休的→retire vi.& vt.(使)退休→retirement n．退休
【重点短语】
1.put__up 建造；搭建；张贴
2.have__nothing__to__do__with 与……无关
3.look__forward__to 渴望
4.clean__up 打扫；清扫；把……弄干净
5.be__keen__on 喜爱；热衷于
6.do__one’s__best 尽某人最大努力
7.depend__on 取决于；依靠
8.rather__than 而不是
【重点句型】
1.not only...but also...不但……而且……：It was not__only(不但) for the delicious food that we seldom got to eat, but(而且) for the opportunity to have our whole family gathered together.
2.spend time (in) doing sth.花时间做某事：I really don’t think it’s worth the effort of spending__so__much__time__preparing__for(花那么多的时间准备) a single meal, and then another hour cleaning up the mess after it’s over.
3.部分否定：Nowadays, some people choose to have the dinner in a restaurant, but not__everyone(并不是每一个人) is keen on this idea.
【考点精讲】
admit v．(不情愿地)承认
(教材P20)Can’t they admit that the preparations for the dinner are hard work
难道他们不能承认晚餐的准备工作很辛苦吗？
admit sb./sth.(to be) ... 承认某人/某事……
admit (to sb.) that... (向某人)承认……
admit...to/into... 允许……加入/进入
be admitted to/into 被……接受(入学、入院等)
admit (doing/having done) sth. 承认(做过)某事
①You have to admit the 2019 National Day parade(to be)wonderful.
你不得不承认2019年国庆阅兵太棒了。
②She was admitted to/into Peking University in 2019, which made her parents very happy.
2019年她被北京大学录取了，这使得她的父母非常高兴。
③She said sorry to me and admitted taking/having__taken (take) my umbrella by mistake.
她向我道歉并承认错拿了我的伞。
[语境助记]
The two boys admitted that they had been admitted into the theatre, which can admit 1，000 people.
这两个男孩承认他们被准许进入这家可容纳1 000人的剧院。
attract v．吸引，引起……的兴趣
(教材P18)The lantern fair attracts a lot of people, so it’s one of the busiest times of year for the traffic police.
灯会吸引了很多人，所以这是交警一年中最忙的时候之一。
(1)attraction n. 吸引(力)；具有吸引力的事物/人
attractive adj. 有吸引力的；引起兴趣的
(2)attract sb.to... 把某人吸引到……
attract sb.’s attention 吸引某人的注意力
①The course normally attracts about 100 students per year, of whom up to half will be from abroad.
这个课程一般每年吸引大约100名学生，其中多达一半将来自国外。
② Thousands of foreigners were attracted to the Shanghai World Expo the day it opened.
上海世博会开幕当天就吸引了成千上万的外国人。
③To be honest, the pay isn’t attractive(attract) enough, though the job itself is quite interesting.
说实话，虽然这份工作本身很有趣，但薪水不够吸引人。
④ Although Dollywood has rides, the park’s main attraction(attract) is its culture.
尽管多莱坞有骑乘游乐设施，但是这里最具吸引力的还是它的文化。
effort n．[U]&[C]力气，精力；[C]努力；尽力
(教材P20)I really don’t think it’s worth the effort of spending so much time preparing for a single meal, and then another hour cleaning up the mess after it’s over.
我真的觉得花这么多时间准备一顿饭，然后在结束后再花一个小时收拾残局是不值得的。
(1)without effort 容易地，不费力地
(2)make efforts/an effort/every effort to do sth.努力做某事
spare no effort (to do) sth. 不遗余力(做某事)
①Success is dependent on your efforts and ability.
成功取决于你的努力和能力。
②Nobody can succeed in anything without effort.
人不努力，任何事都不能成功。
③I will make every effort to__achieve(achieve) my goal.
我将尽一切努力来实现我的目标。
[温馨提示]
“尽一切努力做某事” 的表达法还有：
do all that sb.can to do sth.
try/do one’s best to do sth.
do what sb.can to do sth.
exist v．存在，实际上有
(教材P22)A fact is something that exists or has happened, for example, an object, event or experience.
事实是存在的或已经发生的事物，例如物体、事件或经验。
(1)exist in＝lie in 在于……
There exist(s) ... 有/存在……
(2)existence n. 存在；生活；生活方式
come into existence 出现；产生
①Scientists made efforts to find out whether life of some kind exists on Mars.
科学家们努力去弄清火星上是否存在某种生命。
②Do you believe in ghosts Perhaps they only exist in the minds of some people.
你相信鬼魂吗？或许它们只存在于一些人的想象中。
③No one knows when such a custom first came into existence(exist)．
没有人知道这种风俗是什么时候开始形成的。
④There exists a good way to solve the existing problem in maths.(exist)
有一个解决现存数学问题的好方法。
[温馨提示]
exist是不及物动词，不能用于被动语态和进行时。
request n．请求，要求
vt.(正式或礼貌地)要求，请求
(教材P17)What do the words in bold indicate: an order, a request, ability or possibility
粗体字表示什么：命令、要求、能力或可能性？
(1)request sb.to do sth. 请求/要求某人做某事
request that...(should) do sth.要求……(应该)做某事
(2)make (a) request for... 请求/要求……
at one’s request＝at the request of sb.应某人的要求
①We most prefer to say yes to the requests of someone we know and like.
对我们认识和喜欢的人的请求我们大多喜欢说可以。
②I came to give a talk to the students at the request of the headmaster.
我应校长的要求来给学生们作报告。
③Visitors are requested not to__touch(touch) the exhibits.
参观者被要求不要触摸展示品。
④They request that all the cleaning work (should)__be__finished(finish) this morning.
他们要求所有的清洁工作要在今天上午完成。
[温馨提示]
request后的宾语从句、表语从句以及It is requested that...从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，即(should＋)do形式。
[巧学活用]——单句语法填空
(1)The teacher requested the students not to__walk(walk)on the grass.
(2)The teacher made a request that the students(should)__not__walk(not walk) on the grass.
(3)The teacher requested that the students(should)__not__walk(not walk) on the grass.
not only...but also... 不但……而且……
(教材P21)It was not only for the delicious food that we seldom got to eat, but for the opportunity to have our whole family gathered together.
不但是因为我们很少吃到的美味的食物，而且还是因为有机会让我们全家聚在一起。
(教材P23)What’s more, not only are these attended and enjoyed by Chinese citizens living abroad, but by many other nationalities, too.
另外，不仅海外的中国公民参加并享受这些活动，许多其他民族也参加了。
not only...but also...句型，意为“不但……而且……”，连接两个并列成分。
(1)not only...but also...连接两个表示并列关系的成分，着重强调后者，其意为“不但……而且……”；其中的also有时可以省略。
(2)若连接两个句子，且not only位于句首时，not only后面的句子要用部分倒装。
(3)若连接的两个成分作主语，其谓语动词的数通常与靠近的主语保持一致。
①They are not only experienced and knowledgeable, but also patient and understanding.
他们不仅经验丰富，知识渊博，而且有耐心，善解人意。
②Not only the twins but also their friend Tom likes(like) playing football.
不仅是这对双胞胎，他们的朋友汤姆也喜欢踢足球。
③By doing so, I can not only share good ideas with others but also learn to express myself clearly.
＝By doing so, not only can__I__share good ideas with others but also learn to express myself clearly. 通过这样做，我不仅能够与他人分享好的想法，而且还学会清楚地表达自我。
部分否定
(教材P20)Nowadays, some people choose to have the dinner in a restaurant, but not everyone is keen on this idea.
现在，有些人选择在餐馆吃饭，但并不是每一个人都喜欢这个主意。
本句中的not everyone＝everyone...not为部分否定， 表示 “并非每一个人……都……” 。部分否定通常有以下几种情况：
(1)否定词与 all, both, every, everyone, everything等连用(不管否定词放在什么位置)；
(2)否定词和always, often等连用。
①—What do you think of the songs
——你认为这些歌曲怎么样？
—As a matter of fact, not every one of them sounds beautiful.
——事实上，并不是每一首歌曲都好听。
②Both of the two maths problems are not very difficult.
＝Not__both of the two maths problems are very difficult.
这两道数学题并非都很难。
③All these books are not popular with people.
＝Not__all these books are popular with people.
这些书并非全都受人们的欢迎。
[温馨提示]
全部否定的情况：
(1)表示全部否定意义的词(no, none, nobody, nothing, no one, neither等)＋表示肯定意义的谓语。
(2)否定词＋any/anybody/anything/...
[巧学活用]——单句语法填空
(1)—Which of the two computer games did you prefer
—Actually I liked neither of them.
(2)He told me all pieces of the news, but both/none of them was very exciting.
(3)I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with everything.Unit2 Let's celebrate-Starting out考点精讲&典例示范
【知识概括】
【阅读词汇】
□fantasy n． □literature n． □envelope n． □pole n.
□dragon n． □lunar adj. □poet n． □vote v．
□polar adj. □roof n. □starving adj.
【写作词汇】
1.harvest n. 收成
2.regardless__adv. 不管，不顾
3.novel n. (长篇)小说
4.regard v. 认为，看作
【拓展词汇】
1.complain__v．抱怨；不满；发牢骚→complaint n．抱怨
2.decoration n．装饰物→decorate vi. & vt.装饰；装修
3.freedom__n．自由，自由权利→free adj.自由的
4.honour v．向……表示敬意→honourable adj.可敬的；光荣的
5.inequality n．(社会上的)不平等→equal adj.平等的→equality n．平等→equally adv.平等地
6.limitless__adj.无限的→limit n．(常作复数)范围→limited adj.有限的
7.participate v．参加，参与→participation n．参加；参与
8.regular__adj.频繁的；经常的→regularly adv.有规律地；定期地；经常
9.warning n．警告，警示，告诫→warn v．警告
【重点短语】
1.as__well__as 和；除了；既……又……
2.in__a．..way 用……方法
3.regard...as... 把……视作……
4.stop...(from)__doing... 阻止……做某事
5.be__made__into 被制成
6.be__known__as 作为……而著名
7.regardless__of 不管，不顾
8.add...to... 把……增添到……
9.get__together 聚会；组织
10.wrap__up (用纸、布等)包，裹
11.take__place 举办
12.in__memory__of 纪念；追念
【重点句型】
1.This/That is why...这/那就是……的原因：That__is__why(那就是……的原因) Letters from Father Christmas could be the perfect book for those who regard Christmas as a special time of year.
2.keep＋宾语＋宾补：As parents, they try to keep__that__magic__alive(让这种魔力永存) for their children for as long as they can.
3.with复合结构：May Day is a festival to celebrate the start of summer, with__celebrations__held__across__Europe__and__in__parts__of__North__America(庆祝活动在欧洲和北美部分地区举行).
【考点精讲】
complain v．抱怨，不满，发牢骚
(教材P15)In another letter, Father Christmas complained about how he could not stop his helpers playing games with the toys instead of wrapping them up.
在另一封信中，圣诞老人抱怨说，他怎样也无法阻止他的助手们玩玩具游戏，而不是把它们包装起来。
(1)complain to sb.of/about sth. 向某人抱怨某事
complain (to sb.) that... (向某人)抱怨……
(2)complaint n. 抱怨；牢骚；投诉
①Mother always complains that children wear out their shoes very quickly.
母亲总是抱怨孩子们很快就把鞋子穿烂了。
②Customers have the right to make a complaint(complain) about the poor service they receive.
顾客有权对他们得到的不好的服务投诉。
③It’s no use complaining(complain) about the heavy air pollution without taking action.
光抱怨严重的空气污染而不采取任何行动是没用的。
[温馨提示]
complain的后面不能直接跟sb.作宾语，要加介词to。类似的词还有explain, mention, reply, appreciate, occur等。
[巧学活用]——完成句子
他向我们抱怨说没有人去机场接他。
He complained__to__us__that no one had been at the airport to meet him.
honour v．向……表示敬意；尊敬 n．尊敬，荣誉
(1)honour sb. for... 因……而尊敬某人
(2)be honoured for... 因……而受到尊敬或获得荣誉
be honoured as ... 被尊为……
be/feel honoured to do/of doing...做……而感到荣幸
(3)have the honour to do/of doing...有幸做……
in honour of 为了纪念……
It’s an/one’s honour to do...做……是一种/某人的荣幸
①The athletes competed for the honour of their countries.
运动员为自己国家的荣誉而比赛。
②He was honoured as the best player in his team.
他被誉为是他队里最好的选手。
③We honour Lang Ping for her excellent guidance in the 2019 Volleyball Women’s World Cup.
因郎平在2019年女排世界杯中的出色指导，我们很尊敬她。
④This monument was built in__honour__of those brave soldiers.
这座纪念碑是为纪念那些勇敢的战士们而修建的。
[巧学活用]——一句多译
应邀为你们做关于中国传统文化的讲座，对此我深感荣幸。
(1)It__is__my__honour/an__honour__to__be__invited__to__give you a lecture on traditional Chinese culture.(honour n．)
(2)I__feel__honoured__to__be__invited__to__give you a lecture on traditional Chinese culture.(honoured adj.)
[温馨提示]
honour如果表示“一件荣誉的事或一个光荣的人”时，是可数名词。
in memory of 纪念；追念
(教材P13)They are held in memory of Qu Yuan, a poet and statesman in Ancient China.
它们是为纪念中国古代诗人和政治家屈原而举行的。
in praise of 赞美，歌颂
in honour of 纪念；向……表示敬意
in search of 寻找
in charge of 负责；掌管
①She set up an educational fund in memory of her parents.
她成立了一个教育基金会来纪念她的父母。
②Can you tell me who is in__charge__of the whole company
你能告诉我谁负责整个公司吗？
③A new monument which some workers are busy building is in__memory__of the national hero.
工人们正忙着建的纪念碑是纪念这位民族英雄的。
regard...as... 把……视作……
(教材P14)That is why Letters from Father Christmas could be the perfect book for those who regard Christmas as a special time of year.
那就是为什么《圣诞老人的来信》这本书对于那些把圣诞节视作一年中特殊时刻的人来说是一本完美的书。
①Never regard study as a duty.
绝对不要把学习视作一项任务。
②Mountains are regarded as spiritual places by many cultures.
山被许多文化视为心灵之地。
[巧学活用]——单句语法填空
(1)The Chinese people stress to send gifts in pairs, for odd numbers are regarded as unlucky.
(2)Regarded(regard) as one of the most gifted poets, Li Bai wrote poetry that concentrated on imagery, human and nature.
regardless adv.不管，不顾
(教材P13)Freedom Day is held every year on 27 April to celebrate South Africa’s first fully participated elections in 1994, in which everyone was allowed to vote regardless of skin colour. 自由日在每年4月27日举行，以庆祝1994年南非第一次全面参与的选举，在这次选举中，每个人都可以不分肤色进行投票。
regardless of 不管，不顾
despite＝in spite of 尽管……
①Nobody has the right to spit in the street regardless of their social position or age.
不管社会地位或年龄如何，没人有权当街吐痰。
②Despite the heavy traffic, he managed to come on time.
尽管交通拥挤，他还是设法准时到达了。
③In__spite of the bad weather, they still went shopping.
尽管天气不好，他们还是去购物了。
[温馨提示]
despite(＝in spite of)为介词，后接名词、代词或动名词作让步状语，不接从句(what 从句除外)；而 though, although 或 as 是从属连词，引导让步状语从句。
[巧学活用]——一句多译
尽管天气不好，飞机还是起飞了。
(1)Although/Though__the__weather__was__bad,__the plane took off.(状语从句)
(2)The plane took off despite/in__spite__of__the__bad__weather．(介词/介词短语)
warning n．警告，警示，告诫
(教材P15)Interestingly, the letters did not contain the usual warnings to children that they might not receive their presents if they were not good.
有趣的是，这些信并没有像往常一样警告孩子们：如果他们(表现)不好的话，他们可能不会收到礼物。
warn v．警告；提醒
warn sb.against doing sth.＝warn sb.not to do sth.警告某人不要做某事
warn sb.of sth. 提醒某人某事
warn sb.that... 警告/提醒某人……
①The red light is a warning sign for stop.
红灯是通知停止行进的信号。
②The police warned us against pickpockets.
警察提醒我们要提防扒手。
③The leader warned us of__the serious situation.
领导警告我们面临的严峻局势。
[巧学活用]—— 一句多译
父亲警告我不要在河里游泳。
(1)My father warned__me__not__to__swim in the river.
(2)My father warned__me__against__swimming__in the river.
This/That is why... 这/那就是……的原因
(教材P14)That is why Letters from Father Christmas could be the perfect book for those who regard Christmas as a special time of year.
那就是为什么《圣诞老人的来信》这本书对于那些把圣诞节视作一年中特殊时刻的人来说是一本完美的书。
This/That is why...是一个常见句型。意为：这/那就是……的原因。其中why引导表语从句。
This/That is because... 这/那是因为……
The reason why...is that... 原因是……
①You have improved your studying methods.That is why you have made rapid progress.
你改进了学习方法。那就是你进步这么快的原因。
②The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didn’t work hard.
他没有通过考试的原因是他学习不够努力。
③He missed the first bus and that was because__he got up late this morning.
他没能赶上早班车，那是因为他今天早上起晚了。
[巧学活用]——单句语法填空
(1)We are late.That’s because we were held up in the traffic jam.
(2)We were held up in the traffic jam and that’s why we are late.
(3)The reason why we are late is that we were held up in the traffic jam.
keep＋宾语＋宾补
(教材P14)As parents, they try to keep that magic alive for their children for as long as they can.
作为父母，他们尽量让这种魔法在孩子身上永存。
句中的keep that magic alive为 “keep＋宾语＋宾补” 结构。意为 “使……继续处于某种状态”，keep为使役动词。
(1)keep＋宾语＋名词/形容词/副词/介词短语
(2)keep＋宾语＋现在分词
(3)keep＋宾语＋过去分词
①Children are requested to keep the classroom in order.
孩子们被要求保持教室整洁干净。
②He kept his eyes closed(close) and stayed where he was.
他闭着眼睛待在原地。
③Please remain seated and keep your seat belts fastened (fasten)．
请坐好并系好安全带。
④Don’t keep the water running(run) when you wash your hands; it is a waste.
你洗手的时候不要让水一直流，那是一种浪费。
[温馨提示]
在 “keep＋宾语＋分词” 结构中，如果宾语与宾语补足语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语补足语用现在分词；如果宾语与宾语补足语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，宾语补足语用过去分词。高考中常考的可以接过去分词或现在分词作宾语补足语的动词还有find, leave, feel, see, hear, have, get 等。Unit2 Let's celebrate-Using language&writing考点精讲&典例示范
【写作指导--写信表达观点看法】
文体感知
本单元话题包括世界各地的文化节日、宗教节日、个人的庆祝活动及其庆祝这些活动的经历和感受等。
本单元的写作要求是写信发表自己对此的观点和看法。
表达时可分为三部分：
第一部分：介绍所描述的节日情况；
第二部分：该节日引发的问题；
第三部分：表明自己对此现象的观点或看法。
增分佳句
1．There is a debate as to whether...
2．Along with the development of..., more and more...
3．There’s no denying that...
4．Nowadays, people in China are increasingly interested in...
5．For years，...has been seen as..., but things are quite different now.
写作要求
燃放烟花爆竹曾是春节庆祝活动中最重要的习俗之一。然而，政府已在大多数城市下令禁止燃放鞭炮。现在某杂志社就此问题征求人们的看法。请你以李华的身份写信阐明你的观点及理由。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：燃放烟花爆竹light fireworks and crackers; 二氧化硫 sulfur dioxide
审题谋篇
项目 结论
体裁 应用文
话题 关于禁止燃放烟花爆竹
时态 一般现在时
人称 第三人称
词句推敲
1．词汇
①被允许做某事 be__allowed__to__do__sth.
②支持，赞同 in__favour__of
③对……有害 be__harmful__to
④导致空气污染 cause__air__pollution
⑤产生 produce__
⑥危险的 dangerous__
⑦伤害 injury
2．句式
①烟花爆竹不仅经常对人造成伤害，而且也会导致火灾。
普通表达：
Fireworks and crackers not only often cause injury to people but also cause fire accidents.
高级表达：
Not__only__do__fireworks__and__crackers__often__cause__injury__to__
people__but__also__cause__fire__accidents.(用倒装句改写)
②当燃放烟花爆竹的时候，它会产生许多的二氧化硫。这对我们的环境非常有害。
普通表达：
When a firework is set off, it will produce lots of sulfur dioxide.It is very harmful to our environment.
高级表达：
When__a__firework__is__set__off,__it__will__produce__lots__of__sulfur__
dioxide__which____is__very__harmful__to__our__environment.(用定语从句改写)
妙笔成篇
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Dear editor，
For recent years, people in most cities are not allowed to light fireworks and crackers during the Spring Festival.And I’m in favour of the policy.
Firstly, fireworks and crackers will cause air pollution.When a firework is set off, it will produce lots of sulfur dioxide which is very harmful to our environment.Secondly, fireworks and crackers are very dangerous.Not only do fireworks and crackers often cause injury to people but also cause fire accidents.
All in all, fireworks and crackers do lots of harm to people, so we shouldn’t set off fireworks and crackers.On the contrary, we can celebrate our holiday in other ways instead of setting off fireworks and crackers.
Yours，
Li Hua
【语法精讲】
一、情态动词的基本用法
1．will与would的用法
(1)表示征求意见或提出请求。would的语气更加委婉。
◆Would you please come here to help me
请你来这儿帮我好吗？
(2)表示意愿，would是will的过去式。
◆I will do my best to help you.我愿尽力帮你。
◆—Why didn’t you come to Simon’s party last night
——你昨晚为什么没有来参加西蒙的聚会？
—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me go out so late at night.
——我想去，但是我妈妈不愿意让我晚上这么晚出去。
(3)表示习惯或特性，以及自然的规律性。will用于现在，would用于过去。
◆Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
每天早晨，他总是沿着这条河散步。
◆She would do her homework in the library when she studied in the university.
当她在这所大学学习时，她常在图书馆里做作业。
[易混辨析]
would 表示“过去常常”，但仅表示过去的习惯性动作(不表示状态)，现在有可能还如此，也可能不再那样
used to 表示“过去常常”，既表示过去的动作也表示过去的状态，不过现在不再做或不再有那种状态了
◆She loves the song in particular, because her mother used to sing it.
她特别喜欢这首歌，因为她妈妈过去经常唱它。
◆He would sit there for a long time, doing nothing.
他过去常常长时间地坐在那里，什么也不做。
2．may与might的用法
(1)表示把握不大的推测，意为“有可能”。用于肯定句或否定句中；might语气更加不肯定。
◆The traffic is very heavy these days.I may arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place
这些天交通很拥挤，我可能会来晚一点，请你帮我留个位置好吗？
◆She might go out because the phone was ringing all the time.
她可能出去了，因为电话一直在响。
(2)表示允许、许可。might在语气上比may更委婉。以may/might开头的问句在否定回答中要用mustn’t。
◆You may choose whatever you like.
你喜欢什么就选择什么。
◆—May I stay in the room for a while
——我可以在这个房间待一会儿吗？
—Yes, you may./No, you mustn’t.
——是的，可以。/不，不可以。
3．shall与should的用法
(1)should
①表示责任和义务，意为“应该”。
◆The children should be taken good care of.
这些孩子应该受到好的照顾。
②表示惊讶，意为“竟会，居然”。
◆It’s a pity that you should be so careless.
很遗憾，你竟然如此粗心。
③表示推测，指有一定根据的推测，意为“按道理应该”。
◆It is three o’clock now.The football match should begin soon.
现在3点了。足球赛应该很快就要开始了。
(2)shall
①shall用于陈述句，常与第二人称或第三人称连用，表示允诺、命令、警告和强制，或表示说话人的决心等。
◆Tell Jerry he shall get a gift if he is nice.
告诉杰里，如果表现好，他会得到一份礼物。
◆You shall be punished for what you’ve done.
你会为你所做的事情受到处罚。
②shall用于疑问句中，表示征求对方的意见，这时可以用第一人称和第三人称。
◆Henry is waiting outside.Shall he come in, sir
亨利正在门外等着，要他进来吗，先生？
4．ought to的用法
(1) 表示出于义务、责任、道义等方面的要求而该做某事。
◆To build up our body, we ought to do enough exercise, such as running, swimming and hiking.
为了增强体质，我们应该做足够的运动，比如跑步、游泳和远足。
◆To hand in the paper in time, we ought to have a busy schedule.
为了及时交上论文，我们的日程应该紧一点。
(2)表示说话人的猜测。
◆The two teams are equal in ability, so the game between them ought to be a close one.
这两个队能力相当，因此他们之间的比赛应该是一场势均力敌的比赛。
(3)ought to的否定式是在ought后加not，疑问式是将ought提前。
◆If you make a promise, you should keep it and you ought not to break it.
如果你做出了承诺，你就应该遵守诺言，不应该食言。
二、情态动词＋have done
1．may (might) have done表示对已发生的动作或存在的状态进行不肯定的推测；might的语气比may弱；主要用于肯定句或否定句中。
◆The boy might have known the truth, but I am not quite sure.
那个男孩(当时)也许知道了真相，但我不是很确定。
2．must have done表示对过去发生的动作或状态进行推测，语气比较肯定，通常只用于肯定句中。
◆I didn’t hear the phone.I must have been asleep.
我没听到电话，我肯定是睡着了。
3．should (ought to) have done表示过去本应该做某事但实际上没做，其否定式表示过去不该做某事但做了。
◆You ought not to have made fun of him, and you should have learned from him.
你本不应该取笑他的，你本应该向他学习。
4．can (could) have done表示对过去的某种情况的怀疑或不确定，一般用于否定句和疑问句中；could的语气较can弱。could have done还可表示过去本来能做的事情却没做。
◆He cannot have left.His bag is still in the room.
他绝不可能走了，他的包还在房间里呢。
◆In my view, this accident could have been avoided.
依我看，这次事故本来是可以避免的。
5．needn’t have done表示过去做了不必做的事情。
◆We needn’t have worried about the maths exam.It was a piece of cake.
我们本不必担心数学考试，实际上它很容易。
6．would like/love to have done sth.表示本打算/本想做某事。
◆I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
我本打算读这篇文章的，但是当时我太忙了。
