2022届上海高考三轮冲刺阅读理解C篇练习21篇练习（含答案）

上海2022届高考阅读理解C篇练习20篇（模考精选）
Transhumanism, first coined in 1957 by biologist Julian Huxley, meant “man remaining man, but going beyond himself by realizing new possibilities of and for his human nature.” Generally speaking, transhumanism in its modern meaning implies that human beings can be enhanced by the means of science to the extent when they rise above biological limitations and capabilities programmed by nature. The species into which humanity transforms this way will be called post human, or trans human, as it would have be something new—based on human nature, but going beyond it at the same time.
There are numerous areas which, according to transhumanists, require enhancement, as well as there are countless proposals on the means of such enhancement. In particular, transhumanists work on such problems as overcoming the physical boundaries of the human body. Starting with aging, which they believe to be rather a disease than a natural process, and ending up with replacing organs with their artificial ones, transhumanists believe that the human body is imperfect, and that it should be improved. All kinds of nanotechnologies for repairing damaged organs; nerve stimulants and drugs to alter mood and eliminate negative emotions; brain implants and implanted technologies to allow interconnectivity between multiple human beings and to advance intelligence—these and many more actions are just some of the means transhumanists plan to use to make humanity better.
Some of the technologies transhumanists plan to employ to push the boundaries of humanity are available already. For example, gene therapy allowing to cure or stop certain diseases that were considered terminal; CRISPRi or SHARP-2 methods, which were discovered not so long ago, have already proved to be efficient in treating a number of complicated medical conditions, and in case further research is conducted, they might significantly improve the quality of medicine worldwide. Virtual reality, another technology from science-fiction movies of the late 1980s, has become not so virtual either, after all. VR device can be easily purchased from online stores, and the prices are affordable—given that we are speaking of technology capable of substituting actual reality. So far, it has been mostly used for games and education, but in the future, the range of its useful applications will definitely broaden. Other technologies, which have not yet been invented but which definitely will, include large scale engineering, self-copying robotics, artificial intelligence, mind uploading technologies, molecular manufacturing, space colonization, and other technological wonders.
About a hundred years ago, the idea of flying in the skies seemed absurd, until Wilbur and Orville Wright proved this assumption wrong. Who knows, perhaps in a couple of decades the concepts listed here, no matter how fantastic they look now, will become reality. Moral aspects and the price humanity will have to pay for such advancements are a different subject.
63. Which of the following statements is true about transhumanism
A. Promoting human health but remaining their physical appearances
B. Improving the human condition through social and cultural change
C. Developing human beings beyond their natural capabilities by technology.
D. Going beyond human beings physical limitations through natural evolution.
64. Transhumanists’ plan is based on the belief that _________.
A. replacing organs with their artificial ones is ideal
B. aging is rather a disease than a natural process
C. it’s practical to use nanotechnologies to improve life
D. the human body is imperfect and needs improvement
65. The underlined word “absurd” (last paragraph) is closest in meaning to_________.
A. ridiculous B. creative C. reasonable D. practical
66. This passage is particularly written about_____.
A. various kinds of definitions of transhumanism
B. different technologies substituting human reality
C. proposals on the human beings enhancement
D. artificial intelligence and human beings life
63—66 CDAB
A recent study published in the journal Science Advances has revealed that the United States ranks as high as third among countries contributing to coastal plastic pollution. The new research challenges the once-held assumption that the US is adequately “managing” its plastic waste. A previous study using 2010 data that did not account for plastic waste exports had ranked the US 20th, globally, in its contribution to ocean plastic pollution.
Using plastic waste generation (产生) data from 2016 — the latest available global numbers — scientists calculated that more than half of all plastics collected for recycling (1.99 million tons of 3.91 million tons collected) in the US were shipped abroad. Of this, 88% of exports went to countries struggling to effectively manage plastics; and between 15-25% was low-value or contaminated (受污染的). It means it was unrecyclable. Taking these factors into account, the researchers estimated that up to 1 million tons of US-generated plastic waste ended up polluting the environment beyond its own borders.
Using 2016 data, the paper also estimated that between 0.91 and 1.25 million tons of plastic waste generated in the US was either littered or illegally dumped into the environment domestically. Combined with waste exports, this means the US contributed up to 2.25 million tons of plastics into the environment. Of this, up to 1.5 million tons of plastics ended up in coastal environments. This ranks the US as high as third globally in contributing to coastal plastic pollution.
“The US generates the most plastic waste of any other country in the world, but rather than looking the problem in the eye, we have outsourced it to developing countries,” said Nick Mallos, senior director of Ocean Conservancy’s Trash Free Seas program and a co-author of the study. “The solution has to start at home. We need to create less, by cutting out unnecessary single-use plastics; we need to create better, by developing innovative new ways to package and deliver goods; and where plastics are inevitable, we need to greatly improve our recycling rates.”
“Previous research has provided global values for plastic input into the environment and coastal areas, but detailed analyses like this one are important for individual countries to further assess their contributions,” said Dr. Jenna Jambeck, Distinguished Professor at the University of Georgia’s College of Engineering and a co-author of the study. “In the case of the United States, it is critically important that we examine our own backyard and take responsibility for our global plastic footprint.”
pared with the previous study, the new one _____.
A. covers data more comprehensively B. excludes plastic waste shipped abroad
C. is contrary to the latest global numbers D. challenges the recycling way of plastics
64. According to 2016 data, what can be learned about the plastic waste generated in the US
A. Over half of it ended up polluting the environment outside the US.
B. Most of its exported plastic waste wasn’t worth recycling.
C. Less than half of it was actually recycled domestically.
D. More of it is littered or illegally dumped than exported.
65. It is implied by Nick Mallos that _____.
A. plastic pollution in developing countries is more serious
B. US has been irresponsible in dealing with its plastic waste
C. US should cooperate with others to handle its plastic waste
D. innovative means are needed to eliminate single-use plastics
66. Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A. Plastic Pollution Great Risk to Marine Life
B. US Top Contributor to Coastal Plastic Pollution
C. Plastic Waste Major Source of Coastal Pollution
D. Recycling Effective Way to Address Plastic Waste
63. A 64. C 65. B 66. B
Fewer than 400 North Atlantic right whales remain in the wild, and not even 100 of them are breeding females. Their biggest survival threats are boat strikes and getting caught in fishing gear. Protecting these whales, such as by turning boats from dangerous encounters, requires positioning them more reliably -- and new technology, described in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, could help make that possible.
To listen for marine life, researchers often install underwater microphones called hydrophones on buoys (浮标) and robotic gliders (滑翔机). The recorded audio is changed into spectrograms -- visual representations of sound used to precisely recognize, for instance, specific whale species’ calls. But those distinctive sounds are often drowned out by other noise. In recent years researchers have used a machine-learning technique called deep learning to automate this analysis, but background sounds still block reliability.
Now researchers have trained two deep-learning models specifically to cut through the noise. They started by giving the models thousands of “clean” spectrograms with only North Atlantic right whale calls. Then they slowly added in thousands of spectrograms mixed with typical background sounds, such as tanker engines. The program can successfully turn noisy spectrograms into clean ones, reducing false alarms and helping spot whales before they reach dangerous areas, the scientists say.
Shyam Madhusudhana, a Cornell University data engineer, who was not involved in the study, says he would want to see if such models could be used to locate other marine mammals (哺乳动物), too. “Humpback whales and dolphins have much more complex speech pathways than the right whale,” he notes. And University of East Anglia machine-learning researcher Ben Milner, one of the study’s authors, wants to take this technology above water as well -- to Ukrainian forests, where he hopes to identify animals near the site of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster.
University of St. Andrews behavioral ecologist Peter Tyack, who was not involved in the study, says this new system should be used to figure out where whales are throughout the year, so that these areas can be protected. “In terms of estimating the density and the number of these whales in places where it’s hard to see them,” Peter says, “this technology could be fantastic.”
But he warns that it should not be the only approach to preventing ship strikes. In his work, Tyack has found that North Atlantic right whales can be silent for hours at a time -- so passive sound monitoring could easily miss one. And killing just a few, he adds, “could lead to extinction of the population.”
63. What does the new technology do to help protect the North Atlantic right whales
A. Locating the right whales precisely.
B. Turning boats to encounter the right whales.
C. Guiding the right whales away from fishing boats.
D. Positioning fishing boats reliably and thus deadly strikes.
64. What is a major contribution of deep-learning models to reducing background noises
A. They turn off the nearby alarms that may create background noises.
B. They can eliminate disturbances shown on a spectrogram sheet.
C. They add thousands of mixed sounds such as vehicle engines.
D. They can prevent whales from reaching dangerous areas.
65. It can be learned from the passage that ______.
A. Shyam and Ben are both scientists at different universities who know each other well
B. all of the three scientists consider the extended use of the technology could face challenges
C. Shyam and Ben both hope that the deep learning model can go beyond its current application
D. Peter thinks the technology should have been used to figure out where it’s hard to see the whales
66. Which one of the following might be the best title of the passage
A. Latest Techs on Marine Lifesaving
B. Save the Right Whale by Noise-cutting
C. See Whales’ Noise through Human’s Eyes
D. Non-professional Scientists’ Role in Saving Whales
63-66: ABCB
Ellen Weiss can hardly see. David Schmitt can barely hear. Are they typical victims of aging’s cruelest blows Not really. Weiss is actually a fresh resident doctor in family practice, age 30, and Schmitt a medical student, 26. They have been assigned roles, ages and particular illnesses as an innovative part of their medical training.
Introduced in only a few medical centers so far, such role playing is designed to expose doctors to the pains endured by the patients. It is just one of several techniques being tried at medical schools and hospitals in an attempt to deal with the most universal complaint about doctors: lack of sympathy. “Residents are usually young and healthy,” says Dr. Stephen Brunton. “They’ve not really had a chance to understand what patients go through.”
Role-playing programs give them a crash course. At Hunterdon, students’ faces are instantly aged with cornflour and make up. Next the disabilities are laid on: gloves cripple fingers, and peas inside shoes prevent walking. Then the ersatz invalids are asked to perform common tasks: purchasing medication at the drugstore, undressing for X rays, filling out a Medicare form and, most awkward, using the bathroom themselves.
At Long Beach, new residents assume made-up illnesses and check into the hospital for an overnight stay. The staff treats them as they would any other patient, even sending them a bill. The entire entering class of medical students at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences are issued bedpans and told to use them. Some are even subjected to an indignity: spending most part of the first day of school as people with disabilities.
Instant patients usually start out activated and joking. “But by the end of a few hours, most say, ‘I’m exhausted.’” observes nurse Linda Bryant at Hunterdon. Schmitt discovered that “a major accomplishment was doing up my collar.” And, to his surprise, “I wound up hating physicians who didn’t realize how much medication would cost and how hard it was to go and pick it up.” Weiss also learnt: “I realized how little I talk to patients. I might ask them about chest pains but not ‘Can you get dressed, eat O.K, take your medicine ’” Jeffrey Ortiz thought he was in for a quiet rest when he was sent to the intensive care unit, suffering from “chest pains.” Instead he spent a sleepless night: “People were coming in to do labs, the man in the next bed was groaning, and the heart monitor was bleeping, which was noisy and scary.”
Any patient could have told him so, but many educators believe the direct experience of such miseries will leave an enduring sense of sympathy. Doctors have long defended taking a cool, dispassionate approach to patient care, arguing that it helps preserve objective judgment and protect against burnout. But critics disagree. “By concentrating on symptoms and lab data, we ignore a wealth of information that can affect patients’ well-being,” observes Dr. Simon Auster at the Uniformed Services medical school.
63. According to the passage, the role-playing programme is designed ___________________.
A. as an innovative part in the local community
B. as part of the play the residents have to watch
C. to help doctors understand the pains endured by the patients
D. to expose students to school facilities in a vivid way
64. What does the phrase “the ersatz invalids” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Local patients who usually start out activated and joking.
B. Students who make up their faces to look aged.
C. Doctors who perform common tasks that may not occur in real hospitals.
D. Customers who purchase medications and undress for X rays with the help of students.
65. The instant patients may feel most embarrassed when they ___________________.
A. fill in a Medicare table
B. are using the washroom on their own
C. are issued bedpans and told to try them
D. meet with someone they know well
66. What can be concluded according to the passage
A. Residents should always take a cool approach without sympathy to patient care in their job.
B. Doctors ought to be completely independent from the symptoms and the previous lab data.
C. Doctors may ignore information influencing the patients’ health only by focusing on symptoms.
D. Experience in role-playing programs won’t help the new doctors preserve objective judgment.
63-66 CBBC
On a September afternoon in 1940, four teenage boys made their way through the woods on a hill overlooking Montignac in southwestern France. They had come to explore a dark, deep hole said to be an underground passage to the nearby manor (庄园) of Lascaux. Squeezing through the entrance one by one, they soon saw wonderfully lifelike paintings of running horses, swimming deer, wounded wild oxen, and other beings—works of art that may be up to 20,000 years old.
The collection of paintings in Lascaux is among some 150 prehistoric sites dating from the Paleolithic period (旧石器时代) that have been documented in France’s Vezere Valley. This corner of southwestern Europe seems to have been a hot spot for figurative art. The biggest discovery since Lascaux occurred in December 1994, when three cave explorers laid eyes on artworks that had not been seen since a rockslide 22,000 years ago closed off a large deep cave in southern France. Here, by unsteadily shining firelight, prehistoric artists drew outlines of cave lions, herds of rhinos (犀牛) and magnificent wild oxen, horses, cave bears. In all, the artists drew 442 animals over perhaps thousands of years, using nearly 400,000 square feet of cave surface as their canvas (画布). The site, now known as Chauvet-Pont-1’Arc Cave, is sometimes considered the Sistine Chapel of prehistory.
For decades scholars had theorized that art had advanced in slow stages from ancient scratchings to lively, naturalistic interpretation. Surely the delicate shading and elegant lines of Chauvet’s masterworks placed them at the top of that progression. Then carbon dates came in, and prehistorians felt shocked. At some 36,000 years old—nearly twice as old as those in Lascaux—Chauvet’s images represented not the peak of prehistoric art but its earliest known beginnings.
The search for the world’s oldest cave paintings continues. On the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, for example, scientists found a large room of paintings of part-human, part-animal beings that are estimated to be 44,000 years old, older than any figurative art seen in Europe.
Scholars don’t know if art was invented many times over or if it was a skill developed early in our evolution. What we do know is that artistic expression runs deep in our ancestry.
63. According to the passage, where did the boys find the paintings
A. In the woods on a hill. B. In a deep cave in France.
C. In a manor of Lascaux. D. On an Indonesian island.
64. According to the passage, figurative art in paragraph 2 is a form of art that __________.
A. conveys concepts by using accurate numbers and forms
B. makes stories in contrast to scientific subjects
C. represents persons or things in a realistic way
D. expresses ideas or feelings by using shapes and patterns
65. It can be inferred from the passage that __________.
A. the Chauvet’s paintings had been sealed by a rockslide until 1994
B. the style of Chauvet’s paintings is similar to that of the Sistine Chapel
C. Chauvet’s images are the earliest figurative paintings that have been found
D. the main objects of Chauvet’s images are part-human, part-animal beings
66. Which of the following is the best title of the passage
A. Value of Paleolithic Artwork
B. Preservation of Figurative Art
C. Artistic Expressions of Nature
D. Searches for Cave Paintings
63-66 BCAD
There aren’t many actors around the world who have enough self-confidence to turn down an offer from Steven Spielberg. Maybe that was why Juliette Binoche gave him a choice. She said she’d be happy to be in Jurassic Park as long as she could play a dinosaur. Of course he turned her down and it was probably a good thing. It’s difficult to imagine Juliette ripping people apart with her teeth. However, her decision doesn’t seem to have done her career any harm. She has gone on to make a string of hits, including The Unbearable Lightness of Being, The English Patient (for which she won an Oscar) and Chocolat.
Success in the United States has not been so easy for other foreign stars. Gerald Depardieu is a good example. Since his first film in 1967, his filmography (影片集锦) lists 172 acting credits. But he has struggled on the other side of the pond. While some of his films have been popular in the US, they have usually been French films that travelled. One possible exception was Green Card, directed by Peter Weir, where he plays a French immigrant who goes through a fake wedding in order to stay and work in the United States. This is a predictable but sweet romantic comedy which typecasts (分配同一类型角色) its lead actors in terms of national stereotypes. While some reviewers were kind, others shredded both the film and Depardieu’s performance.
While Monsieur Depardieu hasn’t received the recognition he would have liked in the United States, one Mexican actor has achieved almost instant success. Gael Garcia Bernal first gained recognition in Amores Perros in 2000 and a year later in Ytu mama tambien. Since then he has appeared with hometown hero, Brad Pitt in Babel and, under the direction of top producer and director, Jim Jarmusch, he starred in Limits of Control. He hasn’t picked up an Oscar yet, but he was nominated for a BAFTA (英国电影电视艺术学院奖) in 2005 for his performance as the South American hero revolutionary Che Guevara, in Motorcycle Diaries. In the same year he played American music icon Elvis Presley in The King.
56. It can be inferred from the passage that Juliette Binoche ______.
A. very much wanted to be in Jurassic Park
B. didn’t want to be in Jurassic Park
C. really wanted to play a dinosaur in Jurassic Park
D. was hesitant whether she could play a dinosaur well
57. According to the writer, Gerald Depardieu’s most popular films ______.
A. have been made in Hollywood
B. have only been seen in Europe
C. have been made in France, but seen in other countries, too
D have been made in Hollywood, but well received in France
58. The last sentence in Para 2 “others shredded both the film and Depardieu’s performance” means others thought Depardieu’s performance and the film were ______.
A. complex B. interesting C. terrible D. impressive
59. The writer’s purpose in writing this article is to suggest that ______.
A. Foreign actors generally do well in the United States
B. American actors are able to earn more money than foreign actors
C. Foreign actors are playing an irreplaceable role in the United States
D. a successful career in Europe or Latin America doesn’t guarantee success in the USA
【答案】56.B 57.C 58.C 59.D
①Risk is something we face daily. However, some people are obviously more willing to take risks than others.
②Biologists appear to have discovered a physical reason that explains why some people are risk-takers. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that spreads signals between nerve cells. It is linked to the brains reward system and is the chemical that makes us feel good, and scientists believe it to be linked to risk-taking. Our nerve cells have dopamine receptors(接收器) which control the amount of dopamine that each cell receives. But not all receptors may be active. When a person has few active receptors to control the amount of dopamine that is received, a cell can become flooded resulting in an extreme feeling of happiness.
③Researchers at Vanderbilt University and Albert Einstein College of Medicine asked 34 men and women to complete a questionnaire about their risk taking to assess whether they seek new opportunities or are cautious in life. The results of the research were consistent with similar studies carried out with rats, and had the same outcome. It concluded that people who are risk-takers have fewer dopamine receptors than people who are not. This suggests that the rush of pleasure a risk taker receives when a cell becomes flooded with dopamine can become addictive for some people. They therefore pursue new and exciting activities in order to try to repeat this feeling, and as a result their concern for risk becomes considerably reduced.
④Dopamine gives us a biological reason for risk-taking, but scientists believe there may be psychological reasons too. Sensation-seeking is a personality characteristic that describes the desire to find activities that bring us pleasure. In 1964, psychologist Marvin Zuckerman created the sensation-seeking scale. His 40-item questionnaire, still used today, was given to people who were active in seeking new activities, and to people who were more satisfied with a quiet life. While risk-taking is not a characteristic in itself, it is very much associated with sensation-seeking, as a high sensation-seeker does not evaluate risk in the same way that a low sensation-seeker does. A desire to achieve pleasure means that there is a greater willingness to take more risks.
⑤There are both biological and psychological explanations as to why some people may choose to take more risks than others. However, none of these explanations are definitive.
63. If a person has fewer active dopamine receptors, __________.
A. he is less likely to feel happy
B. he is more willing to take risks
C. he will eventually become dopamine-addictive
D. he is poorer at controlling the amount of dopamine
64. The underlined phrase “consistent with” is closest to “__________” in meaning.
A. contrary to B. in agreement with C. at the cost of D. persistent in
65. What can be concluded from paragraph 4
A. The longing for pleasure may lead to risk taking.
B. A willingness to take more risks can be cultivated.
C. The sensation-seeking scale can help to evaluate risk.
D. High sensation-seekers are more common than low ones.
66. This passage mainly talks about __________.
A. when we learn to take risks B. how risk-taking benefits us
C. what makes risk-takers D. why we should take risks
【答案】BBAC
Each year, backed up by a growing anti-consumerist movement, people are using the holiday season to call on us all to shop less.
Driven by concerns about resource exhaustion, over recent years environmentalists have increasingly turned their sights on our “consumer culture”. Groups such as The Story of Stuff and Buy Nothing New Day are growing as a movement that increasingly blames all our ills on our desire to shop.
We clearly have a growing resource problem. The produces we make, buy, and use are often linked to the destruction of our waterways, biodiversity, climate and the land on which millions of people live. But to blame these issues on Christmas shoppers is misguided, and puts us in the old trap of blaming individuals for what is a systematic problem.
While we complain about environmental destruction over Christmas, environmentalists often forget what the holiday season actually means for many people. For most, Christmas isn’t an add-on to an already heavy shopping year. In fact, it is likely the only time of year many have the opportunity to spend on friends and family, or even just to buy the necessities needed for modern life.
This is particularly, true for Boxing Day, often the target of the strongest derision(嘲弄) by anti-consumerists. While we may laugh at the queues in front of the shops, for many, those sales provide the one chance to buy items they’ve needed all year. As Leigh Phillips argues, “this is one of the few times of the year that people can even hope to afford such ‘luxuries’, the Christmas presents their kids are asking for, or just an appliance that works.”
Indeed, the richest 7% of people are responsible for 50% of greenhouse gas emissions. This becomes particularly harmful when you take into account that those shopping on Boxing Day are only a small part of our consumption “problem” anyway. Why are environmentalists attacking these individuals, while ignoring such people as Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich, who has his own￡1.5bn yacht with a missile defence system
Anyway, anti-consumerism has become a movement of wealthy people talking down to the working class about their life choices, while ignoring the real cause of our environmental problems. It is no wonder one is changing their behaviours—or that environmental destruction continues without any reduction in intensity.
63. It is indicated in the 1st paragraph that during the holiday season, many consumers ______.
A. ignore resource problems
B. are fascinated with presents
C. are encouraged to spend less
D. show great interest in the movement.
64. It can be inferred from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the environmentalist movement _______.
A. has targeted the wrong persons
B. has achieved its intended purposes
C. has taken environment-friendly measures
D. has benefited both consumers and producers
65. The example of Roman Abramovich is used to show environmentalists’ _______.
A. madness about life choices
B. discontent with rich lifestyle
C. ignorance about the real cause
D. disrespect for holiday shoppers
66. It can be concluded from the text that telling people not to shop at Christmas is ______.
A. anything less than a responsibility B. nothing more than a bias
C. indicative of environmental awareness D. unacceptable to ordinary people
【答案】63.C 64.A 65.C 66.B
【分析】
63.文章第一段的首句意思 people are using the holiday season to call on us all to shop less.即可得是被鼓励花的更少，故选A。
64.根据第三段，But to blame these issues on Christmas shoppers is misguided, 句中的misguided可知环境主义者的运动瞄准了出错误的人，故选A。
65.根据文章倒数第二段Why are environmentalists attacking these individuals, while ignoring such people as Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich, who has his own￡1.5bn yacht with a missile defence system 可知环境主义者真正原因的的无知，故选C。
66.本文主要是说告诉人们不要在圣诞节购物只不过是一种偏见，故B项能概括全文。
A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenland's past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet, researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two interglacial periods(间冰期) in northwest Greenland.
Although researchers have long known these two periods the early Holocene and Last Interglacial--experienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. "As far as we know, it has never been found in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modem lakes there, Axford said. "We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated（迁徙）.
This new information could help researchers better measure Greenland' s sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. Those models could then improve predictions of how Greenland’s ice sheet might respond to man-made global warming. After all, Greenland covers 80 per cent of the Arctic country and holds enough ice to equal 20 feet of global sea level. " Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world. said Yarrow Axford, an associate professor in the team. "One of the big uncertainties in climate science is how fast the Earth changes when it gets warmer. Geology gives us an opportunity to see what happened when the Earth was warmer than today, "said Axford.
People might be surprised to see how today's Greenland looked during the last two interglacial periods. During the Last Interglacial, global sea levels increased by 15 to 30 feet, largely due to thinning of Greenland and Antarctica's ice sheets. However, now researchers believe northern Greenland's ice sheet experienced stronger warming than previously thought, which could mean that Greenland is more responsible for that sea-level rise.
Finding lake deposits older than about 10,000 years, however, has been historically very difficult in Greenland. To measure these ancient temperatures, researchers look to ice cores (冰核)and lake deposits. Since ice and lake deposits form by a gradual buildup on annual layers of snow or mud. these cores contain history of the past. By looking through the layers, researchers can obtain climate clues from centuries ago.
63. Why are the remains of flies mentioned in the first two paragraphs
A. They serve as evidence that there is still life in the Northwest Greenland.
B. They were one of the many ancient lives that were left in the Greenland mud.
C. They are indicators that Greenland was much warmer than previously thought.
D. They help the researchers realize that there was once a warm period in the Art.
64. The new information about Greenland is important because_________.
A. researchers have no idea how to measure Greenland's warming speed.
B. it can help researchers better predict Greenland's response to warming.
C. people should be more sensitive to the changes in the ice in Greenland.
D. it is uncertain how fast the Earth changes with man-made global warming.
65. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage
A. It is easier for today's scientists to find ancient lake deposits.
B. People are surprised at the landscape feature of Greenland today.
C. Researchers measure the changing temperatures by directly examining mud.
D. Greenland holds enough ice that might one day threaten life in coastal cities.
66. Which do you think is the best title of the passage
A. Greenland Used to Be Much Greener
B .Earth Once Experienced Warm Periods
C .Coastal Cities Warned of Coming Disasters
D. Northwest Greenland, A Perfect Destination
【答案】63-66 CBDA
【解析】
根据第二段第二行 the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought.可知选C。
本提雅UN文在第三段前两句，这个新信息能够更好地衡量Greenland 对变暖的敏感性，从而进一步更好地帮助预测格林兰岛冰层对气候变暖的反应，很多人容易被第一句误导而选C，实际应该选择B。
本文可以采取排除法，A不对，根据第一段可知是第一次发现冰层中掩埋物，不容易。B选项，原文未提及。C选项，研究人员并没有直接研究泥土来衡量变化的气温。D选项符合。根据第三段第五行" Northwest Greenland might feel really remote, but what happens to that ice sheet is going to matter to everyone in every coastal city around the world. 可知。
本题考查标题，根据文章可知，首次发现了冰层中的掩埋物是因为气候变暖所致，因此A选项符合。
On August 29th, as Hurricane Dorian tracked towards America’s east coast, Elon Musk, the boss of Tesla, an electric-car maker, announced that some of his customers in the storm’s path would find that their cars had suddenly developed the ability to drive farther on a single battery charge. Like many modern vehicles, Mr. Musk’s products are best thought of as internet-connected computers on wheels. The cheaper models in Tesla’s line-up have parts of their batteries disabled by the car’s software in order to limit their range. At the tap of a keyboard in Palo Alto, the firm was able to remove those restrictions and give drivers temporary access to the full power of their batteries.
Mr. Musk’s computerized cars are just one example of a much broader trend. As computers and connectivity become cheaper, it makes sense to bake them into more and more things that are not, in themselves, computers, creating an “internet of things”.
Such a world will bring many benefits. Consumers will get convenience, and products that can do things non-computerized versions cannot. Businesses will get efficiency, as information about the physical world that used to be uncertain becomes concrete and analyzable.
In the long term, though, the most obvious effects will be in how the world works. Ever more companies will become tech companies; the internet will become everywhere. As a result, a series of unresolved arguments will spill over from the virtual world into the real one.
Start with ownership. As Mr Musk showed, the internet gives firms the ability to stay connected to their products even after they have been sold, transforming them into something closer to services than goods. That has already made the traditional ideas of ownership unclear. When Microsoft closed its ebook store in July, for instance, its customers lost the ability to read titles they had bought (the firm offered refunds). That shifts the balance of power from the customer to the seller.
Virtual business models will jar in the physical world. Tech firms are generally happy to move fast and break things. But you cannot release the beta version (测试版) of a fridge. Apple, a smartphonemaker, provides updates for its phones for only five years or so after their release; users of Android smartphones are lucky to get two. But goods such as washing machines or industrial machinery can have lifespans of a decade or more. Firms will need to work out how to support complicated computerised devices long after their original programmers have moved on.
Data will be another flashpoint. For much of the internet the business model is to offer “free” services that are paid for with valuable user data, collected with consent (同意) that is half-informed at best. In the virtual world, arguments about what should be tracked, and who owns the resulting data, can seem airy and theoretical. In the real one, they will feel more urgent.
Predicting the consequences of any technology is hard — especially one as universal as computing. The emergence of the consumer internet, 25 years ago, was met with starry-eyed optimism. These days the internet’s faults dominate the headlines. But the people have the advantage of having lived through the first internet revolution — which should give them some idea of what to expect.
63. From the passage we can tell that Tesla can ____________.
A. drive faster than usual in extreme weather
B. adjust the range of its battery power
C. charge the battery at the tap of a keyboard
D. operate when the battery is fully drained
64. Which of the following is NOT an example of the “unresolved arguments” mentioned in the passage
A. Early adopters of certain apps find that they ceased to work after the firm lost interest.
B. The insurance company uses data from fitness trackers to adjust customers’ premiums(保费).
C. Computerized machinery can’t predict its breakdowns or schedule preventive maintenance.
D. A high-tech fridge company restricts its customers from repairing their fridges themselves.
65. The underlined word jar probably means _____________ in this context.
A. boom
B. conflict
C. vanish
D. expand
66. This passage is mainly about ______________.
A. how the world will change as computers spread into everyday objects
B. the adoption of electric vehicles and the possible problems to expect
C. what should be done to prevent the breakdown of computerized devices
D. different views on the current application of Internet Technology
【答案】63-66 BCBA
【解析】63. B;根据”Mr. Musk’s products are best thought of as internet-connected computers on wheels. The cheaper models in Tesla’s line-up have parts of their batteries disabled by the car’s software in order to limit their range.”根据这句话可知，Telsa可以调控电池的幅度。
【解析】64. C ;A选项对应文中说到，每个早期采用特定App的人，在原公司失去兴趣之后，这个App就无用了。对应”When Microsoft closed its ebook store in July, for instance, its customers lost the ability to read titles they had bought (the firm offered refunds).” B选项对应For much of the internet the business model is to offer “free” services that are paid for with valuable user data, collected with consent (同意) that is half-informed at best. D选项对应，Firms will need to work out how to support complicated computerised devices long after their original programmers have moved on.
【解析】65. B根据这一段后面的内容证明虚拟的商业模式在现实世界中是不合适的，所以应该是个反义类的词，所以应该选B，有冲突的意思，vanish消失。
【解析】66. A整篇文章主旨内容是生活中各项物件的智能化电脑化，B选项内容偏了一点重点不仅是电动汽车，C文中没有提出抵制电脑化的东西，D文中主要说了电脑化导致的一些问题。所以A选项意思更加概括。
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long fished areas, it has halved again since then.
Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar (声呐设备), which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
63.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that__________.
A. large animals were easily hurt in the changing environment
B. small species survived as large animals disappeared
C. large sea animals may face the same threat today
D. slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones
64.By saying these figures are conservative, Dr. Worm means that__________.
A. fishing technology has improved rapidly
B. the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded
C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss
D. the data collected so far are out of date
65. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that__________.
A. people should look for a baseline that can't work for a longer time
B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass
C. the ocean biomass should restore its original level
D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation
66.The writer seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries' __________.
A. biomass level
B. management efficiency
C. catch-size limits
D. technological application
【答案】CCDA
【解析】
63．从文章第一自然段和第二自然段的描写中，我们可知大型史前动物的灭绝的目的是为了表明如今海洋中的大型生物可能也同样遭受着威胁，故选C
64. 从文One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar,可知，这些数字之所以是保守估计，是因为现代科学技术的进步，给捕鱼带来了方便，海洋生物已经遭受了更大的破坏，故选C
65. 从文章Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. 及最后可知，现在绝大多数的渔场的鱼的数量只是以前的一半，甚至更少，所以人们应该调整捕鱼的基线来改变现在状态，故选D
66. 本题问及作者写文章的主要关注点，需从全篇把握。从首段末句Now something similar could be happening in the oceans，第2段首句That the seas are being overfished...，第3段首句...these figures are conservative, 皆可感觉到作者对海洋生物群体总量减少的担忧。
Archaeologists used DNA taken from a broken clay pipe stem found in Maryland to build a picture of an enslaved woman who died around 200 years ago and had origins in modern-day Sierra Leone. One researcher called the work “a mind-blower.”
“In this particular context, and from that time period, I think it's a first,” team member Hannes Schroeder told The Washington Post. “To be able to get DNA from an object like a pipe stem is quite exciting. Also it is exciting for descendant(后裔) communities... Through this technology, they're able to make a connection not only to the site but potentially back to Africa.”
The pipe stem was found at the Belvoir plantation in Crownsville, Maryland, where enslaved people lived until 1864 and where a likely slave cemetery was recently found. DNA taken from the pipe linked back to a woman either directly from or descended from the Mende people, who lived in west Africa, in an area now part of Sierra.
Julie Schablitsky, the chief archaeologist with the Maryland state highway administration, told The Post the discovery, based on saliva(唾液) absorbed into the clay pipe, was a “mind-blower”. She also said records show the existence of a slave trade route Sierra Leone to Annapolis, plied(定期往来) by British and American ships. "As soon as people stepped on those slave ships in Africa," she said, “whether they were from Benin or whether they were from Sierra Leone, wherever they were from, that identity was lost. Their humanity is stripped from. Who they are as a people has gone.”
The new analysis is part of ongoing research around Belvoir that has given descendants of the people enslaved there new insight into the lives of their ancestors. Speaking to The Post, Nancy Daniels, a genealogist from Laurel, Maryland, who thinks she is a descendant of enslaved families from Belvoir but was not linked to the research on the pipe, called the discovery “overwhelming.” “I'm sitting here about ready to cry,” she said. “I'm sorry. I'm so happy ... Thank God for the DNA.”
This year, events and ceremonies are being held to mark the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the first enslaved people in America, at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. Slavery was effectively abandoned in the US on 1 January 1863, with the issue by Abraham Lincoln of the Emancipation Proclamation. It formally ended in December 1865, after the civil war, with the approval of the 13th amendment(修正案).
63. What does the phrase “a mind-blower” in paragraphs 1 and 4 refer to
A.A surprise B. A confusion C. An excitement D. A fascination
64. According to Hannes Schroeder, the pipe stem was of great significance because________.
A. it was the first direct evidence that slaves living in Maryland were originally from Africa.
B. it helped the archaeologists to draw a portrait of the enslaved woman.
C. it might contribute to identifying the birthplace of the descendant communities.
D. it contained genic clues to the ancestral background of its owner.
65. What can be inferred from the passage
A. The owner of the pipe once lived in what is now an area in west Africa.
B. The history of slavery in America is an ongoing topic of concern.
C. African slaves lost their identities when they arrived at the Belvoir plantation.
D. Nancy Daniels, a genealogist was sorry for not being involved in the research.
66. Which of the following is the best title for the passage
DNA from an old pipe throws lights on the origins of the enslaved
A new research reveals the origins of enslaved African woman
The descendants of enslaved people seek their identities
DNA contributes to the breakthrough of a new research
【答案】63-66 CDBA
【解析】
63.根据第1段第1句，他们创建了一个奴隶妇女的图画面，和第2段的第2句能够从陶管中提取DNA是非常令人兴奋的，以及第4段的第2句，他们靠分析融入陶管的唾液所得出的发现是非常激动人心的，可以得知mind- blower是一个令人激动人心的事情。
64.由于原文第3段最后一句推断可知它包含了主人祖先背景的基因线索，所以答案选D
65.通过最后一段第二句，可知美国奴隶制的历史是人们一直关注的话题。
66.通读全篇可知本文讲的是从一根旧管子中提取的DNA揭示了被奴役者的起源。
Learning a second language is tricky at any age (and it only gets tougher the longer you wait to open that dusty French book). Now, in a new study, scientists have pinpointed the exact age at which your chances of reading fluency in a second language seems to plummet: 10.
The study, published in the journal Cognition, found that it’s “nearly impossible” for language learners to reach native - level fluency if they start learning a second tongue after 10. But that doesn’t seem to be because language skills go downhill. “It turns out you’re still learning fast. It’s just that you run out of time, because your ability to learn starts dropping at around 17 or 18 years old,” says study co-author Joshua Hartshorne, an assistant professor of psychology at Boston College.
Kids may be better than adults at learning new languages for many reasons. Children’s brains are more plastic than those of adults, meaning they’re better able to adapt and respond to new information. “All learning involves the brain changing,” Hartshorne says, “and children’s brains seem to be a lot more skilled at changing.”
Kids may also be more willing to try new things (and to potentially look foolish in the process) than adults are. Their comparatively new grasp on their native tongue may also be advantageous. Unlike adults, who tend to default（默认）to the rules and patterns of their first language, kids may be able to approach a new one with a blank slate（石板）.
These findings may seem discouraging, but it was heartening for scientists to learn that the critical period for fluent language acquisition might be longer than they previously thought. Some scientists believed that the brief window closes shortly after birth, while others stretched it only to early pared to those estimates, 17 or 18 -- when language learning ability starts to drop off -- seems relatively old.
“People fared better when they learned by immersion（沉浸）, rather than simply in a classroom. And moving to a place where our desired language is spoken is the best way to learn as an adult. If that’s not an option, you can mimic an immersive environment by finding ways to have conversations with native speakers in their own communities,” Hartshorne says. By doing so, it’s possible to become conversationally proficient -- even without the advantage of a child’s brain.
63. The word “plummet” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “ ”.
A. plunge B. rise C. end D. vary
64. What can be inferred from Joshua Hartshorne’s words
A. Age 10 -18 is the best time to learn a second language.
B. Children are too young to grasp a second language.
C. Communicating with native speakers enables you to master all the language skills.
D. Adults go beyond the critical period for learning a second language.
65. What might be the reason why adults can’t reach native-level fluency in a second language.
A. Adults are less influenced by their mother tongues
B. Adults are only too willing to experience something awkward in the process.
C. Adults spend more time responding to new information.
D. Adults prefer an immersive environment to a classroom in learning a second language.
66. The passage is mainly about .
A. the approaches to learning a second language
B. the best age to learn a second language.
C. why kids learn a second language more easily than adults
D. whether adults can learn a second language like their younger selves
【答案】63.A，64.D，65.C，66.C
【解析】
63. 根据前文括号处（and it only gets tougher the longer you wait to open that dusty French book）可知，越往后拖越难，所以plummet意思应该为下降，答案为A。
64. 根据名字定为道第二段他的话“It turns out you’re still learning fast. It’s just that you run out of time, because your ability to learn starts dropping at around 17 or 18 years old,”再结合第二段的内容可知，学不好是因为十七八岁的时候学习能力下降，进而可以推断出承认已经过了学语言的最好时机，答案为D。易错选A, 但是从文章开头可知，最好应该是10岁之前，而不是10-18，因此A错。
65. 从文章第三段解释可知，成年人学不好外语是因为学习能力下降，大脑对新知识的反应能力下降，“All learning involves the brain changing,” Hartshorne says, “and children’s brains seem to be a lot more skilled at changing.”因此，答案为C。
66.分析每个选项的关键词，A是“approaches”，B是“the best age”,C是“why”,D是“whether”，再结合每张每一段的大意可知，答案为C。
Data centuries and smart-0phones will be the most damaging information and communications technologies (ICT) to the environment by 2040, according to new research from W Booth School’s Lotfi Belkhir.
At the end of winter term in 2014, Lotfi Belkhir was approached by a student taking his Total Sustainability and Management course who asked, “What does software sustainability mean ” The Entrepreneurship and Innovation Associate Professor at the W Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology didn’t have an answer.
Belkhir teaches students to think creatively about sustainability tools that can be applied to their ventures. But his tools, at the time, mainly applied to hardware, not software.
The student’s question inspired Belkhir’s latest research on the global emissions footprint of information and communications technology.
Belkhir, along with Ahmed Elmeligi, a recent W Booth graduate and co-founder of HiNT (Healthcare Innovation in Neuro Technology), studied the carbon footprint of consumer devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, desktops as well as data centres and communication networks as early as 2005. Their findings were published in the Journal of Cleaner Production.
Not only did they discover that software is driving the consumption of ICT, they also found that ICT has a greater impact on emissions than we thought and most emissions come from production and operation.
“For every text message, for every phone call, every video you upload or download, there’s a data centre making this happen.” Belkhir explains. “Telecommunications networks and data centres consume a lot of energy to serve you and most data centres continue to be powered by electricity produced by traditional fuels. It’s the energy consumption we don’t see.”
Among all the devices, trends suggest that by 2020, the most damaging devices to the environment are smartphones. While smartphones consume little energy to operate, 85% of their emissions impact comes from production.
A smartphone’s chip and motherboard (芯片和主板) require the most amount of energy to produce as they are made up of precious metals that are mined at a high cost. Smartphones also have a short life which drives further production of new models and an extraordinary amount of waste.
Belkir has made policy recommendations based on his findings.
“Communication and data centres have to go under renewable energy now. The good news is Google and Facebook data centres are going to run on renewable energy. But there needs to be a policy in place so that all data centres follow. Also, it’s not sustainable to have a two-year plan for smartphones.”
63. The story between Lotfi Belkhir and his student in 2014 was mentioned to _____.
A. explain the importance of software sustainability
B. illustrate the inspiration for Belkhir’s latest research
C. reveal the damaging impact of ICT on the environment
D. show Belkhir’s student’s creativity and critical thinking
64. One reason why smartphones may be the most damaging devices of all to the environment by 2020 is that _____.
A. they are more precious than other devices
B. they drive the greatest consumption of ICT
C. they are frequently replaced by new models
D. they need large amounts of energy to operate
65. To reduce the emission of ICT, Lotfi Belkhir suggests that _____.
A. longer plans be made to create renewable data centres
B. sustainable materials be invented to produce smartphones
C. policies be established to advocate everlasting smartphones
D. green energy be used to operate communication and data centres
66. What is the main idea of the passage
A. ICT does greater harm to the environment than thought.
B. Software can do irreversible damage to the environment.
C. Software is more damaging to the environment than hardware.
D. ICT will have the greatest impact on the environment by 2040.
【答案】63-66 BCDA
【解析】
具体细节题，定位到文章中第四段The student’s question inspired Belkhir’s latest research on the global emissions footprint of information and communications technology.学生的问题激励了老师的研究，所以答案选B。
具体细节题，定位到文中倒数第三段 Smartphones also have a short life which drives further production of new models and an extraordinary amount of waste.智能手机寿命很短，驱动新模型的生产，在环境方面造成的影响最大，造成了资源的浪费。答案选C。
具体细节题，定位到文中最后一段“Communication and data centres have to go under renewable energy now. 可得在数据交流中心需要用绿色能源来代替原来的不可再生能源。答案选D。
主旨大意题，文章第一段提出ICT 的概念病在2，3，4段引出能源消耗问题，在后文一直在谈论能源浪费和造成环境浪费问题，答案选A。
An epidemic is the occurrence of a disease which affects a very large number of people living in an area and which spreads quickly to other people. Like infectious diseases, ideas in the academic world are spreadable. But way some travel far and wide while equally good ones remain in relative insignificance has been a mystery. Now a team of computer scientists has used an epidemiological model to imitate how ideas move from one academic institution to another. The model showed that ideas originating at famous institutions caused bigger “epidemics” than equally good ideas from less well-known places, explains Allison Morgan, a computer scientist at the University of Colorado Boulder and lead author of the new study. “This implies that where an idea is born shapes how far it spreads, holding the quality of the idea constant.” says senior author Aaron Clauset, also at Boulder.
Not only is this unfair -- “it reveals a big weakness in how we’re doing science,” says Simon DeDeo, a professor of social and decision sciences at Carnegie Mellon University, who was not involved in the study. There are many highly trained people with good ideas who do not end up at top institutions. “They are producing good ideas, and we know those ideas are getting lost,” DeDeo says. “Our science, our scholarship, is not as good because of this.”
The Colorado researchers analyzed an existing data set of computer science department hires in North America, as well as a database of publications by these hires. First they looked at how five big ideas in computer science spread to new institutions. They found that hiring a new member accounted for this movement a little more than a third of the time -- and in 81 percent of those cases, transfers took place from higher- to lower-status universities. Then the team imitated the broadcasting of ideas using an infectious disease model and found that the size of an idea “epidemic” (as measured by the number of institutions that published studies on an idea after it originated) depended on the status of the originating institution. The findings were published online last October in EPJ Data Science.
The researchers’ model suggests that there “may be a number of quite good ideas that originate in the middle of the pack, in terms of universities,” Clauset says. DeDeo agrees. There is a lot of good work coming out of less famous places, he says: “You can learn a huge amount from it, and you can learn things that other people don’t know because they’re not even paying attention.”
63. The word “this” in paragraph 2 refers to the fact that _________.
A. the time when good ideas were born decides how far they may spread
B. the quality of the original ideas tends to be not easy to maintain
C. good ideas from less important institutions lack influence
D. scholars in insignificant institutions consider their ideas valueless
64. The case of some hires in paragraph 3 is used to indicate _________.
A. the statistics the epidemological model provides for the researchers
B. why the originating institutions transfer their new findings
C. how they carry the ideas from lower - to higher - status institutions
D. the way the movements of some new ideas happen and their effects
65. Researchers such as Clauset are very much concerned about _________.
A. losing quite a number of great and creative thoughts
B. missing the opportunities of getting more well-known
C. misusing the epidemiological model in scientific research areas
D. having difficulty in finding more proper science department hires
66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A. Infectious Diseases B. Original Ideas C. Idea Epidemic D. Epidemiological Model
【答案】63-66. CDAC
【分析】
细节题。根据文章第一段中“ The model showed that ideas originating at famous institutions caused bigger “epidemics” than equally good ideas from less well-known places,”以及第二段中“They are producing good ideas, and we know those ideas are getting lost,”第二段讲述的是这种传播特征（来自著名的机构的观点比来自不著名机构的观点传播的快）的一个弊端，不仅仅是不公平的，对科学也有致命的危害。因为并不是所有的有好的想法的科学家都是出于顶级机构。他们会想出好的想法，但这些想法会很快消失，就是因为这一点，我们的科学没得到好的发展。因此选C。
推断题。根据第三段中They found that hiring a new member accounted for this movement a little more than a third of the time -- and in 81 percent of those cases, transfers took place from higher- to lower-status universities”以及 the size of an idea “epidemic” (as measured by the number of institutions that published studies on an idea after it originated) depended on the status of the originating institution.可知百分之八十一的传播都发生在由高等级的大学到低等级的大学的转变过程中，他的传播速度取决于发源机构的地位，因此本题选D。
根据文章最后一段“there “may be a number of quite good ideas that originate in the middle of the pack, in terms of universities,”（源于不著名的机构，这可能不会引起人们的重视）以及“You can learn a huge amount from it, and you can learn things that other people don’t know because they’re not even paying attention.”可知选A。
根据文章第一段中“Like infectious diseases, ideas in the academic world are spreadable.”可知整篇文章围绕“科学界 good ideas的传播” 展开，因此选C。
The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, pure, unprejudiced, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more: it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is a very important assignment facing American journalists – to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing as “local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in the financial market, political circles, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life. There is in journalism a widespread view that when you start an interpretation, you are entering dangerous waters, the rushing tides of opinion. This is nonsense.
The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall limit themselves to the “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts Are the bare facts enough
As for the first question, consider how a so-called “factual” story comes about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall make up the beginning of the article, which is an important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph. This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large influence, or on page twenty four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.
Thus in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporters and editors, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their “news neutralism”, arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.
The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective and subjective processes. If an editor is determined to give a prejudiced view of the news, he can do it in other ways and more