2021-2022学年外研版英语八年级下册现在完成时--延续性动词与短暂性动词及其转化

一、重点语法
现在完成时——since与for
如果要表达某一行为或某一状态从过去某一时间一直持续到现在，则要用现在完成时态，这时句子中一般有一个表示一段时间的状语，通常由for或since来引导。
※注意for后面接一段时间，而since后接时间点或过去时态的句子。
e.g. (1) I have lived in Hebei for ten years. 我在河北已经住了10年了。
(2) He has been in this school since 2000. 自从2000年起他就在这所学校。
如果要对现在完成时态句子中的时间状语提问，通常要用how long。
e.g. (1) —How long have you studied English —For four years. 四年了。
(2) —How long has he taught here —Since five years ago. 自从五年前。
【语法练习】根据句意用for, since完成下列句子。
My mother has cooked in the kitchen ________ two hours ago.
We have learned English ________ more than two years.
The police have searched for the lost boy ________ two days.
I have known the boy ________ he came to study in our school.
—How long have you watched TV, Jack —________ two hours.
3. 动词分为延续性动词（表示延续性的动作或状态）和短暂性动词（表示动作在瞬间完成）。
4. 延续性动词常和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，例如for+时间段或since+时间点/从句。
短暂性动词(终止性动词)一般不能与延续性的时间状语连用，但在否定句中，则可以和表
示一段时间的for短语连用。
e.g. (1) I have stayed in the hotel for a week. 我已经在宾馆里待了一周。
(2) He hasn’t come to school for a week. 他一周没来上学了。
★ 短暂性动词不能和表一段时间的时间状语连用，但如果要保留表一段时间的时间状语，必须将短暂性动词改为延续性动词。举例如下：
fall asleep(ill) → be asleep(ill) → have/has been asleep
begin(start) → be on → have/has been on
die → be dead → ____________________________
come → be in → ____________________________
arrive → be here → ____________________________
join → be in / be a＋名词→ ____________________________
finish(end) → be over → ____________________________
come back → be back → ____________________________
marry → be married → ____________________________
open → be open → ____________________________
leave → be away, be out of → ____________________________
borrow → keep → ____________________________
begin to study → study → ____________________________
catch a cold → have a cold → ____________________________
buy → have → ____________________________
【语法练习】同义句转换，每空一词。
Her parents came to China five years ago.
Her parents ________ ________ ________ China since five years ago.
Susan bought this coat two days ago.
Susan ________ ________ the coat ________ two days ago.
I got to know Jack last week.
I ________ ________ Jack ________ last week.
He joined the army in 2010.
He ________ ________ a soldier ________ six years.
I began to play the piano in 2003.
I ________ ________ the piano ________ thirteen years.
语法练习
用所给词的适当形式填空。
I don’t know how ___________ (finish) it.
We often go online ___________ (search) for information.
She works hard in order ___________ (achieve) her dream.
China ___________ (send) up several Shenzhou manned spacecraft into space since 2003.
Has he ___________ (hear) of that book
I heard that the scientist has ___________ (discover) a new planet.
He has finished ___________ (read) the book about history.
He watched a boy ___________ (play) the guitar then.
He writes the article as ___________ (good) as me.
They’re looking for life but they ___________ (not find) anything yet.
The Sun and its planets__________ (call) the solar system.
—Have you finished your homework, Sue
—Yes.It ________ (spend) me an hour to do it.
—Where is Mr.Brown
—He ___________ (go) to Australia. He ________ (go)there last year.
－Have you mended your shoes, Bob
－Yes, I (mend) them twenty minutes ago．
－__________ you _________ (buy) a ticket for the football match
－Not yet.
二、题型练习
（一）阅读表达。
37-year-old spacewoman Wang Yaping made history — she is China’s first teacher in space.
Wang Yaping taught Chinese primary and middle school students on Earth physics problems in the zero-gravity environment (失重环境). ①她准备这个报告用了很长时间。Wang, born in January 1980, is from east China’s Shandong Province. She was a pilot in the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (空军) with experience of 1,600 hours of flying.
The world’s first teacher in space was Christa McAuliffe, a 37-year-old middle school teacher from the United States, but the Space Shuttle Challenger (挑战者号) disintegrated (崩裂) after 73 seconds into flight on Jan. 28, 1986. McAuliffe and other six members died.
“Wang’s report was a pleasant surprise,” said Zhang Xiaoguang, an astronaut in the three members of Shenzhou-10 spaceship. “②She does well in whatever (无论什么) she does. Sometimes we’d like to give her a helping hand, but she just would not take the hand in help,” said Nie Haisheng.
Like many young Chinese people, Wang likes photography, music and basketball. She said, “We are all students in facing the universe. We are looking forward to joining our young friends to learn and explore the mystical (神秘的) and beautiful universe.”
1. Who did Wang Yaping teach on Earth physics problems in space
___________________________________________________________________
2. 把文中①处画线汉语句子译为英语。
___________________________________________________________________
3. Who was the first teacher in space in the world
___________________________________________________________________
4. 把文中②处画线英语句子译为汉语。
___________________________________________________________________
5. 找出文中与下面句子意思相近的句子。
Although sometimes we want to help her, she just would not accept.
___________________________________________________________________
（二）综合填空。
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容，从每个方框内所给11个词汇中选择10个意义相符的词汇，必要时进行词形变化，填入空白处。
Can you imagine (1) _________ everyday life in space They also need to eat, sleep, exercise and relax. They do the same things (2) _________ us, but they do them differently.
On earth, we put food (3) _________ a plate and water in a glass. Gravity (重力) holds the food down and keeps the water in the glass. But there is almost no gravity in space, so food can float (漂浮) away, and astronauts must eat and drink (4) _________ .
Sleeping is very (5) _________ in space. Some astronauts like to float in the air, but most like to be in a sleeping bag. They tie (系) the bag (6) _________ a wall so that they won’t float away at night.
Exercise is very (7) _________ in space. On earth, your legs carry your body, but in space, astronauts float. So they do not use their legs (8) _________. This is very bad for their legs, so they must exercise (9) _________ thirty minutes every day.
After a day’s work, astronauts relax. They may listen to music, read, watch films, play games, or talk to their friends and families on the (10) _________. Sometimes they just enjoy floating in the air.
三、书面表达。
【写作指导】本模块以卫生与健康为话题，要求学生通过本模块的学习，能够运用摆模块的语言知识就健康问题进行对话，或者针对别人的健康问题提出建议，要完成这个任务，要必须掌握有关健康问题及建议的语句表达。
【教材中出现的常用表达】
I don’t feel well./ I feel ill./ I’m not feeling well.
I have been like this for some days.
I have got a...
There is no fever.
The doctor checked me.
I don’t like sports. The doctor said I needed more exercise.
I spent too much time... It’s very harmful to my health. I should get more exercise.
(sb.) in excellent condition.
【作文练习】假如你近几天感到头痛，但是不发烧不咳嗽，你不知道是什么原因，就去看医生，医生觉得你缺乏锻炼，建议你多锻炼，不要花太多的时间在电视上和电脑上，这对你的身体有害。根据所学知识及提示完成一篇80词左右的短文。
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________