2022年中考英语专项：阅读理解（含答案）

中考专项 阅读理解
命题规律
选择型阅读理解通常是4篇常规性文章，其中包括1篇广告图表类文章，以增强试题的多样性和趣味性；文章主要是记叙文和说明文，涉及少量议论文；考察方式主要有：细节理解题、主旨大意题、推理判断题和词义猜测题。
知识清单
细节理解题
解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why, how often, how long 等。
解题方法： 圈定选----圈关键词，回原文定位，选答案
主旨大意题
题目特点：考察归纳概括的能力
通常涉及的问题：文章标题（title)、主题（main idea)、结论 （conclusion)和end (结局等）
干扰性选项特点：
1.干扰项可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。
2.干扰项可能属从文中某些 (不完全的) 事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
3.干扰项可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案特点：
是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题常见提问方式
1.What is the best title of the passage
2.The passage is mainly about_______.
3.From the passage,we can learn that_____.
三、推理判断题
4.What’s the main idea of this passage
5.What does the passage mainly tell us
6.What does the passage mainly discuss
题目特点：考察学生对文章言外之意的理解
做题方法：
1.留心特定细节。透过现象看本质，领悟作者思想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度等。
注意作者的态度和语气。以原文内容为前提，据作者的观点理论（非考生观点），客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。
3.推理判断题常见提问方式
1.From the passage we know... 2.The writer suggests that...
3.The writer probably agrees that... 4.What’s the writer’s purpose of writing the passage
5.It can be inferred from the passage that...？
四、词义猜测题
解题方法：
同义法 常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测。
反义法 如 hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法 对文章中的生词用定语（从句）、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
情景推断法、代词替代法等
真题实战：
（2021 北京中考）
Nature and culture are often seen as opposite ideas. What belongs to nature cannot be the result of human activities and on the other hand, cultural development is achieved against nature. However, this is not the only opinion on the relationship between nature and culture. Studies in the development of humans suggest that culture, whether taken as an effort against nature or a natural effort, is part of the development of the human species(物种).
Several modern writers saw the process of education as a struggle(斗争) against human nature. We are born with wild natures, such as eating and behaving in a disorganized way or acting selfishly. Education uses culture as a way to get us out of our widest natures; it is thanks to culture that the human species could learn to adapt(适应) , progress and raise itself above and beyond other species.
Over the past century and a half, however, studies in the history of human development have shown that the formation of culture is part of the biological adaptation. Consider, for example, hunting(打猎) . It seems to be an adaptation, which allowed humans to move into new and different areas, opening up the opportunity to change living habits. At the same time, the development of weapons(武器) is related to that adaptation-from rocks and stones to a set of hunting tools, and from hunting tools to rules relating to the proper use of weapons. Hunting also seems to be responsible for a whole set of bodily abilities, such as balancing on one foot. Just think of how this very simple thing is closely related to dance, a key expression of human culture. It is then clear that biological development and cultural development are closely tied.
The transmission of culture seems to be directly related to what’s in our blood. Just as snails carry their shells, so do we bring along our culture. However, culture is also passed on among people of the same time or among people belonging to different populations. We can learn how to make jiaozi even if we were born from Russian parents in Paris just as we can learn how to speak English even if none of our family or friends speak that language.
30. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about
A. Culture belongs to human nature. B. Nature teaches humans how to adapt.
C. Humans are supposed to be well organized. D. Education pushes the human species to progress.
31. Why does the writer talk about hunting in Paragraph 3
A. To suggest some possible ways of changing living habits.
B. To stress the importance of tools in humans’ struggle for life.
C. To show how culture develops as humans adapt to the environment.
D. To explain why there is a need to call for the proper use of weapons.
32. The word “transmission” in Paragraph 4 probably means “________”.
A. system B. spread C. start D. spirit
33. What is the writer’s opinion on the nature-culture relationship
A. Culture and nature are separate yet balanced.
B. Culture depends much on nature to progress.
C. Nature and culture are different but connected.
D. Nature follows the unwritten rules set by culture.
【答案】
D （段落大意题 31.C （推理判断题）
32.B （ 词义猜测题。） 33.C （观点态度题。）
（2021 天津中考）
There are many deserts (沙漠) on the earth. And the following are some facts you may find interesting.
What are deserts like
Deserts can be hot and dry places. Rain may not fall there for months or years. Some deserts are sandy and stony (多石的). Deserts can also be very windy places. The wind can change the shape of the deserts. It moves sand around from place to place.
Temperatures in the desert can vary enormously(非常). During the daytime, the temperature may reach 40℃ even in the shade (阴凉处). At night, deserts can become very cold. In winter there may even be a frost (霜冻) in the early morning.
Living in the desert
The camel is sometimes called “the ship of the desert”. It stores food in its hump (驼峰) and can go for days without water. It has large feet which help it not to fall into the soft sand. Its long eyelashes (睫毛) keep out the sand during sandstorms.
An oasis is an area of the desert where water may be found. The water may be in pools or under the ground. People and animals visit an oasis for water and food. Plants grow at an oasis. Some farmers are able to grow crops here.
The Arabian Desert
The Arabian Desert lies between the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. In some parts of the desert, it is too hot for people to live. Oil was discovered under parts of the desert and in the Arabian Gulf. This oil has made some countries in the area very rich. Much of the money has been spent building fine cities with lovely parks and lakes, and people live a comfortable life there.
36. Which of the following can best describe deserts
A. Hot and dry. B. Sandy and rainy. C. Wet and stony. D. Windy and snowy.
37. The word “vary” in the passage means “________”.
A. be low B. be high C. be similar D. be different
38. The camel has long eyelashes to ________.
A. stay cool in deserts B. go for days without water
C. help it not to fall into the soft sand D. keep out the sand during sandstorms
39. According to the passage, people and animals visit an oasis for ________.
A. frost and crops B. sand and stones C. water and food D. money and oil
40. What is the best title of the passage
A. What is the weather like in deserts B. What do you know about deserts
C. How do people live in deserts D. Where is the Arabian Desert
【答案】36. A 细节理解题。 37. D 词义猜测题。
38. D 细节理解题。 39. C 细节理解题。 40. B标题归纳题。
（2021 浙江杭州中考）
When do children start to talk If you ask a group of parents when this happened, most will say “around twelve months of age”. They will probably even remember what the children said. Many parents keep a diary of their child’s “first words”
We can never predict what a first word is going to be. Often it’s the name for “mummy” or “daddy”, but it could just as easily be the word for an animal or a favorite toy. Everything depends on what has most caught the child’s attention. But one thing is certain: after the first word, others come quickly. By 18 months, most children have learned about 50 words. By two, the total has risen to around 200.
Early words are actually one-word sentences. One of the first features（特征）of language a child learns well is to control the rise and fall of the voice to make the difference between stating and questioning. In English, daddy with a high rising tone（声调）means “is that daddy ” Daddy with a high falling tone means “There’s daddy”. Of course, only very basic meanings can be communicated using tones alone. So it soon becomes necessary to learn some grammar.
In English, grammar means learning to put words in different orders. Children have to see that mummy push is different from push mummy. They start practising such changes at around 18 months. By two, they have learned the basic patterns of word order, and we hear them saying such things as man kick ball and where daddy go.
What are the parents doing all his time They’re acting as teachers and they always have an active role to play in their child’s language learning.
12. How old are most children when they have learned about 50 words
A. About 6 months old. B. About one year old.
C. About 18 months old. D. About two years]old.
13. Which might an English child say first when learning to talk
A. Mummy. B. Push mummy. C. Man kick ball. D. Where daddy go.
14. What’s Paragraph 4 mainly about
A. Word order. B. Word tones. C. The first words. D. Correcting words.
15. Who is most responsible for a child’s early language learning
A. Teachers. B. Parents. C. Friends. D. Grandparents.
【答案】
12. C 细节理解题。 13. A 细节理解题。 14. A 主旨大意题。 15. B细节理解题
（2021 四川眉山中考）
An elephant was standing and picking leaves from a tree. A small fly came, flying and buzzing near his ear. The elephant waved it away with his long ears. Then the fly came again and the elephant waved it away once more.
This happened several times. Then the elephant asked the fly, “Why are you so restless and noisy Why can’t you just stay in one place ”
The fly answered, “I am interested in whatever I see, hear or smell. My five senses, and everything that happens around me, pull me here and there and I cannot resist (抵抗) them. What is your secret How can you stay so calm and still ”
The elephant stopped eating and said, “My five senses do not rule me. I am in control of myself — my senses do not tell me what to do. This helps me stay focused on whatever I do, and so, keep my mind calm and still. Now that I am eating, I am completely enjoying eating. In this way, I can just focus on enjoying my food.”
After hearing these words, the fly’s eyes opened wide and a smile appeared on his face. He looked at the elephant and said, “I understand! I will always be restless if I let my senses control me. On the other hand, if I try to use some self-control, my mind will become calm and I’ll be able to stay still.”
It is said that the mind is restless and pays attention to whatever is in front of it. But if you can control what you pay attention to, you can control your mind.
4. The fly thought he moved around a lot because ________.
A. he had nowhere to land
B. he couldn’t see things clearly
C. he was interested in everything around him
D. his five senses couldn’t work with each other
5. According to the elephant, what is the key to staying calm
A. Being in control of one’s senses. B. Enjoying eating.
C. Being able to find peace. D. Focusing on many things at the same time.
6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the story
A. The fly can resist everything that happens around him.
B. The five senses always rule the elephant.
C. The fly will be calm if the senses control him.
D. The elephant can focus on what he is doing.
7. Which of the following can be the best title for this passage
A. Stay Still and Calm B. Focus on More Than One Thing
C. Pay Attention to Your Feelings D. Take Control of Your Mind
【答案】
4. C 细节理解题。 5. A 推理判断题。 6. D 细节理解题。 7. D 主旨大意题