初中英语总复习---语法复习学案

初三英语总复习学案 名词
【考点】
1、名词的单复数；2、名词所有格；3、名词的修饰语；4、易用错的名词
【重点知识讲解】
一、名词的数：可数名词与不可数名词
1、可数名词是指那些能够用数来计量的名词，如：dog, bus, boy ,piece等；反之则为不可数名词，如；water, milk, coffee, information等。
2、可数名词的复数形式：
1）规则变化（请同学们自己复习并巩固）
2）应注意的问题：
a、以元音字母加 y结尾的，直接加--s;如：day, boy, play 等；
b、以o结尾的，加--es, 如：hero, patato, tomato, 但zoo, radio, photo等则要在词尾加--s。.
c、不规则变化（希望同学们能从中找出规律来，你试试，你肯定能！）
man--men woman--women child--children foot---feet
goose--geese tooth--teeth fish--fish sheep--sheep
deer--deer Chinese--Chinese mouse--mice penny--pence
d、有些名词只有复数形式。如；clothes, trousers, glasses, thanks, pants 等
e、有些复合名词变成复数时，只将复合名词的主体名词变为复数，如： boy student--boy students banana tree --banana trees bus driver --bus
drivers 等。但，由man 和woman构成的合成名词，变复数时要将名词及
man 或woman 都变成复数。如：
man teacher--men teacher woman doctor --women doctor
f、名词+man (woman)构成的复合名词其复数形式通常与简单名词一样，即把man(woman)改成men(women)， 如：Englishman--Englishmen policewoman--policewomen 但：German--Germans
g、有些名词形似复数，实际作单数用。如：maths, physics, politics等。
h、有些名词形式上是单数形式，但意义上是复数。如：people, police等。 i、关于国人变复数有记忆口诀：中日不变英法变，其余 s 加后面。
二、名词的所有格：
（一）名词所有格是名词的一种形式，它是通过名词词尾的变化形式来表示名词的所有关系，名词的所有格分为有生命名词的所有格和无生命名词的所有格。有生命的名词所有格的规则变化如下：
（1）单词名词的加's， 如Ann's teacher, an hour's work， the girl's excuse
（2）以s/es结尾的复数名词所有格只加’，如the students' books
（3）不以s/es结尾的复数名词所有格加's, 如the women's room, Children's Day
（4）表示两人共有时，只在后一个名词后加's,如：Lucy and Lily's mother,
（5）当两人不共有某人或某物时，两个名词都要使用所有格形式，后边所修饰的名词用复数形式，如 Tom's and Lily's mothers
(6)独立所有格，即以“s”所有格修饰的名词可以省略。所有格所修饰的名词在上下文中出现过，或表示某人的家或住宅，或表示教堂、学校等公共场所或表示公司、店铺等。如：at the doctor's at the grocer's
(7)在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用
s'。如：a twenty minutes' walk ten miles' journey today's paper China's population
(二) of 所有格
如果是无生命的，在表示所有关系时，就要用“名词+of +名词”这样的所有格来表示。如：the photo of my family the name of your school
（三）双重所有格：
当名词前有两层所有格时，多使用双重所有格，结构是：把一个名词所有格放到of 短语里，这种结构用来突出局部，表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”的意思。
eg. This is a picture of my friend's 这是我朋友的一张照片(指很多照片中一张)
I know some friends of my brother's .我认识我哥哥的一些朋友(朋友中的一部分) 注：①a photo of me 我的一张照片（我的像）
②a photo of mine 我的一张照片（照片属于我，但不是我的像）
三、名词的修饰语
1、可数名词的修饰语有：数词、不定冠词、(a) few、several、a great
number of 、 many、dozens of 、hundreds of 等。
2、不可数名词的修饰语：much,(a) little,a bit of 、a bottle of 、a kilo of 等。
3、可数名词与不可数名词的共同修饰语：some、any、a lot of 、lots of、
plenty of 等。
四、易用错的名词：exercise,work , job, fun, news, advice, informantion, experience, orange, life, voice, sound, noise等。
【针对性练习】
? ) 1.Look,Those three _______are talking with the three ______.
A.Englishmen,Germen B.Englishmans ,Germans
C.Englishmen, Germans D.Englishmans ,Germen
? ) 2.What's in the _______?There are some ______and _______in them.
A.photos,potatos,radios B.photos, potatoes, radios
C.photoes, potatos, radios D.photos, potatoes, radioes
? ) 3.There are ______on the table. Would you like to drink some?
A.two milk B.two bottles of milk
C.two bottle of milk D.two bottles of milks
? ) 4.There are about twenty ____in the room.They are having a party there. A.people B.sheep C.worker D.farmer
? ) 5.____mothers couldn't go to the meeting.Because they've gone to?S.
A.Li Lei and Lucy's B.Li Lei's and Lucy's
C.Li Lei and Lucy D.Li Lei's and Lucy
? ) 6. It is over ______from Shi Jiazhuang to Beijing.
A.three hours' drive B.three hour's drive
C.three hours drives D.three hours drive
? ) 7.Please keep quiet. If you make a lot of ______,you may disturb others. A.voice B.noise C.sound D.singing
? ) 8.I've read ______sports news about the F1 race today.
A. two B.pieces C.two pieces D.two pieces of
? ) 9.Mrs Jenny gave us _______on how to learn English well .
A.some advices B.many advices C.some advice D.an advice
? ) 10.It will be National Day in a few _________.
A.month's time B.months time C.months' time D.month time
? ) 11. Time is up.Now please hand in your test ______,boys and girls.
A.paper B.papers C.piece of paper D.pieces of paper
? ) 12.This is _______that all of us believe it's very important.
A.such useful information B.so useful an information
C.so useful information D.such a useful information
? ) 13. Can I help you? I'd like _______for my twin daughters.
A.two pair of shoes B.two pairs of shoe
C.two pair of shoe D.two pairs of shoes
? ) 14.Jenny's shoes were worn out.She wanted to buy a new _______.
A.shoe B.shoes C.one D.pair
? ) 15.--Whose dictionaries are these? -- They are the _______.
A. twins' B. twin C. twins D. twin's
? ) 16.Miss Smith is a friend of _______.
A.Mary's mother's B.Mary's mother C.mother's of Mary D.Mary mother's
? ) 17.Ten years has passed. I found my parents had _______.
A.much white hair B.some white hair
C.a little white hairs D.a few white hair
? ) 18.It is a ____to shake hands with a friend when people meet for the first
time in many countries.
A.habit B.custom C.practice D.idea
? ) 19. Two ___students in our school will go to the beach for the vacation.
A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of
( ) 20.Wu peng won the girls ___race in the school __meeting last week.
A.100 meters ,sport B.100--meters, sports
C.100 meter, sport D.100--meter, sports
( ) 21.There are only five ________in my hospital.
A.man doctor B.men doctors C.men doctor D.man doctors
( ) 22. _______is made of _______.
A.A glass ,glass B.Glasses ,glasses C.Glass,glasses D.A glass,glasses
( ) 23.A group of _________have been caught by the police .
A.thief B.thiefs C.thiefes D.thieves
( ) 24.Is this dictionary sent by ________?
A.a friend of your brother B.a friend of your brother's
C.your brother friend D.your brother friend's
( ) ?5.________are sitting at the table.
A.Turners B.Turner's C.The turners D.turners
( ) 26. How much ____ would you like to buy?
A. apples B. bread C. books D. sheep
( ) 27. What ___ weather it was yesterday!
A. bad B. a bad C. an bad D. the bad
( ) 28. Students shouldn't be always busy doing their ____in the classroom.
They should do more _____ on the playground A.exercise; exercise
B. exercise;exercises C. exercises; exercise D. exercises;exercises
( ) 29. Linda's Chinese is better than _____ in her class.
A. anyone's else B. anyone else's C. anyone else D. anyone's else's
( ) 30. Last night,there was a fool accident.Ten ___were ill,but no ____ were lost.
A. child;lives B. children;life C. children;lives D.child;life
( ) 31.Children should make ______ for ole people in a bus.
A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room
( ) 32.--How's Joy's skirt? --Her skirt si more beautiful than ______.
A. her sister's and Kate B. her sister and Kate
C. her sister and kate's D. her sister's and kate's
( ) 33. The restaurant is so popular here.Look ,there are so many ____here.
A. food B. dish C. people D. waiter
( ) 34. --Excuse me,could you tell me where the nearest post office is ?
--The nearest post office ? You will have to walk________.
A. 500--metre away B. 500 metre far
C. 500 metres further D. 500--metre--far away
( ) 35. There are three_____assistants in that shop.
A. women shoe B. woman shoe C. woman shoes D. women shoes
初三英语总复习学案 （2） 代词(Ⅰ)
【考点聚焦】
代词是用来代替名词或名词短语的词，中考中要求重点掌握人称代词，物主代词，指示代词，反身代词和不定代词五种。
【重点知识讲解】
一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的列表如下(你要下功夫记忆、区分)：
一般来讲，主格代词在句作主语，宾格代词在句中作动词或介词的宾语；形容词性物主代词放在名词或代词前作定语，名词性物主代词可以作主语、宾语、表语，相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”。
【注1】人称代词 it 的用法：
(1)指代天气、时间、距离等，如：Is it far from here? It's late,let's go quickly. It's much colder than it was yesterday.
(2)用作形式主语，常见于 ※It's +adj.+(of / for sb.)to do sth; ※It takes sb. time to do sth 等句型中，如：It 's wrong to laugh at others in class.
It took us half an hour to finish our work last night.
(3)用作形式宾语，常见于think, find , make 等动词之后，用来代替不定式或从句。如：I find it really hard to learn English well.
(4)用于某些重要句型中，如；
It seems that…… It's time to / for / that……
It's one 's turn to do …… It's +adj.+taht……
(5)指代心目中不太清楚的那个人或child, baby 等性别不太清楚的名词。如：
--Who is it ? --It's me. Is it your brother? --No,Its me.
(6)代替上文出现的某件东西或提到的某件事情，具有特指的性质，如：
? I've lost my pen,and I can't find it .
His wife is seriously ill,but he knows nothing about it .
【注2】 反身代词
(1)不能单独作主语，主要用来作宾语、同位语。一般放在被其所指的名词或代词后。如果不易产生意义上的误解，有时也常可将其放在句末。
(2)在句中起强调作用，如：He himself is a doctor.
He says that he will do it himself.
(3)当表达“某人自己的……”时，不用反身代词作定语，而用one's own作定语。如；This is my own room.这是我自己的房间。
(4)反身代词可作动词的宾语，如：hurt, teach, dress, enjoy, help, buy, look after, 等。如：The boy can't dress himself.
(5)反身代词可放在介词by, for, to 等之后，表示“某人独自”。
【注3】多个人称代词排列顺序：如有几个不同的人称代词同时作主语，并用and , or 连接时，习惯上顺序是：单数：you, he and I；复数：we,you and they.但如果是承认错误、承担责任时，第一人称放前。如：I and she made the mistake.
二、指示代词：英语中指示代词主要有：this ,that ,these,those。当指近处的人或物时，常用this, these，指远处的人或物时，用that, those。它们一般用以代替第一次出现的人或物，再次出现时则用it 代替this, that,they代替these,those.
【注】为了避免重复,that,those指代上文提到过的名词，this,these用来指后面要提到的事物。如The building in Japan is different from that in China.
This is what I saw in the house. This is Walter speaking.Who's that?
【针对性练习】
( ) 1.--A latest English newspaper,please!
--Only one copy left, would you like to have ______.sir?
A. it B. one C. this D. that
( ) 2. There's someone at the door. Can you go and see who _____ is ?
A. he B. she C. that D. it
( ) 3. The pears in my basket are smaller than_____ in Jim's.
A. it B. that C. ones D. those
( ) 4.--Linda, the new term is coming. Do you think you need a schoolbag?
--Yes, I'm going to buy ______ this afternoon.
A. it B. this C. one D. that
( ) 5. The population of China is much larger than _____of Russia.
A.this B. those C. it D. that
( ) 6. --May I help you with some jeans, Sir?
--Yes, I'd like to try on those blue _________.
A. pair B.one C. two D. ones
( ) 7.--I haven't seen Jack for three days. Is he ill?
--__________.His mother told me that he was in hospital.
A. I'm afraid so B. I hope not C. I don't expect D. I am afraid not
( ) 8. --Excuse me. is this seat taken?
--________.That man got his books and left a few minutes ago.
A. I'm afraid so B. I don't think so C. I don't know D. I hope not
( ) 9. --Would your sister go to Hainan this summer? --If I don't go, ____.
A. neither will she B. neither does she C. so will she D. so does she
( ) 10. --I usually go to bed late at night. And you?
A. So I do B. So do I C. So am I D. So l am
( ) 11. Andy's mother told her to pour the waste.________.
A. So she does B. so it is C. So did she D. And so she did
( ) 12. --Who's knocking at the door?? --_______me, Jim.
A. I' m B. This is C. That is D. It' s
( ) 13. We think _____ necessary for you to wash your own clothes.
A. it B. that C. that is D. we are
( ) 14 _____ have known each other for many years.
A. He, you and I B. You, I and he
C. I, you and he D. You, he and I
( ) 15 On his way to the park, he saw an old friend of _______.
A. him B. he C. his D. himself
( ) 16. She has lost her English book. Would you lend her ________?
A. your B. yours C. yourself D. hers
( ) 17. --How long can I keep the books?
--One month. You must _______ to the library on time.
A. give back it B. give it back C. give back them D. give them back
( ) 18. _______is very kind of______ to buy me so many presents.
A. It; you B. It; yours C. That; you D. That; yourself
( ) 19--Who taught ______Enghsh when he was young? --His mother did.
A. he B. him C. his D. himself
( ) 20. If you meet some difficult questions that you can' t work out, you can
________ with other students.
A. talk about it B. talk it about C. talk about them D. talk them about
( ) 21. Don' t worry about _____. _______ can do it well.
A. she; She B. she; Her C. her; Her D. her; She
( ) 22. --Could I speak to Jane,please? --______Jane speaking.
A. This is B. That is C. I am D. She is
( ) 23. My brother fell off his bike.Luckily, he didn't hurt_______.
A. he B. him C. his D. himself
( ) 24. --Who taught___ French? --Nobody. She learned all by____.
A. herself; her B. she; herself C. her; herself D. her; she
( ) 25. The cars made in Japan are much cheaper than____ made in America.
A. ones B. those C. that D. it
( ) 26. The population of China is much larger than _____ of Japan.
A. one B. it C. that D. these
( ) 27. I could dress_______ when I was just six.
A. my B. myself C. me D. mine
( ) 28. My bottle is empty. There is_____ in it.
A. everything B. something C. nothing D. anything
( ) 29.--Is there _____ water in that glass? --Yes, there is_______.
A. some; some B. any; any C. some; any D. any; some
( ) 30. The blue skirt looks much better than the green_______.
A. one B. ones C. skirt D. /
( ) 31. The boy runs faster than ______ in his class.
A. any of the boy B. any boys C. any other boys D, all the boys
( ) 32. Could you please do______ for me.?
A. everything B. nothing C. something D. anything
( ) 33__ of the four roads will take you to the school where you want to go.
A. Neither B. Either C. Both D. Any
( ) 34. Listen to me. I have _____ to tell you.
A. anything important B. something important
C. important something D. nothing important
( ) 35. There are many students in the classroom now. Some are listening to music. ________ are reading books and doing homework.
A. The other B. Other C. The others D. Others
( ) 36. ______of the students has an English dictionary.
A. Every B. All C. Both D. Each
( ) 37. --Which would you like, a cup of tea or a glass of water?
-- ______ I think I'll just have a glass of milk.
A. None. B. Neither. C. Both. D. Either.
( ) 38. _____ is watching TV. Let' s turn it off.
A. Somebody B. Anybody C. Nobody D. Everybody
( ) 39 Yesterday I saw _____ enjoy _____ in the park.
A. her; hers B. them; them C. she; herself D. them; themselves
( ) 40. -- What else do you want? -- __ else. I think I have got everything ready.
A. Something B. Nothing C. Anything D. Everything
( ) 41. Did you find ____ very interesting to play Yo Yo?
A. this B. it' s C. that D. it
( ) 42. --Which do you prefer, a CD player or a walkman?
-- _____ I prefer the new kind of MP4.
A. Both. B. None. C. Neither. D. Either.
( ) 43. -- Good morning, Mr. Brown. Would you please tell me the result of
the exam ? -- OK. You did quite well. You've made____ mistakes.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
( ) 44. --Is there ____ in today' s newspaper?
--Yes. Shenzhou VI will be sent up into space in the near future.
A. nothing new B. new nothing C. anything new D. new anything
( ) 45.--Whose English-Chinese dictionary is this?
--It' s ____ . My parents got it for my sister and me.
A. hers B. ours C. mine D. theirs
( ) 46. People everywhere celebrate the New Year. ____ is a time to say goodbye to the past and to think about new beginnings.
A. That B. It C. This D. Such
( ) 47. Nancy spoke in such a low voice that ____ students in our class could hear her.
A. all B. many C. few D. most
( ) 48. Now many Chinese farmers like traveling from one place to _____ to
enjoy the beautiful scenery of our country.
A. other B. others C. the others D. another
( ) 49. A lot of stone tables and chairs are____ of the river and the number
of them is growing_______.
A. on both side; greater B. on each sides; more
C. on both sides; larger D. on each side; more
( ) 50. I can' t find the pen I was given. Have you seen_____?
A. it B. one C. this D. that
( ) 51. Shirley had to buy______these three CDs because she didn' t know
which one to take.
A. all B. none C. each D. both
( ) 52.. We' ve got two TV sets, but_______ works well.
A. any B. both C. either D. neither
( ) 53. If you need a story book, I'll lend _______ to you.
A. one B. ones C. some D. another
( ) 54. There are many trees on ______ side of the lake.
A. both B. either C. all D. every
( ) 55. --Would you like _____ meat for your supper? --Yes, just ____
A. some; a little B. any; little C. a little; some D. much; a few
( ) 56.--Is this your shoe? --Yes, it is. But where is_______?
A. the others B. another C. other one D. the other one
( ) 57--Oh, there is someone in the teachers' office.
--______ must be Mr. Wang. He always works hard.
A. There B. She C. This D. It
( ) 58.The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forget__
A. anything else B. nothing else C. something else D. everything else
( ) 59. _____ the twins enjoyed _____at the party last Saturday evening.
A. Both; them B. Both; themselves
C. Neither; them D. All; themselves
( ) 60. There were __ people and cars on the street, as it was late at night.
A. some B. many C. few D. a few
( ) 61. China is larger than _______ country in Asia
A. any B. any other C. all the D. the other
( ) 62. Lucy is a short girl, but she jumps higher than____ in her class.
A. any boy B. any other boy C. any girl D. all the girls
( ) 63. ___ of us knows why winter is colder than summer.
A. Everyone B. Every one C. All D. Both
( ) 64. The students in my class work much harder than _____in Class3.
A. it B. them C. that D. those
( ) 65. This bike is neither______nor______.
A. my; his B. mine; his C. my; her D. mine; him
( ) 66. Mr. Lin has three sons. ____ is a teacher, _____ are doctors.
A. One; another B. One; other C. This; the other D. One; the others
( ) 67.We find ______impossible to get there before 8:00.
A.her B.it C.this D.that
( ) 68 --Which classmates is the best friend of __________?
--I think Helen is .
A.you B.your C.yours D.yourself
( ) 69.___wonderful work of art it it! I like Zhang Daqian's better than___.
A.How,anybody's B.How a ,any other's
C.What, any others D. What, anybody else's
( ) 70. --Who taught _____English last term? Was ______Mr Smith?
--No,Miss White did.
A.you, it B.you ,he C.your ,it D.your ,that
[阅读理解]
Some British and American people like to invite friends for a meal at home. You should not be upset if your English friends don't invite you home. It doesn' t mean they don' t like you.
Dinner parties usually start between 7 and 8 p. m.and end at about 11. Ask your hosts what time you should arrive. It's polite to bring flowers, chocolates or a bottle of wine as a gift.
Usually the evening starts with drinks and snacks, If you want to be extra polite, say how much you like the room, or the pictures on the wall. But remember it' s not polite to ask how much things cost.
In many families, the husband sits at one of the table and the wife sits at the other end. They eat with their guests.
You'll probably start the meal with soup or something small, then you'll have meat or fish with vegetables, and then dessert, followed by coffee.It' s polite to finish everything on your plate and to take more if you want it.
Did you enjoy the evening? Call your hosts the next day, or write them a short "thank you" letter. British and American people like to say "thank you, thank, thank you" all the time!
( ) 1. If your English friend doesn' t invite you to dinner at home, it means he or she________.
A. doesn't like you B. likes you C. can't afford to do so D. is too busy
( )2. It's impolite_________
A. to ask about the price of a certain thing
B. to say "thank you" to hosts
C. take nothing with you when you are invited to dinner
D. to eat up everything on your plate
( ) 3. The meal ends with ______ usually.
A. soup B. coffee C. meat or fish D. dessert
( ) 4. When you are invited to a dinner party, you' d better______.
A. ask what time you should arrive B. take your wife with you
C. drink as more as possible D. eat more snacks as you can
( ) 5. Which of the following is true?
A. The hosts like the people who sit closer l0 them.
B. The hosts like the people who ask them time, price, age, etc.
C. The husband and the wife usually sit together.
D. You can call your host the next day or write a letter of
thanks after that.
初三英语总复习学案 （3） 代词(Ⅱ)
【考点聚焦】
不定代词的用法
【重点知识讲解】
三、不定代词。
(一)代替任何特定的名词或形容词的代词就是不定代词，它分为名词性代词和形容词代词。掌握不定代词可以从以下几个方面着手。
1.代替或修饰对象多少，如either,both,neither只指代两部分的事物；none,all,any指代三个或三个以上事物；each指代两个或两个以上的事物。
2.代替或修饰可数名词或不可数名词，如little,much 指代不可数名词，few,many指代可数名词。
3.大部分不定代词既能作形容词代词，也可以作名词性代词，但有些不定代词只能作名词性代词，如none,nothing等。
【注】some,any,every和no都可以与body,thing和one构成复合不定代词，在用法上保持some,any ,every,no的特点，但这些合成的不定代词只能作名词性代词，不能作形容词性代词。
（二）不定代词的用法：
1.some & any some用于肯定句，any用于否定句，疑问句，条件句中，表示建议，请求或确信会得到对方肯定回答的疑问句中，也要用some.
2.many & much many用于修饰可数名词复数，much用于修饰不可数名词。
3.一点，很少。 a few/few(修饰可数）, a little,little（修饰不可数）
【注】a little 还可以表示“一个小..... ”，后加单数名词，little用作形容词，“小的” a little 作副词还可修饰形容词或副词的比较级。如：
I can see a little boy under the tree. She got up a little earlier yesterday
5.every 用于三者以上，只能用作形容词性代词，修饰名词强调整体
each 用于两者或两者以上，既可用作形容词也可用作名词性代词。
either 只用于两个物体，既可用作形容词也可用作名词性代词。
Every boy can get a flower . Each of them has a new computer
There are many trees on either(each) side of the street.
注：(1)every 后跟“数字+复数名词”，表示频度，如every three days
(2)each 每个，强调“个体”，除了可作主语，宾语和定语外，还可作同位语，如： They each have a book. (主语的同位语）
? He gave us a book each.(宾语的同位语）
6.任何一个（肯定句中），either用于两个事物，any用于三个以上事物
如：-Which book would you like to have,this one or that one?
-Either, I don't care.
-When can we meet next week? -Any day is OK.I'm free next week.
7.(都) both用于两个事物，多构成短语，both...and , both of
all 用于三个以上事物，多构成短语 all of ...
You can see some students on both sides of the river.
All of them are reading.
【注】not 跟 both 或all(every)连用时，表示半否定“并非全部……”的意思，全否定用 none或neither.
Not all the students like reading.(All the students don't like reading).
并非全部学生喜欢阅读。
None of the students like reading.没有一个学生喜欢读书。
8.都不（后可跟of短语）none用于三个以上事物； neither用于两个事物，作主语谓语用单数。如:None of them come(s)here. Neither of the twins has a book.
【注】(1)neither…nor…连接主语时，谓语动词的形式和最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。 eg. Neither they nor I am going hiking tomorrow.
Do neither you nor he likes playing football?
(2)neither do…句式，表示“某人也不……”，助动词跟前句保持一致。如：
Lucy doesn't have any friend, neither do I .
Lucy isn't a student, neither is her sister.
9.没有一个。(1)no one 只能指人，后不可跟of连用，回答who提出的问句。
(2)none （not…any)既可指人，也可指物，可以跟of连用，回答how many(much) 提出的问句。如：-Who was late this morning? -No one.
-How many books have you read? -None
None of them have(has) a new computer.
10.任何其他的(后跟单数名词）
（1）any不同范围内比较；（2）any other同一范围内比较
eg. Shanghai is larger than any city in India.
Shanghai is larger than any other city in China.
11.其他的。other多与 any,the结合使用或用作复数，很少单独使用
another不限定范围的“另一个，再一个”，another+数字+复数名词
the other 指两个当中的“另一个”常与one 连用，即：one …the other
the others 指两部分当中的“另一部分”，既可指人，也可指物
others 不限定范围的“别人”，和some对应使用。
This shirt is too short,have you got another one?
What can you see on the other side of the river?
There are 60 students in the room. Twenty-six are reading,the others are talking.
Lei Feng is always ready to help others.
We need another three students to help us.
The dictionary is better than the others.
It's not polite to laugh at others when they make mistakes.
12. --thing 的修饰语要放在它们的后面，如：There's nothing serious with you.
Would you like something to eat? Anything else?
【温馨提示】
1. some 也可用于表示请求、建议、反问、邀请或期望得到对方肯定回答的问句中。如：Would you please...? Could you ...? Why not ...?等问句。any 也可用于肯定句中，此时any 的意思是“任何……的”，相当于every。如：
Shanghai is bigger than any city in Japan.
2. every 与one,body,thing构成复合不定代词时，谓语用单数，后不接“of...”短语。如：Everyone of them is good at playing basketball.(×)
3. another后有few 或one以上的数字时，则可与复数名词连用。如：
? Give me another ten days,and I can finish the work in time.
四、替代词的用法：
1、 one的用法
(1)指人或物，表示“一个”之意。泛指人，表示“一个人，人人”之意。
如：One should do one's best to work hard.
(2)代替前面一类名词中的一个。The books are nice.I'd like to have one.
(3)当特指某一类名词中的某一个时，用the one.the one 后往往有介词短语修饰。 This book is newer than the one on the table.
(4)替代可数名词的复数形式时，one,the one分别变成ones,the ones,the ones 等于those. The books on the shelf are better than the ones (those)on the ground.
【注1】that, one 与it 的不同之处在于：it 和被代替的名词是指同一事物，而that, one 和被替代的名词并非指同一事物，而是指同类事物。
【注2】that 与one的区别是：one 只可替代可数名词；that既可替代可数名词，又可替代不可数名词；one之前或之后常有修饰语修饰，而that一般不能带前置修饰语，且常用于含比较结构的句型中。如；
Look at the kite,that in the sky.
The handwriting of Li Ming is much better than that of Gao Hua.
指示代词that多用来替代不可数名词，当被用来替代上文出现过的复数名词时，要用其复数形式those. 如：
The note in his pocket is much newer than that on the table.
The students in our class are more hard-working than those in your class.
2. so的用法 so 作为替代词时，可用来替代上文中提到的某种情况，常用于以下两种句型中。
(1) so +助动词/情态动词 /系动词be +主语，该结构常用来表示上文中提到的某一肯定情况也同样适用于下文中的人或物，意为“某人(物)也如此”，如：
? She likes music and so do I
--Jim likes swimming. --So does Lily
(2)so +主语+助动词/情态动词/系动词be 。该结构常用来表示强调或赞同对方的话或意见，意为“的确如此”，主时，上下文中的主语指的是同一个人或物。如： --It may be in that pocket --Ah,so it is.
【注】so 和not 常用在think, hope, guess, be afraid, believe 等词后。替代表示肯定的that从句时用so，替代表示否定的that 从句时要用not。需要指出的是：I think not 要表达为 I don't think so.
【针对性练习】
( ) 1.- Is ________here? -No,Tom and Peter have asked for a leave.
A.anyone B.everyone C.someone D.nobody
( ) 2.___passed the exam in maths.Peter got only fifty-one marks.
A.Not all them B.Not all of them C.Any of them D.They all
( ) 3.We couldn't buy anything because ___of us had ___money with us.
A.all ,no B.any ,not C.none, any D.no one, any
( ) 4. He introduced _________.
A.he to I B.she to I C.she to me D.her to me
( ) 5. I mistook _______.
A.hers to my B.hers for mine C.she's to mine D.her for mine
( ) 6. A book is in her left hand, a pen is in her _______hand.
A. the other B.other C.another D.others
( ) 7. --What's on TV tonight? Is there ____ interesting? --I'm afraid not.
A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything
( ) 8. This isn't_____ pencil case. I left mine at home.
A. my B. me C. I D. myself
( ) 9. --How about the movie you saw yesterday?
--Some people think it's boring;_____ think it's exciting.
A. others B. other C. each D. another
( ) 10. --Do you prefer milk or orange juice?
--I don't like___. I usually drink coffee.
A. other B. another C. neither D. either-
( ) 11. A true friend is someone _____ gives his hand and touches your heart.
A. whose B. who C. which D. what
( ) 12 --_____ Which do you prefer, coffee or cola?
--_______, thanks. I'd like a cup of tea.
A. Either B. Both (2. Neither D. None
( ) 13. --Who is the man ______was talking to our English teacher?
? --Oh! It's Mr Baker, our new maths teacher.
A. he B. that C. whom D. which
( ) 12 --Why did _____ take aunt Alice almost an hour to get home?
--I don't know. Maybe there was something wrong with her car.
A. that B. it C. she D. this
( ) 13. --Wang Bo is going to study abroad next month. What about you?
--I'm afraid my parents can't afford______.
A. me B. it : C. this D. him
( ) 14. I'm looking at the photograph______ you sent me with your letter.
A. who B. whom C. which D. it
( ) 15. --How many of these books have you read? --_____ of them. Every one.
A. Many B. Some C. All D. None
( ) 16. --How often are the Olympic Games held? --______four years.
A. Every B. Each C. In D. For
( ) 17. When Yang Liwei came back from space; manny reporters interviewed
______and got some first--hand information.
A. he B. him C. his D. himself
( ) 18. The pears in my basket are smaller than ______ in Jim's.
A. it B. that C. ones D. those
( ) 19. It was a long journey, but ______ of them four felt boring.
A. neither B. both C. none D. all
( ) 20. --Dear me! What a wonderful computer!
--My grandpa bought it for my sister and me. It's_______.
A. mine B. hers C. theirs D. ours
( ) 21. Don't worry. We have _____ time to do the job.
A. enough B. few C. many D. little
( ) 22. --Sorry, I'm late. --_____ doesn't matter this time.
A. This B. That C. It D. One
( ) 23. --Excuse me, is there a repair shop near here for MP3?
--Well, turn left at the crossing, then you will find
A. that B. any C. this D. one
( ) 24. So______ homework really makes the students feel tired.
A. much B. many C. little D. few
( ) 25. I had to buy ____ these books because I didn't know which one was
the best.
A. both B. none C. neither D. all
( ) 26.--That's ____ he told me the other day. --Thank you for telling me the
truth.
A. that B. which C. when D. what
( ) 27. --Which is more useful, biology or chemistry?
--I think ___ them are useful.
A. either of B. none of C. both of D. all of
( ) 28. It rained heavily yesterday, but_______ of the students was late for
school.
A. both B. all C. none D. every
( ) 29. We'll try our best to do the work with ____ money and ____ people.
A. few;little B. a few;a little C. less;fewer D. fewer;less
( ) 30. Rick, this is my notebook. Where is _______ ?
A. his B. yours C. mine D. your
( ) 31. Your digital watch is quite nice. Where did you buy______ ?
I want to buy _______, too.
A. one;one B. it;it C. it;one D. one;it
( ) 32. This is a _______ car._______ is over there.
A. visitor' s;My B. visitor' s,Mine
C. visitor;Mine D. visitors' ;My
( ) 33. ______ of the students in our class want to go to plant trees.
A. One B. Both C. Neither D. All
( ) 34. I've had enough bread.Would you like _________?
A. a few more B. one more
C. another more D. some more
( ) 35. --Is ______OK,Lucy? --No,my maths is not as good as English.
A. everything B. something C. nothing D. anything
初三英语总复习学案 （4） 形容词、副词
【考点聚焦】
1、形容词、副词的基本用法；2、形容词、副词比较等级的用法；3、有关形容词、副词的构成；4、易用错的形容词、副词。
【知识要点讲解】
一、形容词的用法
1、形容词在句中的作用
形容词在句中主要用作定语、表语和宾语补足语。在英语中大多数形容词既可作定语又可作表语，但有少数形容词只能作表语，如alone,afraid,asleep,awake,alive, ill等。e.g.After that the old man was alone in a small village.
The children is asleep.Turn down the radio,please.
2. 形容词的基本用法：
(1)置于名词之前作定语：The little girl did a foolish thing.
(2)置于系动词之后作表语：Sichuan food tastes good and hot.
(3)置于特定的动词如：make , find, think, keep 等之后作宾语补足语。如：
We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. They found English very useful.
(4)置于以some, any, no 等构成的合成词之后作后置定语。如：
Can't you give me something different?
3、名词化的形容词
有些形容词可以和定冠词连用，表示一类人或东西，这时它接近一个名词，可以作主语或宾语，作主语时，其谓语动词应用复数。 e.g.The poor were well taken care of in that area. They will build a school for the deaf and the blind.
4、形容词的排列顺序
当名词由两个以上的形容词作定语时，这些形容词的词序通常遵循一定的规则，不能依照汉语的意思去排列。通常可按下面的次序排列：
(1)限定词，包括冠词，指示代词，形容词性物主代词，名词所有格，数词等。
(2)表示观点的描绘性形容词，如:beautiful,fine ,interesting,.etc.
(3)表示大小、长短、高低及形状的形容词，如：tall,high,small,little,round等。
(4)表示年龄、新旧的形容词，如：young,old,new,etc
(5)表示颜色的形容词，如:black,white,blue,etc.
(6)表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词(名词)，如：Japanese,American,English等。
(7)形成中心名词的材料的形容词，如：stone,plastic,silk,wooden等
e.g. two round blue dinner plates. three big round new Chinese wooden tables
5、还有一些表示情感的表语形容词后可接动词不定式。
be+ glad / happy / pleased / sorry / sad /sure / ready /afraid /able +to do sth
6. 以--ing 结尾的形容词，在句中既可作表语也可作定语；以--ed 结尾的形容词在句中只能作表语，修饰人，不能修饰物。如：
Are you interested in art ? The news is very surprising.
7. 由“基数词 + — 单数名词”构成的复合形容词，只能作定语，放在被修饰的名词前，常表示时间、度量等。如：an eight--year--old boy two--month holiday
二、副词的基本用法
1. 作状语修饰行为动词、形容词和副词。如：
The wind is quite strong. The girl sings well . He ran so quickly.
2. 方位副词作定语或置于特定的动词如 see, find 等之后作补语。如：
Every night , the man upstairs came late. I saw her out with her sister just now.
3. 频度副词通常放在行为动词之前，be动词、情态动词之后。如：
They always come to school late. I can hardly see the words on the blackboard.
4. 副词常与动词搭配成动词短语，这些短语中既有相当于及物动词的短语，也有相当于不及物动词的短语。若是所构成的及物动词的短语，当人称代词作宾语时，人称代词要用宾格形式，且必须放在两词中间，这些副词主要有：away，down， up, out, off, on, back , over 等
4. 易用混的形容词和副词：ago / before , too/ either / also / as well /neither, high /tall, after / later, alive / living , interested / interesting, a bit / a little, such / so , much too / too much, fine / good /well , interested /interesting , ill / sick, hard / hardly 等
二、形容词、副词比较等级
1、不规则形容词、副词比较级、最高级构成
(1)规则的变化情况请同学们自己理解并记忆。
(2)不规则变化如下：(你一定要下功夫记忆它们！)
good /well — better— best ill /bad /badly — worse — worst
many /much — more— most little — less — least
far — further / farther — furthest /farthest old —older/elder— oldest / eldest
注意：少数单音节的形容词，通常加more,most构成比较级和最高级， 如：pleased,tired,glad,fond等。
2. 形容词、副词原级主要使用于下面几个句型之中。
(1). as+原级+ as…… 和……一样 The white shirt is cheap as the blue one.
(2)not as (so)+原级+ as 和…不一样，不如… eg;It is not so warm today as yesterday.
3、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法
(1) 两者比较用比较级，三者或三者以上比较用最高级，带有than的用比较级，带有of…,in…, among…短语的句子用最高级。in 后常跟表示组织、单位的单数名词，而of 后常跟表示人或物的复数名词。
e.g.Who is younger,Tom or John? Among the students I like Tom best.
China has the largest number of the people in the world.
(2)形容词比较级前可以用much,a little,even,still,a lot，a bit , far等来修饰说明程度，但不可用very, quite, rather, too 等修饰。如：This one is not good ,that one is even worse. Our school is much more beautiful than before
(3)在一些含比较级的句子里，常用that（单数），those（复数）代替前面的名词，以避免重复。e.g.The weather in Beijing is colder than that i Shanghai in winter.
The girls in our class are more than those in your class.
(4)形容词最高级前必须有the，而副词最高级前则可以省略the，但当最高级前有形容词性物主代词或名词所有格时，the 就要省去。如：
He is the most careful student in his class. She is Mr Hanson's youngest daughter.
4. 一些重要的句型或短语结构
(1)so +原级+that从句，如此…以致于…
(2)too+原级+to do sth.太……而不能……
(3)形容词的比较级可以 and 用连接，表示“越来越……”
e.g.Our city is becoming more and more beautiful.
(4)形容词比较级前加 the 有以下两种情况：
①the +比较级，the +比较级，表示“越……，越……”；
②the +比较级+of the two ，表示“两个中比较……的一个”。
e.g.The more,the better The girl is the taller of the two.
(5)one of + the +最高级+复数名词， 表示最……之一
(6) the +序数词+最高级，表示在某个范围内处于第几位，如：
She is the second tallest student in her class.
(7) 原级+enough + ( for sb.) +to do
(8) as …as …can / could.如：I went into my room as quietly as I could.
(9)be+倍数+形容词比较级+ than…
e.g. The building is three times longer than that one.
(10) be+数词+名词+形容词比较级+than…
e.g.The woman is five years older than the man.
【巩固练习】
( ) 1.--Could you tell me _____ you've been here? --Since last year.
A. how far B. how often C. how soon D. how long
( ) 2.--What do you think of her spoken English? --Oh, no one speaks _____
A. better B. well C. best D. good
( ) 3. I can't say______ l want to go back to my hometown. It's quite a few years since
I last wemt back.
A. how much B: how long C. how .often D. how soon
( ) 4.--_______ do you go to Hong Kong? --Sorry, I've never been there.
A. How long B. How often C. How far D.How soon
( ) 5. --Hi, Bob ! I can't find my history book..Have you seen it______ ?
--Sorry,l haven'l. Why don't you ask him? Perhaps he's seen it.
A. somewhere B. everywhere C. nowhere D. anywhere
( ) 6. The light of this room was______ dim for Torm ____ read last light.
A. too; to B. enough; to C. too;not to D. not enough;to
( ) 7.Emily hasn't been to London. I haven't ,___________.
A. also B. either C. too D. already
( ) 8.If you want to learn Enghsh well,you must use it as_______as possible.
A. often B. long C. quickly D. soon
( ) 9.--He was ______tired______he fell asleep as soon as he lay down.
A.too,to, B.so that C.enough,to D.such ,that
( ) 10. Remember, boys and girls. _____ yon work,______result :you'll get.
A,The better;the harder B. The harder,the better
C. The hard,the better D.The harder, the good
( ) 11. My English used to be very poor.____I wanted to give up. Dad would
encourage me to work ha rder.
A. However B. Whatever C. Whenever D. Wherever
( ) 12. Miss Read is in Tokyo at the moment. She will come back ___ next month..
A. sometimes B. some time C. some times D. sometime
( ) 13.--Is someone hurt? -- Yes.one is hurt,but not ___________.
A. bad B. hard C. badly D. much
( ) 14. This book is very _______ and I am _______ in it.
A. interesting, interest B. interesting, interested
C. interested,interest D. interested,interested
( ) 15. ---________ will Mr Green be back? --In a week,l think.
A. How often B.How many C. How long D. How soon
( ) 16. Li Lei did quite ________in the English competition.I did even_________.
A.better;well B.good,better C.well;better D.well;good
( ) 17. --What is the main cause of tihe accident? --Driving_________.
A. carefully B.careful C.careless D.carelessly
( ) 18. Robert wanted to find a good job in the city,but he found things were____
when he got there.
A. comfortable B.different C. easy D. pleasant
( ) 19. After a long walk,little Jim was hungry and tired.He could___ walk any farther.
A. suddenly B, hardly C. luckily D. mostly
( ) 20. The population of China is_____than ____of any other country in the world.
A.larger,the one B.more,that C.larger ,that D.more ,the one
( ) 21. He eats _______food,so he is _________fat. A.much too; too much
B.much too;too many C.too much; much too D.too much;many too
( ) 22. --Was the man strong enough? --No,______enough.
A.he wasn't much too strong B.he wasn't too much strong
C.he wasn't quite strong D.he wasn't too strong
( ) 23. --Our holiday was _______________. --Yes .I've never had_________.
A.such great;the better one B.greatly; a good one
C.so great ;a better one D.very good ; the best one
( ) 24. All the students thought it_____ to find the answer to the question.
A. difficult B. difficultly C. more difficult D. most difficult
( ) 25. I felt that math was ___ hard for me.
A. a little of B. a bit of C. a little D. little
( ) 25. Chongqing is one of _____ in China.
A. the biggest city B. the biggest cities C. biggest cities D. bigger cities
( ) 26. The Yellow River is the second ________ river in China.
A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longer
( ) 27. I can only work out_______ of the two problems.
A. easy B. easier C. the easier one D. the easiest
( ) 28. China is developing _______ than any western country now.
A. very quickly B. very more quickly C. quicker D. far more quickly
( ) 29. The red shoes are too big for me. Could you please show me a?____pair?
A. small B. smaller C. the smaller D. smallest
( ) 30. When I found the questions were quite easy, I became ________
A. more confident and more confident B. more confident and confident
C. confident more and more D. more and more confident
( ) 31. Lucy writes as _______ as Lily. They are both good students.
A. careful B. carefully C. more careful D. most carefully
( ) 32. --Is your toothache getting better? --No. It' s ______.
A. bad B. serious C. worse D. the worst
( ) 33. -- What do you think of his speech?
-- Oh, it's wonderful! But he sounds really ____when he first started speaking.
A. aloud B. worried C. nervous D. quiet
( ) 34. I think Mary is _____ student in our class.
A. very careful B. the most careful C. more careful D. most careful
( ) 35. What do you think_____ her______ ?
A. make; sad B. makes; sadly C. made; sad D. made; sadly
( ) 36. --Where would you like to go on vacation? --I'd love to go_______.
A. somewhere relaxing B. anywhere relaxed
C. somewhere relaxed D. everywhere relaxing
( ) 37. I like buying food in the supermarket because it offers the____ at the __price.
A. less; least B. most; best C. best; most D. most; most
( ) 38. It' s ?______ to teach a man fishing than to give him fish.
A. more B. better C. good D. best
( ) 39. Students must keep their eyes _____ when you put something in the bag.
A. close B. closing C. closed D. opened
( ) 40. My mother doesn't have ________ to give to me.
A. so nice bike B. so nice a bike C. such nice bike D. such nice a bike
( ) 41. Mary doesn' t sing quite __ the other boys and girls in her class.
A. as good like B. so well as C. so good as D. as well like
( ) 42. This kind of shoes looks _______ and sells________.
A. nice; well B. nice; good C. well; well D. good; nice
( ) 43 The climate of Kunming in summer is not so hot as __________.
A. Hainan B. of Hainan C. in Hainan D. that of Hainan
( ) 44. Don' t be worried about your mother. She will get ________
A. well and well B. better and better C. well and better D. well and good
( ) 45.Oct.15th was one of____days in 2003. Shenzhou V was sent up successfully.
A. exciting B. more exciting C. the most exciting D. much exciting
( ) 46. How _______ the flowers smell!
A. well B. nice C. badly D. hard
( ) 47. Nothing in the world is _______ if you set your mind to do it.
A. impossible B. wonderful C. interesting D. necessary
( ) 48 --How do you write with your new pen? --_________.
A. Quickly and neatly B. Quick and neat C. Quick and neatly D. Quickly and neat
( ) 49. My sister is good at sports. She can jump _______ than me.
A. highest B. very high C. too high D. much higher
( ) 50. --What delicious cakes! --They would taste ____ with butter.
A. good B. better C. bad D. worse
( ) 51. The cheese cake tasted so______ that the kids asked for more.
A. delicious B. well C. bad D. badly
( ) 52. How much is the _____ car? A. small Japanese
B. Japanese small C. Japanese white D. small Japanese white
( ) 53. Last weekend many people went to the concert, _______ young people.
A. hardly B. probably C. mostly D. really
( ) 54. The smile on her face shows that she is ?____ her work.
A. worried about B. pleased with C. sorry for D. afraid of
( ) 55. --Have you bought that digital camera?
--No, I can't afford it. The price is a bit too _____, I think.
A. low B. high C. cheap D. expensive
( ) 56. --You must be very tired after having an ______ flight.
--Exactly. I need a good sleep right now.
A. one-day B. one day C. eighteen hours D. eighteen-hour
( ) 57. After that they were ________ before. A. so friendly as
B. not as friendly as C. not as more friendly as D. A or B
( ) 58. China is bigger than ________ in Asia. A. any other country
B. all the countries C. any country D. any countries
( ) 59. The old man is _____ worse this morning.
A. a little B. a bit of C. very D. nore
( ) 60. Mary does not sing ________ Linda.
A. as good as B.as best as C. as well as D. as fine as
[完形填空]
It was quite late when there was a knock at the door of the doctor' s. It 1 more urgent than any other knock the doctor had heard before.
"Come in, come in," the 2 doctor said., "Come in, come in, before you wake
the dead."
It was a frightened little girl who seemed very worried about 3 . She seemed to have a lot of words to say, but didn' t know 4 . It was a long time before the girl said,
"Oh, doctor, I beg you. Please come with me. I think my mom is 5 "
"I don't make house calls, and bring your mom here."
"But she is too sick, her temperature is too high. So you must come or I'm afraid 6
will die."
The doctor agreed because she wouldn' t 7 unless he decided to go with her. Then she 8 him to her house, where her mother was lying in bed. The sick mother couldn' t raise her head anymore, but her eyes cried out for 9 .
The doctor got her 10 down and he was sure she would be all right soon. Then he told the thankful mother she would have died 11 her daughter hadn' t asked him to come. "You must be surprised at 12 such a little girl can make me here.."
" 13 , doctor, my daughter died three years ago. Is the picture 14 the wall of the little girl you know."
Hearing this, the doctor began to think about the urgent 15 at the door and the beautiful little girl.
At last, he looked at the picture and told himself, "There must be angels in the world."
( ) 1. A. smelled B. looked C. felt D. sounded
( ) 2. A. sad B. angry C. relaxed D. happy
( ) 3. A. everything B. nothing C. something D. anything
( ) 4. A. how to say it B. why to say it C. where to say it D. what to say
( ) 5. A. wanning B. sleeping C. dying D. cooking
( ) 6. A. you B. she C. he D. we
( ) 7. A. give off B. give away C. give up D. give out
( ) 8. A. took B. carried C. held D. moved
( ) 9. A. water B. food C. glasses D. help
( ) 10. A. tears B. fever C. cough D. eyes
( ) 11. A. even if B. unless C. if D. whether
( ) 12. A. how B. what C. when D. where
( ) 13. A. But B. Or C. And D. Because
( ) 14. A. into B. on C. in D. over
( ) 15. A. face B. cry C. shout D. knock
【学海拾遗】
初三英语总复习学案 （5） 冠词、数词
【考点聚焦】
1、数词、冠词的基本用法；2、有关的短语及句型
【知识要点讲解】
冠 词
冠词是放在所说明的名词之前的词，分为定冠词和不定冠词。不定冠词有a 和an 两个，定冠词只有the 一个。中考中主要考查不定冠词a和an 的用法及区别；定冠词the的用法；不用冠词的场合。
一、不定冠词的用法
1．不定冠词a用在读音是辅音开头的词前，an用在读音是元音开头的词前。如：
a one-eyed man a useful machine an apple an umbrella an“s”
2．指人或事物的某一种类。如：A dog is a faithful animal．
3．指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：There is a boy over there．
4．表示数量“一”的意思。可以代替one，但数的概念没有one强烈。
如：A post office is a place where you can mail letters.
5．表示“每一”。如：He comes home twice a month．
6．用于某些固定词组中。如：a few,a little等。
7．用于序数词前，表示“再一，又一”的意思。
如：The man tried a second time． The teacher told us a third story．
二、定冠词的用法
1．特指某人或某物。如：The man over there is a scientist．
2．用于表示方位的名词前。如：on the left，in the east，the south of China
3．用在表示独一无二的事物的名词前。如：the moon，the sun，the earth
4．用于姓的复数前，表示“一家人或夫妇二人”。如：the Whites , the Browns
5．用于江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠等专有名词前。如：the Yellow River
the Great Wall the USA, the Black Sea
6．用于乐器名称前。如：play the piano／the guitar／the violin
7．用于部分形容词前，表示一类人。如：the rich, the poor, the sick, the old,
8．用于形容词最高级或序数词前。如：He is the youngest man of the four．
He was the first one to leave．
9．用于一些固定词组中。如：in the morning，by the way，go to the cinema，in the end，all the time， all the same，the more．the better，in the air，at the age of
三、不用冠词的情况
1．棋类、球类、一日三餐名词前不加任何冠词。如：play chess，play basketball，
have lunch，
2．月份、星期、季节、节假日名词前不加任何冠词。如：?n October,on Sunday
in summer, on National Day
3．人名、地名、国家名前不加任何冠词。如： the capital of China．John ,Tokyo.
4.学科、语言、称呼的名词前不加任何冠词。如：We have Chinese，maths，English and some other subjects.
5．复数名词表示类别时不加冠词the。如：11ike eating bananas．
6．抽象名词、物质名词泛指时，其前不加冠词。如：?ir，water，coal
7．名词前用了this、that等指示代词，my、their等物主代词和some、any等词时，不再加任何冠词。如：This computer is their teacher's．Some children hasn't been to any foreign countries．
8．与by 连用的交通工具名称前，表示乘某种交通工具时，不加冠词。如：
by bus，by plane，by bike，by ship，by sea，by air
9．在一些固定词组中不加任何冠词。如：
on foot，at noon，at night on earth，in fact，in time，on time，go to school，in bed
四、冠词的倒置
(一)不定冠词的倒置
1．当名词被many，half，such，what, only, quite, rather, 等词修饰时，定冠词放在这些词之后。如：Many a man has come here．What a beautiful girl she is!
He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door．
2．当名词前面的形容词有how，however，so ，as，too等副词修饰时，不定冠词置于形容词之后。如：He is as good a teacher as you. ?his is too small a hat for him.
(二)、定冠词的倒置
? 当定冠词与all ,half，botb等词连用修饰名词时，定冠词应放在这些词之后。如：Look，all the books are here． Both the boys are from Class 1，Grade 2．
They walked half the journey．
数 词
数词，包括基数词、序数词。中考中主要考查这两类词的基本用法。
一、基数词
(1)表示时间，前常用介词at,in或on等。如：at 10:30,in 1998,on Sept.23rd
(2)关于下列这些词的用法：hundred，thousand,million, billion，你会吗？
(3)用于其他如：倍数、百分比、小数等。如：eight times bigger than... ,70%,
(4). 表示顺序时，要将基数词放在名词后。如：Row Five, Class One
(5)“in the+年份(复数)”表示“在…世纪…年代”。in the 1990s
(6)表示某人“几十多岁时”，如；in his forties.
“十几岁”是teens，表示13岁至19岁
二、序数词
1．记住序数词的变化规律，并熟记特殊的序数词
2、序数词的用法
(1)编了号的事物用“序数词+名词”。如：the first lesson
(2)日期中的“日”应用序数词。如：April the fifth
(3)分数的表示法：分子在前，用基数词；分母在后，用序数词；当分子大于1时分母应用复数形式。
【针对性练习】
( ) 1.____woman over there is ____English teacher.
A. A; a B. The ;an C. The ; / D. A; /
( ) 2. I'm afraid you've missed ____ “U”in the word.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
( ) 3. Many old people found there was a gap between them and______.
A. the young B. the young man C. young D. young man
( ) 4. --Mom,where is my MP3? -- It's in ____black box near the computer.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
( ) 5. In the United States, Father's Day falls on ___third Sunday in ___June.
A. the; / B. the ; a C. / ; the D. a; /
( ) 6. Mrs Smith is ____ friend of _______.
A. the; mine B. a; me C. the; my D. a; mine
( ) 7. She went to _____school on _____foot when she was young.
A. the; a B. / ; / C. / ; the D. the; the
( ) 8. It is known that_______ light travels faster than _____sound.
A. / ; / B. a ; a C. the ; the D. the; /
( ) 9. _____Browns are sittng at ______ breakfast table.
A. / ; a B. The ; / C. The; the D. / ; the
( ) 10. _______ of the teachers in our school are women.
A. Fours fifth B. Four fives C. Four fifths D. Fourth five
( ) ?1. During the seven-day May Day holiday,____ families went sightseeing.
A. thousand B. thousands C. thousands and thousands D. thousands of
( ) 12. Time is not enough for so much work. ______ people are needed, I think.
A. Other two B. Only two C. Two more D. Two others
( ) 13. Although I failed four times, my father encouraged me to have a ____ try.
A. second B. third C. fourth D. fifth
( ) 14.--How many people are there in Changsha? --About six_______
A. million B. millions C. millions of D.million of
( ) 15. _____ people go to the park at weekends.
A. Thousand of B. Thousands of C. Two thousands D.Thousand
( ) 16. There are about two ______ students in the newly built school.
A. thousand B. thousands C. thousand of D. thousands of
( ) 17. China's population is about _____ of the world's population.
A. a quarter B. the quarter C. one four D one fourths
( ) 18. Great changes happened all over the China in the _______.
A. 1990s B. 1990s' C. 1990's D. A and C
( ) 19. In ____, I moved to a small town at the foot of Mount Emei.
A. my forty B. my forties C. forty D. forties
( ) 20. About _____of the population in this country are farmers.
A. 20 percents B. 20 percent C. the 20 percent D. the 20 percents
( ) 21. The machine can work _____ faster than that one.
A. hundred of times B. a hundred time
C. hundred times D. hundreds of times
( ) 22. Mount Qomolangma is an ________ mountain,and it's the highest in the world.
A. 8844-metre-high B. 8844-metres-high
C. 8844-metre high D. 8844-metres high
( ) 23. There are ________ days in a week,Saturday is the _____day.
A. seven; seven B. seven; seventh D. seventh; seven D. seventh;seventh
( ) 24. He can't finish it in five days,so he wants you to give him________.
A. a sixth day B. a six day C. six days D. the six day
( ) 25. The man made lots of money when he was in _______.
A. his forty B. his forties C. the forty D. one's forties
【学海拾遗】
初三英语总复习学案 （6） 助动词、情态动词
【考点聚焦】
1、助动词与情态动词的基本用法；2、有关的短语及句型
【知识要点讲解】
1．助动词：一般没有词义，主要帮助构成谓语，表示时态、语态或构成疑问及否定形式。其中do(does，did)与动词原形构成实义动词的一般现在时和一般过去时的否定句和疑问句；be(am，are，is，was，were)与现在分词构成现在进行时和过去进行时，与过去分词构成被动语态；have(has，had)与过去分词构成现在完成时和过去完成时；shall(should)，will(would)与动词原形构成一般将来时和过去将来时。
2．情态动词的特征：情态动词后必须跟动词原形；不能单独作谓语，它必须和其他动词一起构成谓语；情态动词没有人称和数的变化；含有情态动词的句子改为一般疑问句，只需将情态动词提到主语前，改为否定句在情态动词后加上not。常见的情态动词有can(could)，may(might)，must，will(would)，shall(should)，need，have to，had better等。
3．can的用法
(1)表示允许、许可：“可以”。如：You can sing this song at the party．
(2)表示能力：“能，会”。如：--Can you fly a kite? --Yes，I can．
(3)表示可能性：“能够”。如：He can arrive in five minutes．
4．may的用法
(1)表示请求、许可：“可以”。如：May l come in?
(2)表示猜测：“可能，或许”。如：Ask the man over there, he may know the way． 5．must的用法
(1)表示必要性或义务：“必须，应当”。如：
If you want to play games，you must finish your homework first．
6．情态动词表示推测的用法
can，could，may，might 都可表示推测，其中肯定句中用might，may，must；疑问
句中用can，could；否定句中用can't，couldn't，maynot，具体用法如下：
(1)肯定句中有根据的、把握性较大的推测用must。如：
The TV is on，so someone must be in th eroom．
※无把握性的推测用may(常与...not sure等连用)。如：
You may be right，but I'm not sure．
※ 有礼貌、委婉的推测用might。如：So you might be very happy today．
(2)疑问句中用can，could。如：Can he know the way?
There is a call，but who can it be?
(3)有根据的、把握性较大的否定推测用can't / couldn't，译为“不可能”。如：
I saw him just now. He can't be in the U. S．
※无把握性的否定推测用maynot，mightnot，译为“可能不”。如：
He may not come today．
【注意】mustn't 表示“禁止，不准”，不表推测。如：
You mustn't play on the road，or a car may hit you．
7．使用情态动词应注意的事项
(1)could表示一种委婉的、有礼貌的请求时，不是过去时，而是现在时。如：
Could you tell me where he lives?你能告诉我他住哪儿吗?
(2)否定回答May……?的一般疑问句(表允许、许可)时用mustn't；否定回答
Must…?的一般疑问句(表必须、应当)时用needn't / don't have to。
(3)表示劝告、建议、责备等语气用should．如：
If you have a toothache, you should see a dentist．
(4)shall用于第一人称的疑问句中，表示征求意见、提出建议。如：
Shall we go skating together?
(5)委婉的请求对方是否愿意用will或would。如：Will you please speak it more slowly?
(6)need用于疑问句和否定句中既可作情态动词，也可作实义动词。含义没有区别，注意语法形式。如：
You needn't keep your voice down．(情态动词)
You don't need to keep your voice down．(实义动词)
(7)have to的用法
have(has) to 后面要用动词原形。当主语为第三人称单数时用has to，当句子是过去时用had to，将来时用will have to，其疑问句和否定句的构成与实义动词的疑问句和否定句的构成相同。如：I have to agree with him．
--Does she have to talk about it on the phone? --Yes, she does / No, she oesn't.
? They don't have to sleep now．
(8)can和be able to 区别
can只有现在式和过去式，而be able to可以用于各种时态。如：
I can speak Putonghua very well．Ted was able to ride a bike at the age of four.
The little girl has been able to go to school on foot．
【注意】can(could)表示能力时，可与be able to互换。如：
He can (=be able to)pay for the bicycle．
(9)must与have to比较
must主观上的必须、应当，have to侧重于客观上的必须、应当。如果用于过去时态或将来时态时，则要用have to来代替。如：
It is raining very hard now,so you have to stay at home.
I didn't have any money，so l had to go to school on foot．
【巩固练习】
( ) 1.--_____ I swim in that lake? --No, you_____ . It' s dangerous to swim there.
A. Must; can' t B. Can; may not C. Shall; don' t D. May; mustn' t
( ) 2.--Must I finish Exercise 1 now? --No, you_____. You____do it after school.
A. needn ' t; may B. mustn ' t; may C. needn ' t; mustn ' t D. mustn ' t; must
( ) 3. After such a long journey, they____ be very tired now.
A. can B. must C. will D. need
( ) 4. You' ve been late once again. You_____ come earlier next time.
A. can B. may C. had to D. should
( ) 5.--The food must be good. --No, it ____ be good.
A. must not B. needn' t C. wouldn' t D. can' t
( ) 6. ______ you tell me the way to the aquarium?
A. Could B. May C. Might D. Must
( ) 7. You_____ be more careful if you want to do well in the exams.
A. must B. should G. can D. might
( ) 8. You _____ return the library book today. You can keep it till next month.
A. can ' t B. mustn ' t C. needn ' t D. may not
( ) 9. You _____ worry about your mother. She will get well soon.
A. needn' t B. don' t need C. haven' t to D. need
( ) 10. --What' s the matter with you? You look so tired. --Last night I ___sleep well.
A. needn ' t B. wouldn ' t C. mustn ' t D. couldn ' t
( ) 11.--Where is Mom now? --I'm not sure. She ____ be in the kitchen.
A. shall B. may C. need D. must
( ) 12 . --I can' t stop playing computer games.
--For you health, my boy, I'm afraid you ______ .
A. can B. may C. must D. have to
( ) 13. -- Will you please stay here for the party?
-- Sorry, I_____ I'll have to go to an important meeting.
? A. mustn ' t B. needn' t C. can' t D. won ' t
( ) 14.--Mom,____ I play computer games?
--Yes, you can. But you have to finish your homework first.
A. must B. may C. will D. need
( ) 15. You have already tried your best, so you____worry about the matter.
A. can' t B. needn' t C. mustn' t D. couldn' t
( ) 16. It' s too late, I ______ leave now.
A. may B. can C. have to D. will
( ) 17.--How long ____ I keep the magazine?
--For two weeks, b