2022年中考英语语法专题复习学案+名词

一 名 词
考点一：名词的数
名词有不可数名词和可数名词之分。
一、不可数名词基本用法
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式，在句子中作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
2. 不可数名词前面不能使用 a 或 an，若表示数量，可要借助一个可数名词来表达，其结构为：数词＋可数名词（量词）＋of＋不可数名词。如：a piece of / a pair of / a cup of / a glass of 等。
3. 修饰不可数名词的词： much, little, a little, a great deal of (大量的)
4．既可数又不可数的名词
有些名词既能用作可数名词，又能用作不可数名词，但意义不同。如：
room—房间(可数)； 空间(不可数) fish— 鱼(可数)； 鱼肉(不可数)
glass—玻璃杯(可数)； 玻璃(不可数) paper—试卷，报纸(可数)；纸张(不可数)
chicken—小鸡(可数)； 鸡肉(不可数) work ----著作(可数)； 工作(不可数)
exercise----习题(可数)； 锻炼(不可数) experience----经历(可数)； 经验(不可数)
二、可数名词变复数
1．规则变化
(1) 一般情况下在词尾加 s . 如：lake→lakes；mouth→mouths
(2) 以s，x，sh，ch结尾的名词后加 es 。如：bus→buses；box→boxes
(3) 以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词，变 y 为 i ，再加 es。如：factory→factories；
(4) 以o结尾的加s，除：hero→heroes；tomato→tomatoes；potato→potatoes。
(5) 以f或fe结尾的词，变f,fe为ves。如：knife→knives；leaf→leaves；但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs, scarf 复数 scarves/ scarfs。
2．不规则名词复数
(1) 改a 为e 型 ： man—men woman—women
特例：human—humans German—Germans
(2)改oo为ee 型 ：tooth—teeth foot—feet goose—geese
(3) 在词尾加-ren ： child—children
(4) 单复同型： sheep , deer, Chinese , Japanese
(5) 集合名词，出现就是复数： people， police
(6) 常用作复数形式或只有复数形式： noodles , scissors, trousers, clothes, goods, chopsticks
(7)表示国家人民的名词复数： 中日不变，英法变，其它s 加后面。（Chinese—Chinese, Japanese—Japanese, Englishman—Englishmen , Frenchman—Frenchmen, American—Americans, Australian—Australians, Russian—Russians…）
(8) 其它特殊形式：mouse (老鼠)mice mouse(鼠标) mouses
(9)family 家人 ，谓语动词用复数形式.(强调成员 ) 家庭， 谓语动词用单数形式.(强调整体）类似的词还有：class，team, group.
Eg. His family is a happy one. The whole family are watching TV.
同步练习：
I．将下列名词变成复数形式。
map_________ girl__________ bus__________ brush__________ watch_________box__________
baby_________ city_________ country_________ hero__________potato__________zoo_________
tomato_________ photo__________ knife_________leaf__________wolf__________wife_________
life__________ child__________foot__________ tooth__________ mouse__________ man_______ German____________Englishman______________ Chinese_____________ German ____________
American_____________deer_____________ sheep______________
II． 单项选择
( )1. I met some __________ in the park and talked with them the other day.
A. Japanese B. American C. Chineses D. English
( )2. --- Excuse me, are you __________ --- Yes, I’m from __________.
A. Japan, Japanese B. China, Chinese C. England, English D.American, America
( )3. A group of __________are talking with two__________ over there.
Frenchmen, Germans B. Frenchmen, Germen C. Frenchmanes, Germans
( )4.. He knows __________ Chinese and has __________ Chinese friends.
A. much, many B. many, much C. much, much D. many, many
( )5. ---Would you like some __________ --Oh, yes, just a little.
A. pears B. oranges C. milk D. grapes
( )6. Don’t hurry! We still have __________ time left.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
( )7. Take some __________ to school. It’s so hot and you may feel thirsty.
A. meat B. bread C. juice D. orange
( )8. We see many __________ and __________ on the hill.
A. horses; sheeps B. horse; sheep C. horses; sheep D. horse, sheeps
( )9. There is __________milk and __________apples in the fridge. Let’s get some.
A. little, a few B. little, few C. a little. few D. few. a little
( )10. My teacher game me __________.
A. a good advice B. some good advices C. some good advice D. good advices
( )11. We are very happy with our __________ in our studies.
A. great progresses B. great progress C. many progress D. lot of progress
( )12. I’d like to have a glass of milk and __________.
A. two breads B. two pieces of breads C. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread
考点二：名词所有格
一、名词所有格的构成
1. 有生命的名词所有格的构成方法：
①一般情况下在名词后加's。如：迈克的汽车 Mike’s car
②以s结尾的复数名词只加'。 如：教师节 Teachers’ Day
③不以s结尾的复数名词，直接在词尾加's 。如：儿童节 Children’s Day
2. 无生命的名词所有格一般由“of＋名词” “to+名词”构成。如：
我们教室的一张照片 a photo of our classroom
门的钥匙 The key to the door 问题的答案 the answer to the question
二、名词所有格的用法
1. 表示时间、距离、集体、国家、团体等无生命的名词，也可用's构成所有格。如：
今天的报纸 today’s newspaper 步行一小时的路程 an hour’s walk
2．表示两者共同拥有的人或物时，只需在最后一个人的名字后加 's；表示各自所有，则需在每个名词后加's。如：
莉莉和露西共有的房间 Lily and Lucy’s room
莉莉和露西各自的房间 Lily’s and Lucy’s rooms
3. 表示“家”、 “店铺”，“商店”，“诊所”时，可以将后面的名词省略。如：
at Li Lei's在李雷家 , at the doctor’s 在诊所
4．双重所有格表示整体中的一部分，结构为“of＋名词's” 或 “of＋名词性物主代词”。如：我父亲的一本书 : a book of may father’s
我的一个朋友: a friend of mine ＝ one of my friends
同步练习：
I．单项选择
( )1. This is _________ room.
A. Tom and Mary’s B. Tom’s and Mary’s C. Tom’s and Mary D. Tom and Mary
( )2. ______ mothers couldn’t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Chengdu.
A. Li Lei and Lucy’s B. Li Lei’s and Lucy’s C. Li Lei and Lucy D. Li Lei and Lucy
( )3. __________ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily D. Lucy’s and Lily’s
( )4. --This is a photo of _____ when they were young. -- OK, how happy they both looked!
A. my father and mother B. my mother and father's C. my mother's and father's
( )5. We sell __________ in our shop.
A. women and children T shirts B. women’s and children’s jackets C. woman’s and child’s coats
( )6. __________ came to visit us this morning.
My father friend B. Friend of my father
C.A friend of my father’s D. One of my father’s friend
( ) 7. It’s only ten __________ break.
A. minutes B. minute’s C. minutes’ D. minutes’s
( )8. Tom won the boys’ __________ race in our school sports meeting.
A. 15000-metre B.15000-metres C.15000-metre’s D.1500 meters
( )9. You must finish the work in__________.
A. three weeks time B. three weeks’ time C. three week’s time D. three-weeks time
( )10. Look at the shoes. They are my __________.
A. sister B. sisters C. sisters’s D. sisters'
( )11. We had a good time during our __________ holiday.
A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two-week’s D. two weeks’
( )12. On __________, all the children can play games all day.
A. Children’s Day B. Childrens’ Day C. The Children’s Day D.children day
( )13. This is not my cap, but my __________.
A. brothers B. brother’s C. brothers’ D. brother
( )14. Miss Green is a friend of _______ .
Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother C. Mother’s of Mary D. Mary mother’s
( )15. Do you know the answer _____ this question A.to B. of C. in D. for
考点三： 复合形容词修饰名词作定语
1.数词+连字符+名词单数 形式= 数词+所有格 + 名词
a two- week holiday = two weeks’ holiday 两周的假期
注意：如果中间加连字符不能加s和’，且前面要加a/an. 没有连字符加s和’,不能加a/ an。　
2. 数词+连字符+名词单数+连字符+形容词 。 如：a 15-year-old girl 一个15岁的女孩
注意：表示长、宽、高、面积、重量等，用“基数词+ 单位词 （meter，foot等）+ 形容词（long, wide, high等） = “基数词+ 单位词 + in+ 名词（length, width, height, weight等）
如： two meters long = two meters in length
3. 名词修饰名词
当man 和woman 作定语时， 变复数形式要将 两个名词都变成复数形式。如 a woman teacher –women teachers 如果没有man 和woman 时，只需将后一个名词变为复数。如：history teacher – history teachers 历史老师。
同步练习：
( )1.We have a _____ holiday every National Day.
A.3 day B. 3-day C. 3-days D. 3 day’s
( )2.–How long is the bridge --It’s ________.
A.300-meter-long B. 300-meters long C. 300 meters long D. 300 meter long
( )3.You will be an _____ after this birthday, and you’re old enough to make decisions by yourself on something.A.18-years-old girl B. 18-year-old girl C. 18-year-olds girl D. 18 years old girl
( )4.There are many _______ teachers in this primary school.
woman B. woman’s C. women D. women’s
( )5. The delicious dishes are cooked by __________.
A. women cookers B. women cooks C .woman cooks D. woman cookers
( )6. Julie went to the __________ to buy a pair of shoes.
A. shoes store B. shoe’s store C. shoe store D. shoes’ store
考点四： 名词辨析及名词的转换
1.名词变为形容词：rain—rainy wind—windy cloud—cloudy sun—sunny
snow—snowy , fog—foggy, success –successful, luck—lucky, health—healthy
2.动词变为名词, 如： teach—teacher, sing—singer， invent—invention/inventor
3.形容词变为名词，如：different—difference , important--importance
同步练习：
Do you know the cultural_____________(different) between China and Canada.
I feel very ___________(luck) to have such a kind classmate.
I usually play with my little sister at home on _______(rain)days.
Tony always checks his school bag __________(care) before leaving for school.
To live a _________(health) and happy life, we should go to bed early and get up early.
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