英语高二下北师大版unit21《Human Biology》课件2

课件76张PPT。考纲知识预览重点单词1． vi. 循环→ n. 循环；传播，发行量
2． vt. 消化→ n. 消化
3． vt. 容忍→ n. 忍受，忍耐力；宽容→ adj. 宽容的；容忍的
4． adj.根本的，基本的→ adv. 根本上；基本上
5． adj. 强制性的，义务的→ adj. (反义词)自愿的；志愿的
circulatecirculationdigestdigestiontoleratetolerancetolerantfundamentalfundamentallycompulsoryvoluntary考纲知识预览6． vt. 反对→ adj. 相反的，反对的→ n. 反方，对立面
7． vt. 与(其他事物)相矛盾→ n. 矛盾的说法；反驳→
adj. 矛盾的；抵触的
8． vt. 违反，违背→ n. 违反；侵害
9． vt. 款待→ n. 治疗opposeoppositeoppositioncontradictcontradictioncontradictoryviolateviolationtreattreatment考纲知识预览10． n. 储存→ vi. 储存，存放
11． vt. 禁止→ n. 禁止；禁令
12． adj. 彻底的；细致的→
prep.(形近词) 穿过，通过
13. adj. 系统化的→ n. 系统storagestoreprohibitprohibitionthoroughthroughsystematicsystem考纲知识预览14． n. 大笔钱财；巨款→ adj. 幸运的→ adj. (反义词)不幸的
15． n. 担心，担忧→ v. 关心，涉及，有关→ adj. 担心的，关心的，相关的→ prep. 关于，有关
fortunefortunateunfortunate concern concernconcernedconcerning考纲知识预览1． 徒然；白费力气
2． 不管多大代价，无论如何
3． 立刻，马上
4． 彻底毁灭
5． 终止；消灭
6． 无论如何；至少
7． 偶然发现或遇见
8． 推迟，拖延高频短语in vainat all costsstraight awaywipe out stop sth.in its tracksat any ratecome acrossput off考纲知识预览9． 开始做
10． 仔细检查；复习
11． 教育；养育；使注意到；引述
12． 经历；通过；搜查
13． 通过(考试等)；完成
14． 知道；明白
15． 清理；清除；解决；说明(神秘的事物等)
16． 随便地，随意地
17． 永久地
get down togo overbring...up go throughget through be aware of clear...up at randomfor good考纲知识预览1．...the Spanish Flu the most acute epidemic in history.
……西班牙流感被认为是历史上最严重的流行性传染病。
2．...we have to there will be solutions in time to stop a Bird Flu epidemic in its tracks.
……我们必须有信心将会有消灭禽流感的方法。
常考句型is believed to have been have faith that 考纲知识预览2．...we have to there will be solutions in time to stop a Bird Flu epidemic in its tracks.
……我们必须有信心将会有消灭禽流感的方法。
3．When he went to the doctor that day, he what was about to happen to him.
当那天他去看病时，他一定不知道什么事将会发生在他身上。
have faith thatcould not have known考纲知识预览4． thousands of people who could have benefited from Traditional Chinese Medicine missed out because of ignorance.
很遗憾，由于无知，成千上万的人们错过了用传统中医治疗的机会。
It seems a real pity that名师一线讲坛1. abuse vt.& n．　滥用；虐待；辱骂
abuse one’s authority/position/power滥用职权/权力
abuse a child 虐待小孩
an abuse of position 职权的滥用
an abuse of drugs 药物的滥用名师一线讲坛Laws have been passed to prevent government officials from abusing their power.
通过立法防止官员滥用权力。
They were so rude that they often abused each other in public.他们很粗鲁，经常在大庭广众之下彼此辱骂。
What she did was an abuse of her position as manager.
她的所作所为是滥用经理职权。
名师一线讲坛1．It has been revealed that some government leaders________their authority and position to get illegal profits for themselves.
A．employ　　　　 B．take
C．abuse D．overlook
即时训练名师一线讲坛解析：选C。句意：一些政府领导被揭露滥用职权，非法为个人谋利。abuse 滥用，妄用(权力等)；(不当地)使用；employ 雇用，使用；take 拿，取；overlook 俯瞰，眺望；忽略。
名师一线讲坛2. tolerate vt. 容忍；忍受
tolerate (sb./one’s) doing sth.容忍（某人）做某事
be tolerant of/towards sb./sth.容忍某人/某物
have no tolerance for jokes of any kind 容不得开任何玩笑
the tolerable levels of pollution 可接受的污染程度名师一线讲坛(1)tolerate 常用于否定句。
(2)tolerate 后接动名词，但不接不定式。
I won’t tolerate your bad manners any longer.
我再也不能忍受你那种恶劣的态度了。(朗文P1628)
The plants are tolerant of frost.
这些植物耐霜。思维拓展名师一线讲坛He never could tolerate bores.
他从来忍受不了那些令人讨厌的人。(朗文P1628)
a tolerant father 宽容的父亲(朗文P1628)
Many old people have a very limited tolerance to cold.
许多老年人对寒冷的忍受力很差。(朗文P1628)
名师一线讲坛2．Smoking has been________in more and more public places, which was once just in places like gas stations.
A．preserved B．prohibited
C．ignored D．tolerated
解析：选B。吸烟在越来越多的场合被“禁止”。
即时训练名师一线讲坛3. oppose vt.　反对
opposed adj. 相反的，对立的
oppose A against/to B把A与B相对照或相比
oppose oneself to 反对
sb.be opposed to sth./doing sth.某人反对某事
as opposed to 与……相对；与……成对比
名师一线讲坛Most citizens opposed the bill.
许多市民反对这项议案。
200 attended，as opposed to 300 the previous year.
出席的有200人，而前一年是300人。
Your evidence opposes the fact.
你的证据与事实相背。
I’m strongly opposed to your suggestion.
我坚决反对你的建议。
名师一线讲坛3．—What excuse did John give for his rudeness at the meeting?
—He didn’t even mention it，________ explain it.
A．let alone
B．and even not
C．or not
D．as opposed to
解析：选A。let alone 在此意为“更不用说”。
即时训练名师一线讲坛4. seek v. 寻求；追求；探求；探索；(正式)试图
seek after/for sb./sth. 寻求某人/某物
seek one’s fortune 寻找成功（致富）的机会
seek sth. from sb. 向某人请求某事（某物）
seek sb./sth.out 搜寻出；（在一群中）找出
seek to do sth. 试图做……
名师一线讲坛They are seeking him everywhere.
他们正到处找他。
She managed to calm him down and seek help from a neighbour.她设法使他平静下来，然后向一位邻居求助。
He is going to Canada to seek his fortune.
他想去加拿大挣大钱。
名师一线讲坛4．He is always________fault with other people though he doesn’t do his own work properly.
A．seeking B．looking
C．finding D．putting
解析：选C。seek意为“寻找”；look“看(不及物动词)”；find意为“找到”；put意为“放”。find fault with 意为“挑毛病”。
即时训练名师一线讲坛5. postpone vt.　推迟；延期
postpone sth.(to sth.)推迟某事物；使某事物推迟
be postponed for an hour 推迟1个小时
postpone doing sth.推迟做某事
postpone sth.until/to 推迟；耽搁；使延期
名师一线讲坛We’ll have to postpone the meeting until next week.
我们将不得不把会议推迟到下周举行。
They decided to postpone building the new school.
他们决定延迟兴建新学校。
名师一线讲坛postpone，delay，put off
三个词或词组后都不可以跟不定式。
(1)postpone是正式用语，语义较强，指有意识地延至将来某一特定时间，在多数情况下，后面说明何时进行。
(2)delay 指暂时阻挠或阻挡，稍后可再继续进行，后跟耽搁的原因。
(3)put off与postpone 大致同义，但较口语化。比较网站名师一线讲坛The game has already been postponed three times.
这场比赛已经三度延期了。(牛津P1337)
Commuters will face long delays on the roads today.
路远乘车上下班的人今天要在路上耽误很多时间了。(牛津P448)
He keeps putting off going to visit his uncle.
他把看望他叔叔这件事一托再托。
名师一线讲坛5．翻译句子
(1)由于下雨我们推迟了比赛。
__________________________________
答案：We postponed the match because of rain.
(2)咱们在获取更多信息之后再做决定也不迟。
__________________________________
答案：Let’s postpone making a decision until we have more information.
即时训练名师一线讲坛(3)由于双方队员的冲突，比赛被迫推迟半个小时。
__________________________________
答案：The match was postponed for half an hour because of the conflict of players of the two sides.
名师一线讲坛6. prohibit vt. 　禁止；阻止
prohibit...from doing sth.禁止……做某事
prohibit smoking 禁止吸烟名师一线讲坛Smoking in this railway carriage is strictly prohibited.
本列车车厢严格禁止吸烟。
We are prohibited from drinking alcohol during working hours.工作时间内我们不得喝酒。
The price prohibited us from buying it.
这东西价钱太高，我们买不起。
名师一线讲坛6．Chinese customs regulations ________ taking precious works of art out of China.
A．prohibit　　　　 B．forbid
C．avoid D．repel
即时训练名师一线讲坛解析：选A。句意：中国海关条例规定禁止将珍贵的文物带出中国。prohibit和forbid这两个词都有“禁止”之意，但应用范围不同：prohibit用于上级部门的正式法令、规定或权威机构的法律、法令；forbid用于普通人之间，如禁止做某事或不让某人做某事。avoid避免；repel抵制，排斥，击退。
名师一线讲坛7. contradict vt.　与(其他事物)相矛盾；反驳，否认，顶嘴
contradict sth.同……矛盾/抵触
contradict sb.反驳某人
contradiction 矛盾的说法；反驳
in contradiction to与……互相矛盾
contradictory statements 矛盾说法
名师一线讲坛If you contradict me once more，you’re fired.
你再顶撞我一次，我就解雇你！(朗文P323)
Their alibis contradict each other.
关于他们不在犯罪现场的辩词相互矛盾。(朗文P323)
It’s a contradiction to say you support the government but would not vote for it in an election.名师一线讲坛你说你支持政府，但又在选举中不投它的票，这是自相矛盾的。(朗文P323)
Your behaviour is in(direct)contradiction to your principles.
你的行为与你的原则互相矛盾。(朗文P324)
名师一线讲坛7．完成句子
(1)他不敢顶撞他的父母。
He didn’t dare________________his parents.
答案：to contradict
(2)他们的短期重点和长期目标互相矛盾。
Their short?term priorities are_____________ ___________________their long?term goals.
答案：in direct contradiction to
即时训练名师一线讲坛8. decline v．　(使)下降；衰退；谢绝 　n. 下降；衰退
（1）decline by 下降……
decline to do sth. 拒绝干某事
（2）fall into (a) decline 开始衰退
be in decline 处于下降、衰退中
on the decline 在走下坡路；在衰退（减少）
The town fell into (a) decline after the mine closed.
这个镇在矿井关闭后开始衰落。
名师一线讲坛decline，refuse，reject
(1)decline 作“拒绝”之意时，常指有礼貌地回绝，婉言谢绝，其主语只能是人。
(2)refuse语气比decline 重，主语可以是人也可以是物。
(3)reject比refuse 语气更重，意为“抛弃，拒收，不采纳”。比较网站名师一线讲坛I offered to give him a lift but he declined.
我主动邀请他搭车但他婉言谢绝了。
She refused to accept that there was a problem.
她拒不承认有问题存在。(牛津P1452)
I’ve been rejected by all the universities I applied to.
所有我申请的大学都没有录取我。(牛津P1457)
名师一线讲坛8．完成句子
(1)很抱歉，明天晚上我没空，所以必须谢绝你的邀请。
I’m sorry，but I’m not free tomorrow evening so I have to _________________.
答案：decline your invitation即时训练名师一线讲坛(2)全球经济自2008年以来一直在走下坡路。
Global economy____________________ _________ since 2008.
答案：has been in decline
名师一线讲坛9. equip vt.　使有准备；配备；装备
equipment n．　[U] 装备；设备
equip sb./sth. with sth.用某物装备某人/物
equip sb./ sth. for (doing) sth.为（做）某事而准备
sb.be equipped to do sth.某人有准备做某事
equip sb.to do sth. 使某人能够做某事
be equipped with sth.装备有某物
a piece of equipment 一件设备
名师一线讲坛Our classroom is equipped with a TV set and a tape recorder. 我们的教室里配有一台电视和一台录音机。
A good education should equip you for life.
良好的教育能使你受用终生。
Our school has been given some new equipment.
我们学校有了一些赠送的新设备。
名师一线讲坛9．We want to________ our children with some special skills, thus, they can live better in the future.
A．prepare B．equip
C．permit D．allow
解析：选B。句意：我们想使我们的小孩具有某些特长，这样，他们才能在将来生活得更好。equip使……本身具有(必要的学问、能力之类)，符合句意。
即时训练名师一线讲坛10．The factory is equipped________ modern machinery and uses the most recent techniques.
A．with B．on
C．by D．into
解析：选A。equip...with...“以……配备……”，be equipped with modern machinery 配备现代化机械。
名师一线讲坛10. temporary adj. 临时的，短暂的
a temporary job 一项临时工作
a temporary lecturer 临时演讲者
a temporary setback 短暂的挫折
be temporarily unavailable 暂时得不到名师一线讲坛Students often find temporary jobs during their summer holidays.学生们常常在暑假打临工。(朗文P1589)
We apologize for the temporary inconvenience caused by these building works.
对于建筑施工造成的短期不便，我们谨致歉意。(朗文P1589)
The daily flight to Dallas has been temporarily suspended.
每天飞往达拉斯的航班暂停。(朗文P1589)
名师一线讲坛temporary的反义词为permanent adj. “永久的，持久的”。
思维拓展名师一线讲坛11．翻译句子
(1)半数以上的职员是临时雇员。
__________________________________
答案：More than half of the staff are temporary.
(2)她只是暂时在这儿工作。
_________________________________
答案：She’s only working here temporarily.
即时训练名师一线讲坛　单项填空
Today I changed my room with Jack，so I had new________.
A．schoolmates　　
B．deskmates　　
C．roommates
解析：选C。此处指“我”交换房间后有了新的室友。
名师一线讲坛归纳与比较：?mate(后缀)＝同伴
名师一线讲坛【经典案例】
When I was a middle school student, we changed seats once a month, so I had many ________.
A．workmates　　　
B．deskmates　　　
C．desk
【解析】　因为经常交换座位，所以同桌有很多。
【答案】　B
名师一线讲坛11. in vain 　徒然，白费力气
vain adj. 自负的；自视过高的；空洞的，无用的；无谓的
a vain attempt 无用的尝试
vain promises 空头的许诺
vainly adv. 徒劳地
名师一线讲坛We tried in vain to make him change his mind.
我们想使他改变主意，结果是白费心机。
We tried vainly to persuade her not to go.
我们劝她别去，她不听。
He was vain about his looks, spending hours in the gym.
他对自己的外表很自负，在健身房里一呆就是几个小时。名师一线讲坛12．We tried________to persuade him to stay home, but at last, he went to the construction site in spite of his bad illness.
A．vain　　　　　　B．in vain
C．in fact D．in vainly
解析：选B。句意：我们极力劝说他待在家，但大都是徒劳的，尽管他生着重病，最后还是去了工地。in vain(＝vainly)徒劳地，白费力气地。
即时训练名师一线讲坛12. at all costs 　不管多大代价；无论如何
at the cost of 丧失；牺牲
at a cost of 以……的费用/价格
at any cost 以任何代价
to one’s cost 使某人遭受损失名师一线讲坛He saved his son from drowning but only at the cost of his own life.
他救了溺水的儿子，但自己却丢了性命。
You are not to allow anyone to leave the house at all costs.
无论如何你一定不要让任何人离开这个房子。
It’s not worth arguing with him as I have learnt to my cost.
和他争论是不值得的，因为我已经尝过苦头了。
名师一线讲坛13．完成句子
(1)He is determined to win__________ _____________(无论如何)．
答案：at any cost
(2)The young policeman saved the little girl from the fire, but __________________ ____(以自己的生命为代价)．
答案：at the cost of his own life
即时训练名师一线讲坛13. at any rate 　无论如何，至少
at this/that rate 照这/那种情况继续下去
at a rate of 以……的速度/比率
birth/unemployment/divorce rate
出生/失业/离婚率
success/failure rate 成功/失败率名师一线讲坛We may miss the next bus, but at any rate we’ll be there before midday.
我们可能赶不上下一趟公共汽车，但无论如何，中午以前我们总可以到那里。
At this rate, we will soon be bankrupt.
照这样下去，我们很快就会破产。名师一线讲坛14．I may be away on business next week but________ I’ll be back by Friday.
A．at any rate　　　　　　　　
B．at a rate
C．at this rate
D．at the rate
解析：选A。at this rate 照这样；at any rate意为“不管怎么样”。句意：我可能下周出差，但无论如何我周五要返回来。故选A。
即时训练名师一线讲坛14. at random 　随便地，随意地
random adj. 胡乱的；任意的，随机的
a random sample of voters 随机抽样挑出的投票者
randomly selected/distributed 随意挑选的/任意分配的
an element of randomness to the situation 形势的不稳定因素
名师一线讲坛The people for the experiment were chosen completely at random.
用来做实验的人完全是随意挑选的。(朗文P1241)
He fired a few random shots.
他乱放了几枪。(朗文P1241)
名师一线讲坛15．He opened the book________and started reading.
A．in vain B．full of faith
C．at once D．at random
解析：选D。本题考查介词短语辨析。句意：他随意地打开一本书就开始读起来。in vain 徒然；full of faith 满怀信心；at once 立刻；at random 随便地，随意地。根据句意，答案为D。
即时训练名师一线讲坛16．He was not listening and made a ________answer to the teacher’s question.
A．random B．careful
C．strict D．at random
解析：选A。本题考查词义辨析。句意：他没有听讲，对教师的问题乱答一通。random 意为“胡乱的，随便的”；careful 仔细的，认真的；strict 严格的；at random为介词短语，意为“随意地；随便地”。根据句意，答案为A。
名师一线讲坛15.【教材原句】　...we have to have faith that there will be...……我们必须有信心将会有……
【句法分析】　本句中that引导同位语从句。that常用来引导同位语从句，与具有概括性的抽象名词连用，如news，fact，idea，suggestion，warning，hope，promise，thought，doubt，belief，truth，request，proposal，demand等。
名师一线讲坛The fact that he won first prize can’t be denied.
他赢得一等奖的事实不容否认。
In spite of the fact that he is over sixty，he is still full of spirit.
尽管他已经60多岁了，但仍然精力充沛。
Have you heard the news that Mary will be back soon?
你听到玛丽不久就要回来的消息了吗？
I don’t agree on the idea that you will go abroad.
我不同意你要出国的想法。
名师一线讲坛【注意】　that引导同位语从句时，只起到引导词的作用，在从句中不作任何成分，但不可省略。
名师一线讲坛除that外，wh?词(包括how)也可以引导同位语从句。
You have no idea how anxious we were then.
你不知道我们当时多么焦急。
I have no idea when he will be back.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
The question whether he should give it up has been worrying him for days.
他该不该放弃这个问题几天来一直困扰着他。
思维拓展名师一线讲坛17．There is no doubt，in my opinion，________matters is not the speed，but the quality of the product.
A．what what
B．that that
C．that if
D．that what即时训练名师一线讲坛解析：选D。that引导一个同位语从句，在这个同位语从句中又有一个主语从句：what matters。句意：依我看，毫无疑问，重要的不是速度，而是产品的质量。
名师一线讲坛16.【教材原句】　It seems a real pity that thousands of people who could have benefited from Traditional Chinese Medicine missed out because of ignorance.
很遗憾，由于无知，成千上万的人们错过了用传统中医治疗的机会。
【句法分析】　(1)在“It seems＋n./adj.＋that从句”中，it 为形式主语，that从句为真正的主语。名师一线讲坛(2)seem“好像，似乎”，可用于以下句型：
名师一线讲坛It seemed that he had known the truth.
＝He seemed to have known the truth.
他好像知道了真相。
His father seems(to be) strict.
他父亲似乎很严厉。
There seemed to be a voice in the distance.
似乎远处有人说话。
It always seemed as though everything in my childhood had just happened.
我童年的一切仿佛刚刚发生一样。名师一线讲坛18．He________as if he has known the news.
A．appeared　　　　　　　　
B．seemed
C．appears
D．seems
解析：选D。appear不能与as if 连用，排除A和C；再从时态看可以排除B。
即时训练