2021-2022江西中考英语复习课件 3.专题二 名词(共39张PPT)

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名称 2021-2022江西中考英语复习课件 3.专题二 名词(共39张PPT)
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(共39张PPT)
专题二 名词
命题点1 名词词义辨析
命题点2 用名词的适当形式填空
命题点1
名词词义辨析
(必考:3~5道;单项填空、完形填空A)
中考解读:分析江西近10年中考真题可知,名词词义辨析主要在单项填空和完形填空A中考查。单项填空中,除2020年外,每年考1道;完形填空A中,每年2~5道,共考查38次。
解题技巧:解答名词词义辨析类试题时,首先要明确各个名词的含义,然后分析语境,找出关键词或者前后的逻辑关系,确定正确答案。因此熟记各个名词的含义是正确解答此类试题的关键。
真题探究
( )1.(2021江西21题)
Your leg looks really bad! I think you should send for a ______ about that.
A. pilot B. doctor C. singer D. postman
B
【方法点拨】第①步:分析语境:你的腿看起来很严重!我认为你应该为此请一位 ;第②步:分析选项:飞行员;医生;歌手;邮递员;第③步:结合前句及选项可知doctor符合语境。
( )1.(2018江西32题)I live near a big ______. It gets very noisy on match days.
A. hospital B. store C. bank D. playground
D
( )2.(2021安徽)—Have you ever heard “A thousand-mile journey begins with the first ______”
—Yes. It’s a famous Chinese saying by Laozi.
A. class B. step C. break D. exam
B
( )3.(2021温州)Mike, a 7-year-old boy, has a great talent for ______. He can draw nice pictures though he has never learned it.
A. art B. sport C. music D. science
A
( )4.(2021昆明)Zhang Guimei started the first free senior high school for girls to help them get an ______ in Lijiang, Yunnan.
A. education B. invitation C. information D. imagination
A
( )5.(2021抚顺、本溪、辽阳)______ can make people happy and want to make greater progress.
A. Fear B. Praise C. Doubt D. Regret
B
( )6.(2021九江模拟)Jenny’s birthday is coming soon. Her father will take her to see a new movie as a special ______.
A. pride B. treat C. example D. hope
B
( )7.My cousin and I often walk to the ______ to see pandas on weekends.
A. bank B. zoo C. market D. hospital
B
( )8.Tom has lots of ______ in dealing with these problems. Go and ask him for help.
A. courage B. trouble C. experience D. confidence
C
( )9.If we keep bringing air pollution to the ______ of people, the environment will be better.
A. ability B. agreement C. attention D. advantage
C
( )10.It is accepted by everyone that knowledge is the most valuable ______ for human beings.
A. standard B. treasure C. invention D. education
B
( )11.Adam wants to keep writing novels but he has too much homework. He has difficulty finding a ______ between his hobbies and his study.
A. balance B. possibility C. relationship D. suggestion
A
( )12.Nowadays schools should care for the full ______ of a student’s talents.
A. attention B. knowledge C. development D. purpose
C
( )13.Nowadays high-speed trains can take us to many places.So we have more ______ for holidays.
A. jobs B. choices C. surveys D. services
B
( )14.The New Silk Road will offer a good ______ for more nations to communicate with each other.
A. chance B. habit C. question D. position
A
( )15.—To keep our city clean and beautiful, the ______ are always very busy in the street.
—They should be respected by all the people.
A. policemen B. drivers C. cleaners D. firemen
C
命题点2
用名词的适当形式填空
(必考:2道;完形填空B)
中考解读:分析江西近10年中考真题可知,用名词的适当形式填空均在完形填空B中考查,每年考查2道,除2014年考查2道可数名词单数外,其他几年均考查1道不变形的单词(不可数名词/可数名词单数)及1道可数名词变复数,可数名词变复数均为规则变化。
解题技巧:解答此类试题,考生可参考以下步骤:
【注:铺灰内容(名词所有格)近10年未考查过,但是名词所有格属于名词的常见变形,考生在确定符合该语境的词是名词后,也应结合上下文考虑是否填名词所有格】
技巧一:如何判断空处应填名词还是名词所有格
填名词的情况:
1. 位于句首,在句中作主语。如:
English is my favorite subject.英语是我最喜欢的科目。
2. 位于动词或介词后作宾语。如:
He usually goes to school by bike.他通常骑自行车去上学。
3. 位于形容词后,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。如:
What an interesting book it is! 多么有趣的一本书啊!
4. 位于限定词this, these, those, many, some, any, a lot of, every, the等后。
如:She likes this skirt very much.她非常喜欢这条裙子。
5. 位于数词后。如:
I am the second son in my family.我是家里的第二个儿子。
6. 其他情况:位于系动词后作表语;冠词、形容词性物主代词之后;名词所有格及一些固定搭配中。如:
I have no interest in playing computer games.我对玩电脑游戏没有兴趣。
填名词所有格的情况:
位于名词前,表示所属关系。如:
This is the boy’s book. 这是那个男孩的书。
技巧二:如何判断符合语境的名词是可数名词还是不可数名词
类别 特点
可数名词 ①有单数和复数两种形式,如:desk→desks;
②前面可用基数词、不定冠词(a/an)及many等词修饰,如:three boys, an apple, many students。
不可数名词 ①没有复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。物质名词、专有名词及抽象名词为不可数名词,如:tea, Tian’anmen Square, courage;
②前面可用much, little等词修饰,不可以被基数词和不定冠词(a/an)直接修饰;若表示数量,可用量词来修饰、限定,如:a piece of paper, two cups of tea。
注意:英语中有一些名词既可以作可数名词,也可以作不可数名词,但含义不同,
名词 可数 不可数 名词 可数 不可数
chicken 小鸡 鸡肉 exercise 练习题;操 锻炼
experience 经历 经验 glass 玻璃杯 玻璃
life 生命;一生 (泛指)生物 light 电灯 光;光线
orange 橙子 橙汁 radio 收音机 无线电
room 房间 空间 time 次数;倍数 时间
wood 树林 木头;木材 work 作品 工作
常见的有:
拓展
可数名词和不可数名词的常见修饰语
1. 只修饰可数名词的修饰语:
few 很少;几乎没有 a few 一些;几个
several 几个 different 不同的
a couple of 两个 many (a) 很多
a number of 若干;许多
a great/large number of 许多
2. 只修饰不可数名词的修饰语:
little 几乎没有 a little 少量
much 很多 a good/great deal of 很多
a bit of 有一点儿 a large amount of 大量的
3. 既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的修饰语:
some 一些 a lot of 很多
lots of 很多 plenty of 充足的
most 大多数的 all 全部的
the rest of 剩下的
1. 不定冠词a/an+可数名词单数;
2. this/that/every/each/another/either/any other等不定代词+可数名词单数;
3. 基数词one+可数名词单数;
4. 序数词+可数名词单数;
5. 可数名词单数(主语)+be动词单数形式/实义动词单三形式;
6. 上下文语境或者句中有对应的提示词,如:it,its;
7. 专有名词,如:the Great Wall。
技巧三:如何判断应填可数名词单数形式还是可数名词复数形式
填单数形式的判定方法:
填复数形式的判定方法:
1. other/these/those/many(of)/some(of)/several/few(of)/a few(of)/both(of)/all(of)/either(of)/neither(of)/none(of) +可数名词复数;
2. many(a)/quite a few/one of/a pair of/a couple of/a(great/large)number of/different kinds of/all kinds of+可数名词复数;
3. 大于1的基数词+可数名词复数;
4. 可数名词复数(主语)+be动词复数形式/实义动词原形;
5. 上下文语境或句中有对应的提示词,如:them, their;
6. 通常用复数或只有复数形式的名词,如:chopsticks(筷子), clothes(衣服), glasses(眼镜), scissors(剪刀), socks(袜子), trousers(裤子)。
注意
名词作定语时,其单复数的变化情况如下:
1. 被man/woman修饰的名词变复数时,须将该名词和man/woman均变为复数形式。如:
a man doctor→two men doctors
a woman teacher→two women teachers
2. 被其他名词修饰的名词变复数时,只需把该名词变为复数。如:
a girl student→two girl students
a birthday gift→two birthday gifts
示例探究
villager country week sugar
例1: The milk is very sweet with much ________ in it. I can’t stand it.
sugar
【方法点拨】第①步:结合very sweet及备选词可知此处表示“里面有许多糖”,sugar符合语境;第②步:sugar是不可数名词,填原形。
例2: As is known to us all, knowledge can help our __________ develop quickly.
country
【方法点拨】第①步:结合语境及备选词可知此处表示“知识可以帮助我们国家快速发展”,country符合语境;第②步:country是可数名词,根据常识可知,此处用单数。
例3: This morning, Nancy met several __________ in the countryside. They are very friendly.
villagers
【方法点拨】第①步:结合met、后句及备选词可知此处表示“南希在农村遇到了几位村民”,villager符合语境;第②步:villager是可数名词,several后接可数名词复数形式。
例4: He asked for a _________ leave to look after his sick father.
week’s
【方法点拨】第①步:结合to look after his sick father及备选词可知此处表示“他请了一周假”,week符合语境;第②步:week是可数名词,所填词作定语,修饰leave,且表示“一周的假”,应用所有格形式,空前有a,此处用单数形式的所有格形式。
考向1 名词的数
可数名词与不可数名词【讲解见P24】
可数名词单数变复数的变化表
情况 构成方法 示例
一般情况 加-s sign→signs goal→goals
以ce,se,ze,ge等结尾的词 加-s face→faces license→license
sprize→prizes orange→oranges
1. 规则变化
情况 构成方法 示例
以字母s, x, sh, ch等结尾的词 加-es class→classes box→boxes
brush→brushes watch→watches
特例:stomach→stomachs
以元音字母加-y结尾的词 加-s key→keys holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys
以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 先变y为i,再加-es party→parties
story→stories
family→families
续表
情况 构成方法 示例
以辅音字母加-o结尾的词 表示有生命的加-es tomato→tomatoes
hero→heroes
potato→potatoes
表示无生命的加-s photo→photos
piano→pianos
以字母f(e)结尾的词 变f(e)为v,再加-es leaf→leaves
knife→knives
wife→wives
特例:belief→beliefs
续表
2. 不规则变化
构成方法 举例
元音字母发生变化 改a为e型 man→men woman→women
特例:German→German
shuman→humans
改oo为ee型 foot→feet tooth→teeth
单复数同形 sheep→sheep
合成词将主体词变为复数 passer-by→passers-by
表示“……国人” 单复数同形 Chinese→Chinese
Japanese→Japanese
构成方法 举例
表示“……国人” 词尾加-s German→Germans
American→Americans
变man为men Englishman→Englishmen
Frenchman→Frenchmen
其他特殊形式 mouse→mice
child→children
续表
不可数名词的量化表达
情况 方法 示例
具体的量 数词+表数量的名词+of+不可数名词 a piece of paper 一张纸
大概的量 表示数量的限定词+不可数名词(用some, much, a little/little, a lot of/lots of, plenty of等表示) some water 一些水
a little money 一点儿钱
集合名词
集合名词常分为以下两类:
1. 形式为单数, 但意义可以为单数或复数, 如:family, team, group, class, government, army, audience等。当它们作主语时, 如果强调一个整体, 谓语动词用单数形式;如果强调集体中的每一个成员, 谓语动词用复数形式。
2. 形式为单数, 但意义永远为复数。如:people, police等, 这类词只有单数形式, 但表示复数意义,不与a/an连用, 可与the连用,谓语动词用复数形式。
考向2 名词所有格
情况 构成方法 示例
有生命的单数名词 加-’s the boy’s toy 那个男孩的玩具
有生命的复数名词 以s结尾的加-’ parents’ help 父母的帮助
不以s结尾的加-’s children’s idea 孩子们的主意
表时间、距离、路程、度量、国家等无生命的单数名词 单数加-’s a day’s work 一天的工作
以s结尾的复数加-’ 20 minutes’ walk 步行20分钟的路程
情况 构成方法 示例
表≥2人共同所有 最后一个名词加-’s Kelly and Joe’s aunt 凯莉和乔(共同)的姑姑
表≥2人各自所有 每个名词后都加-’s children’s and men’s shoes 孩子和男士的鞋
无生命名词的所有格 用of 表达 the door of the room 房间的门
续表
拓展
1. 基数词+连字符+可数名词单数,一般用作定语修饰名词,它相当于“基数词+名词所有格”。如:
a two-day trip=a two days’ trip两天的旅行
2. 在表示“店铺”“某某家”“诊所”“办公室”的名词所有格后,一般省去被修饰的表示地点的名词。如:
at the doctor’s 在诊所
go to my uncle’s去我叔叔家
3. 很多节日的表达都用的是’s所有格形式。如:
Teachers’ Day 教师节
of 所有格
通常用来表示无生命事物的名词的所属关系,其形式为:名词+of+名词。
如:
the door of the room 房门
注意
of所有格有时也用于人或有生命的东西,表示所属关系,特别是当这些所有者有较长的定语时,如:
the name of the brave young girl 这个勇敢的年轻女孩的名字。
一、小题试练
world volunteer sadness pride
Thursday woman progress hobby secret poem
16.(2021自贡改编)Speak English as much as possible and you’ll make great __________ in spoken English one day.
progress
17.(2021眉山改编)More than 200 ____________ in our university are sent to teach in the poor areas every year.
volunteers
18.(2021临沂改编)In 1920, the _________ first three-color traffic light was put to use.
world’s
19.In most countries, Thanksgiving is always on the fourth ___________ in November.
20.Jenny has two __________—playing the piano and collecting stamps.
hobbies
21.Don’t ask the old woman’s age. It is a ________.
secret
22.Bob’s mother took ________ in him because he helped an old man yesterday.
pride
23.The six-year-old American girl has learned hundreds of Chinese _________.
poems
24.We sensed a strong __________ and pain under the strangely beautiful music made by Abing.
sadness
25.These _________ in beautiful dresses will have a party this evening.
women
Thursday
二、语篇提升
article way friend advice sentence Chinese skill speed knowledge language
I’m very happy to hear from you. From your letter, I know you’ve fallen in love with 26. __________. You want me to give you some useful 27. _________ on how to learn it well. The following are some tips.
First, you can repeatedly read your textbook. If possible, you can read it aloud. In order to speak a 28. ___________ well, you also have to pronounce all the words in a right 29. _______.
Chinese
advice
language
way
Second, you should try to make some Chinese 30. _________ and practice Chinese with them. You can learn how to make up right 31. ___________ from them, and learn more native words and sentences.
Third, you should read Chinese books as many as possible. In order to improve your reading 32. _______, you’d better know how to find the key words first. They can help you quickly understand a(n) 33. __________ main idea quickly. As time goes by, your reading 34. ________ will improve. Then you will read faster and faster. When you are learning, you’d better pick something you are interested in so that you can insist(坚持) on it.
Last, review the things you have learned as often as possible. As the saying goes, “Get new 35. ____________ by reviewing the old.”
skills
article’s
speed
knowledge
friends
sentences