2021-2022江西中考英语复习课件 5.题型三 阅读理解——还原短文型阅读理解(共40张PPT)

(共40张PPT)
题型三
阅读理解——还原短文型阅读理解
分析江西近10年中考真题可知，此题型的命题特点如下表：
文体 说明文：2021-2015, 2012 记叙文：2014 应用文：2013
话题 事物介绍：2020, 2017~2015 观点看法：2021, 2019, 2018
普通人物故事：2014, 2013 咨询建议：2012
词数 184~317
设空位置 段首：0-3 段中：1~5 段尾：0~2
还原短文型阅读理解主要考查考生对文章的主旨大意、整体结构及上下文逻辑意义的理解, 要求考生根据短文结构和内容, 从方框中所给的七个选项选择五个还原到短文中, 从而使短文语意通顺、结构完整。
解题步骤：
解答还原短文型阅读理解时, 考生可遵循以下步骤：
步骤一：快速阅读文章和选项, 了解文章主旨大意
步骤二：分析备选项
根据每一个选项的句式和语义内涵,分析其语用功能以及前后应该对应的逻辑关系，并标识出选项中的关键词。
拓展
根据句子功能将选项分为三类：陈述句、祈使句和疑问句。
1. 陈述句可分为两类：
（1）表达“观点”, 说明说话人对客观对象的主观评价。如：
Staying up late is harmful to our health. 这句话意为：熬夜对我们的健康有害。关键词为：Staying up late; harmful to health。据此可知该句后可能会出现列举“熬夜带来的危害”的句子（如：Staying up late will increase the risk of getting the heart disease.）。
（2）列举事实, 支撑某个观点。如：Staying up late will increase the risk of getting the heart disease. 这句话意为：熬夜会增加患心脏病的风险。关键词为：Staying up; increase the risk of getting the heart disease。据此可知这句话的前面或后面可能会有表达“熬夜对健康/身体有害”这一观点的句子（如：Staying up late is harmful to our health.）。
2. 祈使句：给出“建议”；后接陈述的理由或具体做法。如：
Drink more water.这句话意为：喝更多水。 关键词为：Drink more water。据此可知该句后可能会介绍“喝更多水”带来的好处（如：Drinking more water can help you lose weight.）。
3. 疑问句：用于提出问题或引出下文, 问句内容和后句形成句式照应。如：
What can we do to be healthier 这句话意为：为了变得更健康，我们可以做什么 关键词为：do; to be healthier。据此可知该句后或下段内容会是具体列举变得更健康的方法（如：Eating more vegetables may be the easiest way to be healthier.）。
步骤三：结合空格处前后文的关键词及备选项选出答案
分析每道题空格前后的内容, 找出关键词, 判断该空与前后内容的关系, 据此匹配每道题的恰当选项。
步骤四：通读全文, 确定答案
答案初步填入空格后，还应带着所填答案再次通读全文, 作最后检查，此时应尤其注意未选的选项是否可选。
真题探究 （2021江西）
The Value of Negative Results
We all avoid failure（失败）, and most of us fear it. However, without failure, progress would be impossible. What does success usually come after Failure. It seems that one cannot exist（存在）without the other.
Accepting failure is not easy for many, though. We are often unwilling to accept failure because our professional fame depends on success. 73. __ In the past ten years, for example, some scientific magazines have published reports of failed tests. It is believed that scientists can learn from “negative（负面的）”results and that this can finally lead to positive results.
F
74. __ The ABN AMRO bank started an Institute（机构）of Brilliant Failures to learn more about what works and what doesn’t in banking. Similarly, Eli Lilly and Company had failure parties to study the drugs（药物）that don’t work.
In fact, one of the business world’s most famous failures became one of its biggest successes, in part because the product’s makers learned from their mistakes. 75.__ The product, though unique（独特的）at the time, was expensive and heavy; besides, some of its most important features（特点）didn’t work properly. As a result, it became one of Apple’s biggest failures, and in 1998, the company stopped selling it. However, Apple’s CEO, Steve Jobs, believed in the product and he began to find out ways of improving it. In time, this led to the production of the iPhone and the iPad, two of the company’s most successful products.
D
C
76. __ Not only should we try to learn from it; if we want to succeed, we must also be persistent（执着的）. Though Apple stopped selling the Newton in 1998, the first iPhone wasn’t available until 2007. It took a lot of research and hard work to go from the Apple Newton to iPhone, but in the end, the effort became successful. All in all, there is a lot we can learn by studying mistakes. Perhaps the most important lesson is that failure and success are two sides of the same coin. 77. __
G
A
A. One truly cannot exist without the other.
B. We are brave enough to face difficulties.
C. In the early 1990s, Apple created a phone called the Apple Newton.
D. The business world already understands the value of negative results.
E. The Apple Newton has won popularity with people all over the world.
F. However, things are slowly changing, especially in business and science.
G. The story of the Apple Newton can teach us an important lesson about failure.
【方法点拨】
步骤一：快速阅读文章和选项, 了解文章主旨大意
通读全文可知本文以商界和科技圈为例，强调失败的重要性，最后得出了失败与成功是同一枚硬币的两面，两者相互依存的结论。
步骤二：分析备选项
A项：陈述句，句意为：一个真的不能脱离另一个而存在，是一个结论，关键词为：One，cannot exist without the other，前文内容应提到两个不能分开存在的人或物。
B项：陈述句，句意为：我们足够勇敢，可以面对困难，是一个结论。关键词为：face difficulties。前文或者后文应有与（克服）困难相关的内容。
C项：陈述句，句意为：20世纪90年代初，苹果公司发明了一款名为Apple Newton的手机，介绍一个事实。关键词为：Apple，a phone called the Apple Newton，后文内容应与Apple公司发明的名为Apple Newton的手机有关。
D项：陈述句，句意为：商界已经理解了负面结果的价值，是一个结论。关键词为：The business world，the value of negative results，后文内容应是介绍商界理解负面结果价值的例子。
E项：陈述句，句意为：Apple Newton手机已经赢得了全世界人民的欢迎，介绍了Apple Newton手机取得的成果。关键词为：The Apple Newton，won popularity with people，前文内容应是介绍受到人们欢迎的过程。
F项：陈述句，句意为：然而，情况正在慢慢改变，特别是在商业领域和科学领域，是一个结论。关键词为：However，things，changing，in business and science前文应是介绍一种现象/情况，后文介绍在商业领域和科学领域的变化，且前文介绍的情况与后文介绍的情况相反。
G项：陈述句，句意为：Apple Newton手机的故事可以给我们上关于失败的重要一课，是一个可以承上启下的句子。关键词为：The story of the Apple Newton, teach us an important lesson about failure，前文应是介绍Apple Newton手机的故事，后文介绍人们从这件事中可以得到的教训。
步骤三：结合空格处前后文的关键词及备选项选出答案
74.
D
【解析】空格后内容介绍了一家银行和一家公司重视失败的例子，结合备选项及备选分析可知选D。
75.
C
【解析】后文内容介绍苹果公司发明的一个产品及对它改进产品并取得成功的经历，所选句子应是介绍Apple公司发明了一款产品，名为Apple Newton的手机，结合备选项及备选分析可知选C。
73.
【解析】前句介绍人们经常不愿意接受失败的现象，空格后内容介绍科技杂志刊登失败实验的案例，人们相信科学家可以从负面结果中学到一些东西，前后存在转折关系，结合备选项及备选分析可知选F。
F
76.
G
【解析】上一段介绍了苹果公司发明的Apple Newton及对它改进产品并取得成功的故事，后文介绍了一个关于成功的道理：如果我们想要获得成功，不仅要从中学习，还要坚持不懈，结合备选项及备选分析可知选G。
77.
A
【解析】前句介绍失败与成功是同一枚硬币的两面，与A选项二者相互依存衔接恰当，故选A。
步骤四：通读全文, 确定答案
Passage 1
Do you know the reason why we feel tired in the middle of a class Maybe you would say it is because the teacher’s class is boring.1. __ Perhaps this is something you have not paid enough attention to or not yet noticed.
Purpose of sleep
2. __ Sleep helps our body heal（修复）, grow, and stay healthy. It also gives us energy, so we can be active all day. Doctors and health scientists say, “When you close your eyes and need to rest, sleep is just the very best!” This is more than advice.
G
C
Sleep time
Enough sleep is important to us. How much sleep do we need New-born babies sleep most of the time.They can sleep 20-22 hours a day. Children need 10-12 hours of sleep a day. Teenagers need 8-10 hours of sleep a day because they need lots of energy to grow into their adult bodies. Grown-ups usually need 6-8 hours of sleep to keep active. 3. __ That is why old people sleep less than young people.
Interesting facts
F
Almost everyone has their dreams while they sleep, but not all of them can tell their dreams clearly when they wake up. 4. __ More surprisingly, some may even get up in their dreams and walk around. This is called “sleepwalking”. Are you a sleepwalker Or, is there a sleepwalker around you
5. __
It’s not just people that love to snooze（打盹）. In fact, many animals have unusual or surprising sleeping habits. Some animals, such as bears and hedgehogs, sleep all through winter. The swift is a very fast bird that can sleep while it flies! Cute koalas sleep around 18 hours a day. Giraffes don’t need much sleep at all. They usually sleep when standing up.
D
A
A. Sleepy animals
B. Clever animals
C. Why do we need sleep
D. Some people talk in their dreams.
E. Some people never dream while they sleep.
F. The older you get, the less sleep you will need.
G. However, the real reason is probably that we don’t have enough sleep.
Passage 2
In our life, many people like exciting sports. Kite
surfing（冲浪） is a kind of water sport. It’s exciting
and interesting. It began in the 1980s. 1. __ It’s also
known as kite boarding, and as fly surfing in some
European countries. Kite surfing works by using a large kite to pull a player on the water. 2. __ Now it’s becoming easier and safer because of the safer kite design. For a strong person, kite surfing can be a very fun and completely exciting sport.
3. __ People love that feeling. That’s why it becomes more and more popular.
C
B
D
Compared with other water sports, kite surfing is easier to learn.4. __ And anybody aged from 13 to 65 can learn it. It’s not expensive to get the equipment（装备） for kite surfing. The equipment costs ＄1,000 to ＄25, 000. 5. __ With the development of its equipment, kite surfing is becoming even safer. After some training, people can enjoy the exciting sport easily.
In China, Xiamen is the only place that has the kite surfing club, which provides kite surfing training and equipment. People can enjoy its excitement and challenging feeling.
F
G
A. More and more people are interested in sports.
B. At first, kite surfing was a difficult and dangerous sport.
C. But it didn’t get popular until the end of the last century.
D. It’s just like skating on the water with a feeling of flying.
E. Lots of people are still afraid of taking part in this kind of sport.
F. A beginner can understand how to play with 5 to 10 hours of training.
G. The cost for training lessons is from ＄200 to ＄500 for two or three hours.
Passage 3
Why do you need to play sports You might say, “To get
exercise.” And you are right. To have fun That’s true, too.
But there’s more. 1. __ According to the Women’s Sports
Foundation, girls who play sports get a lot more than just fitness.
Girls who play sports do better in school.
C
You might think that sports will take up all your study time. But research shows that girls who play sports do better in school than those who don’t.2. __ Because of that, active girls can get an advantage in class.
Girls who play sports learn teamwork and goal-setting（目标设定） skills.
Sports teach valuable life skills. When you work with coaches, trainers, and teammates to win games and achieve goals, you’re learning how to be successful.
3. __
Sports are good for girls’ health.
Besides being fit and keeping a healthy weight, girls who play sports have fewer chances to smoke. And later in life, girls who exercise have fewer risks of getting serious illnesses.
F
E
4. __
Girls who play sports feel better about themselves. Why Because it builds up confidence when they know they can practice, improve, and achieve their goals. Sports are also feel-good activities because they help girls get in shape, keep a healthy weight, and make new friends, and they’ll become more confident.
Exercise cuts the pressure.
5. __ How The brain chemicals are released（释放） during exercise to improve a person’s mood. Friends are another mood-lifter. And being on a team creates a good relationship with friends. It makes you feel better to know your teammates will support you both on and off the field!
A
G
A. Playing sports helps girls improve.
B. Exercise improves family relationship.
C. In fact, there are at least 5 more reasons.
D. Sports make girls thinner and more beautiful.
E. Those skills will serve you well at work and in family life.
F. Exercise improves learning, memory, and concentration.
G. Playing sports can reduce stress and help you feel a little happier.
Passage 4
With the development of modern technology, people can choose more ways to do reading.Paper books do not seem as important as before. Electronic（电子的） books and audio digital（数字的）books are gradually accepted by people.Especially audio digital books are becoming more and more popular these days.What are the reasons 1. __
The first favorite place of many people is in bed before going to sleep.Many people like to just lie in bed in the dark before they fall asleep at night.This would be the perfect time to listen to an audio digital book.If you read a usual book, the lights have to be turned on and you have to turn the pages with your hand. 2. __
G
E
3. __ For some people, kitchen chores are boring. Audio digital books provide good entertainment, and people don’t need to turn pages.Some audio digital books even can teach people how to cook.Doesn’t that sound amazing
An audio digital book is a favorite while a person is gardening.It can help take a person’s mind off the job at hand. 4. __
An audio digital book is a favorite while a person is exercising. 5. __ This would be a great time to listen to these books.
F
B
D
A. What books are very useful
B. It can be fun and exciting to do gardening with the help of the book.
C. The second favorite place to listen to audio digital books is in the car.
D. It allows the mind to be free while the legs, body and arms are kept busy.
E. An audio digital book can just be listened to while a person stays comfortably in bed.
F. The next favorite place to listen to audio digital books would be in the kitchen.
G. One of them is that audio digital books can be “read” in many places comfortably.
Passage 5
1. __
If you eat in front of your computer, sneeze（打喷嚏） on your keyboard, or sit down to surf on the Internet without first washing your hands, your keyboard will be bad for your health. 2. __ The TV remote control（遥控器） is one of the dirtiest things.It gets dropped on the floor, is put on the sofa and everyone in the house holds it.Scientists found that about half of the tested remote controls carry the cold virus.
F
G
Don’t forget your toothbrush.If you put it in the bathroom, bacteria released by flushing（冲） the toilet may pollute your toothbrush. 3. __ Try to keep your toothbrush far from the toilet.Make sure that it is in an upright（直立的） position after each use.It’s also important to change your toothbrush every three months.
4. __
At home
The kitchen is one of the places with the most bacteria. Dishcloths（抹布） and kitchen sponges（海绵） are great places for bacteria since they are always wet after being used.Try to make them dry.
C
D
At school
When you put your schoolbag on the floor or on the bus, many bacteria can live on the bottom of it.Try to clean your schoolbag often.
In public places
Escalator handrails（电梯扶手）， shopping cart handles（购物车扶手）, public books and magazines are top bacteria carriers.That’s why the first thing to do when getting home is washing your hands.
Yes, bacteria are everywhere.But don’t be too afraid to touch those things.Most bacteria are harmless. 5. __ It is the most useful way to protect yourself from bacteria and viruses.
E
A. What can make people sick
B. Toothbrushes carry many bacteria.
C. You can find ways to solve this problem.
D. Here are some other places to watch out for.
E. Just remember to wash your hands regularly.
F. Bacteria can live everywhere, even in some unexpected places.
G. According to the US National Research Center, the average computer carries 400 times more bacteria（细菌） than a toilet bowl does.
Passage 6
Songs about growing up
Thousands of songs about growing up are available（可得到的）. 1. __ While listening to the songs, old or new, teenagers can always feel themselves or understand themselves.
Songs about being a teenager
Growing up isn’t always easy. Teens always want to be independent, but parents have a hard time letting go. There can be moments of worry, uncertainty, and even anger. 2. __
Songs about teenagers’ fighting for dreams
E
G
As teenagers grow, they’re likely to look forward to the day when they’ll be able to work hard to achieve their dreams. 3. __ The key lyrics（歌词） are “I have a dream, a song to sing. To help me cope（处理） with anything... You can take the future even if you fail”. This song has encouraged so many teenagers to fight for their dreams.
Graduation songs
4. __ These songs are perfect for graduation parties and get-togethers with friends. As they graduate, they can sing “Today is where your book begins, the rest is still unwritten...”
B
F
When teenagers grow up, they find childhood is a bittersweet（苦乐参半的） time. They’ve looked forward to the day for many years and finally it is here. 5. __ At this time, listening to songs about the sweet days of childhood can always make them relaxed.
A. Teenagers can find themselves in different songs.
B. The Westlife’s song I Have A Dream is well-known.
C. Pop songs are usually popular among young students.
D. However, they may not be sure about whether they’re ready for it.
E. They can always get a response（反应） from teenagers in some way.
F. Graduation songs usually speak of the joy of this season of their life.
G. Some songs speak of those feelings and can help them get through this period.
D
Passage 7
Most of you probably know about IQ.It is the short way of saying intelligence quotient（智商）. IQ describes how smart a person is.There is another important kind of intelligence called EQ.It means emotional quotient or emotional intelligence（情商）. 1. __ A high IQ helps people to get top test scores.A high EQ, however, helps people to get along with others, make good decisions, and deal with difficulties.
Are people born with a high EQ Well, genes affect （基因影响）EQ. 2. __ But people can also learn to build a high EQ in their everyday lives.
A high EQ is a combination（结合） of a few different skills.Learning about these skills can help you to improve your EQ.EQ can also be tested. 3. __
F
G
D
Be aware of your emotions.On a normal day, you feel many different emotions.Some feelings, like surprise, last just a few seconds.Others, like happiness or sadness, may stay around longer.Being able to know these everyday feelings is the most basic of all EQ skills.
4. __ Being able to understand the feelings of others is called empathy（同理心）.Empathy helps you care about others and build good friendships and relationships.It teaches you what to say and how to behave.When you are angry with someone, take a deep breath and slowly count to 10. It helps you calm down.
Self-motivation（自我激励）.When you fail an exam, you will stay unhappy for a long time. 5. __ Self-motivation gives you the energy and confidence to move on.It helps you to build a strong heart.
A
E
A. Understand how others feel.
B. What can help you live a better life
C. Some people are born with a high IQ.
D. First, let’s talk about how to improve EQ.
E. But the right way is to learn to encourage yourself.
F. EQ is the ability to understand, use and manage our emotions.
G. You can see that some babies are quiet, while others cry easily.