【2022高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题二十五 书面表达之概要写作（原卷版）
黑龙江 哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
【考纲解读】
概要写作是新高考启用的新题型，给出一篇350词以内的文章，所选材料体裁没有限制，但多以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。要求考生将这篇文章缩写成一篇60词左右的概要，缩写的内容必须覆盖原文的要点。
概要写作是对原文的高度浓缩，是阅读者在不改变原文的中心思想、体裁和结构的前提下用简洁、精炼的语言表述一篇文章的主要内容、基本观点或事实。也就是说，概要写作是对所读过的文章做简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，需要要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，不能抄袭文章的原句，也不要把细节性信息作为中心。概要写作需要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。
概要写作主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。概要写作包括两方面：阅读和写作，它基于阅读理解和书面表达，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
【考点剖析】
【相关知识点连接】
概要写作需要注意拼写和语法，要学会快速抓住各种文体的要点，并借助于学过的基本语法对原文进行提炼。注意：概要内容要在60词左右。
一、读后续写的写作步骤
1. 通读全文、理解大意
首先通读原文， 确定文章的体裁和主题。概要写作是 “阅读+写作”的复合性任务，是有效并能真实检测考生语言综合运用能力的项目。考生要在理解全文意的基础上宏观上把握篇章结构和主旨。
2. 分析原文、理清主次
考生需要对所获信息进行整理、加工、概括，根据梳理出的文章主旨进行有条理的概括；保留重要信息，删除次要内容；注意对细节的强调；把握文章的主次，简明扼要地表述出文章的主要内容；注意结构上的先后顺序，避免出现遗漏或额外增添。
3. 梳理整合、合理转换
在概要写作时要把每段的大意都包括在内以确保要点的全面，这是评分的一个重要方面。但需要注意：要点全面能把每段的段落大意简单地相加，需要对要表达的内容进行梳理，在梳理的基础上进行整合。考生要避免使用原文句子，要采用同义词或近义词进行替换，对相关要点进行调整，用丰富的语言、灵活的句式进行表达。
4. 注意要点、不搬原句
1）概要写作要包括原文中的主要要点，略去不必要的细节，客观精准地表述原文要点，不能增添信息，不要删减关键信息，不改变原材料所表达的意思。
2）同原文保持协调，重要内容用较多的文字写，次要内容用较少的文字写。
3）注意要点之间的衔接要用适当的关联词语，使之贯通全文，避免只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，也不要生硬地加关联词语。
4）在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。可以用原文的某些词语，但绝对不可照搬原句，要用自己的话语表达，对原文句子做一些同义词替换，对结构上也要做一些转换，比如：把从句转换为分词短语等结构。
5. 检查修改、确定终稿
考生对要点进行梳理整合、按顺序组合为初稿后要认真检查：结构是否完整合理；语言表达是否规范；涵盖的要点是否齐全；观点与原文是否一致；各个要点之间的衔接与过渡是否自然；词数是否符合要求；人称与时态是否正确；有无直接照抄原文的句子；拼写和语法是否有误；查标点符号及大小写是否正确；同时注意书写规范、字迹工整、卷面整洁。
二、读后续写的写作技巧
1. 删除细节、确定主题
阅读时划出主题句或关键词。注意：主题句常会出现在段首或段尾。找到主题句后，分析主题句的意义，进一步确定衬托主题句的一些关键词语。
2. 压缩长句、短句概括
将原文中使用的长句进行调整、压缩。比如：原文用了十个句子描述某人或某事，在概要写作中只需压缩呈一、两句。
3. 强调主题、避免重复
原文为强调某个主题会重复论证说明。但在概要写作中需要删除这些突出强调的重复内容，不重复相同的描述或相同的论点、论据。
4. 词组短语、替代全句
使用词组代替整句或者从句；用概括性的名词代替具体的词。合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，句子结构不可过长，不用复杂句子结构。
5. 应用连词、承上启下
巧妙使用连接词，选用适当的过渡衔接词衔接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。比如：使用but、then、thus、yet、though等，不使用at the same time、in the first place、because of these、on the other hand等类似较长的连接词；如果使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果就不用连接词。
【强化训练】
1.（模拟练习-1）
Architects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical(实证的) basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused, and lead to relaxation.
Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room's ceiling affects how people think. Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.
In addition to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence a person's ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on the standard test of attention. According to another study at the University of Georgia, using nature to improve focus of attention seems to pay off academically. It found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.
Recent study on room lighting design suggests that dim（暗淡的）light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax.
So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, so we're almost looking at the problem through a straw.” architect David Allison says. “How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them ” That's what we're all struggling with.
2. （模拟练习-2）
Scientists in London say they have found the best diet for both humans and the planet. They told Reuters that if the world followed the so called "planetary health" diet, each year more than 11 million early deaths could be prevented. Scientists say that the way we produce and eat food is very bad for the planet. And they claim the best diet can reduce greenhouse gases and save more land, water and animals.
Tim Lang, a professor at University of London, co-led the research. He told Reuters," The food we eat and how we produce it determine the health of people and the planet, and we are currently getting this seriously wrong." Lang added that the world’s population is expected to grow to 10 billion by 2050. If we want to feed everyone, we all need to change what we eat and the way we eat by "improving food production and reducing food waste".
Well, what do you eat on the planetary health diet The scientists who created this diet say it is largely plant-based but still has small amounts of dairy products, fish and meat. The diet calls for cutting red meat and sugar by 50 percent and doubling the amount of nuts, fruits, vegetables and legumes.
Food situations around the world are not equal. In certain areas, this would mean great changes. People in North America, for example, eat 6.5 times the recommended amount of red meat. On the other hand, people in South Asia eat only half the amount suggested by the new planetary health diet. Meeting the targets for vegetables would need big changes in other areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, people on average eat 7.5 times the suggested amount of vegetables like potatoes and cassava.
The scientists admit their goal will be difficult to achieve. But for them doing nothing is also not an option. Willet said," If we can’t quite make it, it’s better to try and get as close as we can."
3. （模拟练习-3）
These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry. However, it’s better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.
The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrong in a rush. When people do their jobs or take action in a hurry, they can’t make a sound decision and probably regret later. As the saying goes, "Haste makes waste." We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.
Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. For example, taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane. However, taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our life.
Finally, slower life pace provides better health condition for us. As is known to all, taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are not in a hurry, they will become a loser and that annoys them. But being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally. According to some studies, people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish work more slowly than the latter.
In short, working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. Yet, much stress can’t bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.
4.（模拟练习-4）
Artificial intelligence (AI) teachers can provide customized teaching for students to meet their unique requirements through analyzing data and deep learning. In the future, they may replace human teachers for basic teaching tasks. Since some students may find it hard to follow teachers in class, AI can meet their individual needs, give them confidence and put new power into traditional teaching patterns. An education system providing customized teaching centered on students represents the future trend of AI education.
China’s AI education has developed rapidly in recent years with the rise of several thousand relevant companies. Currently, AI teachers are able to help students learn pronunciation, analyze their condition, guide them to learn independently, and even grade writing assignments. Some foreign AI education systems have been introduced into several domestic schools and have worked well on trial.
However, the promotion of AI education is still facing several difficulties in practice such as low technological levels, the inadequacy of data and lack of funds. AI education still depends largely on human teachers’ work. Most importantly, it conflicts with current educational patterns because the courses developed by foreign countries are not suitable for Chinese exam-oriented education. Teachers may also find it hard to change their original roles in classrooms since easing control on classes may make them seem irresponsible. These problems need to be handled before the mass promotion of AI education.
With AI teachers, the original teacher-centered classes will be transformed into student-centered ones where teachers only organize the class and provide guidance. Since teachers are supposed to not only equip students with knowledge but also shape their values and help them develop creative abilities, AI teachers will not replace human teachers but only pose higher requirements of teaching. A combination of AI teachers and human ones can create the best future for AI education.
5.（模拟练习-5）
Which is more environmentally friendly, paper or plastic There was a time when a trip to the supermarket in the United States often ended with a simple question from the cashier: "Paper or plastic " The customers knew it means "Which type of bag would you choose "
While all types of bags have some influence on the environment, it has long been supposed that paper bags are kinder. They are made from a renewable source, break down easily, burn without giving off thick smoke and can be recycled. However, the producing process behind paper bags uses more energy than that of plastic ones.
Studies show that paper bag production requires four times as much energy as plastic bag production. And the amount of water used to make them is twenty times higher. Besides, the influence on forests is very serious. It takes about fourteen million trees to produce ten billion paper bags, which happens to be the number of bags used in the United States yearly. In terms of recycling, the idea that paper bags are more environmentally friendly than plastic ones can be quickly discarded. Research shows it requires about98%less energy to recycle plastic than it does paper.
Even though paper bags might be more harmful than plastic ones, plastic still seems to be considered by governments as the more harmful of the two. In Ireland, for example, a tax has been introduced to discourage the use of plastic bags. People have to pay 22 cents for every plastic bag, and as a result, their use has dropped quickly. There’s no doubt that it makes more sense to reuse these bags. However, we don’t seem to be doing that at present. That may be because they fall apart quickly. If so, cloth bags are a better choice, but still, their production also has a bad influence on the environment. So what to do How should we answer the question of "Paper or plastic " It seems that we first need to ask ourselves one more general question: "What can I do to help the environment "
6.（模拟练习-6）
With the increasingly growing popularity of distance education, students are now able to study at home by themselves. Some experts in education are advocates of the individual way of learning, while other educationalists strongly oppose it, claiming that this new approach may lead to poor academic performance. In my opinion, group study (studying as a group) has many more to offer, and therefore we should always put group study first.
It is true that we should value individualism, priding ourselves on our independence and our ability to make up our own minds. This, however, does not necessarily mean that, with self-reliance in mind, we can always start a course that leads to success, no matter what we do. After all, sometimes things go the other way round. Let us begin by having a close examination of studying, which might involve interaction between teachers and students at first thought. But does communication among learners count The answer is absolutely "Yes". By exchanging thoughts with our study partners, we can have a wider range of knowledge of the subject and often at a deeper level； by comparing ourselves with other students, we can get a clear idea of where we are so that we may be motivated to work hard to keep pace with others if we lag behind others.
It is known to all that humans are "gregarious (群居的) animals". Not only do we study or play together, but also we work in groups. Almost all members of our society need to gain social skills in preparation for their careers, and studying with other people offers the greatest opportunity to learn how to communicate and cooperate with others. People who study all by themselves may prove their learning ability, but they may not survive in the competitive job market, for they lack relevant social skills.
While we should encourage students to develop their own mindset, the important role played by group study should never be undervalued. All in all, students who study independently might need to change their studying habits in order to achieve success in the future.
19【2022高分攻略】高考英语二轮复习学案(通用版)
专题二十五 书面表达之概要写作（解析卷）
黑龙江 哈尔滨 邱尚瑛
【考纲解读】
概要写作是新高考启用的新题型，给出一篇350词以内的文章，所选材料体裁没有限制，但多以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。要求考生将这篇文章缩写成一篇60词左右的概要，缩写的内容必须覆盖原文的要点。
概要写作是对原文的高度浓缩，是阅读者在不改变原文的中心思想、体裁和结构的前提下用简洁、精炼的语言表述一篇文章的主要内容、基本观点或事实。也就是说，概要写作是对所读过的文章做简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，需要要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，不能抄袭文章的原句，也不要把细节性信息作为中心。概要写作需要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。
概要写作主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。概要写作包括两方面：阅读和写作，它基于阅读理解和书面表达，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
【考点剖析】
【相关知识点连接】
概要写作需要注意拼写和语法，要学会快速抓住各种文体的要点，并借助于学过的基本语法对原文进行提炼。注意：概要内容要在60词左右。
一、读后续写的写作步骤
1. 通读全文、理解大意
首先通读原文， 确定文章的体裁和主题。概要写作是 “阅读+写作”的复合性任务，是有效并能真实检测考生语言综合运用能力的项目。考生要在理解全文意的基础上宏观上把握篇章结构和主旨。
2. 分析原文、理清主次
考生需要对所获信息进行整理、加工、概括，根据梳理出的文章主旨进行有条理的概括；保留重要信息，删除次要内容；注意对细节的强调；把握文章的主次，简明扼要地表述出文章的主要内容；注意结构上的先后顺序，避免出现遗漏或额外增添。
3. 梳理整合、合理转换
在概要写作时要把每段的大意都包括在内以确保要点的全面，这是评分的一个重要方面。但需要注意：要点全面能把每段的段落大意简单地相加，需要对要表达的内容进行梳理，在梳理的基础上进行整合。考生要避免使用原文句子，要采用同义词或近义词进行替换，对相关要点进行调整，用丰富的语言、灵活的句式进行表达。
4. 注意要点、不搬原句
1）概要写作要包括原文中的主要要点，略去不必要的细节，客观精准地表述原文要点，不能增添信息，不要删减关键信息，不改变原材料所表达的意思。
2）同原文保持协调，重要内容用较多的文字写，次要内容用较少的文字写。
3）注意要点之间的衔接要用适当的关联词语，使之贯通全文，避免只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，也不要生硬地加关联词语。
4）在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。可以用原文的某些词语，但绝对不可照搬原句，要用自己的话语表达，对原文句子做一些同义词替换，对结构上也要做一些转换，比如：把从句转换为分词短语等结构。
5. 检查修改、确定终稿
考生对要点进行梳理整合、按顺序组合为初稿后要认真检查：结构是否完整合理；语言表达是否规范；涵盖的要点是否齐全；观点与原文是否一致；各个要点之间的衔接与过渡是否自然；词数是否符合要求；人称与时态是否正确；有无直接照抄原文的句子；拼写和语法是否有误；查标点符号及大小写是否正确；同时注意书写规范、字迹工整、卷面整洁。
二、读后续写的写作技巧
1. 删除细节、确定主题
阅读时划出主题句或关键词。注意：主题句常会出现在段首或段尾。找到主题句后，分析主题句的意义，进一步确定衬托主题句的一些关键词语。
2. 压缩长句、短句概括
将原文中使用的长句进行调整、压缩。比如：原文用了十个句子描述某人或某事，在概要写作中只需压缩呈一、两句。
3. 强调主题、避免重复
原文为强调某个主题会重复论证说明。但在概要写作中需要删除这些突出强调的重复内容，不重复相同的描述或相同的论点、论据。
4. 词组短语、替代全句
使用词组代替整句或者从句；用概括性的名词代替具体的词。合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，句子结构不可过长，不用复杂句子结构。
5. 应用连词、承上启下
巧妙使用连接词，选用适当的过渡衔接词衔接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。比如：使用but、then、thus、yet、though等，不使用at the same time、in the first place、because of these、on the other hand等类似较长的连接词；如果使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果就不用连接词。
【强化训练】
1.（模拟练习-1）
Architects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical(实证的) basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused, and lead to relaxation.
Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room's ceiling affects how people think. Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.
In addition to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence a person's ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on the standard test of attention. According to another study at the University of Georgia, using nature to improve focus of attention seems to pay off academically. It found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.
Recent study on room lighting design suggests that dim（暗淡的）light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax.
So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, so we're almost looking at the problem through a straw.” architect David Allison says. “How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them ” That's what we're all struggling with.
【写作指导】
本文是一篇科普类说明文。文章介绍了房间与建筑物的设计对人们生活、学习以及感觉等方面的影响，举出了在相关研究中的一些实例。并且在结尾段强调了目前的研究只是小规模的研究，所以该项研究目前仅仅是管窥之见。
1. 关键语句
Architects have long had the feeling that the place s we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity.
“We have a very limited number of studies, so we're almost looking at the problem through a straw.”
2. 注意要点
注意开头句；注意中间段的几个能证明促进人们的创造力、使人们能集中注意力、令人感到放松等相关研究的例子：天花板的高低；在建筑物里面时人的视野；室内的照明等；注意结尾段的“研究数量非常有限”；注意结尾段的“straw”在文章中的意思，“looking at the problem through a straw”直译是：通过吸管看问题，意思是：“一管之见”或者“管窥之见”，指的是研究的规模还比较小。
【参考范文】
Scientists are studying how to design the living places to benefit us. For example, some researches show that physical environment, like the height of ceilings, can affect people’s creativity. More greenness or a broader vision can improve one’s attention span, and then academic performance. Dim light and round-edged furniture bring people relaxation. But so far, the study about building design is limited to a small scale.
【原文大意】
长期以来，建筑师们一直认为，我们居住的地方会影响我们的思想、感觉以及行为方式。但是，现在科学家们正在给这种感觉提供以实践为依据的基础。他们正在探索如何设计能够促进人们的创造力，使人们能集中注意力，并且是人们能感觉放松的空间。
研究表明，物理环境的各个方面都会影响创造力。2007，明尼苏达大学Joan Meyers Levy的报告里说，房间天花板的高度影响人们的思维。她的研究表明，天花板高一些能使鼓励人们更自由地思考，由此可能会导致他们建立更抽象的联系。另一方面，较低的天花板可能会激发出更详细的前景。
除了天花板的高度外，建筑物提供的视野可能会影响一个人的注意力。康奈尔大学的Nancy Wells和她的同事在他们的研究中发现，在标准的注意力测试中，由于家庭的搬家使之能最大限度地提高了绿色环境的孩子们获得了最大的收益。根据佐治亚大学的另一项研究，利用自然来提高注意力的焦点似乎在学术上是有回报的。研究发现，坐在窗外至少50英尺处视野畅通、没有停车场等遮挡的教室里的学生在词汇、语言艺术和数学测试中的分数更高。
最近关于室内照明设计的研究表明，昏暗的光线有助于人们放松。如果这是真的，那么在晚餐或派对上保持低光可以增加放松的程度。哈佛医学院的研究人员还发现，边缘呈圆形的家具有助于来访者放松。
到目前为止，科学家们主要关注的是公共建筑。“我们的研究数量非常有限，所以我们的研究结果几乎是管窥之见。”建筑师大卫·艾利森说。“你如何回答非常具体的问题，并广泛使用它们？”这就是我们都在努力解决的问题。
2. （模拟练习-2）
Scientists in London say they have found the best diet for both humans and the planet. They told Reuters that if the world followed the so called "planetary health" diet, each year more than 11 million early deaths could be prevented. Scientists say that the way we produce and eat food is very bad for the planet. And they claim the best diet can reduce greenhouse gases and save more land, water and animals.
Tim Lang, a professor at University of London, co-led the research. He told Reuters," The food we eat and how we produce it determine the health of people and the planet, and we are currently getting this seriously wrong." Lang added that the world’s population is expected to grow to 10 billion by 2050. If we want to feed everyone, we all need to change what we eat and the way we eat by "improving food production and reducing food waste".
Well, what do you eat on the planetary health diet The scientists who created this diet say it is largely plant-based but still has small amounts of dairy products, fish and meat. The diet calls for cutting red meat and sugar by 50 percent and doubling the amount of nuts, fruits, vegetables and legumes.
Food situations around the world are not equal. In certain areas, this would mean great changes. People in North America, for example, eat 6.5 times the recommended amount of red meat. On the other hand, people in South Asia eat only half the amount suggested by the new planetary health diet. Meeting the targets for vegetables would need big changes in other areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, people on average eat 7.5 times the suggested amount of vegetables like potatoes and cassava.
The scientists admit their goal will be difficult to achieve. But for them doing nothing is also not an option. Willet said," If we can’t quite make it, it’s better to try and get as close as we can."
【写作指导】
本文是一篇科普类说明文。文章告诉我们：科学家已经发现了对人类和星球来说最好的饮食；分析了发现这种最好饮食的原因；介绍了饮食在世界范围内的现状。
1. 关键语句：
Scientists in London say they have found the best diet for both humans and the planet.
" The food we eat and how we produce it determine the health of people and the planet, and we are currently getting this seriously wrong."
fish and meat. The diet calls for cutting red meat and sugar by 50 percent and doubling the amount of nuts, fruits, vegetables and legumes.
Food situations around the world are not equal.
The scientists admit their goal will be difficult to achieve.
it’s better to try and get as close as we can.
2. 注意要点：
1. 发现最好的饮食及其意义；
2. 找出这种最好饮食的原因；
3. 最好的饮食是那些类；
4. 世界各地饮食情况的不同；
5. 目标难以实现，但需要努力。
【参考范文】
Scientists claim they have obtained the best diet benefiting both humans and the planet. Tim Lang, one of the leaders of the research, emphasized the significance of changing the food and the way we eat. The best diet is more based on plants than animals. However, the food condition is not globally balanced. Tough as the target is to achieve, it is worth trying.
【原文大意】
伦敦的科学家们表示，他们发现了对人类和地球都有利的饮食方式。他们在接受路透社采访时说到，如果全球都能遵循所称的“地球健康”的饮食方式，就会像科学家们说的那样，每年可以避免1100多万人过早死亡。科学家们还补充说，我们生产和食用食物的方式对地球非常有害。他们强调，最好的饮食可以减少温室气体排放，节省更多的土地、水和动物。
伦敦大学教授Tim Lang参加并领导了这项研究。他告诉路透社，“我们 吃的食物和我们生产食物的方式决定了人类和地球的健康，而我们目前在这方面犯了严重错误。” Lang还补充说，到2050年，世界人口预计将增长到100亿。如果我们想养活每个人，我们都需要通过“改善提升粮食生产和减少粮食浪费”来改变我们的饮食和饮食方式。
那么，人们在地球健康饮食中吃什么？创造这种饮食的科学家说，主要以植物为基础，但仍含有少量乳制品、鱼和肉。该饮食要求将红肉和糖的摄入量减少50%，将坚果、水果、蔬菜和豆类的摄入量增加一倍。
世界各地的食物的状况并不平衡。在某些领域，这将会意味着巨大的变化。例如，在北美，人们吃的红肉是推荐量的6.5倍。另一方面，南亚人的饮食量只有新的行星健康饮食建议的一半。要实现蔬菜的目标，还需要在其他领域进行重大改革。在撒哈拉以南非洲，人们平均食用的蔬菜及土豆和木薯等是推荐量的7.5倍。
科学家们承认他们的目标很难实现。但对他们来说，绝不能无所事事。威利特说：“如果我们无法实现目标，那么尝试一下并尽可能接近于目标。”
3. （模拟练习-3）
These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry. However, it’s better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.
The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrong in a rush. When people do their jobs or take action in a hurry, they can’t make a sound decision and probably regret later. As the saying goes, "Haste makes waste." We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.
Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. For example, taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane. However, taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our life.
Finally, slower life pace provides better health condition for us. As is known to all, taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are not in a hurry, they will become a loser and that annoys them. But being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally. According to some studies, people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish work more slowly than the latter.
In short, working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. Yet, much stress can’t bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.
【写作指导】
这是一篇议论文。文章的论点就在第一段：人们要放慢生活节奏。第二、三、四段分析了要放慢节奏的原因；第五段总结全文，再次强调论点。
1. 关键语句：
However, it’s better for people to take their time and live their life at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.
When people do their jobs or take action in a hurry, they can’t make a sound decision and probably regret later.
Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better.
slower life pace provides better health condition for us.
Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.
2. 注意要点：
1）抓住主要论点，理清论证关系。
2）研读核心信息，合理处理论据。第二、三、四段通过例举相关事例，分析放慢节生活奏的好处。
3）确立语篇主题，合理重组结构。
章的中心论点：Despite being accustomed to the fast pace in modern society, people are recommended to lead a slower life。
放慢生活节奏的原因：Slowing down lowers the possibility of committing errors by comprehensive thinking；；More opportunities to enjoy life are allowed by a slower pace；Better health condition is also what a slower life brings。
最后得出结论：Therefore, let’s live a slower life from now on.
【参考范文】
Despite being accustomed to the fast pace in modern society, people are recommended to lead a slower life. Firstly, slowing down lowers the possibility of committing errors by comprehensive thinking. Secondly, more opportunities to enjoy life are allowed by a slower pace. Lastly, better health condition is also what a slower life brings. Therefore, let’s live a slower life from now on.
【原文大意】
如今，我们的社会发展迅速，迫使人们匆忙行事。人们似乎已经习惯了匆忙。然而，对于人们来说，花时间以不慌不忙的速度生活比匆匆忙忙地完成事情要好。
让我们确信反对匆忙行事的主要原因是匆忙行事可能会出错。当人们匆匆忙忙地做事情或采取行动时难以做出正确的决定，以后可能会后悔。俗话说：“欲速则不达。”我们在做决定之前要三思而后行，不能匆忙行事，不应该因为匆忙行事而犯错误。
放慢生活节奏有助于人们更好地享受生活。例如，坐火车去某个地方肯定比坐飞机要花更多的时间。然而，坐火车可以让人们有足够的时间认识很多新朋友。此外，乘坐火车还可以充分享受沿途的美景。相反，匆匆忙忙会让我们失去享受生活的机会。
还有，较慢的生活节奏为我们提供了更好的健康条件。众所周知，匆忙采取行动会让人们感到烦恼，也会增加人们的压力。人们认为如果不紧不慢地，就会成为失败者，这会让他们很烦恼。但是，匆匆忙忙会伤害人们的身体和精神。根据某些研究，与那些生活紧张的人相比，生活节奏较慢的人患的疾病更少，更快乐，更长寿，即使前者完成工作的速度比后者慢。
简而言之，快速地工作将带来更多的物质利益，使我们的社会更加先进。然而，太多的压力不能带来快乐、朋友和健康，而这些都比金钱和其他物质优势更为重要得多。因此，要不慌不忙，放慢生活节奏。
4.（模拟练习-4）
Artificial intelligence (AI) teachers can provide customized teaching for students to meet their unique requirements through analyzing data and deep learning. In the future, they may replace human teachers for basic teaching tasks. Since some students may find it hard to follow teachers in class, AI can meet their individual needs, give them confidence and put new power into traditional teaching patterns. An education system providing customized teaching centered on students represents the future trend of AI education.
China’s AI education has developed rapidly in recent years with the rise of several thousand relevant companies. Currently, AI teachers are able to help students learn pronunciation, analyze their condition, guide them to learn independently, and even grade writing assignments. Some foreign AI education systems have been introduced into several domestic schools and have worked well on trial.
However, the promotion of AI education is still facing several difficulties in practice such as low technological levels, the inadequacy of data and lack of funds. AI education still depends largely on human teachers’ work. Most importantly, it conflicts with current educational patterns because the courses developed by foreign countries are not suitable for Chinese exam-oriented education. Teachers may also find it hard to change their original roles in classrooms since easing control on classes may make them seem irresponsible. These problems need to be handled before the mass promotion of AI education.
With AI teachers, the original teacher-centered classes will be transformed into student-centered ones where teachers only organize the class and provide guidance. Since teachers are supposed to not only equip students with knowledge but also shape their values and help them develop creative abilities, AI teachers will not replace human teachers but only pose higher requirements of teaching. A combination of AI teachers and human ones can create the best future for AI education.
【写作指导】
这是一篇议论文。文章的论点在第一段：人工智能教师可以通过分析数据和深度学习为学生提供个性化教学以满足他们的独特需求。通过相关成功的实例说明人工智能教育发展迅速；但是，还有很多问题亟待解决；最后总结全文，提出人工智能教师不会取代人类教师，反而对人类教学提出了更高的要求。人类教师和人工智能教师的结合将会为人工智能教育创造一个最好的未来。
1. 关键语句：
Artificial intelligence (AI) teachers can provide customized teaching for students to meet their unique requirements through analyzing data and deep learning.
China’s AI education has developed rapidly in recent years…
However, the promotion of AI education is still facing several difficulties in practice… These problems need to be handled before the mass promotion of AI education.
A combination of AI teachers and human ones can create the best future for AI education.
2. 注意要点：
1）人工智能教师可以通过分析数据和深度学习为学生提供个性化教学以满足他们的独特需求。未来它们可能会取代人类教师来完成基本的教学任务。
AI teachers catering for students’ personalities can provide students with personalized teaching to meet their needs and may serve as an appropriate alternative to implement basic teaching tasks.
2）中国的人工智能教育发展迅速，并且举出了相关成功的实例。
China has seen rapid development in AI education in the past years…
3）但是，人工智能教学的推广仍面临着许多困难：技术水平低、数据不足、资金匮乏等；人工智能教学与我国现行教育模式有冲突；这些问题亟待解决。
But many problems like poor technology, inadequate data and a shortage of funds should be solved before AI education’s wide application.
4）人工智能教师不会取代人类教师，反而对人类教学提出了更高的要求。人类教师和人工智能教师的结合将会为人工智能教育创造一个最好的未来。
Despite the advantages of AI teachers, human ones will never be replaced; instead, both will play their joint roles in the future teaching.
【参考范文】
AI teachers catering for students’ personalities can provide students with personalized teaching to meet their needs and may serve as an appropriate alternative to implement basic teaching tasks. China has seen rapid development in AI education in the past years. But many problems like poor technology, inadequate data and a shortage of funds should be solved before AI education’s wide application. Despite the advantages of AI teachers, human ones will never be replaced; instead, both will play their joint roles in the future teaching.
【原文大意】
人工智能（AI）教师可以通过分析数据和深入学习，为学生提供定制教学，以满足他们的独特需求。未来，他们可能会取代人类教师完成基本的教学任务。由于一些学生在课堂上可能会发现很难跟随老师，人工智能可以满足他们的个性需求，给他们信心，并为传统教学模式注入新的力量。以学生为中心提供个性化教学的教育系统代表了人工智能教育的未来趋势。
近年来，随着数千家相关公司的崛起，中国的人工智能教育发展迅速。目前，人工智能教师能够帮助学生学习发音，分析学生的学习状况，引导他们独立学习，甚至批改学生作业。一些国外的人工智能教育系统已经被引入国内的几所学校，并在试验中取得了良好的效果。
然而，人工智能教育的推广在实践中仍然面临着技术水平低、数据不足和资金不足等困难。人工智能教育仍然在很大程度上依赖于人类教师的工作。最重要的是，它与当前的教育模式相冲突，因为外国开发的课程不适合中国的应试教育。教师可能也会发现很难改变他们原来在课堂上的角色，因为放松对课堂的控制可能会让他们看起来不负责任。在大规模推广人工智能教育之前，这些问题需要得到解决。
有了人工智能教师，原本以教师为中心的课堂将转变为以学生为中心的课堂，教师只组织课堂并提供指导。由于教师不仅要为学生提供知识，还要塑造他们的价值观，帮助他们培养创新能力，人工智能教师不会取代人类教师，只会对教学提出更高的要求。人工智能教师和人类教师的结合可以为人工智能教育创造最好的未来。
5.（模拟练习-5）
Which is more environmentally friendly, paper or plastic There was a time when a trip to the supermarket in the United States often ended with a simple question from the cashier: "Paper or plastic " The customers knew it means "Which type of bag would you choose "
While all types of bags have some influence on the environment, it has long been supposed that paper bags are kinder. They are made from a renewable source, break down easily, burn without giving off thick smoke and can be recycled. However, the producing process behind paper bags uses more energy than that of plastic ones.
Studies show that paper bag production requires four times as much energy as plastic bag production. And the amount of water used to make them is twenty times higher. Besides, the influence on forests is very serious. It takes about fourteen million trees to produce ten billion paper bags, which happens to be the number of bags used in the United States yearly. In terms of recycling, the idea that paper bags are more environmentally friendly than plastic ones can be quickly discarded. Research shows it requires about98%less energy to recycle plastic than it does paper.
Even though paper bags might be more harmful than plastic ones, plastic still seems to be considered by governments as the more harmful of the two. In Ireland, for example, a tax has been introduced to discourage the use of plastic bags. People have to pay 22 cents for every plastic bag, and as a result, their use has dropped quickly. There’s no doubt that it makes more sense to reuse these bags. However, we don’t seem to be doing that at present. That may be because they fall apart quickly. If so, cloth bags are a better choice, but still, their production also has a bad influence on the environment. So what to do How should we answer the question of "Paper or plastic " It seems that we first need to ask ourselves one more general question: "What can I do to help the environment "
【写作指导】
本文是一篇说明文。文章将纸袋和塑料袋进行了相关的对比，发现纸袋并不环保。塑料袋对环境的危害很大，而可循环利用的布袋子则是一个更好的方法，但布袋的生产制作也不免对环境造成影响，最后作者提出：我们该如何保护环境？
1. 关键语句：
While all types of bags have some influence on the environment, it has long been supposed that paper bags are kinder.
They are made from a renewable source, break down easily, burn without giving off thick smoke and can be recycled.
Studies show that paper bag production requires four times as much energy as plastic bag production.
The amount of water used to make them is twenty times higher.
It takes about fourteen million trees to produce ten billion paper bags.
It seems that we first need to ask ourselves one more general question: "What can I do to help the environment "
2. 注意要点：
1）将相关意思进行重组：Paper bags have long been thought to be more environmentally friendly than plastic ones because of the renewable advantage. Researches indicate that paper bags may consume more energy.
2）将相关要点进行整合：More water is used to produce paper bags and huge numbers of trees are cut down to make paper bags. We are reminded to think of more ways to protect the environment.
【参考范文】
Paper bags have long been thought to be more environmentally friendly than plastic ones because of the renewable advantage. But researches argue/indicate that paper bags may consume more energy. Since more water is used to produce paper bags and huge numbers of trees are cut down to make paper bags, we are reminded to think of more ways to protect the environment.
【原文大意】
纸和塑料哪个更环保？曾经有一段时间，去美国超市的旅行通常以收银员的一个简单问题结束：“纸还是塑料？”顾客们都知道它的意思是“你会选择哪种类型的袋子？”
虽然所有类型的袋子对环境都有一定的影响，但人们一直认为纸袋会更环保一些。它们由可再生资源制成，易于分解，燃烧时不会产生浓烟，可以回收利用。然而，纸袋背后的生产过程比塑料袋消耗的能源更多。
研究表明，生产纸袋所需能源是生产塑料袋所需能源的四倍。制造纸袋所用的水量要高出20倍。此外，对森林的影响也很严重。大约1400万棵树才能生产出100亿个纸袋，这恰好是美国每年使用的纸袋数量。所以，在回收利用方面，纸袋比塑料袋更环保的想法可能很快会被抛弃。研究表明，回收塑料所需的能量比回收纸张所需的能量少约98%。
尽管纸袋可能会比塑料袋更有害，但政府似乎仍认为塑料袋是两者中危害最大的一种。例如，在爱尔兰，已经引入了一项税收来阻止使用塑料袋。人们不得不为每个塑料袋支付22美分，因此，塑料袋的使用量迅速下降。毫无疑问，重复使用这些袋子更有意义。然而，我们目前似乎没有这样做。这可能是因为它们很快就会被丢弃。如果是这样的话，布袋是一个更好的选择，但尽管如此，它们的生产对环境也有不良影响。那该怎么办呢？我们应如何回答“纸还是塑料”的问题呢。似乎我们首先需要问自己一个更普遍的问题：“我们应该怎样来做才能有助于环境？”
6.（模拟练习-6）
With the increasingly growing popularity of distance education, students are now able to study at home by themselves. Some experts in education are advocates of the individual way of learning, while other educationalists strongly oppose it, claiming that this new approach may lead to poor academic performance. In my opinion, group study (studying as a group) has many more to offer, and therefore we should always put group study first.
It is true that we should value individualism, priding ourselves on our independence and our ability to make up our own minds. This, however, does not necessarily mean that, with self-reliance in mind, we can always start a course that leads to success, no matter what we do. After all, sometimes things go the other way round. Let us begin by having a close examination of studying, which might involve interaction between teachers and students at first thought. But does communication among learners count The answer is absolutely "Yes". By exchanging thoughts with our study partners, we can have a wider range of knowledge of the subject and often at a deeper level； by comparing ourselves with other students, we can get a clear idea of where we are so that we may be motivated to work hard to keep pace with others if we lag behind others.
It is known to all that humans are "gregarious (群居的) animals". Not only do we study or play together, but also we work in groups. Almost all members of our society need to gain social skills in preparation for their careers, and studying with other people offers the greatest opportunity to learn how to communicate and cooperate with others. People who study all by themselves may prove their learning ability, but they may not survive in the competitive job market, for they lack relevant social skills.
While we should encourage students to develop their own mindset, the important role played by group study should never be undervalued. All in all, students who study independently might need to change their studying habits in order to achieve success in the future.
【写作指导】
这是一篇议论文。文章的论点就在第一段：远程教育的日益流行使学生可以在家自己学习；但是小组学习有更多的优点，所以我们应该把小组学习放在第一位。原文强调了应该重视个性，但学习者之间的交流沟通很重要。因为人类是群居动物。小组学习有机会学习如何与他人沟通与合作，这有利于人们在充满竞争的就业市场中胜出。所以小组学习的重要作用不能低估；独立学习的学生可能需要改变他们的学习习惯，以便在未来取得成功。
1. 关键语句：
With the increasingly growing popularity of distance education, students are now able to study at home by themselves.
It is true that we should value individualism, priding ourselves on our independence and our ability to make up our own minds.
By exchanging thoughts with our study partners, we can have a wider range of knowledge of the subject and often at a deeper level；…
It is known to all that humans are "gregarious animals".
People who study all by themselves may prove their learning ability, but they may not survive in the competitive job market, for they lack relevant social skills.
encourage students to develop their own mindset, the important role played by group study should never be undervalued.
students who study independently might need to change their studying habits in order to achieve success in the future.
2. 注意要点：
1）远程教育的日益流行使学生可以在家自己学习。作者认为小组学习有更多的优点，所以我们应该把小组学习放在第一位。
2）我们应该重视个性，为自己的独立和自主能力感到自豪，但不意味着在自我独立的情况下，不管做什么都能成功。学习者之间的交流沟通是很重要。
3）人类是群居动物。小组学习给学习者提供了绝好的机会学习如何与他人沟通与合作，这有利于人们在充满竞争的就业市场中胜出。
4）虽然我们应该鼓励学生发展自己的思维方式，但绝不应低估小组学习的重要作用。独立学习的学生可能需要改变他们的学习习惯，以便在未来取得成功。
【参考范文】
Despite the popularity of independent learning, I hold the belief that group study can benefit us more. Interaction with peers is no less important than independence in achieving success. Meanwhile, social skills that play a significant role in people’s careers can be learned from group study. To conclude, the importance of group study should not be undervalued if we want to be successful in the future.
【原文大意】
随着远程教育的日益普及，学生们现在可以在家自学了。一些教育专家提倡个人学习方式，而其他教育家则强烈反对，声称这种新方法可能会导致学习成绩不佳。在我看来，小组学习（以小组为单位学习）还有很多可以提供，因此我们应该始终把小组学习放在首位。
的确，我们应该珍视个性，为自己的独立性和自主决定的能力而自豪。然而，这并不一定意味着：无论我们做什么，只要牢记依靠个人的力量，我们就总是会开启一条通往成功之。毕竟，有时候会走向相反。让我们从仔细检查学习开始，这可能涉及到师生之间最初的互动。但是，学习者之间的交流重要吗？答案绝对是肯定的。通过与学习伙伴交流思想，我们可以获得更广泛的学科知识，而且往往是更深层次的知识；通过与其他学生进行比较，我们可以清楚地了解自己的位置。这样，如果当我们落后于他人的时候，我们就可以激励自己努力学习，跟上其他人的步伐。
众所周知，人类是“群居的动物”。我们不仅一起学习或玩耍，而且还一起工作。我们社会的几乎所有成员都需要获得社交技能，为自己的职业生涯做准备，而与他人一起学习，为学习如何与他人沟通和合作提供了最大的机会。自学的人可能会证明自己的学习能力，但他们可能无法在竞争激烈的工作中生存下来，因为他们缺乏相关的社交技能。
虽然我们应该鼓励学生培养自己的思维方式，但小组学习所起的重要作用绝不能被低估。总之，独立学习的学生可能需要改变他们的学习习惯，以便在未来取得成功。
19
