2022年中考英语语法专题复习学案构词法

八 构词法
考点一：转化法(Conversion)
英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作名词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。常见的有以下几种：
名词→动词
rain 雨→rain 下雨 film 电影→film 拍电影 water 水→water 浇水
形容词→动词
clean 干净的→clean 打扫 free 自由的→free 使……自由 slow 慢的→slow 放慢
形容词→名词
daily 日常的→daily 日报 Chinese 中国的→Chinese 中国人 light 明亮的→light 光线
动词→名词
smell 闻起来→smell 气味 cook 烹饪→cook 厨师 walk 散步→walk 散步
同步练习：
写出下列画线单词的词性及词义。
1.Teddy brought her a Christmas present last Sunday. 名词；礼物
2. Miss Li was present at yesterday’s meeting, but I didn’t see her._______________
3. John presented quite a new view about the project. ____________
4. There is plenty of water in the river because of the heavy rain. _______________
5. Look! Some farmers are watering the fields. ___________
6. My father emptied the two boxes yesterday and the boxes are empty now.__________ __________
7. Tony, put down your book and help me book a ticket to Shanghai on the Internet.________ _______
8. You’ll have to back the car up and turn around. ________________
考点二：合成法(Compounding)
合成法，即把两个独立的单词合成新词。合成法可以构成名词、形容词等。
分类 构成 例词
合成名词 名词＋名词 homework 家庭作业
形容词＋名词 supermarket 超市
副词＋名词 outside 外部
名词＋动词 sunrise 日出
合成形容词 名词＋形容词 snow-white 雪白的
形容词＋现在分词 hard-working 勤奋的
数词＋名词(＋形容词) six-year-old 六岁的
合成数词 数词＋数词 fifty-four 五十四
合成动词 副词＋动词 download 下载
合成不定代词 不定代词＋名词 somebody 某人
代词宾格＋self herself 她自己
合成副词 副词＋名词 upstairs 在楼上
形容词＋副词 everywhere 到处
同步练习：
1.I promised Li Ming I would keep the secret to _______(我自己)．
2.The old couple have two sons and both of them are _________(邮递员)．
3.We graduate from junior high school soon，but our ___________ (友情) will continue forever.
4. ____________ (协作) is very important for a team.
5.Jenny’s age is a secret. _________ (没有人) knows how old she is.
6.The little boy is standing _________ (外面) and singing such a strange song.
考点三：派生法(Derivation)
派生法，又叫词缀法，即在一个单词前或后加上前缀或后缀，构成新的单词。
前缀(prefix) 示例
表示否定 un- 形容词 unhappy不高兴的 ____________不幸的
副词 unhappily不高兴地 ____________不幸地
dis- 形容词 discouraged泄气的 __________不诚实的
动词 disappear消失 __________不喜欢
名词 discomfort不适 __________不诚实
mis- 动词 misunderstand误解 ____________拼错
im- 形容词 impossible不可能的 ___________不礼貌的
in- incomplete不完全的 ___________不正确的
ir- irregular不规则的 ____________不负责任的
表示重复 re- 动词 rebuild重建 __________重写
表示“使” en- 动词 enlarge扩大 __________使富有
后缀(suffix) 示例
名词后缀 -er traveller旅行者 hunter猎人 __________ 读者
-or actor男演员 director导演 __________发明家
-ress waitress女服务员 editress女编辑 __________女演员
-ese Chinese中国人 __________日本人
-an Australian澳大利亚人 Indian印度人 __________美国人
-ist pianist钢琴家 typist打字员 __________艺术家
-ment movement运动 treatment对待 __________同意
-ion celebration庆祝 congratulation祝贺 __________手术
-ship leadership领导 relationship关系 __________友谊
-hood neighborhood街区 adulthood成年；成人期 __________童年
-th truth真理 youth年轻人 __________温暖
-dom wisdom智慧 kingdom王国 __________自由
-ing feeling感觉 dancing舞蹈 __________建筑物
-ness illness疾病 brightness明亮 __________和蔼
形容词后缀 -able/-ible comfortable舒适的 terrible可怕的 __________可能的
-al natural自然的 musical音乐的 __________国家的
-ic/-cal scientific科学的 chemical化学的 __________医疗的
-ish foolish愚蠢的 womanish女人气的 __________孩子气的
-ful careful仔细的 beautiful美丽的 __________有希望的
-less careless粗心的 hopeless没有希望的 ___________无用的
-ly motherly母亲般的 brotherly兄弟般的 _____________友好的
-en woolen羊毛制的 golden金质的 ___________木制的
-y sunny阳光明媚的 foggy多雾的 ___________多云的
-ous famous著名的 humorous幽默的 ___________危险的
-ed excited感到兴奋的 tired疲劳的 ______________感兴趣的
-ing exciting令人兴奋的 tiring令人疲劳的 __________令人感兴趣的
副词后缀 -ly badly糟糕地 smartly敏捷地 ___________沉默地
-ward(s) northward(s)朝北 southward(s)朝南 ____________向上
动词后缀 -en deepen加深 widen加宽 __________使变弱
同步练习：
The old man lives on the ________ (eight) floor.
Pay much attention to your handwriting.You need to write __________ (careful)．
If you buy a blind box, you’ll get box with a(n) __________ (known) item inside.
My parents and I had a __________ (wonder) journey to Hainan.
As a TV _________ (report), it’s my duty to tell the truth to the public.
A ________ (help) classmate is always popular among us.
Everyone was very _________ (friend) towards me.
It is _________ (polite)to speak when eating things.
Our four-week Earth Camp is a fun and ____________ (education)summer camp for children aged 6
to 15. Kids enjoy time outdoors while learning about the earth.
Put the books back on the shelf after reading, or Dad will be ___________ (happy)．
The young _______ (sing) surprised us all with her wonderful voice.
In public, everyone should take good care of the sick, elderly and __________ (able)．
The weather report says it will be _________ (rain) for two more days, and then the sun will come
out on Tuesday.
Tianwen-1 landed on Mars ____________(success) on May 15,2021.
The harder you work, the ____________ (luck) you will be.
Yang Zhenning became ___________ (interest) in science when he was a young boy.
Pouring rubbish into the river will __________ (pollution) the water we drink.
How ________ (noise) the students are talking between classes！
The campers are so __________ (care) that they may cause a fire.
Today young people check their _________ (society) media more often than before.
中考链接：
1.(2017) The word “retell” means “to tell again”; “reuse” means “to use again”; “________” probably means “to play again”.
A. replay B. misplay C. display D. interplay
2.(2020)Which of the following suffixes(后缀)means "without"
A．-able B．-ful C．-ous D．-less