2022年中考英语语法：名词专项讲解

名词
一、概念：表示人或事物名称的词，叫做名词。
二、名词的分类
名 词 分 类 表
类别 用法 例词 注意事项
普 通 名 词 可数名词 个体名词 某类人或事物中的个体 pen, student
集体名词 若干个体组成的集合体 school, family
不可数 名词 物质名词 无法分为个体的实物 water, gas, paper milk,paper, news,water, bread,weather, advice,sugar
抽象名词 表状态、品质、感情等抽象概念 work, time, love
专用名词 某些特定人、物、地方、团体、机构等专用名称 Mike, China， Sunday, May 专有名词首字母通常要大写
三、名词的数
普通名词：可数名词、不可数名词。
可数名词：单数、复数。 boy（单数） boys（复数）
不可数名词：一般不分单数和复数。 juice, rice, meat
★ 表示一个人或事物用单数，表示一个以上的人或事物用复数。
(一)【可数名词复数的构成：规则变化】
构成法 读音 例词
一般情况： 在词尾加-s 1.在清辅音后发∕s∕ 2.在浊辅音和元音后发∕z∕ 1.desk-desks ∕s∕ 2.boy-boys ∕z∕
在词尾加-es 1.以“x，s，ch ，sh”等结尾的名词后加-es 2.以e结尾，直接加–s -（e）s读作∕iz∕ 1.glass-glasses ∕iz∕ class-classes ∕iz∕ 2.orange-oranges∕iz∕ horse-horses∕iz∕
以f，fe结尾，则去f，fe加-ves -ves读作∕vz∕ 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌，躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光 1.knife- knives∕vz∕ 2.wife- wives∕vz∕ ★roof-roofs
以辅音字母加y结尾，则去y加-ies -ies读作∕iz∕ 1.baby- babies ∕iz∕ 2.party- parties ∕iz∕
以o结尾， 有生命：加-es 无生命：加-s oo结尾：加-s -es读作∕z∕ 黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿 1.potato-potatoes ∕z∕ tomato-tomatoes∕z∕ 2.radio-radios∕z∕ photo-photo∕z∕
练练吧
( )1.Some _________ are flying kites near the river.
A.child B.childs C.boys
( )2.The ________ has two ________.
A.boys; watches B.boy; watch C.boy; watches
( )3.We need some more _________. Can you go and get some, please
A.potato B.potatos C.potatoes
( )4.There are lots of ________ in the baskets on the table.
A.tomatos B.tomato C.tomatoes
5. Their ___________(dictionary) look new.
6. There are two __________(boy). They are playing __________(toy).
7. Let’s take _________(photo), OK
8. The two_________(wolf) are staring at the rabbit.
(二)【可数名词复数：不规则变化】
1.特殊词：
（男人） man--_______ (女人）woman--_________ (小孩)child---________
（牙齿）tooth-______ （脚）foot-_____ （老鼠）mouse-_____ （鹅）goose-_____
2.单复数同形： fish(鱼) sheep（羊） deer（鹿）
3.国人变复数:中日不变英法变，其余s加后面。
国家 国人 复数
中国 中国人
日本 日本人
法国 法国人
英国 英国人
美国 美国人
德国 德国人
★复合名词变复数：
1.一般只变主体名词，作定语名词不变 a girl student- two girl students
2.遇man，woman时，要全变 a man teacher- two men teachers
练练吧
( )1. One of Mike’s _________ was hurt in the accident yesterday.
A. tooth B feet C hand
( )2.The little baby has two ________ already.
A.tooth B. tooths C. teeth
( )3.The cat caught two _______ last night.
A.mouses B.mice C.mices
( )4. The Japanese ________ will not leave China until she finishes her study.
A woman B. women C.man
( )5.---Are there any ________ on the farm
--Yes. there are some.
A horse B sheep C chicken
( )6. There are a lot of ________ down there but hardly any _______.
A.sheeps; people B.sheep; people C.sheeps,; peoples
( )7.There are four _______ and two _______ in the group.
A.Japanese; German B.Japanses; Germen C.Japanese; Germans
( )8.There are more _______ in primary school than in high school.
A.woman teacher B.women teachers C.woman teachers
(三)【不可数名词的表达】
1.不可数名词没有复数变化，不能被a/an,基数词直接修饰。
2.表达数量方法：数词+量词+of+名词,数词>1,量词用复数形式。如:
one bag of rice-ten bags of rice one kilo of apples-ten kilos of apples
a piece of a glass of a cup of a bottle of......
3.修饰词
只修饰可数名词：基数词；a/an；many; (a)few; a number of
只修饰不可数名词：much；(a)little；a bit of; a great deal of
两者都修饰：some; any; a lot of; lots of; plenty of
练练吧
( )1.They are thirsty. Will you please give them _________
A. some bottles of water B some bottles of water C. some bottle of water
( )2. Please pass me __________.
A.two glass of water B two glasses of waters C. two glasses of water
( )3 Mr Smith always has ________ to tell us.
A.some good pieces of news B.some pieces of good news
C.some good piece of news
( )4.How many ________do you want
A.kilos of egg B.kilo of eggs C. kilos of eggs
( )5.Lucy put me a lot of ____in ____ of tea.
A.sugar; the two cup B.sugars; the two cups C. sugar; the two cups
(四)【特殊名词讲解】
1.clothes等属于无单数形式的复数名词,谓语作复数
例: My favorite clothes are pants.
2.pants, shoes, glasses,shorts, scissors等名词,由两部分构成,常以复数形式出现,谓语动词要用复数。要表示单数常用a pair of表示,若作主语,谓语要作单数。
例: Your pants are blue.
This pair of pants is mine
3.集体名词看作整体时,谓语用单数;指成员时,谓语用复数
例: His family is a large family.指整体
His family like animals.指成员
4.既能作可数名词，也可作不可数名词
不可数 可数
glass
orange
people
room
paper
fish/chicken
time
四、名词所有格
1.’s 所有格：有生命的名词所属关系
不以s结尾的名词后加 ’s my brother's book, the girl's pen, Children's Day
以s结尾的复数名词后加 ’ Teachers' Day，my parents’ photo
拥有东西 共同拥有，最后一个人加 ’s Tom and Peter's room
分别拥有，每个人都加 ’s Tom's and Peter' s rooms
★所有格+地点名词，表示地点时，地点名词可省。 the doctor’s
2.of 所有格：无生命的名词所属关系
a picture of my family a map of China
the windows of the room the capital of China
3.双重所有格：’s格+of格 an old friend of Tom’s
★时间、距离、世界、国家等无生命名词，可用 ’s格
today’s newspaper three days’ walk the world’s animals our country’s food
练练吧
( )1.June 1st is ______Day all over the world.
A. child B.children’s C. children’
( )2. September 10th is __________Day in China.
A.Teacher’s B Teachers’ C. Teacher
( )3.Mr Smith is an old friend of ________ .
A.Bob mother B.Bob’s mother’s C.mother of Bob
( )4.----Whose is this new bicycle ---It’s ________
A.Sue and Jim’s B.Sue and Jim C. Sue’s and Jim’s
( )5.The bus stop is two _______ from our house.
A.hour’s drive B.hours’ drive C. hour-drive
【课后练习】
一、写出下列各单词的复数形式。
1.orange _________ 2.class _________
3.text _________ 4.monkey _________
5.piano _________ 6.child _________
7.shelf _________ 8.bed _________
9.country _________ 10.family _________
11.toy _________ 12.foot _________
13.Japanese _________ 14.radio _________
15.photo _________ 16.cherry _________
17.tomato _________ 18.fox _________
19.woman _________ 20.knife _________
二、画横线，选出下列正确的单词或词组。
1．Do you drink much（ milk ，milks ）？
2．He had two（ cup ，cups ）of tea．
3．Those（ books ，book ）are on the desk．
4．Look at this（ boy ，boys ）．
5．That（ dogs ，dog ）is mine．
6．Would you like some（ bananas ，banana ）？
7．The sperm whale has 50（ tooth ，teeth ）．
8．These （ shoes ，shoe ）are very nice．
三、选择填空。
（ ）1.There on the wall .They are very beautiful.
A. are photoes B. are photos C. is a photo D. is photos
（ ）2. There are four and two in the group.
A. Japanese, Germen B Japaneses, Germen
C. Japanese, German D.Japanese, Germans
（ ）3. That’s art book.
A. an B. a C. the D are
（ ）4. The boys have got already.
A.two bread B.two breads
C.two pieces of bread D.two piece of bread
（ ）5. The old man wants .
A. six boxes of apples B. six boxes of apple
C. six box of apples D. six boxs of apples
（ ）6. There two in the box.
A. is watch B. are watches
C. are watch D. is watches
（ ）7. In Britain _____ are all painted red.
A.letter boxes B.letters boxes
C.letter box D.letters box
（ ）8. They come from different ______
A. country B. countries C. a country D. countrys
（ ）9. How many ______ do you see in the picture
A. tomatos B. tomatoes C. tomato D. the tomato
（ ）10. There are some ______ in these _______.
A.knifes,pencil-boxes B.knives,pencils-box
C.knives,pencil-box D.knives,pencils-boxes
（ ）11. There is no ______ in the plate.
A. apples B. oranges C. rice D. eggs
（ ）12. _______ are good for our health.
A. Tomatos B. Tomatoes C. Tomato D.tomatoes
（ ）13. I like to eat cake with ______.
A. cherries B. cherry C.cherrys D.a cherry
（ ）14.Do you want to drink much
A.a milk B.the milk C.milks D.milk
（ ）15.---Where are your _______ ---They are on your desk.
A.sunglass B.sunglasss C.sunglasses D.a sunglass
四．将下列表示单数的句子改成复数的句子。
1. This is a boy．____________________________________
2.Do you have a new rubber？___________________________
3.There is one apple in my hand．__________________________________
4.That is her watch．__________________________________
5.She has a camera and an umbrella．________________________
6.There is a plane in the sky．_____________________________
五．根据句意用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. Miss Guo is wearing a pair of __________.(glass)
2. I like taking ___________.(photo)
3. I can see two __________ standing there. (woman)
4. There is some __________ (food) in the basket.
5. There are five __________ people )in his family.
6. The __________ (leaf) on the tree turn yellow.
7. Their__________ (dictionary) are very new.
8.I have a lot of _________ to do. (homework)
9. There are seven ________ in a week.( day)
10. How many __________ can you see (tomato)
六.翻译下列词组
1.一瓶牛奶 ____________________ 2.一杯茶 ____________________
3.一双鞋子 ____________________ 4.两条裤子 ____________________
5.三杯橙汁 ____________________ 6.六袋糖 ____________________
7.五千克鸡蛋 ____________________ 8.一些面包 ____________________
9.一点水 ____________________ 10.一些食物___________________