安徽省北师大版新课标高中英语总复习第一轮语法复习课件(15个考点,16份)

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名称 安徽省北师大版新课标高中英语总复习第一轮语法复习课件(15个考点,16份)
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课件15张PPT。Part2 考点1考点1 冠词1.主要考查的知识点:
 定冠词的基本用法、抽象名词具体化和固定搭配等。
2.复习重点:
 (1)定冠词的用法(基本用法必须熟记。下面几句顺口溜可以帮助记忆:特指双熟悉,上文已提及;世上独无二,序数最高级;普转专有名,习语及乐器。)
 (2)不定冠词的基本用法。 (3)几种特殊用法:
 ①专有名词前用不定冠词,表示“像……的一个人或物”。如:a Napoleon。
 ②姓名前用不定冠词,表示“某个叫……的人”,多指不认识的人。如:a Miss Smith。
 ③用于某些物质名词前,表示“一种、一份、一阵”等。如:a tea and a coffee。
 ④用于某些抽象名词前,使抽象概念具体化。
这种用法的名词有 a surprise/knowledge/success/failure/ pleasure/interest/joy 等等。1. 不定冠词(a/an)(1) I only know it was a dog not a cat that bit me.
(2) They have a second house in the country.
(3) They are all songs of a type.
(4) A Mr. Li died on a Saturday.
(5) He walks twenty-miles an hour.
(6) What a lovely surprise to see you again!
(7) When can we enjoy a new moon?
(8) It's a most boring book.规则1:当紧挨着不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为辅音音素时,用 a;而当紧挨着不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为元音音素时,用an。
特别提醒:判断a还是an的依据是其后的词的发音,而不是字母。例如:a university student, a unique style, a European writer, an honest boy, an x-ray, an 800-metre-long bridge等。
规则2:“a/an + 可数名词单数”常用来表示泛指,如:(1)。规则3:序数词前面加不定冠词a/an表示“再一,又一”之意,如:(2)。
规则4:在“of + a/an +名词单数”结构中,不定冠词a/an表示“同一,相同”,如:(3)。
规则5:不定冠词a/an用在姓氏和星期名称前表示“某一个”,“有一个”。也可指与某名人有类似性质的人或事物,相当于“a certain”,如:(4)。
规则6:a/an 在表示时间和度量单位的名词前,表示“每一”,如:(5)。规则7:不定冠词a/an用在某些抽象名词和物质名词前,表示“一种,一件,一个……”之意;如果这些名词前有形容词修饰,则不定冠词通常不可少,如:(6)。
规则8:moon, sky, world等表示世界上独一无二的事物被形容词修饰时前面要加不定冠词,如:(7)。
规则9:不定冠词a/an用于most 前表示程度,意为:“非常,十分”,如:(8)。2.定冠词(the) (1) He lives in the north.
(2) The Smiths live in the apartment above ours.
(3) He pays the rent by the month.
(4) She is good at playing the piano.
(5) This morning I saw a woman who looked like your aunt.
(6) Do you know who invented the telephone?
(7) We caught him by the arm.
(8) He looked up at the stars in the sky.
(9) The Yellow River flows into the Bohai Sea.规则1:方位名词east, west, south, north, left, right, front, middle和时间名词present, past, future前都要用定冠词the,如:(1)。
特别提醒:这些方位名词作副词用时不加冠词
He was then heading east for the school farm.
他当时正朝东向学校农场走去。
规则2:定冠词用于姓氏名称的复数前,表示“一家人或夫妇俩”。如:(2)。规则3:by 和计量单位名词连用时,名词前要用冠词the;例如:by the yard/the meter/the dozen/the month/the year/the hour,如:(3)。但如果该名词为不可数名词时,则不用冠词。如:by weight/volume/area。
规则4:当西洋乐器名称作play的宾语时,名词前必须加定冠词the,如:(4)。
规则5:名词由短语或定语从句修饰而成为特指时要加定冠词the;但是,修饰以后仍然是泛指时就不能用定冠词。如:(5)。规则6:“the + 可数名词单数”表示泛指时通常是在谈论发明物和科技问题,如:(6)。
规则7:用于某些介词短语中指身体的某个部分(介词+the+身体部位),如:(7)。
规则8:另外独一无二的名词、江河湖海(山脉、群岛、海湾、海峡)等地理名词、形容词和副词最高级及某些含有普通名词的专有名词(国名、组织机构、建筑物、报纸杂志、会议条约等)前要用定冠词,如:(8)、(9)。3.零冠词 (即不用冠词)用适当的冠词填空
(1) __/__ wealth does not always bring __/__ happiness.
(2) He left __/__ school at the age of 18. 他18岁毕业。
(3)They live near __a__ school. 他们靠近一所学校居住。
(4) Today's vehicles use two kinds of __/__ fuel — petrol and diesel.
(5) He used to be __a__ teacher till he turned __/__ writer.
(6) __/__ president was holding __the__ meeting.规则1:物质名词和抽象名词都是不可数名词,泛指总称时不用冠词,如:(1)中wealth和happiness。
规则2:class, school, church, college, university, hospital, prison, court, bed, table等名词,当我们取它们的功能意义作某一目的用时,不加冠词;如果这些名词表示“场所”时,要加冠词,如:(2)、(3)。
规则3: society表示“我们居住的社会”时, space表示“星球间的距离即太空”时, nature表示“大自然”时, most表示“大多数”,man 表示“人类”,word表示“消息”时都不用冠词。规则4:“…kind of +名词”中的名词不用冠词,类似的名词还有:type, sort, species,如:(4)中“fuel”。
规则5: 在动词turn之后作表语的名词前不用冠词。如:(5)中“writer”。在as(虽然)引导的让步状语从句前面的单数可数名词前不用冠词。
规则6:学科名词,球类运动和棋类游戏名词前不用冠词,如:play football踢足球。
规则7:表示职位、身份、头衔和季节、年份、日期的名词前,不用冠词,如:(6)中“president”。规则8:多数街名、广场名、车站、机场、公园、桥梁名、大学名、节日名、杂志名前。
Time Square 时代广场
St. Valentine's Day 情人节
Reader's Digest《读者文摘》
规则9:一些习语中常使用零冠词。
at table 在吃饭;on purpose 故意的;lose face 丢脸; within reach of 在……够得着的地方; in case of 假如,万一。课件28张PPT。Part2 考点10考点10 状语从句1.主要考查的知识点:
 (1)状语从句连接词的选用
 (2)状语从句的时态
2.复习重点:
 (1)9大类状语从句的连接词的使用
 (2)状语从句与主句的时态关系
3.应对方法:
 (1)对连接词的考查:解题时,首先认真分析题干句的句子结构,然后要分析主句的时态,判断主句和从句的时态之间的关系,从而确定从句的时态。 顾名思义,状语从句在句子中充当状语,表示主句动作发生的时间、地点、条件、方式、目的、比较、原因、结果等。状语从句是历年高考题的重点,主要考查学生对连词的应用及句子间的逻辑关系的掌握情况。常见的状语从句有下列9大类。用适当的连词填空
(1) I was doing some cooking when the doorbell rang.
(2) While walking across the car, the boy was knocked over by a running car.
(3) As time goes by, we grow up.
(4) I had felt hungry before I arrived home.
(5) It has been four years since I came to Shanghai.
(6) I slept until the clock alarmed.1. 时间状语从句(7) I didn't sleep until my father came back.
(8) She gave a ring to her parents immediate she landed in Japan. [改错](immediate→immediately)
(9) No sooner had we had supper when we began to repair the machine. [改错](when→than)
(10) At every time I see the film, I can't help recalling my childhood in the countryside. [改错](At every time→Every time)1. 时间状语从句 时间状语从句常用连词有:when/while/as; before/ after; since; until; as soon as/ instantly/ immediately /the moment / the minute / the second; no sooner…than/ hardly… when; the first time / every time / each time / next time…
规则1: when 通常意思为:当……时候; 正在那时……,如:(1)。
规则2: while从句用延续性动词,意思为:在……期间,如:(2)。规则3: as 表示主句和从句的动作几乎同步进行。意思为:一边……,一边……; 随着……,如:(3)。
规则4: before 意思为:在……之前;还没来得及;……才,如:(4)。
规则5: since “自从……以来”;是现在完成时的标志,如:(5)。
规则6: until在肯定句中,表示动作持续“到……为止”,如:(6)。在否定句中,常与not连用,表示动作“直到……才”,如:(7)。规则7: as soon as/immediately/instantly/directly/the moment/the minute/the second/the instant意为“一……就……”,如:(8)。
规则8: no sooner…than…/ hardly…when…“刚……就……”。注意:此句型常将否定词置于句首,主句为部分倒装,主句时态用had done;从句用did,如:(9)。
规则9: every time 每当,每次;the first time 第一次……时候,next time 下次……时,如:(10)。 2. 条件状语从句完成句子
(1)They __will_play_basketball__ after school __if__ they finish their work.
如果他们完成了作业,放学后就打篮球。
(2)I __will_not_attend__ the meeting __unless__ I am invited.
我不会去参加会议,除非得到邀请。 条件状语从句常用连词有:if/ unless / once / as long as /so long as / on condition that…/ provided / providing that…/suppose / supposing that…/say that… / let's say that…等。
规则1:条件状语从句中,若主句用将来时,从句则用一般现在时,如:(1)。
规则2:unless= if …not, 意思是“如果不/没有……”,如:(2)。3. 原因状语从句用适当的连词填空
(1) It's because he likes dancing that he says dancing is very easy.
(2) The day has broken, for the birds are singing now.
(3) Since you can't answer the question, I'll ask someone else.3. 原因状语从句(4) As it's dark, we'd better go off work now.
(5) Now_that you feel sick, you can have a rest in bed.
(6) Why do you want to find a new job when you have a good job already?
(7) His request is unreasonable in that he knows we can't afford it. 原因状语从句的常见连词:because, for, since, as, now that, when等。
规则1:because 表示直接的、必然的原因,不能与so连用。常用来回答why所提的问题。在强调句型中,若强调原因,只能用because,即It is because… that…,如:(1);而for表示推理性的补充说明的原因,不能放在句首,如:(2)。
规则2:since 表示众所周知的原因,“既然”,常放在句首,如:(3)。规则3:as 表示客观原因,“由于”,常放在句首,如:(4)。
规则4:now that 通常表示用新出现的情况作为原因,“既然”,如:(5)。
规则5:when意为“既然……”(有轻微的责备口吻),如:(6)。
规则6:in that-从句,意为“原因是……;因为……”,如:(7)。4. 结果状语从句完成句子
(1) The house is so_expensive_that(如此昂贵) I can't afford it.
(2) This is so_interesting_a_book(如此有趣的一本书) that we all want to read it.
(3) There are so_many_new_words(如此多的生词) in the passage that I can't understand it.
(4) He is such_a_clever_boy (如此聪明的男孩)that we all like him.规则:结果状语从句常见连词:so…that…/such…that… 意为“如此……以至于……”。主要有下面的几个句型:
① … so + adj./ adv. +that…如:(1)。
② so+ adj.+a/an + n. +that…如:(2)。
③ so many/few/much/little+n.(可数名词复数或不可数名词)+that…如:(3)。
④ such + a/an + adj.+ n. + that…如:(4)。
⑤ such + adj.+n.(不可数名词或可数名词复数)+that…5. 目的状语从句用适当的连词填空
(1) We got up early in_order_that(为了) we could catch the first bus.
(2) We got up early for_fear_that/lest/in_case_that (以免)we should miss the first bus. 目的状语从句常见的连词有:(1) in order that / so that… 意为“为了……”;(2) in case that / for fear that/ lest 意为“以免;以防”等。
规则1:so that/ in order that + 从句 (从句用can / could / may / might + 动词原形),如:(1)。
规则2:for fear that/in case that+ 从句,意为“以防,万一……”,从句可以用虚拟语气,即“should + 动词原形”,如:(2)。6. 地点状语从句 用适当的连词填空
(1) Make a mark where you have problems.
(2) I will find him wherever he may be.地点状语从句常见的连词有:
1. where 在……地方,如:(1)。
2. wherever 无论在……地方,如:(2)。7. 让步状语从句用适当的让步状语从句连词填空
(1)Although he is rich, he never wastes a coin.
(2)Rich man as he is, he works hard.
(3)Hard as he worked, he failed.
(4)Try as he might, Tom could not get out of the difficulty.(5) Even_if it snows tomorrow, we shall still go on business.
(6) No_matter_who (=Whoever) breaks the rule, he will be punished.
(7) Whether you go or not tomorrow, we will go outing. 7. 让步状语从句规则1:although / though / while 意为“虽然;尽管”,如:(1)。
规则2:表语(形容词/名词)+ as/though + 主语+ 系动词+主句,句首名词前不加任何冠词,如:(2)。副词+ as/though+主语+谓语动词+主句,如:(3)。动词原形 +as/though + 主语+ might/may +主句,如:(4)。规则3:even if / even though意为“即使,纵然”。even if侧重于假设;even though侧重于事实,如:(5)。
规则4:No matter how / what / where / who …; 特殊疑问词+ever 意为“无论怎么/ 什么/ 哪里/ 谁……”,如:(6)。
规则5:whether…or…“无论是否……”,如:(7)。(1)The lights were on as though everyone had left in a hurry.
(2) Do the experiment as I told you just now.8. 方式状语从句规则1:“as if/ as though + 从句”表示与客观事实不符的情况时,从句用虚拟语气,即表示现在或将来的情况用一般过去时,be用were;表示过去的情况用过去完成时,如:(1)。
规则2:as 意为“正如”,如:(2)。(1) Chinese is as_beautiful_a_language_as_English.(和英语一样漂亮的语言)
(2) They didn't come to school as_early_as_we.(和我们一样早)
(3) The boy is taller_than_his_father. (比他的父亲还高)
(4) This house is two_times_the_area_of_that_one.(是那栋的两倍大) 9. 比较状语从句(5) This ruler is two_times_as_long_as_that_one.(是那把的两倍长)
(6) My case is two_times_heavier_than_yours.(是你的两倍重)
(7) The population in this town is about six_times_what_it_was a hundred years ago.(是一百年前的6倍)9. 比较状语从句规则1:as…as 意为“和……一样……”,as后面接形容词、副词的原级,如:(1)。
规则2:not as/ so…as … 意为“不如……;不及……”,如:(2)。
规则3:than 意为“比……”,如:(3)。
规则4:倍数表达
比较状语从句通常与倍数表达法结合起来进行考查。它有以下几种句型: (见考点3“形容词和副词”),如:(4)、(5)、(6)、(7)。课件22张PPT。Part2 考点11考点11 名词性从句1.主要考查的知识点:
 名词性从句连接词的选用
2.复习重点:
 名词性从句的不同的连接词的意义及用法区别
3.应对方法:
 解题时,首先认真分析题干句的句子结构,结合4个选项,比较每个选项的连接词的意义及用法区别,再判断该选用哪一个。 一个句子在另一个句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语,相当于名词,故称为名词性从句。于是,名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句4大类。主语从句
定义:主语从句就是指在另一个句子中充当主语的句子。它由连接词that, whether及特殊疑问词连接。(1) What he will come here to see us is certain. [改错](What→That)
(2) If he is free now is uncertain. [改错](If→Whether)(3) It doesn't matter how he can attend our meeting. [改错](how→whether/if)
(4) That 2008 Beijing Olympic Games are successful is known to all.
(5) It's important that you should finish your work on time.
(6) It is his suggestion that his son (should) stay at home at weekends.
(7) It is suggested that we should make good use of time.1.连词的选用:
规则1:that连接从句时,从句为一个句意完整、语气确定的陈述句,而that没有具体意思,不充当句子成分,只是起标志性的作用,但that 不能省略,如:(1)。
规则2:whether连接从句时,从句的句意完整,但是语气不肯定,表示怀疑。它来源于一般疑问句,whether不能省略,意为“是否”,在句首时不能用if替换,如:(2)、(3)。规则3:特殊疑问词连接从句时,特殊疑问词用来表示询问某种情况。它来源于特殊疑问句,特殊疑问词不能省略,在从句中充当句子成分。
2.语序:主语从句要用陈述句语序,即主谓语序。
3.时态:主句时态为过去时,从句时态为过去的某一时态;主句时态为现在时或将来时,从句时态视具体情况而定。2. 宾语从句
定义:在另一个句子中充当宾语的句子称为宾语从句。 (1) He said that he was from Hunan Province.
(2) I don't know whether he can come this afternoon.
(3) Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
(4) I don't know what he is doing now.
(5) Where do you think Tom is from?1.连词的选用
规则1: that连接的宾语从句为一个句意完整、语气肯定的陈述句,that通常可以省略(但多个并列的宾语从句中只能省略第一个that),没有具体的汉语意思,不充当句子成分,只是起标志性的作用,如:(1)。
规则2: whether / if 连接的宾语从句,whether/if 意为“是否”(但whether…or not结构或者介词宾语以及whether+to do 结构时只能用whether,不能用if来替换),如:(2)。规则3:特殊疑问词-从句,从句来源于特殊疑问句,特殊疑问词不能省略,在从句中充当句子成分,如:(3)。
2.语序
不论主句为何种句型,宾语从句用陈述句语序,如:(4)。
3.时态
主句时态若为过去时,从句时态为过去的某一时态;主句时态若为现在时或将来时,从句时态视具体情况而定。4.双重疑问句中,主句用疑问语序,而宾语从句总是用陈述语序,即:主谓语序,如:(5)。
【注意】
What's wrong (with sb./ sth.)?
What's the matter (with sb./ sth.)?
What has happened?
以上句子中,特殊疑问词就是句子的主语,所以在宾语从句中的语序无需变化。3. 表语从句
定义:在另一个句子中充当表语的句子被称为表语从句。(1) My dream is I will have my own company. [改错] (is∧I→that)
(2) The problem is if we can get there on time. [改错] (if→whether)
(3) That is why he didn't come here this morning. 1.连词的选用
规则1: that-从句:从句为一个句意完整的陈述句,that 不能省略,没有具体的汉语意思,不充当句子成分,只是起标志性的作用,如:(1)。
规则2: whether-从句:从句来源于一般疑问句,为一个句意完整、语气不确定的陈述句。whether不能省略,意为“是否”,不能用if替换,如:(2)。
规则3:特殊疑问词-从句:从句来源于特殊疑问句,特殊疑问词不能省略,在从句中充当句子成分,
如:(3)。2.语序
表语从句要用陈述句语序,即主谓语序。
3.时态
主句时态为过去时,从句时态为过去的某一时态;主句时态为现在时或将来时,从句时态视具体情况而定。4.常见的句型
(1) It looks / seems as if …好像……;仿佛……
(2) This is because… 这是因为……
(3) The reason why… is that… ……的原因是……
(4) That is why… 那是因为……
(5) The question / problem is whether / when / where… 问题是……
(6) His dream / suggestion / aim / purpose is that …他的梦想/建议/目标/目的是……4. 同位语从句
定义:解释说明另一个句子中某一个抽象名词的句子叫同位语从句。常见的抽象名词有:news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise, word等。(1) His suggestion what we be there waiting for them is reasonable. [改错](what→that)
(2) He asked her the question if they can be friends. [改错](if→whether)(3) He didn't answer the question when we would go to the museum.
(4) He showed us his way how he worked out that problem.
(5) Wings are to birds what sails are to ships.
(6) Whoever breaks the law will be punished. = Anybody who breaks the law will be punished. (7) Parents shouldn't buy whatever their children want. = Parents shouldn't buy anything that their children want.
(8) There are many books in our library. You can borrow whichever book you like.= There are many books in our library. You can borrow any book that you like.1.连词的选用
规则1: that-从句:从句为一个句意完整的陈述句,that 不能省略,没有具体的汉语意思,不充当句子成分,只是起标志性的作用,如:(1)。
规则2: whether-从句:从句来源于一般疑问句,whether不能省略,意为“是否”,不能用if替换,如:(2)。
规则3: 特殊疑问词-从句:从句来源于特殊疑问句,特殊疑问词不能省略,在从句中充当句子成分,如:(3)。2.语序
表语从句要用陈述句语序,即主谓语序。
3.时态
主句时态为过去时,从句时态为过去的某一时态;主句时态为现在时或将来时,从句时态视具体情况而定。而suggestion, advice, order, request, requirement等名词的同位语从句需用“(should) +动词原形”,如:(1)。
【注意】常见的同位语从句直接放在抽象名词之后,分隔式同位语从句是抽象名词和同位语从句之间出现谓语动词,以平衡句子结构,避免头重脚轻。4. that 引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别5.特殊句型:
(1) A is to B what C is to D.如:(5)。
(2)whoever / whatever / whichever 连接名词性从句时,既在主句中充当成分,又在从句中充当成分。
①whoever 引导名词性从句时,whoever=anybody who…如:(6)。
②whatever 引导名词性从句时,whatever=anything that…如:(7)。
③whichever 引导名词性从句时,whichever=any+名词+that…如:(8)。课件14张PPT。Part2 考点12考点12 倒装句1.主要考查的知识点:
 (1)使用全部倒装的情况
 (2)使用部分倒装的情况
2.复习重点:
 引起倒装的词或短语
3.应对方法:
 解题时,首先认真分析题干句的句子,若句首含有引起倒装的词或短语,再结合主语的情况判断是否要倒装,同时比较4个选项,从时态、语态等方面进行判断。 倒装有两种形式:一是表语、状语置于句首,而主语置于句末,进行完全倒装;二是只将助动词、情态动词等提前到主语的前面,进行部分倒装。1.完全倒装 构成:将谓语动词直接提到主语前。(1) Here comes the bus. (2) In she came.
(3) South of the river lies a small factory.
(4) Such are the facts.
(5) There stands an ancient tower on the top of the mountain.
(6) Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests.
(7) Gone are the days when we used the “foreign oil”.规则1:表方位的副词here, there, out, in, up, down, away, off等放在句首,而主语是名词时,句子则完全倒装,如:(1)。但是,当主语是人称代词时,主谓语序不变,如:(2)。
规则2:地点状语位于句首时,为了避免头重脚轻,常将谓语置于主语之前,进行完全倒装,如:(3)。规则3:为了使上下文联系紧密,常将such, the following 放于句首,而句子的谓语动词置于主语之前,进行完全倒装,如:(4)。
规则4:there be句型中,用完全倒装。此时,结构中的be可用lie/exist / stand / live / seem 等动词替代,如:(5)。
规则5:有时为了突出或强调主语,可用“表语+系动词+主语”的完全倒装结构,如:(6)、(7)。2. 部分倒装
构成:将情态动词、助动词、be提到主语前。 (1) By no means can he catch up in such a short time.
(2) He is active in personality, and seldom does he stay indoors.
(3) Not only children but also adults are interested in the film Harry Potter. (连接并列主语,不可倒装)
(4) Hardly had I got to the airport when the plane took off. (5) Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.
(6) Neither did I want to see the film nor did I buy the ticket. =I neither wanted to see the film nor bought the ticket.
(7) Only in this way can you learn English well.
(8) Only that boy can work out the problem.(9) Were I there, they would listen to me.
(10) Such a clever boy was Jack that he was able to work out all these difficult problems.
(11) No matter how late it is, she often waits for him.
(12) How blue the sky looks!
(13) What a clever boy he is!规则1:含有否定意义的副词或短语,如:few, little, never, not, not until, nowhere, rarely, seldom, hardly/scarcely…when…, no sooner…(than)…, not only…(but also), at no time, by no means等,放在句首时,句子须部分倒装,如:(1)。
【特别提醒】
①若原句中没有助动词,必须根据谓语动词的具体时态来确定相应的助动词do, does 或did,如:(2)。②not only…but also连接两个并列主语时不可倒装。只有在连接两个句子且将not only所连接的句子提到句首时,才可用倒装,but also后面的句子不倒装,如:(3)。
③在“hardly/scarcely…when-从句”和 “no sooner…than-从句”结构中,主句用过去完成时,而从句用一般过去时,如:(4)。
④not until提前时,必须同时将until后面的全部内容提前,如:(5)。⑤neither…nor 句型中两个句子都需要部分倒装。如:(6)。
规则2:so/as/neither/nor 位于句首,连接两种相同的情况时,所连接的并列分句需用部分倒装。
规则3:“only + 副词/介词短语/状语从句” 放在句首时,句子须用部分倒装,如:(7)。
【特别提醒】
only修饰主语时,不倒装,如:(8)。规则4:在虚拟语气条件句中,从句谓语有助动词were, had, should时,可将if 省略,而把 were, had, should 移到句首,如:(9)。
【特别提醒】
①若从句是否定句,则必须将not放在主语后。
②had必须是助动词。
规则5:在 “so…that” 和 “such…that”结构中,将“so+_adj.”和“such+n._”提到句首时,句子须用部分倒装,如:(10)。【注意】
句子的一部分成分(通常是表语或状语)提前,但主谓语序不变。
1. as连接让步状语从句所引起的倒装详见考点10让步状语从句。
2. 否定词no matter连接的让步状语从句的句式
“No matter how / wh-+ … +主语+ 谓语”,如:(11)。
3. how和what引起的感叹句
(1) How +形容词/副词+主语+谓语,如:(12)。
(2) What +形容词+名词+主语+谓语,如:(13)。课件18张PPT。Part2 考点13考点13 主谓一致1.主要考查的知识点:
 (1)主语为不可数名词、不定代词、表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或句子等时,其谓语动词的数。
 (2)every / each / no 修饰名词作主语,及and连接的两个有every /each/no修饰的名词作主语时,或more than one +名词以及many a +单数名词作主语时,谓语动词的数。2.复习重点:
 (1)主谓意义一致的情况
 (2)主谓形式一致的情况
3.应对方法:
 主谓一致的考查主要是根据主语部分来确定谓语动词的数,往往与时态一起考。解题时,首先认清主语部分,结合4个选项,比较每个选项的动词的时态及单复数,再判断该选用哪一个。1. 意义(语法)一致原则
只要确定句子的主语是单数意义,则谓语用单数;句子的主语是复数意义,则谓语用复数。 用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空
(1) Physics is(be) not easy to understand.
(2) When and where to go for the on-salary holiday has_not_been_decided(not decide) yet.
(3) Nothing is(be) impossible.(4) Ten pounds was(be) missing from the box.
(5) This pair of glasses was_bought (buy) by my uncle.
(6) Two series of new stamps have_been_ordered(order).
(7) The population of China is(be) large and about eighty percent of the population are(be) farmers.
(8) Mr. Green together with his children goes(go) to the park every Sunday.
(9) The disabled are(be) well taken care of in this country.
(10) Most of the workers have gone home for a holiday.(11) His family were(be) sitting in the sofa watching TV when I got there.
(12) War and peace is(be) a constant theme in history.
(13) Chinese and Japanese silk sell (sell) well in the market.
(14) What surprised me most was(be) his attitude towards his study.
(15) Such is(be) Stephen Hawking, who has_suffered(suffer) a great deal but achieved so much.
(16) Every day quantities of water are_wasted(wasted). 规则1:不可数名词作主语,一律视为单数。以s结尾的国名、地名、机构名,书名,如:the United States, the United Nations等作主语,视为单数;有些不可数名词如:news, maths, physics 虽然以s结尾,但不是复数,如:(1)。
规则2:表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或句子作主语时,谓语动词用单数。“one, either, neither, each of +复数名词或代词”作主语时, 谓语用单数,如:(2)。规则3:something, everything, anything, nothing,somebody, nobody, no one 等不定代词作主语,谓语通常是单数,如:(3)。
规则4:表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语,通常看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数,如:(4)。
规则5:a series of, a kind of, a piece of, a pair of 等量词修饰名词,通常以量词的单复数形式来决定谓语的单复数,如:(5)、(6)。 规则6:a number of +复数名词,“许多……”,复数意义;the number of +复数名词,“……的数目”,单数意义。the population of…“……的人口数量”作主语时,谓语用单数,但如果是分数/百分数/half of/the rest of+the population 作主语时,谓语则用复数,具体指其中的多少人,复数意义,如:(7)。the average of …“……的平均数量”,作主语时,谓语用单数。规则7:主语后接介词with, together with, along with, except, besides, as well as, in, of 等短语时,谓语动词的数要和这些短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致,如:(8)。
规则8:“the +adj.”结构指人时,谓语动词用复数;如果表示抽象的概念,谓语动词用单数,如:(9)。
规则9:分数、百分数,all, some, the rest, half of, most of, part of 等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的含义确定,如:(10)。规则10:主语为集合名词时,如果表示一个整体,谓语动词用单数;如果指其中的个体,谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有:army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team等,其中cattle,people,police一般看成复数形式,如:(11)。规则11:当and连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时,应看作单数,谓语动词用单数形式。另外,当and 连接两个形容词修饰一个单数形式的主语时,其实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数,如:(12)、(13)。英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有:
iron and steel 钢铁 law and order 治安
bread and butter 黄油面包
a watch and chain 一块带链的表
a knife and fork刀叉 a coat and tie配有领带的上衣
aim and end 目的 truth and honesty 真诚规则12:what 引导的主语从句作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于作表语的名词的单复数,如:(14)。
规则13:such 作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式要根据其意义而定,如:(15)。
规则14: quantities of +名词作主语时,不论名词是复数还是不可数,谓语一律用复数,如:(16)。2. 形式一致原则
主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语
亦采取复数形式。(1) Each student is required to tell a story in class.
(2) Every boy and every girl is having sports now.
(3) He said that one and a half apples is enough.
(4) One and a half oranges were left for her brother.
(5) More than one student is willing to take part in the activity.
(6) Many a method has been tried to solve the problem. 规则1:every /each/no 修饰名词,以及and连接的两个有every /each/no修饰的名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式,如:(1)、(2)。复数主语与each连用时,应不受each的影响,谓语动词仍用复数形式。
规则2:“one +单数名词and a half”作主语时,谓语动词可用单数形式,也可用复数形式,如:(3)、(4)。
规则3:“more than one +名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,如:(5)。
规则4:“many a +单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数,如:(6)。3. 就近原则(1) Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.
(2) In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.
(3) Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer. 规则1:当连词or, not… but…; either… or …, neither… nor …, not only… but also …等连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词的形式常与最接近的词语保持一致,如:(1)。
规则2:在倒装句中,谓语与后面第一个主语的数保持一致,如:(2)。
规则3:当一个句子是由 there 或here引起,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常和最靠近它的主语一致,如:(3)。课件22张PPT。Part2 考点14考点14 It的用法1.主要考查的知识点:
 (1)it作形式主语、宾语 (2)it强调句的结构
 (3)it的其他固定用法
2.复习重点:
 (1)it作形式主语、宾语的用法
 (2)it用于强调句的用法 (3)it的固定句型1. it作人称代词的用法(1) It's a tree.
(2) I have a new bike. It (= The bike) was given to me as my birthday present by my parents.
(3)— Who is it knocking at the door?
— It must be Leo. He said he'd come to see me.
(4) It is spring now and it's warm these days.
(5) It's time that we should clean the house. =It's time that we cleaned the house.1. it作人称代词的用法(6) It is three years since I became a doctor.
我当医生已经3年了。
(7) It is three years since he was a doctor.
他不当医生已经3年了。
(8)It is the second time that she has visited the Great Wall.1. it作人称代词的用法(9)It was evening when we got home. =It was evening in which we got home.
(10) It was five years before they finally graduated from Beijing University.
过了5年他们才从北大毕业。
(11) It won't be long before we graduate from our school.
不久,我们就要从学校毕业了。1. 指代除了人以外的一切事物,如:(1)。
2. 指代上文提过的事物,相当于“the + 名词(单数)”或替代上文的this / that,意指同类同物,如:(2)。
3. 指代人时,常指小孩或身份不明的人,如:(3)。
4. 指代时间、季节、天气、温度、距离、环境、情况等自然现象,如:(4)。【注意】
it指代时间的句型有:
(1)It is time for sth. / (for sb.) to do sth. / that-从句(should do/ did,必须用虚拟语气),如:(5)。
(2)It is /has been + some time + since-从句 (从句用一般过去时)
此句型中,若从句的谓语为非持续性动词,句意为“自从……以来已有多长时间了”;若从句的谓语为持续性动词,句意为“有多长时间没有做……了”,如:(6)、(7)。(3)It / This is the first /second…time that-从句(必须使用现在完成时)句意为“某人第……次做了某事”,如:(8)。
(4)It was +时间点 + when-从句,句意为“当……时,已经是……时间了”,如:(9)。
(5)It was / will be + some time + before-从句,句意为“过了……时间才……”;其否定句It wasn't / won't be + some time + before-从句,句意为“没过……时间就……”,如:(10)、(11)。2.it作非人称代词的用法(1) It is good for you to take part in social activities.
(2) It looks as if he is ill.
(3) It happened that Mary was there too.
(4) It seems that he is right.
(5) How did it come about that so many people were attacked?
(6) Mobile phones make it possible for us to keep in touch anywhere.2.it作非人称代词的用法(7) I consider it no good chatting with strangers through the Internet.
(8) I really find it a pity that you didn't come to the party.
(9) I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.
(10) I really appreciate it if you could help me with my math.
(11) You can depend upon it that we won't give up.
(12) It was Edison who invented the lamp.2.it作非人称代词的用法(13) It is I that am going to be sent there.
(14) He didn't go to bed until_he_finished_his_homework.
→ It wasn't until he finished his homework that he went to bed.
(15) It was because he got there late that we didn't catch the first bus.
(16) Was it not until he finished his homework that he went to bed?
(17)When was it that he went to bed?1.it 作形式主语
当不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时,为平衡句子,通常用it 作形式主语,而将真正的主语移到句子的末尾,如:(1)。
用于某些固定句型中:
①It looks / sounds as if-从句,句意为“看起来好像……;听起来好像……”,如:(2)。② It happens that-从句,句意为“碰巧……”,如:(3)。
③ It appears / seems that-从句,句意为“看来…”,如:(4)。
④ How did it come about that-从句,句意为“……怎么发生的?”,如:(5)。
⑤ It is no good/use doing sth. 句型,句意为:“……没有用。”⑥ It doesn't matter/ makes no difference + 特殊疑问词/whether / if -从句。
⑦ It turned out that-从句,意为“结果是……,证明是……”。
⑧ It occurred to / hit sb.that-从句,意为“某人突然想到了……”。
⑨ It is no/little wonder that-从句,意为“难怪……”。2.it 作形式宾语
当不定式、动名词短语或从句作宾语时,有些情况须用it 作形式宾语。
① think / consider / find / feel / make / believe / regard + it + adj./n. (for sb.) + to do,如:(6)。
② think / consider / find / feel +it+ no good / use doing sth.,如:(7)。③ believe / imagine / think / consider / find / feel / (make) / regard / +it+ adj. / n. + that-从句,如:(8)。
④ hate / dislike / love / like +it + when-从句,如:(9)。
⑤ appreciate + it+ if-从句,如:(10)。
⑥ see to/ answer for it+ that-从句;depend on it +that-从句,如:(11)。3.it引导强调句型
强调句结构
“It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 句子的其余部分”。
It是引导词,被强调部分可以是句子的主语、宾语、状语。如果被强调的部分是人,that 可用who代替,其他情况一律用that;原句中用的是过去的某种时态, 用it was…that/who…,原句中用的是现在或将来的某种时态,用it is…that,如:(12)。 【注意】
① 强调句中的被强调部分不能是定语或谓语。
② 在强调句型中,当强调主语时,that后面的谓语动词须与that前面的主语一致,如:(13)。
③ 在not…until…结构中,若强调until部分时,not 要提前到until前,until后面的部分一起被强调,即:It wasn't until…that +句子的其余部分,如:(14)。④ 当强调原因时,只能强调because引导的原因状语从句,而as, since, for等连接原因不能被强调,如:(15)。
⑤ 强调句的一般疑问句形式:Is/Was it + 被强调部分 + that + 句子的其余部分,如:(16)。
⑥ 强调句的特殊疑问句形式:特殊疑问词+ is/was it+ that + 句子的其余部分,如:(17)。4.it 的一些习惯用法
① (You've/I've) Got it. 懂了,明白了。
② Forget it 算了吧,别在意,没关系。
③ Take it easy. 别着急,慢慢来;别过于紧张。
④ make it 办得到,做成功
⑤ make it +时间 把……定在(某时)
⑥ It / That (all) depends. 那要看情况而定。
⑦ It can't be helped. 没有办法/这是不可避免的。⑧ It is hard to say. 情况很难说。
⑨ It comes to nothing. 没有什么结果。
⑩ Don't mention it. 不用谢。
? That's it. 对了;正是。
? catch it (口语) 被责骂; 受处罚
? Believe it or not. 信不信由你。
? It doesn't matter. 没有关系; 不要紧。
? When it comes to …当谈到……; 当涉及到……
? keep it up 再接再厉5. it, one, ones, that和those的区别课件31张PPT。Part2 考点15考点15 省略1.主要考查的知识点:
 (1)主语、谓语的省略 (2)动词不定式的省略
2.复习重点:
 (1)在从句中省略主语、谓语的情形
 (2)不定式省略to以及后面动词的情形
 (3)其他特殊的省略方式 在英语中,为了避免结构上或内容上的重复,并使上下文连接紧密;或因为语法的客观要求,句子中的某一个或某几个成分不需要表达出来,这种现象称为省略。
省略要求保持语法结构完整,保持句子意义的准确,常用于口语交际之中。英语的省略大致有以下几种情况:1. 简单句中的省略 (1) Open your books and listen to me, please.
(2) — Jack would go to the Expo next week.
— Me, too.
(3) — Would you go to the movies this evening?
— I'd love to.
(4) Another apple, please. 规则1:省略主语
在生活交流中,尤其在祈使句中,动作的执行者明了,因此常被省略,如:(1)。
规则2:省略谓语
在某些特定的环境中,由于语言所指清楚,为了避免重复,常将谓语动词省略,留下主语和其他成分;如果谓语部分全部省略,而只留下主语时,主语代词用宾格,如:(2)。规则3:省略宾语
当上下文宾语一致时,下文常省略宾语,如:(3)。
规则4:省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)
在某些具体的场合下,主语和谓语都很明确,于是为了简单或情感亲切等,可将主语和谓语同时省略,只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分,如:(4)。2. 并列句中的省略 (1)He teaches English and his brother maths.
(2)They walked, talked and laughed on their way there.
(3)He was born and died in that house. 规则1:省略谓语
在并列句中,如果后面的分句与前面的分句有相同的谓语,后面分句的谓语动词则常被省略掉,以免重复,如:(1)。
规则2:省略主语
当表示同一个人所做的几件事情时,后面分句的主语常被省略,如:(2)。
规则3:省略状语
当表示在同一个地方所发生的事情时,则将其中一个分句的状语省略,如:(3)。3. 状语从句中的省略 (1) When (she was) asked, she didn't answer a word.
(2) Once seeing her, you will like her.
(3) More people die in the car accident than are killed in air.
(4) He likes dogs more than cats.
(5) It is colder in Beijing than in Hunan.
(6) Should it rain tomorrow,we would have to put off the visit till next week.
(7) Child as he is, he knows a lot.规则1:省略从句的主语和be动词
在由when, while, as, once, whenever引导的时间状语从句;由if, unless引导的条件状语从句;由though, although, even if, even though引导的让步状语从句;由as though, as if, as引导的方式状语从句;由because引导的原因状语从句;由wherever引导的地点状语从句中;主从句的主语相同或从句的主语是it,且谓语中含有be时,常省略从句的主语和be,如:(1)。规则2:省略从句的主语
(1)在时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中,当从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,可将从句的主语省略,而将从句的谓语动词变为动词-ing形式,如:(2)。
(2)在比较状语从句中,当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,从句的主语可以省略,如:(3)。
规则3:省略从句的主语和谓语
在比较状语从句或对话中,往往将从句中与主句或答话中与问话相同的主语和谓语省略,留下宾语,如:(4)。规则4:省略主语、谓语、宾语(表语)
在对话或时间、条件、让步、方式、比较等状语从句中,如果从句的主语、谓语、宾语(表语)与主句一致,则可省略,只留下状语,如:(5)。
规则5:其他的省略
(1)虚拟条件句中,were, should, had时,若将它们提到句首,则需省略if,如:(6)。
(2)在as引导的让步状语从句中,当作表语的单数名词提前时,不定冠词要省略,如:(7)。4. 限定性定语从句中的省略 (1) The story (that /which) he is reading was written by Luxun.
(2) He is such a boy as was reported on TV last night.
(3) What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it. 规则1:省略关系代词
在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom可以省略,如:(1)。
规则2:从句中主语、宾语或表语的省略
在以the same… as和such… as引导的定语从句中,可以省略与主句相同的部分,如:(2)。
规则3:关系副词的省略
the way后面的定语从句中,可以省略关系副词that或in which,如:(3)。 5. 名词性从句中的省略 (1) He said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel.
(2) Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who. 规则1:引导宾语从句的连词that在口语中常常省略,或并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也能省略,如:(1)。
规则2:作宾语的wh-从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同,则wh-从句的谓语,甚至主语可以省略,如:(2)。
规则3:在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中,从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。 6. 动词不定式中的省略 (1) I consider him stupid.
(2) I'll have Hudson show you to your room.
(3) The children were made to work more than 16 hours a day.
(4) We can do nothing now but wait.
(5) I'm really puzzled what to think or say.
(6) I came not to scold but to praise you.
(7) Why not try it again? 6. 动词不定式中的省略 (8) — Did you get a ticket?
— No, I meant to, but there weren't any left.
(9) You can go and play football if you want.
(10) I don't want to wait for him, but I have to.
(11) The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to.
(12) — Could you go shopping with me?
— I'm glad to (go shopping with you).
(13) The only thing you have to do is press the button.
(14) — Are you a doctor? — No, but I used to be. 规则1:to be的省略  有些动词,如:believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略,如:(1)。
规则2:小品词to的省略
(1)在see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感观动词及使役动词let, make, have 后的“宾语 + 动词不定式作宾语补足语”的结构中,不定式符号to须省略,但这类结构变成被动语态时,其后的不定式要还原加上to,如:(2)、(3)。(2)在can not but, can not choose but, can do nothing but…, can't help but…, prefer to do rather than do…, would do… rather than…之后的动词不定式一般不带to,如:(4)。
【注意】
在“动词+something/nothing/anything/everything + but”结构中,若but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done时,but后面的不定式的to须省略,否则要带to。(3)在并列结构中为了避免重复,后一个to省略,如:(5)。
但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时,则后一个to不能省略,如:(6)。
(4)在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中,后跟的动词不定式须省略to,如:(7)。规则3:不定式中动词的省略
(1)动词不定式在like, love, care, want, hope, wish, expect, prefer, refuse, decide, mean, intend, try, promise, wish, hope, plan等动词后作宾语时,为了避免重复,常承前省略不定式后的内容,但要保留不定式符号to,如:(8)。
【注意】
在when, if, what, as 引导的从句中,want, like后的不定式符号to也常省略,如:(9)。(2)be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等后面不定式动词若与前面的动词相同,则其后的动词常被省略,只留下不定式符号to,如:(10)。
(3)动词不定式在 ask, warn, tell, advise, force, wish, expect, allow, permit, invite, persuade, order, would like, forbid等动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时,如果作宾语补足语的不定式中,其动词与前面的动词相同。为了避免重复,补足语不定式常省略动词原形,而保留不定式符号to,如:(11)。(4)在“系动词(be)+ 形容词”,即“be afraid / ready / glad / happy / willing”等后面接不定式,为了避免重复,常省略与上文相同的动词,只留下不定式符号to,如:(12)。
(5)主语部分有to do, 系动词是is或was时,作谓语的不定式通常省去,如:(13)。
【注意】
承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be,则要保留be或have,如:(14)。7. 某些词法上的省略 (1) These are John's books and those are Mary's.
(2) He was at the doctor's then.
(3) We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day.
(4) She sings best in the class. 7. 某些词法上的省略 (5) Our teacher came in, book in hand.
=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
(6) Both (of) the films were interesting.
(7) She invited both of us to her birthday party.
(8) They have lasted a long time.
(9) The letter was posted yesterday.
(10) I have some difficulty answering the question. 规则1:名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略:
(1)如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现,则可以省略,如:(1)。
(2) 名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略,如:(2)。
规则2:冠词的省略
(1) 在the next day (morning, week, year…)等短语中,有时为了使语气紧凑,定冠词the 常可以省略,如:(3)。(2)在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略,如:(4)。
(3)在某些独立主格结构中,如:(5)。
规则3:介词的省略
(1)在both跟“of+名词或代词”中,若接名词时,介词of可以省略;但接代词时,of不能省略,如:(6)、(7)。
(2)在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中,一段时间前的介词for可以省略,如:(8)。(3)被动结构中,如果没有必要强调动作的执行者,则可以省略介词by短语,如:(9)。
(4)和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词,如:consider… (as)…, prevent / stop… (from)doing…, have trouble / difficulty… (in) doing…,spend… (in / on) doing… 等中的介词可以省略,如:(10)。8. 替代性省略 (1)— Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting?
— I suppose not.   
(2) — He can sing this song in English.
— So can I. 规则1:在一些交际用语中的某些动词,如:think, suppose, expect, believe, guess等后常常和so, not等连用,以替代上文出现的内容,如:(1)。
规则2:“So / Nor (Neither) +谓语+主语”这种句型,表明前面提到的情况也适用于后者,如:(2)。课件18张PPT。Part2 考点2考点2 名词1.主要考查的知识点:
 (1)名词的词义辨析
(2)可数名词单、复数变化形式
 (3)不可数名词的数
 (4)名词所有格 (5)名词作定语
2.复习重点:
 (1)掌握名词的准确意义和近义词的区别。
 (2)掌握可数名词变复数的规则变化和不规则变化。
 (3)掌握不可数名词可用作可数名词且词义发生变化的用法。
 (4)掌握名词“'s”所有格和“of”属格的用法。
 (5)掌握名词作定语的用法。1. 名词的数 (1) He says that physics is very interesting and he likes it very much.
(2) He told me that the furniture in that house is new.
(3) She said it was interesting to play with the chickens on his uncle's farm last weekend.
(4) Lily said that the chicken her mother cooked was very delicious. 1. 名词的数 (5) I'm told that they have many cattle on their farms.
(6) My family are going with me.
(7) The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be.
(8) How many deer are there in Dafeng now?
(9) We are all Chinese, but he is Japanese.
(10) Strangely, there were many lookers-on there, but none was brave enough to stop the fight. 1. 名词的数 (11) Now you are grown-ups, so you should help your parents support your family.
(12) In the past, most women have many children each.
(13) It's said that the Browns are going to come to see us this weekend.
(14) It's necessary for a student to have a knowledge of English.规则1: 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词多为学科名词, 如:physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news, the United States,如:(1)。
规则2: 表示一类事物总称的名词,常作不可数名词看待而不能加“s”。如:machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence,如:(2)。规则3: 有些名词的单、复数形式表达不同的意思。如:chicken鸡肉 / chickens小鸡; fish鱼(尾数),鱼肉 / fishes 各种鱼; paper纸 / papers试卷; water水 / waters水域;room空间/rooms房间;time 时间/times时代;arm手臂/ arms武器等,如:(3)、(4)。
规则4: 有些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义。如:people, police, cattle,_staff,_public,_the + adj., the + 分词(表示一类人),如:(5)。规则5:对于集体名词,当它表示一个整体时,视作单数;当它侧重各个成员,视作复数,如:(6)、(7)。
规则6: 有些名词单复数同形。如:fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works,如:(8)、(9)。规则7: 由连字符构成的复合名词的“数”,一是合成名词的复数形式通常只将其中的主体名词变成复数。如:lookers-on 参观者,sons-in-law 女婿,editors-in-chief主编,shoe-makers 鞋匠。二是如果没有主体名词,在最后一个词上加复数(词尾)。如:go-betweens 中间人,grown-ups 成人,follow-ups 续集,good-for-nothings 饭桶。三是man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,定语和被修饰词都变成复数。如:men workers,women teachers,gentlemen officials,如(10)、(11)。规则8:不规则名词的“数”: 常用改变元音字母或词尾加en等方法构成, woman — women, child — children, ox — oxen, tooth — teeth, goose — geese, foot — feet, mouse — mice, phenomenon — phenomena, analysis — analyses,如:(12)。
规则9:专有名词的“数”:在姓氏名词上加“s”变成复数,如:史密斯一家人(the Smiths),两个玛丽 two_Marys,如:(13)。规则10:有些物质名词表示不同种类或表示“一种,一杯/罐/瓶”等数量意义时,可用作可数名词。抽象名词表示具体或特定事物时,可具体化,其前面须有不定冠词。如:a pleasure / pity / surprise / success / failure / shame, an honor /a bright future / a strong character / a great help / a waste of time,如:(14)。2. 名词所有格 (1) It's ten minutes' drive from here to my school.
(2) Children's book should be simple with interesting pictures.
(3) Students' uniforms should be clear and lovely.
(4) Beijing is the capital of China.
(5) Mary's and Joan's coats are different.
(6) Mary and Jack's house is very large and beautiful.
(7) Alice told me that she would go to the chemist's, for her father didn't feel himself.
(8) He said that he learnt it from a friend of his brother's. 规则1:英语中表示有生命名词的所有格时,在词尾加“'s”,如:the boy's bag,men's room。此外,表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等无生命名词的所有格也可在词尾加“'s”来表示所有关系,意为:“…… 的”,如:a teacher's book,a twenty minutes' walk, ten miles' journey,two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth,如:(1)、(2)。
规则2:若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加“'”,如:the workers' struggle,如:(3)。规则3:of 属格:无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,如:a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers,如:(4)。
规则4:如果两个名词并列,若分别有加“'s”,则表示“分别有……”;若只有后一个名词加“'s”,则表示两个“共有”。如:John's and Mary's rooms(两间);John and Mary's room(一间),如:(5)、(6)。规则5:省略格:在表示店铺或教堂,诊所的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词,如:在诊所at the doctor's;在我姐家at my sister's,如:(7)。
规则6:双重格:of +名词“'s”结构, 如 a friend of my father's, works of Lu Xun's,如:(8)。3. 名词作定语 用括号中所给词的适当形式填空
(1) There's a stone (stone) bridge over the river.
(2) Her daughter works in a shoe(shoe) shop.
(3) There are three women (woman) doctors (doctor) in that clinic.
(4) We hold a sports(sport) meeting each term. 名词可以用作定语修饰后面的名词,表示类别、处所、材料、身份、性别、功能、用途等。
规则1:名词作定语时通常用名词的单数形式。如: a shoe shop(鞋店), street lamps(路灯), a book case(书柜)等等,如:(1)、(2)。 规则2:man和woman作定语时, 常用“单单 (a woman doctor)”、“复复 (two women doctors)” 式,如:(3)。
规则3:名词clothes, sports, parents, sales, arms等用复数形式作定语。如:arms control (武器控制), sports meeting (运动会), clothes shop (服装店), customs officer (海关人员), sales manager (销售经理)等,如:(4)。 课件30张PPT。Part2 考点3考点3 形容词和副词1.主要考查的知识点:
 (1)形容词、副词的基本句法功能。
 (2)形容词、副词的辨析
 (3)形容词、副词的比较级、最高级
2.复习重点:
 (1)掌握形容词在句中作定语、表语、补语等的用法;副词在句中作状语、表语等的用法。
 (2)掌握常见近义形容词、副词的辨析。
 (3)掌握形容词、副词的比较级、最高级用法。1. 形容词和副词的基本用法(1)He finally came back, safe and sound.
(2)The poor need more help.
(3)I'm here, while she is there. 形容词在句中一般作定语(修饰名词)、表语、补语,如:a beautiful park 一个美丽的公园等。
副词在句中主要作状语,用来修饰形容词、副词、动词和句子。如:completely right 完全正确,very carefully 非常仔细。【注意】
(1)形容词有时也可作状语,说明主语的情况,如:(1)中的safe and sound。
(2)有些形容词与定冠词the连用,表示一类具有某种特征的人或物,在句子中作主语或宾语,如:(2)。
(3)表示方位的副词可作表语,如:(3)中的here和there。
(4)形容词、副词与名词或代词间的转类。如:good adj. 好的 → n. 益处,好处。2.形容词的位置He told us that there was a beautiful park near his house.  
(2) There is nothing new in today's newspaper.
(3) The people, and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history.
(4) What else do you know?
(5) The box is 15 inches high, 16 inches long and 10 inches wide.
(6) A man carried a bag full of rice on his back.
(7) The enemy took away everything, useful or useless.规则1:单个形容词作定语时,一般位于所修饰的名词之前,如:(1)。
在下列情况作定语时,须位于所修饰的名词之后:
(1)形容词修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing等时,如:(2)。
(2) 当表语形容词alone, awake, alive, asleep, alike等作定语时,如:(3)。
(3) 用else修饰疑问代词和不定代词时,如:(4)。
(4) 表示长、宽、高、深等形容词与“数词+名词”结构边用时放在此结构之后,如:(5)。规则2:形容词构成的短语作定语时,一般放在名词后面,如:(6)、(7)。
【注意】
有些形容词既可位于所修饰的名词之前,也可位于所修饰的名词之后,其意思可能不变,也可能大不相同。如:a nearby school = a school nearby 附近的学校;the present situation 目前的局势,the people present 在场的人们。规则3:多个形容词排序
关系最密切的形容词, 最靠近被修饰的名词。归纳口诀如下:
限定描绘大长高,形状年龄与新老,颜色国籍出材料,作用类别往后靠。
即:限定词(冠词、代词、数词等)+ 描绘性形容词(beautiful, interesting…)+大小、长短、高低形容词+形状、年龄、新旧形容词+颜色、国籍、出处、材料形容词+用途、类别形容词+ 中心名词。如:①a big round conference table 一张大的圆会议桌
②a small shiny black leather handbag 一只小的闪亮的黑色皮包
③a blue German sports car 一辆蓝色德国跑车
④her charming small round pink face 她的迷人的红润的小圆脸3. 副词的位置根据括号中所给汉语提示完成句子
(1) This book is quite_interesting(相当有趣).
(2) The boy is old_enough(够大) to go to school.
(3) Children often_go(常常去) to the park with their parents on Sundays. 3. 副词的位置(4) He is_always_ready_to(总是乐意) help others.
(5) You always_study_very_hard_here_this_term(这学期在这儿总是努力学习).
(6) Fortunately(幸运的是), he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA men.
(7) The frightening_noise(令人可怕的声音) made the girl too_frightened(感到太害怕) to move.规则1:副词修饰形容词和副词时,应放在被修饰的词之前,但enough 必须置于其后,如:(1)、(2)。
规则2:频度副词(always, often, usually, never, seldom, hardly, sometimes等)要放在实义动词之前,be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,如:(3)、(4)。
规则3:同时出现的不同种类的副词排列顺序一般为:频度副词+被修饰动词+程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词,如:(5)。
规则4:修饰全句的副词多置于句首,作评注性状语,如:(6)。【注意】
1. 语义比较
(1)ago与before:ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”;before作副词时,指以过去某时刻为起点的“以前”;泛指“以前”用before而不用 ago。
(2)good与well:good作形容词,既可作定语,又可作表语;而well一般作形容词时,只能在系动词后作表语,表示“身体状况好”,作副词时修饰动词。
(3) real与true:real强调真实存在的而不是幻想的,在句中常作定语;true指与事实和实际情况相符合,在句中作表语或定语。2. 词形比较
(1)以“-ly”结尾的词,一般是副词,但是下列单词以“-ly”结尾,却是形容词:lively, lonely, lovely, deadly, friendly, ugly, silly, likely, brotherly, timely等。
(2) 有些副词既可无“-ly”,又可有“-ly”,但是他们的意义和用法有区别:一般说来,无“-ly”的副词表示具体的、特定的意义,如:close近,靠近;而有“-ly”的副词表示抽象、广泛的意义,如:closely 仔细地,亲密地,密切地。 此外,还有late晚,迟,lately最近,近来;deep深,表示空间深度,deeply深深地,时常表示感情上的深度;wide表示空间宽度,widely广泛地;free免费,freely 无限制地;dead完全,绝对,deadly非常(deadly tired);pretty相当,prettily漂亮地;most 最,十分,mostly主要地,绝大多数。
3. 用法比较
使役动词后接的分词转化为形容词,一般说来,有两种情况。其过去分词表示人的心理、状态,意为“使人感到……的”,而现在分词则表示事物的性质、特征,意为“令人……的”,如:(7)。4.比较句型完成句子
(1) Tom works as_hard_as(一样努力) Mary.
(2) He doesn't read as/so_clearly(一样清楚) as she.
(3) Bob has read as_many_books_as(一样多的书) Mary.
(4) Bread is as_important_food_as(一样重要的食物) rice.
(5) Mary works harder than John(does)(比John勤奋).
(6) She sings far/much_better(好得多) than the others. 4.比较句型(7) Tom's bike is more_expensive_than_Jim's(比Jim的昂贵)(=Jim's bike).
(8) The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai (比上海的气候).
(9) He is the_taller(较高的) of the two.
(10) There is no_greater_love(最伟大的爱) than that given by parents in the world.
(11) Shanghai is one of the biggest cities(最大的城市) in the world. 4.比较句型(12) He is a brightest student(非常聪明的学生).
(13) He is the_second_tallest_boy(第二高的男孩) in our class.
(14) 我们的新房子是旧房子的3倍大。
Our new house was three_times_as_large_as the old one.
Our new house was twice_larger_than the old one.
Our new house was three_times_the_size_of the old one.4.比较句型(15)The_higher the temperature (is), the_greater is the pressure(=the greater the pressure is). (温度越高,压力越大。)
(16) Our life is getting better_and_better(越来越好).
(17) The average cost of one day in a hospital in that country can run as_high_as (高达)$400.
(18) Air is to man what water is to fish.(空气与人的关系如同水和鱼的关系。)4.比较句型(19) Mr. Li is more_than our English teacher. (李先生不只是我们的英语老师。)
(20) That little girl is more_tired_than_hungry.
那个小女孩是累了而不是饿了。(与其说那小女孩饿了,还不如说她累了。)
(21) You can never_be_careful enough.
= You can never be too careful. 规则1:
(1)原级句型:A与B 相同/不同:as …as…,the same as, such … as…,not as (so)…as…如:(1)、(2)。
“as…as”可用almost, quite, just, about, nearly, twice, by no means(根本不)修饰,置于“as…as”之前。
(2) so用以替代第一个as时,只能用于否定句。
(3) as much+不可数名词+as,而as many+可数名词复数+as,如:(3)。
(4) as + adj.+ 不定冠词+可数名词单数+as,as + adj.+不可数名词+as,如:(4)。规则2:比较级+than的句型:
(1)比较级前可用much, far, a lot, a little, a bit, rather,even, still, a great deal等表示程度,但比较级前不能再用more,如:(6)。
(2)比较的对象要一致。一般说来,同等的两个事物才能比较,如:(7)、(8)。
(3)比较级范围是由of引出两者之间的比较,比较级前要用定冠词,如:(9)。
(4)比较级用于否定句中表示最高级的意思,如:(10)。 规则3:最高级句型(只用于三者或以上的比较)。
(1)形容词最高级要加the,如:(11)。
(2)如不表示比较,也没有表示比较范围的状语,最高级前用a 时,作“十分”、“非常”解,如:(12)。
(3)最高级可用by far, easily, nearly, by no means,序数词等修饰,置于最高级之前,如:(13)。
规则4:倍数表达法的三种基本句式,如:(14)。
①A is倍数+as+原级+as B.
②A is倍数+比较级+than B.
③A is倍数+the size/length/weight/height of B.注意下面两种表达:
2010年的汽车产量是2005年的产量的6倍。
The output of cars in 2010 is 6 times that of 2005.
=The output of cars in 2010 is 6 times what it was in 2005.
规则5:一些习惯用语与句型。
(1)“the+比较级…,the+比较级……”结构,意为“越……,越……”,表示程度的平行增长,如:(15)。(2)“比较级+and+比较级”结构,意为“越来越……”,表示程度逐渐增长,如:(16)。
(3)常见的比喻结构有:as free as a bird,as hungry as a wolf,as strong as a horse,as clever as a fox,as busy as a bee等等。
(4)as long as 只要;有……之久
as far as 到……(地点);就……而言
as high as 高达……(程度) as well as 既……又
as good as 和……一样好,几乎,如:(17)。(5) A is to B what C is to D. A 和B 的关系就像C和D的关系,如:(18)。
【注意】
(1)more than可意为“不只是,不仅仅是”;more… than… 意为“是……而不是……”或“与其说是……不如说是……”,如:(19)、(20)。(2)no more than = only 只不过(言其少)。如:no more than five yuan只不过5元
not more than= at most 不多于,至多(指事实)。如:not more than five yuan不多于5元
no more…than… 和……一样不……。如:no richer than 和……一样穷(不富裕) not more…than…不比……更……。如:not more diligent than…不比……更勤奋
no less than = as much as 和……一样多……。如:no less money than…和……一样多的钱
no fewer than = as many as 和……一样多。如: no fewer friends than 和……一样多的朋友
(3)can't … too + adj. = can't …+ adj. + enough 无论……都不为过,如:(21)。(4)表示不同程度比较时,句子主语不能包括在比较对象的范围之内。 他比班上其他学生学习用功。(他本身也是学生不能用any students来表示比较对象的范围) 课件40张PPT。Part2 考点5考点5 动词的时态和语态1.主要考查的知识点:
 (1)动词的过去时、完成时的用法及区别
 (2)时态在被动语态中的体现
 (3)根据语境选用正确的时态
2.复习重点:
 (1)掌握动词的各种时态的用法,尤其是过去时和完成时。 (2)掌握各种时态的用法区别。
 (3)掌握被动语态的时态以及不能用被动语态的情况。动词时态和语态的考查往往结合在一起。解题时,应当要结合时间状语或上下文提示,分析题干句子的语境,确定正确的时态。涉及到语态的问题应考虑是不是主动表被动的情况。(1)The geography teacher told us the earth moved around the sun. [改错](moved→moves)
(2) We always care for each other and help each other.
(3) All the students here is belonging to No.1 Middle School. [改错](is belonging→belong)
(4) The shop will close at 11:00 p.m. [改错](will close→closes)
(5) The harder you study, the better results you will get.
(6) See to it that you are not late again.1.一般现在时(动词用原形或第三人称单数)动词时态 规则1:表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制),如:(1)中的“move”。
规则2:表示现状、性质、状态时,多用系动词或状态动词;表示经常或习惯性的动作时,多用动作动词,且常与表频率的时间状语连用,如:(2)。
规则3:表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词:see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等常用一般现在时,如:(3)。规则4:少数用于表示起止动作的瞬间动词,如:come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop用一般现在时,表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,如:(4)。
规则5:在the more…the more句型中,前者通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时,如:(5)。规则6:在make sure, see to it, mind, care, matter后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来时,如:(6)。
【注意】
在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”,但不表示时态。2. 一般过去时(动词用过去式:v.-ed或不规则变化)(1) I met her in the street yesterday. I think the film would be interesting, but it isn't. [改错] (think→thought)
(2) He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 规则1:一般过去时,表示过去的事情、动作或状态,常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示);如(1)中的met。用于表达过去的习惯,表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事,如:(1)。
规则2:如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语,尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生,但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去式,如:(2)。3. 一般将来时(1) We'll die without air or water.
(2) It's said that he is coming this afternoon.
(3)— You've left the light on.
— Oh, so I have. I'll go and turn it off.
(4)Work hard, and you will pass the exam.
(5)A meeting is to be held at 3:00 this afternoon.规则1:表示未来的动作或状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow,next week等。
规则2:表示一种趋向或习惯动作。如:(1)。
规则3:表示趋向行为的动词,如:come,go,start,begin,leave等,常用进行时的形式表示将来时,如:(2)。
【注意】be going to与will, shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别:(1)shall / will do表示未事先考虑过,即说话时临时作出的决定,如:(3)。
(2) 在祈使句+and/or+陈述句句型中,陈述句中只能用will /情态动词+动词原形,如:(4)。
(3) be going to表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事,这种打算往往经过事先考虑,甚至已做了某种准备;be going to不能用在条件状语从句的主句中;而will则能,表意愿。be going to 还表示有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态。If it is fine, we'll go fishing.(√)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(×)
The dark clouds are gathering. There's going to be a storm.
(4) be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等,如:(5)。
(5) be about to do sth.表示“即将,就要”,在时间上指最近的将来,后面不能接时间状语。4.现在进行时 (am/is/are+v.-ing)(1) He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
(2) The girl is always talking loud in public.规则1:表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作或表示现阶段或近期某特定的安排或计划,如:(1)。
规则2:与always, often等频度副词连用,表经常反复的行动或某种感彩,如:(2)。【注意】一般情况下,下面4类动词不宜用现在进行时:
(1)表示心理状态、情感的动作:like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。
(2) 表存在的状态的动词:appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。
(3) 表示瞬时性动作的动词:allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。
(4) 表示感官的动词:see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。5.现在完成时(has/have+v.-ed)(1) We've planted thousands of trees in the past few years.
(2)I have kept the computer for a year.
(3) Don't get off the bus until it stop. [改错](stop→has stopped)规则1:表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与since+时间点,for+时间段及介词短语:during / in / over the last (past) few years (months, weeks), in recent years等连用,如:(1)。
规则2:表示到现在为止已完成的动作,强调结果对现在造成的影响。规则3:非延续性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等的完成时态,在肯定句中不能与for 或since 等引导的段时间连用,要转化为相应意义的延续性动词才能与一段时间连用。但其否定式可与这类时间状语连用,如:(2)。【注意】现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
(1)虽然动作都发生在过去,但现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响,而一般过去时的动作与现在没任何联系了。
I have closed the door. (强调现在门还是关着的)
I closed the door. (强调过去曾发生关门的动作)(2) 下列句型中常用现在完成时:
It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句
This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that+现在完成时
This(That / It)is the only…+that+现在完成时
This(That / It)is the best / finest / most interesting…+ that+现在完成时。
(3) 在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可以代替一般将来时,如:(3)。6.过去完成时(had+ v.-ed)(1) By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
(2) When Jack arrived, Mary had_been_away(离开) for almost an hour.
(3) I had_hoped_to_send_him(本打算送给他的) a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.(4)He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.
Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
(5)We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.= No_sooner_had we been_seated than the bus started.
(6) After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.
(7)It was the second time that he had been out with her.
(8) We arrived earlier than we had expected.6.过去完成时(had+ v.-ed)规则1:在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句,其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”,如:(1)。
规则2:表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态,即“从过去到过去”,如:(2)。规则3:表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expected+to do或用上述动词的过去式接不定式完成式表示,即:hoped / planned… + to have done,如:(3)。
【注意】
(1)“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时;“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去时,如:(4)。(2) 表示“一……就……”的几个句型:
Hardly/scarcely…when (before)…
No sooner…than…如:(5)。
(3) 在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时,如:(6)。
(4) It/That/This was the first(second, third…)time that …(从句中用过去完成时态),如:(7)。
(5) …than sb. had thought/expected/hoped/wanted…,如:(8)。(1) I said I would arrange everything.
(2) I was about to leave when the telephone rang.7. 过去将来时(would do, was / were going to do) 规则:过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情,如:(1)。
【注意】
(1) was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来, was/were about to do sth.常与when搭配,如:(2)。
(2)come, go, leave等用过去进行时表过去将来时。(1) During the summer of 2010 she was traveling in Europe.
(2) I met Diana while I was shopping this morning.
(3) I was wondering if you could give me a lift.8. 过去进行时(was/were +v.-ing)规则1:过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生,如:(1)。
规则2:某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生,常用于由while引导的时间状语从句中,如:(2)。
规则3:过去进行时可以表示委婉语气,如:(3)。(1)His wallet got stolen on the bus to the office.
(2) Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.
(3) This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.
(4) The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.
?Some advice was_given_to the pupils by the pianist.
(5)The boss made them work ten hours a day.
?They_were_made_to_work ten hours a day by the boss.被动语态(6) Paper is known to have been first made in China.
?It is known that paper was first made in China.
(7)These books are_going_to_be_posted(post) tomorrow.
(8) We haven't been invited to the party.
(9)The problem is being discussed by the students.
(10)Your composition must be handed in tomorrow.
(11)These novels won't sell well.
(12)The house requires cleaning(clean) at once. 被动语态(13)The girl isn't easy to get along with.
(14)He is seated on a bench.
?He seats(seat) himself on a bench.
(15)He was hidden behind the door.
?He hid himself behind the door.
(16)The book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被动语态)
The book is well sold. (系表结构)被动语态构成:助动词be/get+及物动词的过去分词。
用法:
(1)动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态,如:(2)。
(2) 当强调动作的承受者时,用被动语态,如:(3)。
【注意】
(1) 带双宾语动词的被动语态,若将间接宾语变为被动语态中的主语,直接宾语则保留不变;若将直接宾语变为被动语态中的主语,间接宾语前则需加介词to 或for,如:(4)。(2) 动词make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等接动词不定式作宾语补足语时,动词不定式不带to;但他们变成被动语态时后面的不定式都须加上to,如:(5)。
(3) 当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report, suggest, think等时,被动语态有两种形式:① 谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补。② 用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面,用主语从句来表示,如:(6)。被动语态的时态:
(1)一般现在时
助动词am/is/are + 动词的过去分词,如:(2)、(3)。
(2) 一般过去时
 助动词was/were + 动词的过去分词,如:(4)。
(3) 一般将来时
will 或be going to + be + 动词的过去分词,如:(7)。
(4) 现在完成时
助动词have/has + been + 动词的过去分词,如:(8)。(5) 现在进行时
be + being + 动词的过去分词,如:(9)。
(6) 带有情态动词的被动语态
情态动词 + be + 动词的过去分词,如:(10)。
【注意】
1.主动形式表被动意义
(1) cut, read, sell, wear, write, cook, lock, wash等表示主语性质功用的动词接状语修饰语时,如:(11)。
(2) want / require / need doing中的doing(也可用to be done)用主动形式表被动意义,如:(12)。(3) 在“be + 形容词 + to do”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语时,用主动形式表被动,如:(13)。
(4)系动词feel, look, smell, taste, sound等。
(5) 表示“开始、发生、结束、关、停、转、启动”等动词。
(6) 在be worth doing中,doing用主动形式表被动。
(7) 不定式 to blame (受谴责),to rent(出租)作表语时,用主动形式表被动。2. 被动形式表示主动意义
be seated 坐着;be hidden 躲藏;be lost 迷路;be drunk 喝醉;be dressed 穿着,如:(14)、(15)。
3. 被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态强调动作;系表结构表主语的特征或状态,如:(16)。
不能用被动语态的几种情况:
(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用被动语态。(2) 表示状态的谓语动词,如:hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like, consist of等。
(3) 表示归属的动词,如have, own, belong to等。
(4) 表示“希望, 意图”的动词,如:wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等。
(5) 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态。
(6) 宾语是同源宾语,不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。课件29张PPT。Part2 考点6考点6 情态动词1.主要考查的知识点:
 (1)情态动词的基本用法
 (2)情态动词+完成式的用法
 (3)情态动词的一些特定用法
2.复习重点:
 (1)情态动词的意义以及不同的情态动词的用法区别
 (2)must, can, should等常见情态动词的用法
 (3)must/ can/ should/ might+have done的用法及区别
 (4)含情态动词的疑问句的回答情态动词的基本用法
情态动词表示说话人的语气和情绪,本身词义不全,不能单独作谓语,必须与后面的动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化,有的情态动词有过去式。常见的情态动词有can, could, may, might, must, have to, shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, dare, used to等。用适当的情态动词填空
(1)He could read books in English when he was only five.
(2)Man can not live without air.
(3)Could you wait a few days for the money?
(4)Could/Can I borrow your reference books?
(5)Oh, dear, what on earth can this mean?
(6)They were able to put out the fire without any help from the firefighters.
(7)You can not be too careful.
(8)I couldn't do anything but choose to wait.1. can, could的用法规则1:表示体力或脑力(知识、技能)所产生的能力,如:(1)。
规则2:表示客观的可能性,如:(2)。
规则3:表示请求建议,用could 比 can语气更委婉,回答用原形,如:(3)。
规则4:表示允许、许可,用could 比 can更委婉客气,如:(4)。【注意】
(1)在否定句、疑问句和感叹句中,表示怀疑、惊异或不相信的态度,如:(5)。
(2) 表示“经过努力后终于能……”,用be able to,如:(6)。
(3) 惯用形式“can not (can't) … too/over/enough” 表示“无论怎么……也不(过分)”,用来加强语气,如:(7)。
(4) cannot but do sth. 不得不;只好,如:(8)。 2. may, might的用法(1) May I ask you a question?
(2) Study hard in order that you may work better in the future.
(3) Now that they were all here, she might as well speak her mind.
(4) May you have a good trip.(1)表示允许、请求。Might I …? 比 May I …? 语气更为婉转和有礼貌:如:(1)。对于Might I …? 的回答用… may;对May I …? 的否定回答常用… mustn't / can't。
(2)表示说话人的猜测,表示“或许,大概”。用于肯定句或否定句中,用might 比 may语气更加不肯定,如:(3)。【注意】
(1)用于目的状语从句中,含“能,能够……”之意,如:(2)。
(2) 惯用形式 “may (might) as well + 动词原形”意为“不妨做……”。
(3) 表示祝愿(不用might)。采用部分倒装语序:may+主语+动词原形+…! 如:(4)。3. must,have to的用法(1) You mustn't speak like that to your mother.
(2) She must_have_seen(肯定看过) the film. [完成句子]
(3) The students today will have to know how to use computers.
(4) If you must know my age, I tell you that I'm twice my son's age. 规则1:must 表示“必须”。强调主观看法,只有现在时形式;其否定式是must not (mustn't),表示“禁止”“不准”,如:(1)。
此时,对用must提问的一般疑问句的否定回答用needn't或don't have to。
规则2: must表示有把握的推测,意为“一定,肯定”,用于肯定句中,如:(2)。规则3: have to表示“必须,不得不”,强调客观要求,能用于更多时态,如:(3)。
【注意】
must 还表示主语主观的坚持,有“偏偏,偏要,一定要”之意,如:(4)。4. will, would的用法(1)Would you teach us how to drive a car?
Will you please give him a message when you see him?
(2)He would come to see me on Sunday when he was in Beijing.
(3)That will be the man you want to see.
Perhaps she would be willing to meet us.
(4)The machine won't work.
(5)There used to be a park here.规则1:用于各种人称,表示意志或决心。will指现在,would则指过去。
规则2:用于第二人称的疑问句中表示有礼貌的询问和请求,would 比 will更委婉。其回答用…will,如(1)。
规则3:表示习惯性、经常性、倾向性,意为“总是”,“惯于”。 will指现在,would是指过去,如:(2)。
规则4:表示说话人的推测,意为“大概,也许”, will语气较强;would 的语气比较弱,如:(3)。规则5:表示功能,译作“能”或“可以”,won't表示失去某种功能或属性,如:(4)。
【注意】
would 与used to 的区别:
①used to 强调今昔对比,过去的某种习惯,现在已经没有了;would 表示过去一段时间里有某种习惯,现在可能还有。试比较: We would sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story. (过去会这样,现在可能还这样)
We used to sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story. (过去会这样,但现在不这样了)
②表示过去的状态,只能用used to,不能用would,如:(5)。 5.shall,should/ought to的用法(1) Shall I turn off the light?
(2)You shall not leave your post.
(3) You should keep your promise.
(4) They should arrive by one o'clock.
(5) I should think you are mistaken.
(6) Why should you be so late?
(7) You ought to obey your parents when they are right.规则1:shall用于第一、第三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见,如:(1);用于第二、第三人称中,表示说话人的决心、意志、许诺、命令、警告、威胁等,如:(2)。
规则2:should 意为“应该”,表义务,责任,也可表示劝告,建议,如:(3)。
规则3:should表示按常规、常理推测,意为“可能”或“应该”,如:(4)。规则4:提出意见、请求、建议时,可用should表示委婉,谦逊的语气,意为“可”,“倒是”,如:(5)。
规则5:should还可表示说话人对某事的不解、感到意外、惊异等意思,意为“竟会,居然”,常用在I never imagine, I can't believe, It's a pity (surprise), why/How+should等结构中,如:(6)。
规则6:ought to表示责任和义务意为“应该”,语气比 should强;还可表推测,如:(7)。6. need和dare的用法(1) You needn't water the tomato plants now.
(2)— Need I go there right now?
— Yes, you must.
(3) The house needs repairing.=The house needs to be repaired.
(4) No one dared speak of it.
(5) Do you dare (to) jump into the ocean?规则1:need作情态动词表示“需要”“必要”。通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句中,且只有现在时,其他时态用“have to”的相应形式代替。  例(2)中need也是情态动词,对于Need …? 的肯定回答用 … must。
规则2:need用作行为动词,其变化与行为动词相同。若主语为动作承受者时,用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义,或用不定式的被动形式,如:(3)。规则3:dare的用法
(1)dare作情态动词表示“敢于”,可用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中,如:(4);用作行为动词,其变化与一般动词相同,在疑问句中时,dare后的“to+动词原形”可以省略to,如:(5)。
(2) 惯用短语“I dare say”意为“我想,大概”。
情态动词的其他用法
can / must / may / should这4个情态动词可以用来对现在的情况、过去已经发生的动作或将来发生的行为进行推测,或表示现在、过去的一种可能性。(1) He is in hospital. He can't be at school.
(2) Can he be free now?
(3) He has a car. He may come by car, but I am not sure.
(4) It is raining so hard. My friend may not come.
(5) The baby doesn't want anything. She must be full.
(6) The new coat ought to be ready on Thursday.
(7) It's 9:00. The supermarket should be open.1. 情态动词+动词原形规则1:can 用于否定句和疑问句中,表示对现在状态、现在正在进行的动作的推测。
① 用于否定句,意为:“不可能”,如:(1)。
② 用于疑问句,意为:“会不会”,如:(2)。
规则2:may 用于肯定句和否定句中,表示对现在的状态、现在正在进行的动作的推测。① 用于肯定句,意为“也许,可能”(might 的可能性比may更小),如:(3)。
② 用于否定句,意为:“也许不/没有,可能不/没有”,如:(4)。
规则3:must 表示猜测时,常与be连用,只能用于“肯定句”,意为:“肯定,必定”,如:(5)。
规则4:should/ought to表示猜测时,只能用于肯定句,意为:“理应,应当”(依据常规、常理、风俗、习惯等进行推测),如:(6)、(7)。(1) There's no light in the room. They must have gone to bed.
(2) You could have done the work better.
(3) He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.
(4) You ought to have done the exercise more carefully. 2. 情态动词+完成式(5) You should have been here five minutes ago.
(6) You needn't have come over yourself.
(7)You must go now, needn't you?
You mustn't smoke here, must/may you?
(8)You must be hungry now, aren't you?
You must have heard about it, haven't you?
You must have watched that football match
last night, didn't you?2. 情态动词+完成式规则1:must have done 表示对过去所发生的事情的肯定,意为“一定做过某事”,如:(1)。
规则2:can't / cannot have done 表示过去所发生行为的不可能性,通常用在否定句和疑问句中。could have done 表示过去本可能发生而实际上未发生的事情,意为“本可以”,如:(2)。
规则3:may/might have done 表示过去也许/或许已经……;本来可能……(但实际上没有发生),如:(3)。规则4:should / ought to have done 表示“本该做而实际上未做的事情”,其否定式意为“本不该做的事情,结果已经做了”,它们含有责备之意,如:(4)、(5)。
规则5:needn't have done表示“本来不必做而实际上做了的事情”,如:(6)。
【注意】
(1)当must作“必须”意义时,其反意部分用needn't;_当含有mustn't时,其反意部分用must/may,如:(7)。
(2) 当情态动词表推测时,反意部分助动词的使用要根据情态动词后面所隐含的时间来确定,如:(8)。课件23张PPT。Part2 考点7考点7 虚拟语气1.主要考查的知识点:
 (1)在状语从句和名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法
 (2)含蓄虚拟语气
2.复习重点:
 (1)掌握虚拟语气的基本概念及用法。
 (2)在条件句中省略if的虚拟语气。
 (3)意义上不是虚拟语气,但必须使用虚拟语气的情况。3. 应对方法:
 解题时,首先要确定题干句子表示的句意为真实的还是虚拟的,来决定是否该用虚拟语气。带有状语从句的复合句应重点看从句,根据从句句意所表达的信息来判断是否该用虚拟。虚拟语气确定后要明确是对现在、过去还是对将来的虚拟,从而确定虚拟语气的形式。 (1) If I had(have) time, I would go there.
(2) If you had come earlier, you couldn't/wouldn't_have_missed(miss) the bus.
(3) If it should_rain/were_to_rain(rain) tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off.
(4) We got up early in order that we could catch the first bus. 1. 状语从句中的虚拟语气(5) We got up early for fear that we should miss the first bus.
(6) We got up early lest that we should miss the first bus.
(7) She speaks English as though she were a native of New York.
(8) It seems as if he doesn't know her. 1. 状语从句中的虚拟语气 虚拟语气的结构及用法:非真实的条件,常由if 引导,主句和从句常用虚拟语气。
1. 条件与现在事实相反, 从句谓语用一般过去时(be多用were);主句谓语用would / should / could/might+动词原形,如:(1)。
2. 条件与过去事实相反, 从句谓语用过去完成时had done;主句谓语用would / should /could /might+have done,如:(2)。3. 条件与将来事实相反,从句谓语用should do / were to do;主句谓语用would / should / could / might+动词原形,如:(3)。
规则1:目的状语从句
1. so that/ in order that +从句: 从句:用can /could / may / might + 动词原形,如:(4)。
2. for fear that/in case that + 从句:从句用should+动词原形)“以防,万一”,如:(5)。3. lest +从句:从句用should+ 动词原形,“以防万一”,如:(6)。
规则2:方式状语从句
as if/ as though + 从句:从句的虚拟语气与wish 后的宾语从句虚拟语气类似,如:(7)。
【注意】
as if / as though连接的从句表示可能的事实时,不需用虚拟语气,如:(8)。2. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气(1)It is suggested that I (should) exercise every day.
The doctor's suggestion is that I (should) exercise every day.
(2) His face suggested that he was very sad.
(3) How he wishes that he were a bird.
(4) We wish that we had visited the Great Wall last year.(5) We wish we would live on the moon one day.
(6) I would rather you were not here with me now.
(7) I would rather you hadn't done that.
(8) It is important that we (should)have a good knowledge of computer science.
(9) It is a pity that you (should) be absent from the meeting.
(10) We are surprised that he (should) be a doctor.2. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气规则1:名词性从句中,表示“建议,命令,要求”等意义时,名词性从句用(should)+ 动词原形。
(1) 建议:动词advise, suggest, propose, recommend (名词advice, suggestion, proposal, recommendation)
(2) 命令:名词order, command
(3) 要求: 动词request, require, demand, ask, insist (名词request, requirement, demand),如:(1)。【注意】
(1)suggest 意为“表明,暗示”时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气,如:(2)。
(2)insist 意为“坚持认为,坚持说”时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
规则2:I wish (that) + 宾语从句(虚拟语气)
(1)表示愿望与“现在事实相反”,从句用一般过去时,如:(3)。(2) 表示愿望与“过去事实相反”,从句用过去完成时,如:(4)。
(3) 表示愿望实现的可能性很小,从句常用could/might/would +动词原形,如:(5)。
规则3:would rather/prefer + that-从句(从句用虚拟语气)
(1)表示愿望与“现在事实相反”,从句用一般过去时,如:(6)。
(2) 表示愿望与“过去事实相反”,从句用过去完成时,如:(7)。规则4:名词性从句表示说话人“强烈”的感彩时,从句用should +动词原形/should + have done,should 可译为“应该;居然,竟然”。should 可以省略。
常见的句型如下:
(1)It is important/necessary/ strange/ surprising/ funny/ natural + that- 从句,如:(8)。
(2) It is a pity / a shame/ an honour/ no wonder that-从句,如:(9)。
(3) 主语 + be + sorry/ disappointed/ surprised + that-从句,如:(10)。 3. 定语从句中的虚拟语气(1) It's time that we should go home.
(2) It's time that we went home.
(3) It is the second time that I have visited Beijing.
(4) It was the second time that I had visited Beijing. It's (about/high/very) time that-从句 (从句用虚拟语气,谓语用一般过去式或 should do, should 不能省略),意为“某人该做某事了”,如:(1)、(2)。
注意下面固定句型的时态搭配:
①It/This is the first/second/…time that+主语+has / have done…
②It/This was the first/second/…time that +主语+had done.如:(3)、(4)。 4. 简单句中的虚拟语气(1) Long live the People's Republic of China!
(2) May you succeed!
(3) Everybody leave the room!
(4) Let one of you go and tell her to come.  虚拟语气用于简单句时,一般表示祝愿、命令等。谓语要用动词原形。
规则1:表示祝愿,如:(1)、(2)。
规则2:表示命令,如:(3)、(4)。5. 含蓄虚拟语气(1)If only you hadn't_told(not tell) him the news.
(2)Human beings would die without water.
?Human beings would_die if there were no water.
(3)I couldn't_have_succeeded but for your help.
?I couldn't have succeeded if you hadn't helped me. 5. 含蓄虚拟语气(4)I had no money then. Otherwise I would have bought that book.
If I had_had money then, I would have bought that book.
(5)Had they had time(=If they had had time),they would have certainly come to help us.
(6)If I had studied in a university, I would get the job in the company. 常用含蓄虚拟语气的情况:
规则1:if only 意为“要是…… 就好了”(与wish后面的虚拟语气类似),如:(1)。
规则2:without / but for 如果没有……,……就会……。如:(2)、(3)。
规则3:otherwise / or 否则,不然的话,就会……。如:(4)。【注意】
(1)当虚拟语气的条件状语从句中有had,should,were时,在正式或书面语言中可将if省略,而把had,should,were 提前到句首,变为半倒装,如:(5)。
(2) 混合虚拟语气
虚拟语气中,常出现从句与主句表示不同时期的事情,此时,从句与主句则分别用不同时态的虚拟语气。如:(6)。(3) 几种特别用法
was/were supposed to have done 理应做……
was/were to have done 本计划做……
had thought/believed…, but…本以为……
had planned/intended…, but…本计划……,本打算……
had wished/hoped…, but… 本希望……课件30张PPT。Part2 考点8考点8 非谓语动词1.主要考查的知识点:
 (1)非谓语动词的基本用法及句法功能;不同的非谓语动词的用法区别。
 (2)非谓语动词在一些特定的结构,如with复合结构等的用法。
2.复习重点:
 (1)分词、不定式作定语、状语、补语的用法
 (2)动名词作主语、宾语的用法
 (3)现在分词、过去分词、动名词及不定式的用法区别 (1)Smoking(抽烟) is prohibited(禁止)here.
(2) Having studied computer is an important qualification for the job.
(3) Jack's_suddenly_disappearing(杰克的突然失踪) made them worried.
(4) I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.
(5) It is no use/good crying(哭). 1. 不定式和动名词作主语 非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(-ing)、现在分词(-ing)与过去分词(-ed)。
它们不受主语人称和数的限制,在句子中不能充当谓语,但可以充当句子的其他成分,并且有时态和语态的变化。所以,要正确使用非谓语形式,一定要充分理解不同形式所表现的意义,要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动(或状态)”,所表示的动作是“过去”、“现在”还是“将来”,以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。规则1:动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作, 而不定式作主语表示具体动作,如:(1)。
规则2:动名词和不定式的完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生,如:(2)。
规则3:动名词的独立主格结构:当动名词带逻辑主语时,只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格,如:(3)。
规则4:不定式及动名词短语作主语时可转换成it作形式主语,如:(4)、(5)。2. 不定式和动名词作宾语Do you mind my/me reading your paper?   
(2) I regretted not_having_taken(没有采取) her advice.
(3) I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
(4) You would be well advised to_stay(stay) indoors.
The teacher advised taking(take) a
different approach.2. 不定式和动名词作宾语(5) The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing/to be removed immediately.
(6) Don't you remember seeing the man before?
You must remember to leave tomorrow.
(7) I should like to see him tomorrow.
(8) There is no use crying over spilt milk.
(9) He had a good time in travelling abroad this summer vacation.2. 不定式和动名词作宾语(10) They can't lose time playing computer games as usual.
(11) There is no telling what he is going to do.
(12)Last night I did nothing but watch(watch) TV.
The doctor told him nothing but to_stop(stop) smoking.
(13)When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. 2. 不定式和动名词作宾语(14)We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind.
(15)I don't mind there being(be) a chair here.
(16)There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.
(17)John didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to.规则1:动名词作宾语时,其逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格,也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格,如:(1)。
规则2:作宾语的动名词和不定式,完成式表示该动作在谓语动词动作之前发生,如:(2)。规则3:介词以及少数动词和词组后只能用动名词作宾语,如:admit, dislike, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, bear(忍受), envy, can't help(不禁), delay, escape, can't stand(受不了), deny, excuse(借口), consider(考虑), fancy, mind, miss(错过), mention, finish, pardon, resist, forgive, imagine, risk, practice, suggest(建议), keep, quit, put off, give up, feel like, be worth, set about, burst out, be/get/become used to(习惯于), look forward to, pay attention to, devote…to, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(能胜任), turn to(求助于)等,如:(3)。规则4:动词advise / allow / permit / forbid后既可跟doing sth.作宾语,又可跟to do(不定式作宾补),如:(4)。
规则5:need, require, want, deserve +doing 动名词的主动形式表被动意义,相当于to be done,如:(5)。
规则6:有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别,如:(6)。常用的还有:
(1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)
forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生) (2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
(3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
(4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾(后常跟动词say, tell, inform等)
regret doing对做过的事后悔
(5)try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法 (6) mean to do打算,有意要……
mean doing意味着
(7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)
go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)
(8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)
proposing doing建议(做某事)
(9) like /love/hate/ prefer+to do 表示具体行为;
+doing sth.表示抽象、倾向概念。【注意】
如果like/love/hate/prefer这几个动词前有should/ would,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词,如:(7)。
规则7:常见的带不定式作宾语的动词(口诀助记)如下:
想要干want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim,would like/love, desire, swear
早打算plan, prepare, mean, arrange
同意否agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford问问看 ask(ask to do 要求做), beg
决定了 decide, determine, make up one's mind, be determined
尽力干 try, manage(反义词fail), struggle, strive, attempt
努力做 care
别装蒜 pretend
【注意】口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式,几乎都有将来意味。规则8:固定句型
(1)There is no good/point/sense/harm+doing sth. 做某事没用(不好/没意义/没有害处),如:(8)。
(2)have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun + (in)+doing,如:(9)。
(3)spend/waste/lose time(in) doing sth.,如:(10)。
(4)There is no + doing sth. (there is no 表“不可能”),如:(11)。(5)come/become/grow/get+to+like/love/realize/understand/know等表示心理活动的过程,意为“渐渐地喜欢上/意识到/懂了/知道了……”。
(6)do/did/does+ nothing/anything/everything +but (except) + 动词原形;如果谓语动词不是do/did/does, but (except)所跟的不定式须带to,如:(12)。
(7)can not (help/choose) but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do表示“不得不”,如:(13)。(8)“Why not + 动词原形”表达向某人提出建议,意为:“为什么不……?”,“干嘛不……?”
(9)“would rather/had better+(not)+动词原形”意为“宁愿/最好(不)做某事”。
(10)there be的非谓语形式
◇作动词expect,like,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate宾语时,通常用there to be结构,在mind, object to等后面用there being,如:(14)、(15)。
◇作状语多用there being结构,如:(16)。(11)为避免重复,在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时,常出现单独使用的to,而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是,如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时,要保留这些词,如:(17)。3. 不定式、动名词和分词作表语(1) What I would suggest is to start work at once.
(2) His hobby is collecting stamps.
(3) Travelling is interesting but tiring.
(4) The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.
(5) What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour. 规则1:不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为,如:(1)、(2)。
规则2:表心理状态的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容词转为分词作表语时,表示客观“令人……的”;interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示主观“感到……”,如:(3)、(4)。规则3:get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系动词后都可跟done,表示被动或主语的状态。如remain seated/hidden,get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等,如:(5)。
常用be done+介词短语表示所处的状态,如下:
be addicted to…沉迷于……
be absorbed in…全神贯注于……
be aimed at…旨在/意图……be armed with…有……装备 be buried in…埋葬在……
be based on/upon…以 ……为基础
be born…出生于…… be burdened with…担负着……
be crowded with…挤满了……
be covered with/by…覆盖着……
be coated with…涂抹了……
be combined with…与……联合
be compared with…与……相比较
be caught in…陷入…… be lost in…沉迷于……be concerned about…关心…… be dressed in…穿着……
be devoted to…专心致志于……
be divided into…分成(几份/几组)
be designed/meant/intended for…专为……而设计
be engaged in…忙于…… be engaged to sb.与……订婚
be fixed on…专注于 …… be faced with…面临着……
be filled with…装满了……
be greeted with…受到了……问候
be grown up 已经长大了 be hidden in…躲在……be linked to…与……有关
be connected with…与……相连/有关
be made of/from/up of 由……制成/由……组成
be known as/for/to…以……著称/因……著名
be recovered from…从……中康复
be loaded with…载有……
be located in/on/at…位于……
be married(to sb.)与某人结婚了 be matched 很般配
be mistaken 弄错了 be paved with…铺着……be replaced with…更换为……
be related to/with…与……有关
be separated from…与……隔开
be shouldered with…肩负着……
be stationed in…驻扎在…… be seated 坐着
be surrounded with/by…四周环绕着……
be supposed to do…应该做……课件36张PPT。Part2 考点8考点8 非谓语动词4. 不定式、动名词和分词作定语 (1) The water polluted by the factory should be to blame.
(2) We'd better find some work for the children to do.
(3) He is the first one to_help(help) me with computer.
(4) Your ability to analyze the problem really surprised us.
(5) Do you have anything to send?(是主语you送)
(6) Do you have anything to_be_sent(send)?(不是主语you送,是别人送) 4. 不定式、动名词和分词作定语 (7) Barking dogs seldom bite.
(8) The plan to_be_made(make) is of vital importance.
(9) The building being constructed will be used as a library.(现在正在进行的被动)
(10) The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted.(过去的被动)
(11) The teacher is satisfied with our satisfying performance in class, which can be seen from her satisfied expression on her face. 规则1:单个非谓语动词作定语一般在名词前,如:(7);但修饰不定代词时在代词后,如:(5)、(6);非谓语动词短语作定语一般要跟在名词后,如:(1)。
规则2:不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别:
to do sth. 表示:与被修饰的名词有
   ①动宾关系,如:
(2);名词前有序数词或最高级,如:(3)。
   ②主谓关系。
   ③不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、
权利等抽象名词名

+to be done 表示将要被做,如:(8)。
done表示已经完成的或表被动的动作(having been
done不可作定语),如:(1)、(10)。
being done 表示被修饰词正在做,如:(9)。
doing sth.表示:①正在进行的动作 ②经常性动作
   或现在(或当时)的状态 ③即将发生的动作名

+【注意】
不及物动词构成的不定式作定语,要加上适当的介词且介词不能省。
规则3:一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态,意为“已经……的”。
a fallen leaf落叶(已经落在地上)→a falling leaf 飘零的落叶,尚在空中
a developed country 发达国家→a developing country 发展中国家a risen sun 升起的太阳→a rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳
a returned student 归国学生
a retired worker 退休工人
an advanced worker 先进工作者
boiled water 开水→boiling water 沸水
a bent branch 弯曲的树枝
determined opposition 强烈的反对
a devoted soldier 忠诚的士兵
a well-informed professor 见多识广的教授【注意】
1. 有些表示“使……”的动词,其-ing形式,意为“令人……的”,表示事物的性质、特征,强调给他人的印象;其-ed形式,意为“感到……的”,表示人的心理、状态,强调主语内心的感受,也可修饰look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名词。如:(11)。
2. 不宜用现在分词短语作定语的情况:
(1)The man who came this morning is our legal adviser. (√)
The man coming this morning is our legal adviser. (×)不能用doing表达过去动作
(2)Is there anyone who can answer this question? (√)
Is there anyone answering this question? (×)
用answering表达can answer的意思是错的
(3)Those who have finished their work can go home now. (√)
Those having finished their work can go home now. (×)
完成式不能作定语3. drink, learn, sink, light都有两种形式的过去分词,但作定语时,只能用拼写较长的过去分词。
a drunken driver 喝醉酒的司机;a learned lawyer 博学的律师;a sunken ship 沉船;a lighted candle 点着的蜡烛5. 不定式和分词作状语 (1) He made a long speech, only to_show(show) his ignorance of the subject.
(2) Being_watched(watch) by the audience, the young speaker felt very nervous.
(3) Encouraged(encourage) by these successes, they decided to expand the business.
(4) When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us. 5. 不定式和分词作状语 (5) Not_having_received(not receive) an answer, he decided to write another letter to them.
(6) Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.
(7) He worked deep into the night, preparing(prepare) a speech for the president.
(8) I got up very early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family. 5. 不定式和分词作状语 (9) She is so kind as to help me.=She is so kind that she helps me.
(10) She is such a kind girl as to help me.=She is such a kind girl that she helps me.
(11) I'm only too pleased to help you.
(12) One is never too old to learn. 5. 不定式和分词作状语 (13) Seating himself/Seated (=Sitting) in the room, he is absorbed in reading.
(14) It being Sunday, we needn't go to school.
? Because it is Sunday, we needn't go to school.
(15) All the work done, you can have a rest.
? If all the work is done, you can have a rest.
(16) While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. 规则1:不定式和分词作状语,有一般式和完成式,也有主动和被动。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。当前后主语一致时,可以按照下列形式选择使用:
① to do表示目的或结果(to do= in order to do
/so as to do 其中so as to do不能放在句首)
②only+ to do表示意想不到的结果. 如:(1)。(not)
+to
dodoing sth.与谓语动词同时发生的动作(主动关系)
如:(4)。
being + adj./n.常表示原因
being +p.p.强调与谓语动词同时发生的被动动作
(“因为正在被……”)。如:(2)。
done 已经发生的被动动作,如:(3)。
having done 先于谓语动词发生的动作(主动关系)
如:(5)。
having been done先于谓语动词发生的动作(被动关
系),如:(6)。(not)
+规则2:不定式“to do sth.”作目的和结果状语时总是在谓语动词后发生,如:(8)。而分词一般式 “doing sth.”作状语时总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生,如:(7)。
规则3:so + adj./ adv.+ as to do 或such+(a/an) adj.+n.+ as to do,可以转化为so…that 或such…that 引导的结果状语从句,如:(9)、(10)。 【注意】
1. too…to do表示肯定的情况
① 当only too和 all too与动词不定式连用时,表示肯定意义。如:(11)。
② too ready/apt/anxious/eager/glad/willing(表示心情或情绪)+to do,其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义,这时too相当于very。
③ never (not) + too…to…句型为“不会太……所以能……”之意。如:(12)。2. devote, absorb, lose, seat, dress, hide等动词的非谓语形式作状语和定语时,可以用它们的-ed形式(devoted, absorbed, lost, seated, dressed, hidden)或-ing+oneself形式(devoting/ absorbing/ losing/ seating/ dressing /hiding oneself)。如:(13)。
3. 有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来,成为固定短语,当作插入语使用。此时,句子的主语与它们不存在逻辑上的一致关系,如:① to tell you the truth实话说, needless to say不用说, to be honest/ frank老实说,坦白说, to be more exact更确切地说, to make things worse更糟的是,say that…假设……,not to mention…更不用说……② Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说,considering …鉴于/考虑到……,judging by/from…从……来看,依据……来判断,supposing /suppose that…假定……,providing that… 假定……,according to…依据……,including…包括……,owing to …由于……,talking/speaking of谈及……
③ given…考虑到……, provided that…如果……4.独立主格结构:n./pron.+doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep.短语
前后主语不一致时,作状语的非谓语动词需有自己的逻辑主语,此时的“n./pron.+doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep.短语”,就是“独立主格结构”。如:(14)、(15)。
独立主格结构的特点:
① 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。② n./pron.与后面的doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep.短语是主谓关系。
③ 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
5. 连词+分词(短语)
有时,为了使非谓语动词短语与主句的逻辑关系更清楚,可在非谓语动词前加连词。连词有when,while,if,unless,though,after, before, as等。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须一致,如:(16)。6. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语 (1) My father permits me to_surf(surf) the Internet at the weekend.
(2) The children were last seen playing(play) by the river.
(3) She saw the old man cross the road.
? The old man was seen to cross the road.
(4) Finally I got my car running.
(5) The teacher often gets us to recite texts.6. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语 (6) I'd like to get my car cleaned before the New Year.
(7) I made my little brother cry.
? My little brother was made to cry.
(8) I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard(hear) and understood.
(9) The teacher often has us debate(debate) in class.
(10) They had the lights burning(burn) while working.
(11) Nancy will have her house painted.6. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语 (12) I am going to the supermarket and have many things to buy. Do you have anything to be bought?
(13) They went home, leaving much work unfinished(unfinish).
(14) I have once seen the child caught stealing money.
   (15) I found the little boy lying(lie) under the tree when I passed by.
(16) The teacher wanted the paper (to be) finished in an hour. 究竟用何种形式充当宾补,取决于带复合宾语的动词的特征。
do sth.(用于let, make, have以及感官动词后)
to do sth.(主动) / to be done(被动)
doing sth. (主动,正在进行或持续进行)
done (被动,状态或完成)
being done(被动,正在进行)常




有规则1:带宾补的动词
like, hate, encourage, wish, warn, tell, want, desire, expect, get, permit, order, allow,invite, force, ask, cause, advise, request, prefer, beg, persuade, teach,lead等动词+宾语+to do sth.,宾语与to do 为主动关系,如:(1)。【注意】
hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do
(×)hope sb. to do sth.应改为 → wish / expect sb. to do sth.
(×)welcome sb. to do sth.应改为 → sb. be welcome to do sth.
(×)agree sb. to do sth.应改为 → allow/permit sb. to do sth.
(×)suggest sb. to do sth. 应改为 → advise sb. to do sth./ suggest sb. (should) do sth.
(×)demand sb. to sth.应改为 → require sb. to do/ demand sb.(should) do sth.规则2:感官动词带宾补的结构,如:(2)。
感官动词
see, observe,
hear, notice,
watch, feel,
look at,
listen todo sth.(主动,全过程或经
 常性动作)
doing(主动,正在进行)
done(与宾语是被动关系)+宾语+【注意】
若感官动词在被动语态中,则to 要还原,如:(3)。
规则3:get/send 带宾补的结构。
get / send +宾语+doing表示“使……起来”,动作由静止到运动并持续下去,如:(4)。
get + 宾语+to do=let/have sb. do表示“让某人做某事”,如:(5)。
get + 宾语+done=have sth. done表示“使某事被做”,如:(6)。
send+宾语+to do表示“派某人去做某事”规则4:make带宾补的结构
使役动词make+宾语+do/done;宾语与do 为主动关系,与done是被动关系;如make 在被动语态中,to要还原,如:(7)、(8)。规则5:have带宾补的结构
to do意为“有某事要做”(主语本人做),如:(12)。
to be done意为“有要做的事情”(不是主语本人做),
如:(12)。
do意为“让某人做某事”,如:(9)。
doing意为“让某人一直做某事”,如:(10)。
done意为“让人做了某事”或遭遇某事,如:(11)。have

宾语
+规则6:keep/leave+宾语+doing(主动,且持续进行)/done(被动),如:(13)。
规则7:catch+宾语+doing表示“发现某人正在做某事”,宾语与doing为主动,且正在进行,如:(14)。
规则8:find+宾语+doing(主动,正在进行)/done(被动、状态或完成),如:(15)。
规则9:want/order/ask/wish/like +宾语+(to be)done (宾语与done之间为被动关系),如:(16)。7. with复合结构 (1)With_the_children_following_him(由于孩子跟着他), he had to go back to the park.
(2) With the work finished, he could go home.
(3) With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest.
(4) His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand (=a book in her hand=book in hand).
(5) The students stood in line with the national flag being raised. with复合结构既可看作介词短语,在句子中作
定语;也可看作独立主格结构,常在句中充当状语。
它由“with+宾语+补语”组成,其中,宾语和宾补
之间必须有逻辑一致关系。其结构为:
adv./prep.如:(4)。
adj.如:(3)。
doing(主动,同时)/being done(正在被),
如:(1)、(5)。
done(被动或完成),如:(2)。
to do(与宾语有动宾关系,表示将要发生的动作)with

宾语
+课件35张PPT。Part2 考点9考点9 定语从句1.主要考查的知识点:
 (1)关系词的选用
 (2)关系词前加介词等的用法
 (3)定语从句的时态
 (4)非限制性定语从句的用法
 2.复习重点:
 (1)关系代词和关系副词的用法区别。
 (2)掌握只能用that引导定语从句的情形。
 (3)掌握介词加关系代词的用法。
 (4)掌握as和which引导非限制性定语从句的用法。 3.应对方法:
 解题时,首先要确定先行词,根据先行词在从句中所作的句子成分来判断该用关系代词还是副词,并且确定具体用哪个关系词。如果从句中谓语动词为不及物动词,应考虑关系代词前该不该加介词。定义
1. 定义:修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2. 先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。3. 关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that, as等;关系副词:where, when, why等。关系词常有三个作用:引导定语从句;代替先行词;在定语从句中充当一个成分。如:
Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read.
分析:that I have read是定语从句;novel是先行词;that 是关系代词,代替先行词novel,在从句中作have read的宾语。 4. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开,是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确,翻译成先行词的定语,“……的……”。
非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,通常翻译成主句的并列句。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.
他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)
His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥,现在是律师,总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)(1)She is the woman (whom / that/who) I wanted to see yesterday.
(2)I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.
(3)Harry Potter is one of the best-sellers that are popular with teenagers.
Harry Potter is the only one of the best-sellers
that makes the author a billionaire.1. 关系代词的使用(4)Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.
(5)To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 20 years ago, now has become true.
(6)All that can be done has been done.
(7)This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
(8)The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.1. 关系代词的使用(9)Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
(10)Who is the man that is standing there?
(11)They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.
(12)Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.
(13)The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.1. 关系代词的使用(14)We depend on the land from which we get our food.
(15)Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person?
(16)The classroom whose door/ the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.
(17)As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
(18)This house is not such as I expect.(such为代词,作先行词; as在从句中作宾语)1. 关系代词的使用(19)As was pointed out, this kind of substance is poisonous.
(20)This is the book (which / that) I am looking for.
(21)He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. = He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.1. 关系代词的使用(22)I don't have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.=I don't have enough money with which I can buy such an expensive dress.
(23)Mike was a student at the university from 1998 to 2004, during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students' Union. 1. 关系代词的使用规则1:关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语并且前面无介词时,关系代词可省略,其他情况不可省,如:(1)。
规则2:定语从句中的主谓一致问题
(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致,如:(2)。
(2) one of + 复数名词+ 关系代词+ 复数动词;而the only one of + 复数名词+ 关系代词+ 单数动词,如:(3)。(3)非限制性定语从句中,由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时,从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,如:(4)。
(4)关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时,谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代,如:(5)。
规则3:指物时,定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情况:
(1)当先行词为everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little等不定代词时,如:(6)。(2)当先行词被the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no修饰时,如:(7)。
(3)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时,如:(8)。
(4)先行词既有人又有物时,如:(9)。
(5)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时,为避免重复要用that,如:(10)。
(6)有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个则用that,如:(11)。(7)当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词也在从句中作表语时,只用that,如:(12)。
规则4:指物时,定语从句中的关系代词只能用 which的情况:
(1)在引导非限制性定语从句时,如:(13)。
(2)介词后,如:(14)。
(3)有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词已用that,另一个宜用which。规则5:指人时,定语从句中的关系代词只能用who的情况:
(1)当先行词是anyone, those时,如:(15)。
(2)有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词已用that,另一个宜用who。
规则6:whose可以指代人或物,在定语从句中作定语, 后跟名词。指物时,whose+名词=名词+ of which = of which+ 名词,如:(16)。规则7:关系代词as和which
在非限制性定语从句中,as和which可代替整个主句,相当于and this或and that。二者的区别主要在于:
(1) as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前,也可以在主句后,有时还可以插入句中,常带有“正如……,正像……”的意思。而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后,翻译成“这”,如:(17)。
(2) 主句中出现the same, as, such, so修饰先行词,需选择as做关系代词在定语从句中作主语或宾语,如:(18)。【注意】当先行词由the same修饰时,有时也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的意思不同:that表示同一个,as表示同一类。
(3)在以下结构中,一般也用as: as (it) appears, as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happens, as (it) was pointed out/said/reported/announced, as (it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as is well-known, as is known to all, as anybody can see等,如:(19)。规则8:“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which。
(1) 某些带有介词的动词短语,介词可以提至关系代词之前,但是在一些固定搭配的短语动词中,由于动词和介词不可以分割,因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前,如take care of, look for, look after, care for等,如:(20)。(2)“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词,有时数词或代词也可以放在“介词+关系代词”之后,如:(21)。
(3)介词+which / whom+to do结构。这种结构可以改为:介词+which / whom+定语从句,如:(22)。
(4)在非限制性定语从句中,which可作定语,指先行词(短语或句子)所表示的信息,形成“介词+which +名词”结构,相当于and in/at/during this/that+名词,如:(23)。2. 关系副词的使用(1) I still remember the day when / on which I first came to the school.
(2) The house where / in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
(3) I don't know the reason why / for which he looks unhappy today.
(4) The way(in which / that)he answered the question was surprising.
(5) China is the birth place of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.规则1:when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语;when=表示时间的介词(in / at / on / during…)+which,如:(1)。
规则2:where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,where=表示地点的介词(in / at / on / under…)+which,如:(2)。
规则3:why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语, why=表示原因的介词(for)+which,如:(3)。
规则4:以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which或that引导,而且通常可以省略,如:(4)。【注意】
The way (which / that) he explained to us was quite simple.(which / that在从句中充当宾语成分)
规则5:有时为了表达更清楚,可以在关系副词where / when前加上介词to, from等,如:(5)。
【注意】
一些特殊的先行词如situation, point, case, activity,scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析,作主语、宾语和表语时,用关系代词that/which;作状语时,用关系副词where/when或“介词+which”。 There is one point (that/which) we must insist on.
有一个观点我们必须坚持。(定语从句可还原为:we must insist on the point, 所以先行词point在定语从句中作宾语,故用that/which或省略。)
We're just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.
我们正努力做到能让双方坐下来对话。 (定语从句可还原为:at a point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行词point在定语从句中作状语,所以关系词用where/at which。)3. 关系代词/关系副词的选择 用适当的连接词填空
(1) I will remember the days that we spent together.
(2) June 7 is the day when we begin to take the college entrance examination.
(3) This is the place that we visited the day before yesterday.
(4) This is the place where he worked for ten years. 规则1:用还原法:将先行词放入定语从句中,找到它的原有位置,判断它作什么成分以及判断先行词指人还是指物。
规则2:一般说来,作主语、宾语或表语时,用关系代词;作状语时,用关系副词或介词+which;作定语时,用whose。4. 定语从句和其他句型之间的区别用适当的连接词填空
(1) He is such a good boy that everyone likes him.
(2) He is such a good boy as everyone likes.
(3) He said nothing that made me angry.
(4) He said nothing, which made me angry.
(5) He said nothing, and that made me angry.
(6) As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth. 4. 定语从句和其他句型之间的区别(7) News came that our class had won the game.
(8) What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.
(9) I don't know the reason how he has worked out the problem.
(10) When you read the book, you'd better make a mark in the place where you have any questions. 4. 定语从句和其他句型之间的区别(11) When you read the book, you'd better make a mark where you have any questions.
(12) It was a small village (that/which) we know from my father.
(13) It was in this small village that we got to know each other. 规则1:区别such…as… / so…as…引导的定语从句和such/so…that…引导的结果状语从句
如果从句缺少主语或宾语就是定语从句,连接词用as,如:(2);如果从句的结构完整,就是结果状语从句,连接词用that,如:(1)。
规则2:区别非限制性定语从句与并列句
定语从句与主句之间用关系词连接,如:(4);并列句之间用并列连词,如:(5)。规则3:定语从句与名词性从句
定语从句中,关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语,如:(6);而名词性从句中的连词that在从句中不作任何成分,如:(7);疑问代词what及疑问副词how可连接名词性从句,但不能引导定语从句,如:(8)、(9)。规则4:定语从句与地点状语从句
关系副词引导定语从句时,其前面必须有时间、地点、原因等先行词,如:(10);而疑问副词连接状语从句时,其前面没有,如:(11)。
规则5:定语从句与强调句、状语从句
that在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语,如:(12);而强调句型中不作任何成分,但不能省,如:(13);在结果状语从句中that也只起连接作用,在从句中不充当任何成分。
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