2022届高考英语二轮复习：历年高考阅读专题分类训练 学案（含解析）

轮复习英语
阅读专题
Class_____________
Group____________
Name___________
备课组长________________________ 学科主任___________________
包科领导___________________教师发展中心_____________________
Overall construction
Learning objectives：
1. Be familiar with the words that are usually used in reading and read the passages and get to know main ideas.
2. Comb the main plots and the changes of the characters’ emotions in the passages to get a better understanding.
3. Do the practice and master the skills of doing the reading test.
【Context and Task】
《新课标》要求
学会使用3500个左右的单词、400-500个合成词与派生词和400-500个习惯用语或固定搭配。
除教材以外，课外阅读量应积累达到30万词以上。
能够通过分析句子的结构理解难句和长句<能理解语言结构、有一定难度或有一定新语言现象的文段>
能根据阅读目的和文段的不同，调整阅读速度和阅读方法，阅读速度每分钟70-80词。
文章特点：高考英语考试中阅读理解语篇题材、体裁多样化，文章一般有这几种文体：记叙文、议论文、夹叙夹议文、说明文和应用文等，题材涉及到与社会生活、文化、人物、故事、历史、新闻、广告、科普、环境等，贴近现代生活，有很强的时代感。
题型分析：近几年高考英语试题中，阅读理解题主要有几种类型：细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断、观点态度等。
<一>主旨大意题
概括主旨大意的方法有：A：寻找主题句，有些段落大意在主题句上。主题句有的在句首，有的在段中，有的在段尾。B：寻找关键词，有些段落大意就散落在关键词上。阅读理解的问题也以如下形式出现：
1. What is the best title for/of the passage
2. What can be inferred from the passage
3. What does the author mainly tell us about in the text？
4. What is mainly discussed in the article/passage/text
做答这类问题时，将阅读重点放在首尾部分，中间部分则可采用略读或扫读的方式，一则省时间，二则目标明确。但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误，需要注意：
1．以偏概全；即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。
2．过于笼统；即归纳的主题太泛,与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。
3．把观点强加给作者；读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。
<二>细节理解题
这类题型主要有三种形式：问句式，不完整的陈述句和排除法.
1．问句式
A．其发问形式主要有以下几种：
How did something happen
Which of the following did somebody have to deal with...
B．解题技巧
在解这类题时，可采用"对号入座〞的办法，即带着问题找句子，先看文章后面的问题，注意记忆关键的词语，如：人物、时间、事件等，确定每道题目的发问中心，也就是说某个问题是针对什么提问的。这样我们就可以带着问题去阅读文章，做到有的放矢。每个问题的发问中心反馈到原文中去。当读到有关解答发问中心的信息时，在有关信息下面画一直线以示突出.带着发问中心与选择项目阅读原文。
2．不完整的陈述句式
A．常见形式有：
Something can be best classified as .
A certain kind of person is someone who .
B．解题技巧：
在做不完整的陈述式题目时候, 仍可参考上面列举的解题步骤。第一步, 阅读题目, 找出问题的发问中心。第二步, 带着这些问题来阅读文章。第三步, 根据前两步的分析和判断, 选择出最符合题意的答案。
3．排除式
A．常见形式有：
Which of the following are NOT mentioned in the passage
Which of the following is TRUE
B．解题技巧：〔广告类〕
做这类题时，首先要仔细阅读题后的选项，牢记各个选项所阐述的不同内容，然后查读原文。凡是原文中的信息与选择项内容相同的，我们可以在这些信息下面划线，以作为排除的内容。
<三>判断推理题
此题型属于深层次理解题，在试卷中数量不断增多。要根据上下文的内在联系，充分挖掘文章的深层次内涵。做这类题时要注意：① 不要脱离原文只凭自己的想象胡乱推理或只凭常识推理；答案一定要在文章中找到依据或理由，分析材料所提供的全部事实；不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。② 特别重视文章的主旨，所选答案的内容一定不能脱离主题大意；推理的根据来自于上下文。
解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。　?
<四> 观点态度题
常问作者对某事是什么态度：主观〔subjective〕还是客观〔objective〕;肯定〔positive〕还是否定〔negative〕;赞成〔approval〕还是反对〔opposite〕等等。解题的关键是要看作者在文中用了什么样的口气。
确定作者态度, 可以有两种思路：
问对全文主体事物的态度<包括主题>，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；
如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度, 则可以定位到具体相关句, 然后确定答案。
<五>词义猜测题
猜词技巧：阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语意义的题目, 这些词、短语、习语要么是生词, 要么是熟词新义, 单靠平时积累是不够的, 还要掌握一定的做题技巧。总结如下：
<1>根据构词法<转化、合成、派生>进行判断
<2>根据文中的定义、解释猜生词；利用事例或解释猜生词；利用重复解释的信息猜生词
<3>根据上下文的指代关系进行选择：文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指上文提到的人或物, 其中it和that还可以指一件事
<4>根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词, 如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义, 来确定另一句的含义.
<5>根据因果关系进行判断。根据原因可以预测结果, 根据结果也可以找出原因。
<6>根据同位关系进行判断：阅读中有时出现新词、难词, 后面就跟着一个同位语, 对前面的词进行解释, 有时这种解释也用连词"or〞连接
<7>利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号〔；〕还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。破折号表示解释说明。
四、答题方法（勾画是重点）：
1.正确审题是答题基础
　正确的审题包括两个方面的要求：一是对问题的内容正确理解，二是对问题的要求准确把握。
2.查找相关信息是答题的关键
　　一篇三百字左右的文章所包含的信息很多,不能胡乱找出一二句话作为答题的信息, 而必须根据第一步对问题内容的理解,找出与问题内容相关的句子。从而使答案有据可查、有本可依, 保证答案内容正确。
五、答题技巧：考试时间短,任务重,怎样才能使考试作答又快又准呢 考生应该掌握一下答题技巧。
1.先题后文,有的放矢
　　考生在答题之前,先浏览一下问题,弄清问题的内容和要求。然后带着问题去阅读文章,从而避免了文章中无关信息的干扰,使阅读有意识、有目的地进行。
2.快速阅读,找出信息
　　阅读文章时,对于与问题无关的信息一扫而过,特别是对与问题无关的生词,当放下的就必须放下,切不可纠缠不清,耽误时间;而对于与问题相关的信息在阅读时就一边用笔将其圈划出来。待到把文章阅读完以后,只要对这些信息进行处理即可。
3.研究信息, 正确作答
　　通过对文章的阅读，找出了与问题相关的信息，那么就要回过头来，根据问题的要求对信息进行加工、处理。
4.对照检查,确保无误
　　对问题进行作答后,若时间允许的话，应该将问题、相关信息及所作答案进行对照，检查意思是否准确一致、表达方式是否得当、单词拼写是否正确。这样确保答案无误,从而夺得本试题的高分。
　
　
Overall Construction
【Learning Objectives】
Learn about the application in the reading part and be familiar with the words that usually used in reading.
Apply what you have got in the self-construction into solving the questions.
Improve your reading skills by practice.
Activity 1. Read the skills on reference book.
Activity 2. recite the words.
利用好自习完成背诵
average 平均
creative 有创造力的
graduate 毕业，毕业生
program 节目
intelligent 智能的，聪明的
competent 有能力的
independent 独立的
separate 单独的，分开的
voluntarily 自愿地
doubt 怀疑
reflection 反射，沉思，映象
conclusion 结论
adult 成年人
talented 有天赋的
outstanding 出色的
expression 表达，表情
check 检查
attend 参加，照料
be aware of 意识到
be fond of 喜欢
be worthy of 值得
expect 期待，预计
decision 决定
style 风格
pretend 假装
explain 解释
cause 原因，事业
perform 表演，执行
probably 可能地
struggle 挣扎，奋斗
completely 完全地
wonder 想知道
experience 经验，经历
fail 失败
develop 发展
responsible 有责任的
valuable 有价值的，贵重的
ability 能力
affect 影响
destroy 毁坏
confident 自信的
request 要求
traditional 传统的
modern 现代的
relationship 关系
cooperation 合作
distinguish 区分
identify 鉴定，识别
thought 想法，思想
discourage 使气馁，使沮丧
prepare 准备
observe 观察，遵守
energy 精力
nervous 紧张的
proud 自豪的
occasion 场合
situation 情况，处境
take over 接管
exchange 交换
command 命令
confirm 证实
cultivate 培养
prosperously 繁荣的
suspect 怀疑
relatively 相对的，比较的
acknowledge 承认，鸣谢
ambition 抱负，野心
quality 质量，品质
protection 保护
equally 平等地
promise 承诺
clearly 清楚地
grateful 感激的
remove 移开
force 强迫
apologize 道歉
terrible 可怕的，糟糕的
stubborn 固执的
actively 积极地，主动地
spiritual 精神的，心灵的
magical 魔力的
willingly 愿意地
strengthen 加强
image 形象
complexity 复杂
cautious 小心的
manage 管理，成功做成
prejudice 偏见
economic 经济的，合算的
academic 学术的
control 控制
adopt 收养，采取
consume 消费，消耗
unique 独一无二的
beneficial 有益的
varied 多变的，各种各样的
demanding 要求高的
appropriate 合理的
entertainment 娱乐
deliberately 故意地
purchase 购买
tough 艰难的
bright 明亮的
remain 留下，保持
terrify 使害怕
disappointing 令人失望的
formal 正式的
desire 愿望
share 分享，共有
fulfill 履行(诺言), 执行(命令)
admit 承认
evident 明显的
consequently 因此，所以
accustomed 习惯的
accumulate 积累
participate 参加
absence 缺席
presence 出席
bravery 勇敢
horror 恐惧
spotless 无暇的
fundamental 基础的
employment 就业，雇用
involve 包含，使参与
actually 事实上
puzzled 感到迷惑的
scared 害怕的
embarrassed 尴尬的
reaction 反应
forgiveness 原谅
imaginary 想象力丰富的
be filled with 充满
be pleased with 对…感到满意
be crowded with 挤满
be equipped with 配备有……
possession 财产
precious 珍贵的
appreciate 欣赏，感激
admire 钦佩
wander 闲逛
get rid of 消除，摆脱
particularly 尤其，特别
purpose 目的，意图
courage 勇气
determination 决心
roll 滚
drop 掉下
undoubtedly 毫无疑问地
temporarily 暂时地
thankfully 幸运地
lean against 靠着
challenge 挑战
fierce 激烈的
practical 实际的，实用的
straight 直接的
delighted 高兴的
congratulate 祝贺
faint 头晕的
consult 咨询
messy 乱的
review 复习，评论
curious 好奇的
graduation 毕业
honor 荣耀
comfortable 舒服的，舒适的
tiresome 令人生厌的，无聊的
set up 建立
hold up 举起，支撑
pick up 拾起，学会，接
possess 拥有
crowded 拥挤的
march 行军，前进
apartment 公寓
frightened 害怕的
turn out 结果是，证明是
figure out 算出，想出
anxious 焦虑的
hunt 寻找，打猎
amused 愉快的，顽皮的
optimistic 乐观的
demonstrate 证明，演示，显示
realize 意识到
meaningful 有意义的
faithful 忠实的，忠诚的
grasp 抓住，理解
decorate 装饰
pressure 压力
obvious 明显的
predict 预测
audience 观众
contain 包含
gesture 姿势
pioneer 先锋
afford 支付得起
affair 事情
harmony 和谐
basically 基本的
inspire 激发，鼓舞
imitate 模仿
awful 糟糕的
generous 慷慨的，大方的
wealthy 富有的
function 功能
stressful 有压力的
persistent 坚持不懈的
reluctant 勉强的，不愿意的
diligent 勤奋的
attentive 注意的，周到的
unbearable 不能忍受的
accommodation 住所
attractive 有吸引力的
constant 连续的
brilliant 杰出的，才华横溢的
clumsy 笨拙的
declare 宣布，声明
obtain 获得
interactive 相互的，互动的
incident 事件
adventure 冒险
in particular 尤其
in reality 事实上
emphasize 强调
overlook 忽视
deny 否认
ensure 确保
financial 金融
budget 预算
on the whole 整体上
potential 潜在的，潜能
on the contrary 相反
loyalty 忠实
assume 假设
establish 建设
flexible 灵活的
sensitive 敏感的
essential 必不可少的
unfair 不公平的
expectation 期待
impression 印象
examination 考试，检查
contribution 贡献
certainty 肯定
confuse 使迷惑，使混淆
trap 陷阱，困住
secondary 次要的
turn up 出现
show off 炫耀
break in 闯进
settle down 定居，安定下来
relief 安慰，减轻
justice 公正
previous 先前的，早先的
instantly 立即地
regularly 规则地，规律地
occasionally 偶尔地
independence 独立
keep up with 跟上
catch up with 追赶上
come up with 想出
put up with 忍受
guarantee 保证
convince 使确信，说服
atmosphere 气氛
sympathy 同情
punish 惩罚
occupy 占据
urgent 紧急的
technology 技术
giant 巨大的
invisible 看不见的
evaluation 评估
magnificent 壮丽的
inefficient 效率低的
nonsense 废话，荒谬的
preserve 保护，保存
career 事业
profession 职业，专业
exhausted 筋疲力尽的
crash 撞碎，坠毁
suspicious 怀疑的
requirement 要求
athletic 运动的，运动员的
prohibit 禁止，阻止
depressed 沮丧的，萧条的
instruction 教导，说明
slightly 轻微地
meaningful 有意义的
principle 原则
undeserved 不应得的
betray 背叛
moderate 中等的，适度的
evaluate 评价，估价
honorable 值得尊敬的
artificial 人造的
concept 概念
symbolize 象征
promising 有前途的
conflict 冲突
display 显示，陈列
definitely 明确地，肯定地
interrupt 打断
recall 回想起
recite 背诵
resist 抵制
desperate 绝望的
elegant 优雅的
attempt 试图
random 随机的
profitable 有利可图的
treasure 珍惜，宝藏
poisonous 有毒的
dilemma 窘境
correctly 正确地
system 系统
complicated 复杂的
application 申请，应用程序
simple 简单的
recognize 认出，认可
cruel 残忍的
feared 害怕的
replace 代替
method 方法
seize 抓住
misunderstand 误解
mistake 错误，弄错
imply 暗示
disease 疾病
repay 偿还，报答
describe 描述
contract 合同
promote 促进，提升
sacrifice 牺牲
generally 一般来说
trouble 麻烦
pleased 满意的
dependent 依赖的
properly 合理地
sincerely 真诚地
severely 严厉地
guidance 指导
appearance 出现，外貌
astonishment 惊讶
sharpen 使锋利
comment 评论
privately 私人地
frequently 频繁地
physical 身体的，物理的
donate 捐赠
manufacture 制造，制造业
original 原始的，起初的
effective 有效的
object 反对
typical 典型的
possibility 可能性
accidentally 意外地，偶然地
immediately 立刻
concern 关心，担心
concentrate 集中
tragedy 悲剧
neglect 忽视
approach 接近，途径，方法
disturbance 打扰
arrest 逮捕
restore 恢复
available 可得到的， 可利用的
accompany 陪伴
characteristic 特征，特性
automatic 自动的
approve 批准，同意
roughly 粗略地
indicate 暗示
hesitation 犹豫
attach 系着，附着
plain 平的，朴素的，简单的
mercy 怜悯
sample 样本
considerable 相当大的，值得考虑的
enthusiasm 热情
confirm 证实
phenomenon 现象
modify 修改
annual 每年的
isolation 隔离，孤立
ceremony 典礼，仪式
acceptable 可接受的
eventually 最后
target 目标
expose 暴露
absolutely 绝对地
negative 消极的，否定的
steady 稳定的
consistently 一贯地，一致地
permanent 永久的
professional 职业的，专业的
dismiss 解雇
countless 数不尽的
thoroughly 彻底地
standard 标准
tolerate 忍受
memorable 值得纪念的
leave for 离开去到
adapt 适应，改编
somehow 不知怎么地
somewhat 稍微，有点
acquire 获得
certainly 肯定地，当然
national 国家的，民族的
cultural 文化的
entrance 入口
annoying 令人恼怒的
polite 有礼貌的
unconscious 无意识的
patient 有耐心的
theory 理论
classification 分类
smart 聪明的
mature 成熟的
absolute a. 绝对的, 无条件的; 完全的
abundant a. 丰富的, 充裕的, 大量的
abuse v. 滥用, 虐待; 谩骂
academic a. 学术的; 高等院校/研究院的
academy n. (高等)专科院校; 学会
accelerate vt. 加速, 促进
accomplish vt . 完成, 到达; 实行
acid n. 酸, 酸性物质 a. 酸的; 尖刻的
acknowledge v. 承认; 致谢
acquire vt. 取得,获得;学到
adapt vi. 适应, 适合; 改编, 改写vt. 使适应
adequate a. 适当地; 足够
adhere vi. 粘附, 附着; 遵守, 坚持
adjust v. 调整, 调节
adopt v. 收养;采用;采纳
agent n. 代理人, 代理商; 动因, 原因
alcohol n. 含酒精的饮料, 酒精
algebra n. 代数
alter v. 改变, 改动, 变更
appeal n./vi. 呼吁, 恳求
applause n. 鼓掌, 掌声
appliance n. 器具, 器械
applicable a. 可应用的, 适当的
applicant n. 申请人
appoint vt. 任命, 委派
appreciate vt. 重视, 赏识, 欣赏
approach v. 靠近, 接近 n. 途径, 方式
appropriate a. 适当的
approve v. 赞成, 同意, 批准
approximate a. 大概的, 大约 v. 近似
arbitrary a. 随意的, 未断的
architect n. 建筑师
architecture n. 建筑学
arise vi. 产生, 出现, 发生; 起身
arithmetic n. 算术
arouse vt. 引起, 激起; 唤醒
aspect n. 方面; 朝向; 面貌
attach vt. 系, 贴; 使附属
attitude n. 态度
audio a. 听觉
authority n. 权威;当局
automatic a. 自动的
auxiliary a. 辅助的,备用的
available a. 现成可用的;可得到的
avenue n. 林荫道,大街
award vt. 授予,判给 n. 奖品,奖金
aware a. 意识到
awful a. 极坏的,威严的,可怕的
awkward a. 笨拙的,棘手的
bachelor n. 学士, 学士学位; 单身汉
bacteria n. 细菌
balcony n. 阳台
ban vt. 取缔, 禁止
bargain n. 便宜货 vi. 讨价还价
barrel n. 桶
barrier n. 障碍; 棚栏
battery n. 电池(组)
beforehand ad. 预先, 事先
biology n. 生物学
blast n. 爆炸; 气流 vi. 炸, 炸掉
bother v. 打搅, 麻烦
boundary n. 分界线, 边界
brake n. 刹车, 制动器 v. 刹住(车)
breadth n. 宽度
breed n. 种, 品种 v. 繁殖, 产仔
budget n. 预算 v. 编预算, 作安排
bunch n. 群, 伙; 束, 串
bundle n. 捆, 包, 束 vt. 收集, 归拢
burden n. 重担, 负荷
bureau n. 局, 办事处
burst vi. & n. 突然发生, 爆裂
calculate vt. 计算, 核算
calendar n. 日历, 月历
campus n. 校园
cancel vt. 取消, 废除
candidate n. 候选人
capture vt. 俘虏, 捕获
career n. 生涯, 职业
cargo n. (船、飞机等装载的)货物
casual a. 偶然的, 碰巧的; 临时的; 非正式的
catalog n. 目录(册) v. 编目
ceremony n. 典礼, 仪式
chaos n. 混乱, 紊乱
clue n. 线索, 提示
cliff n. 悬崖, 峭壁
coarse a. 粗的, 粗糙的, 粗劣的
coach n. 教练; 长途公共汽车
code n. 准则, 法规, 密码
coil n. 线圈 v. 卷, 盘绕
collision n. 碰撞, 冲突
column n. 柱, 圆柱; 栏, 专栏
comedy n. 喜剧
community n. 社区, 社会
commit vt.犯(错误,罪行等), 干(坏事等)
comment n. & vt. 评论
comparable a. (with, to)可比较的,类似的
comparative a. 比较的, 相对的
compete vi. 竞争, 比赛
competent a. 有能力的, 能胜任的
competition n. 竞争, 比赛
conquer vt. 征服
consent n. 准许, 同意 vi (to)准许, 同意
conservation n. 保存, 保护
conservative a. 保守的
consistent a. 坚固定; 一致的,
始终如一的
constant a. 不变的, 恒定的 n. 常数
consume v. 消耗, 耗尽
continuous a. 继续的, 连续(不断)的
continual a. 不断地, 频繁的
cope vi. (with) (成功地)应付, 处理
core n. 果心, 核心
dash vi. 猛冲, 飞奔
data n. 数据, 资料
deaf a. 聋的; 不愿听的
decay vi. 腐烂, 腐朽
decent a. 像样的, 体面的
decline v. 拒绝, 谢绝; 下降
decorate vt. 装饰, 装璜
defect n. 缺点, 缺陷
delay vt. & n. 推迟, 延误, 耽搁
delicate a. 易碎的; 娇弱的; 精美的
deserve vt. 应受, 应得, 值得
device n. 装置, 设备
devise vt. 发明, 策划, 想出
discipline n. 纪律; 惩罚; 学科
discount n. (价格)折扣
discrimination n. 歧视; 辨别力
display n. & vt. 陈列,展览
dispose vi. 除掉; 处置; 解决; 处理(of)
distinguish vt. 区分, 辨别
distress n. 痛苦, 悲伤 vt. 使痛苦
distribute vt. 分发
disturb vt. 打搅, 妨碍
dive vi. 跳水, 潜水
diverse a. 不同的, 多种多样的
domestic a. 本国的, 国内的; 家用的;
家庭的
dumb a. 哑的; 沉默的
dump vt. 倾卸, 倾倒
emphasize vt. 强调, 着重
emotion n. 情感, 感情
emotional a. 感情的, 情绪(上)的
encounter vt. & n. 遭遇, 遭到
entertainment n. 娱乐;招待,款待
enthusiasm n. 热情, 热心
entry n. 进入, 入口处; 参赛的人(或物)
environment n. 环境
episode n. 插曲, 片段
equation n. 方程(式)；等式；相等
entitle vt. 给...权利, 给...资格
equivalent a. 相等的 a. 相等物
erect a. 竖直的 v. 建造, 竖立
evil a. 邪恶的, 坏的
evolve v. 演变; 进展；进化
evolution n. 演变, 进化
exaggerate v. 夸大, 夸张
excess n. 过分, 过量, 过剩
expand v. 扩大, 扩张; 展开, 膨胀
expansion n. 扩大, 扩充; 发展, 膨胀
expel v. 驱逐, 开除, 赶出
expend v. 消费
expenditure n. 支出, 消费; 经费
expense n. 开销, 费用
expensive a. 花钱多的; 价格高贵的
explode v. 爆炸; 爆发; 激增
exploit v. 剥削; 利用, 开采
explore v. 勘探; 探索；探险
explosion n. 爆炸; 爆发; 激增
explosive a. 爆炸的; 极易引起争论的
export n. 出口(物) v. 出口, 输出
extent n. 程度, 范围, 大小, 限度
exterior n. 外部, 外表 a. 外部的, 外表的
external a. 外部的, 外表的, 外面的
extinct a. 绝灭的, 熄灭的
extraordinary a. 不平常的, 特别的, 非凡的
extreme a. 极度的, 极端的 n. 极端, 过分
facility n. [pl.] 设备, 设施; 便利, 方便
faculty n. 能力, 技能; 系, 院; 全体教员
fatal a. 致命的; 重大的
fate n. 命运
fax n. & vt. 传真
fertile a. 肥沃的; 多产的
fertilizer n. 肥料
frown v. & n. 皱眉
frustrate vt. 使沮丧
geography n. 地理(学)
geology n. 地质学
geometry n. 几何(学)
globe n. 地球, 世界; 地球仪; 球体
global a. 全球的; 总的
grand a. 宏伟大, 壮丽的, 重大的
grant vt. 授予, 同意, 准予
grateful a. 感激的
gratitude n. 感激
guarantee vt. & n. 保证
guilty a. 内疚的; 有罪的
hollow a. 空的, 中空的, 空虚道
hook n. 钩 vt. 钩住
horror n. 恐怖
horrible a. 可怕的
humble a. 谦逊的;谦虚的
idle a. 懒散的, 无所事事的
identify vt. 认出, 鉴定
identify n. 身份; 个性, 特性
illegal a. 不合法的, 非法的
illusion n. 错觉；幻觉
import n. 进口(物) v. 进口,输入
impose vt. 把...加强(on); 采用,利用
individual a. 个别的, 单独的n. 个人, 个体
inevitable a. 不可避免的
infer v. 推论, 推断
insignificant a. 无意义的, 无足轻重的; 无价值的
insurance n. 保险, 保险费
insure vt. 给...保险, 保证, 确保
integrate v. (使)成为一体, (使)合并
interfere v. 干涉, 干扰, 妨碍
internal a. 内部的, 国内的
Internet n. 国际互联网, 因特网
interpret v. 翻译, 解释
interpretation n. 解释, 说明
invade v. 侵入, 侵略, 侵袭
isolate vt. 使隔离, 使孤立
issue n. 问题, 争论点; 发行, (报刊)一期
jealous a. 妒忌的
jeans n. 牛仔裤
jungle n. 丛林,密林
knot n. 结 vt. 把...打成结
leak v. 漏, 渗出
lean vi. 倾斜, 倚, 靠
leap vi. 跳跃
liberal a. 慷慨的; 丰富的; 自由的
likelihood n. 可能, 可能性
liquor n. 酒, 烈性酒
liter / litre n. 升
mainland n. 大陆
maintain vt. 维持, 保持; 坚持, 主张
marvelous a. 奇迹般的, 惊人的
massive a. 大的, 大量的, 大块的
mature a. 成熟的
maximum a. 最高的, 最大的
media n. 新闻传媒
medium a. 中等的, 适中的n. 媒介物, 新闻媒介
mild a. 温暖的, 暖和的; 温柔的, 味淡的
minimum a. 最低的, 最小的
mixture n. 混合, 混合物
modest a. 谦虚的
modify vt. 修改
moist a. 潮湿
moisture n. 潮湿
molecule n. 分子
mood n. 心情, 情绪; 语气
moral a. 道德上的, 有道德的
naval a. 海军的
navigation n. 航行
necessity n. 必需品; 必要性
network n. 网状物; 广播网, 电视网; 网络
neutral a. 中立的, 中性的
nevertheless ad. 仍然, 然而, 不过
nonsense n. 胡说, 冒失的行动
nuclear a. 核子的, 核能的
nucleus n. 核
nuisance n. 损害, 妨害, 讨厌(的人或事物)
nylon n. 尼龙
oblige v. 迫使, 责成; 使感激
obscure a. 阴暗, 模糊
obstacle n. 障碍(物), 妨碍
odd a. 奇特的, 古怪的; 奇数的 n. 奇数
offend v. 冒犯, 触犯
omit vt. 省略
onion n. 洋葱
opponent n. 敌手, 对手
opportunity n. 机会,时机
optics n. (单、复数同形)光学
optimistic a. 乐观
optional a. 可以任选的, 非强制的
oral a. 口头的, 口述的, 口的
orbit n. 轨道 v. (绕...)作轨道运行
orchestra n. 管弦乐队
organ n. 器官, 风琴
orient vt. 使适应, (to, toward) 使朝向n. 东方
outstanding a. 杰出的, 突出的, 显著的
parallel n. 平行线; 可相比拟的事物
participate v. (in)参与, 参加
passion n. 热情
passive a. 被动的, 消极的
pat v./n. 轻拍, 轻打
peak n. 山峰, 顶点
personal a. 个人的, 私人的; 亲自的
personnel n. [总称]人员, 员工; 人事部门
petrol n. 汽油
petroleum n. 石油
phenomenon n. 现象
portable a. 手提式的
portion n. 一部分
poverty n. 贫穷
powder n. 粉末
precaution n. 预防, 防备, 警惕
preserve v. 保护, 保存, 保持, 维持
previous a. 先, 前, 以前的
principal a. 最重要的 n. 负责人, 校长
principle n. 原则, 原理
prior a. 优先的, 在前的
priority n. 优先, 重点
private a. 私人的, 个人的
professional a. 职业的, 专门的
profit n. 利润, 益处 v. 有益于, 有利于
profitable a. 有利可图的
prohibit vt. 禁止, 不准
prominent a. 突出的
promote vt. 促进; 提升
prompt vt. 促使 a. 敏捷的, 及时的
prospect n. 前景, 前途; 景象
prosperity n. 兴旺, 繁荣
provision n. [pl.] 给养, 口粮;
准备, 设备, 装置
pursue vt. 追逐;追求;从事,进行
racial a. 人种的; 种族的
radiation n. 放射物, 辐射
radical a. 根本的; 激进的
range n. 幅度, 范围 v. (在…范围内)变动
region n. 地区; 范围; 幅度
register v. & n. 登记, 注册
regulate vt. 管理,调节
reinforce vt. 增强,加强
reject vt. 拒绝
release vt. & n. 释放, 排放; 解释; 解脱
relevant a. 有关的, 切题的
reliable a. 可靠的
relief n. 轻松, 宽慰; 减轻
religion n. 宗教, 宗教; 信仰
religious a. 宗教的
reluctant a. 不情愿的, 勉强的
rely vi. (on ,upon)依赖, 指望
remarkable a. 值得注意的, 异常的, 非凡的
remedy n. & vt. 补救, 医治, 治疗
remote a. 遥远的, 偏僻的
removal n. 除去, 消除
render vt. 使得, 致使 vi. 给予; 补偿 vt. 呈递, 归还, 着色, 汇报, 致使, 放弃, 表演, 实施 n. 交纳, 粉刷, 打底
repetition n. 重复, 反复
reputation n. 名气, 声誉
rescue vt. & n. 营救
resistant a. (to)抵抗的, 抗...的, 耐...的
resolve vt. 解决; 决定, 决意
restrain vt. 阻止, 抑制
restraint n. 抑制, 限制
resume v. (中断后)重新开始
retail n. & v. & ad. 零售
retain vt. 保留, 保持
restrict vt. 限制, 约束
route n. 路; 路线; 航线
ruin v. 毁坏,破坏 n. 毁灭,[pl.]废墟
sake n. 缘故, 理由
satellite n. 卫星
scale n. 大小, 规模; 等级; 刻度
scan vt. 细看; 扫描; 浏览
scandal n. 丑事, 丑闻
scratch v. & n. 抓, 搔, 扒
secure a. 安全的, 可靠的
security n. 安全, 保障
semester n. 学期; 半年
semiconductor n. 半导体
seminar n. 研讨会
sequence n. 连续; 顺序
severe a. 严重的
sexual a. 性的
shallow a. 浅的
shift v. 转移; 转动; 转变
shiver vi. & n. 发抖
shrink vi. 起皱, 收缩; 退缩
shrug v. & n. 耸肩
signature n. 签名
significance n. 意义; 重要性
simplicity n. 简单; 朴素
simplify vt. 简化
sincere a. 诚挚的, 真诚的
slide v. 滑动, 滑落 n. 滑动; 滑面; 幻灯片
slip v. 滑动, 滑落; 忽略
slope n. 斜坡, 斜面
smog n. 雾霾
sophisticated a. 世故的, 老练的; 很复杂的
sorrow n. 悲哀, 悲痛
splendid a. 极好的, 壮丽的, 辉煌的
split v. 劈开; 割裂; 分裂 a. 裂开的　　
spill v. 溢出, 溅出, 倒出
spit v. 吐(唾液等); 唾弃
sponsor n. 发起者, 主办者 vt. 发起, 主办, 资助
spot n. 地点; 斑点 vt. 认出, 发现; 玷污
spray v. 喷, (使)溅散
spur n. & vt. 刺激, 激励
stable a. 稳定的
stale a. 不新鲜的, 陈腐的
stimulate vt. 刺激, 激励
strategy n. 战略, 策略
strategic a. 战略(上)的, 关键的
stripe n. 条纹
stuff n. 原料, 材料 vt. 填进, 塞满
subsequent a. 随后的, 后来的
substance n. 物质; 实质
substantial a. 可观的; 牢固的; 实质的
substitute n. 代用品 vt. 代替
subtract v. 减(去)
suburb n. 市郊
subway n. 地铁
survey n. & vt. 调查, 勘测
suspicion n. 怀疑, 疑心
suspicious a. 怀疑的, 可疑的
swallow v. 吞下, 咽下 n. 燕子
talent n. 才能, 天资; 人才
target n. 目标, 靶子 vt. 瞄准
tedious a. 乏味道, 单调的,
temple n. 庙宇
temporary a. 暂时的, 临时的
temptation n. 诱惑, 引诱
tend vi. 易于, 趋向
tendency n. 趋向, 趋势
tender a. 温柔的; 脆弱的
tense a. 紧张的 v. 拉紧 n. 时态
tension n. 紧张(状态), 张力
terminal a. 末端的, 极限的 n. 终点
territory n. 领土
terror n. 恐怖
thrust v. 挤, 推, 插
tide n. 潮汐; 潮流
tidy a. 整洁的, 整齐的
torture n. & vt. 拷打, 折磨
trace vt. 追踪, 找到 n. 痕迹, 踪迹
transform v. 转变, 变革; 变换
transmit v. 传播, 播送; 传递
transplant v. 移植
transport vt. 运输, 运送 n. 运输(工具)
trap n. 陷阱, 圈套 v. 设陷阱; 捕捉
treaty n. 条约, 协定
triangle n. 三角(形)
triumph n. 胜利, 成功
tuition n. 学费
twist vt. 使缠绕; 转动; 扭歪
ultimate a. 极端的, 最大的, 最终的n. 极端
undergo v. 经历, 遭受
undergraduate n. 大学肄业生
undertake vt. 承担, 着手做; 同意, 答应
unique a. 唯一的, 独特的
universal a. 普遍的, 通用的; 宇宙的
universe n. 宇宙
utility n. 功用, 效用
utilize vt. 利用
utter vt. 说出 a. 完全的, 彻底的
vacant a. 空的, 未占用的
vacuum n. 真空, 真空吸尘器
vague a. 模糊的, 不明确的
vain n. 徒劳, 白费 a. 徒劳的, 无效的
valid a. 有效的, 有根据的; 正当的
valley n. 山谷, 峡谷
vanish vi. 消灭, 不见
variable a. 易变的, 可变的
variation n. 变化, 变动
vary v. 变化, 改变; 使多样化
vehicle n. 交通工具, 车辆
venture n. 风险投资(项目) v. 冒险; 取于
version n. 版本, 译本; 说法
vertical a. 垂直的
vessel n. 船舶; 容器, 器皿; 血管
via prep. 经由, 经过, 通过
vibrate v. 振动, 摇摆
victim n. 牺牲品, 受害者
video n. 电视, 视频 a. 电视的, 录像的
videotape n. 录像带 v. 把...录在录像带上
virtue n. 美德, 优点
virtual a. 实际上的, 事实上的
virus n. 病毒
vivid a. 生动的
vocabulary n. 词汇(量); 汇表
voluntary a. 自愿的
volunteer n. 志愿者 v. 自愿(做)
vote v. 选举 n. 选票
wagon n. 四轮马车, 路货车
waist n. 腰, 部
wander vi. 漫游, 逛
wax n. 蜡
wealthy a. 富裕的
weave v. 织,编
weld v./n. 焊接
wonder n. 惊奇, 迹 v. 想知道, 对...疑惑
yawn vi. 打哈欠
yield vi. (to)屈服于;让出,放弃 n. 产量
zone n. 地区,区域
五大洋
the Antarctic Ocean 南冰洋
the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋
the Pacific Ocean 太平洋
the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋
the Indian Ocean 印度洋
Exploration & Transfer
Learning objectives：
1. Read the passages and get to know the exact meanings the passages.
2. Comb the main plots and the changes of the characters’ emotions in the passages.
3. Improve your reading skills by practice.
全国卷近5年考情 命题规律 1.2021（应用文、说明文、记叙文、议论文） 2.2020（应用文、说明文、夹叙夹议文、新闻报道） 3.2019（应用文、说明文、记叙文、议论文） 4.2018（应用文、议论文、说明文、记叙文） 5.2017（应用文、说明文、记叙文）
Activity3. Do the practices 全国卷四年真题分类汇编
I. 广告布告类（每篇时间控制在5分钟以内）（课时1完成1-7篇）
1．Need a Job This Summer
The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs. The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.
Not a student Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills, find a job or start businesses all year round.
Jobs for Youth
If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible(符合条件) for this program, which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.
Who is eligible: Youth 15-18 years old in select communities(社区).
Summer Company
Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.
Who is eligible: Students aged 15-29, returning to school in the fall.
Stewardship Youth Ranger Program
You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.
Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.
Summer Employment Opportunities(机会)
Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program, students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community groups.
Who is eligible: Students aged 15 or older. Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.
【小题1】What is special about Summer Company
A．It requires no training before employment. B．It provides awards for running new businesses.
C．It allows one to work in the natural environment. D．It offers more summer job opportunities.
【小题2】What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program
A．15-18. B．15-24. C．15-29. D．16-17.
【小题3】Which program favors the disabled
A．Jobs for Youth. B．Summer Company.
C．Stewardship Youth Ranger Program. D．Summer Employment Opportunities.
2．The Lake District Attractions Guide
Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens
History, Culture & Landscape(景观). Discover and enjoy 4 centuries of history, 5 acres of celebrated and award-winning gardens with parkland walk. Owned by the Hasell family since 1679, home to the International Marmalade Festival. Gifts and antiques, plant sales, museums & Mediaeval Hall Tearoom.
Open:29 Mar-29 Oct，Sun to Thurs.
Tearoom，Gardens & Gift Shop:10:30-17:00(16:00 in Oct).
House:11:15-16:00(15:00 in Oct)
Town: Pooley Bridge & Penrith
Abbot Hall art Gallery & Museum
Those viewing the quality of Abbot Hall’s temporary exhibitions may be forgiven for thinking they are in a city gallery. The impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the temporary exhibition programme has Canaletto and the artists from St Ives.
Open: Mon to Sat and Summer Sundays. 10:30 -17:00 Summer.10:30 -16:00 Winter.
Town: Kendal
Tullie House Museum & Art Gallery
Discover, explore and enjoy award-winning Tullie House, where historic collections, contemporary art and family fun are brought together in one impressive museum and art gallery. There are four fantastic galleries to visit from fine art to interactive fun, so there’s something for everyone!
Open: High Season 1 Apr – 31 Oct: Mon to Sat 10:00 – 17:00, Sun 11:00 – 17:00.
Low Season 1 Nov – 31 Mar: Mon to Sat 10:00 – 16:30, Sun 12:00 – 16:30.
Town: Carlisle
Dove Cottage & The wordsworth Museum
Discover William Wordsworth’s inspirational home. Take a tour of his Lakeland cottage, walk through his hillside garden and explore the riches of the collection in the Museum. Visit the shop and relax in the café. Exhibitions, events and family activities throughout the year.
Open: Daily, 09:30 – 17:30 (last admission 17:00).
Town: Grasmere
【小题1】When is the House at Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens open on Sundays in July
A．09:30-17:30. B．10:30-16:00. C．11:15-16:00. D．12:00-16:30
【小题2】What can visitors do at Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum
A．Enjoy Romney’s works. B．Have some interactive fun.
C．Attend a famous festival. D．Learn the history of a family
【小题3】Where should visitors go if they want to explore Wordsworth’s life
A．Penrith. B．Kendal. C．Carlisle. D．Grasmere.
3．Washington, D.C. Bicycle Tours
Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.
Duration: 3 hours
This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see a world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C. Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability — the cherry blossoms—disappear!
Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour
Duration: 3 hours (4 miles)
Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D.C. Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop. Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water.
Capital City Bike Tour In Washington, D.C.
Duration: 3 hours
Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D. C. newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C. in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most, interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and fortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线) make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.
Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour
Duration: 3 hours (7miles)
Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C. Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.
【小题1】Which tour do you need to book in advance
A．Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. B．Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.
C．Capital City Bike Tour in Washington. D．Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.
【小题2】What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour
A．Meet famous people. B．Go to a national park.
C．Visit well-known museums. D．Enjoy interesting stories.
【小题3】Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide
A．City maps. B．Cameras. C．Meals. D．Safety lights.
4．Pacific Science Center Guide
Visit Pacific Science Center’s Store
Don’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.
Hungry
Our exhibits will feed your mind, but what about your body Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials. The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes.
Rental Information
Lockers are available to store any belongings during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance. ID required.
Support Pacific Science Center
Since 1962, Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. Today, Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.
【小题1】Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center
A．In Building 1. B．In Building 3. C．At the the Laser Dome. D．At the Denny Way entrance.
【小题2】What does Pacific Science Center do for schools
A．Train Science teachers. B．Distribute science books.
C．Inspire scientific research. D．Take science to the classroom.
【小题3】What is the purpose of the last part of the text
A．To encourage donations. B．To advertise coming events.
C．To introduce special exhibits. D．To tell about the Center’s history.
5．
In the coming months, we are bringing together artists from all over the globe, to enjoy speaking Shakespeare’s plays in their language, in our Globe, within the architecture Shakespeare wrote for. Please come and join us.
National Theatre Of China Beijing｜Chinese
This great occasion(盛会) will be the National Theatre of China’s first visit to the UK. The company’s productions show the new face of 21st century Chinese theatre. This production of Shakespeare’s Richard III will be directed by the National’s Associate Director, Wang Xiaoying.
Date & Time: Saturday 28 April, 2.30 pm & Sunday 29 April, 1.30 pm & 6.30 pm
Marjanishvili Theatre Tbilisi｜Georgian
One of the most famous theatres in Georgia, the Marjanishvili, founded in 1928, appears regularly at theatre festivals all over the world. This new production of As You Like It is helmed(指导) by the company’s Artistic Director Levan Tsuladze.
Date & Time: Friday 18 May, 2.30 pm & Saturday 19 May, 7.30 pm
Deafinitely Theatre London｜British Sign Language(BSL)
By translating the rich and humourous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.
Date & Time: Tuesday 22 May, 2.30 pm & Wednesday 23 May, 7.30 pm
Habima National Theatre Tel Aviv｜Hebrew
The Habima is the centre of Hebrew-language theatre worldwide. Founded in Moscow after the 1905 revolution, the company eventually settled in Tel Aviv in the late 1920s. Since 1958, they have been recognized as the national theatre of Israel. This production of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice marks their first visit to the UK.
Date & Time: Monday 28 May, 7.30 & Tuesday 29 May, 7.30 pm
【小题1】Which play will be performed by the National Theatre of China
A．Richard . B．Lover’s Labour’s Lost.
C．As You Like It. D．The Merchant of Venice.
【小题2】What is special about Deafinitely Theatre
A．It has two groups of actors. B．It is the leading theatre in London.
C．It performs plays in BSL. D．It is good at producing comedies.
【小题3】When can you see a play in Hebrew
A．On Saturday 28 April. B．On Sunday 29 April.
C．On Tuesday 22 May. D．On Tuesday 29 May.
6．San Francisco Fire Engine Tours
San Francisco Winery Tour
Running: February 1st through April 30th
This delicious tour goes through the city on its way to Treasure Island where we will stop at the famous Winery SF. Here you can enjoy 4 pours of some of the best wine San Francisco has to offer.(Included in tickets price)
Departing from the Cannery: Tell time upon request.
Duration(时长)：2 hours
Price: $90
Back to the Fifties Tour
Running: August 16th through August 31st
This tour transports you back in time to one of San Francisco’s most fantastic periods, the 1950s! Enjoy fun history as we take you through San Francisco for a free taste of ice cream.
Departing from the Cannery 5:00 pm and 7:00 pm
Duration:2 hours
Price:$90
Spooky Halloween Tour
Running: October 10th through October 31st
Join us for a ride through the historical Presidio district .Authentic fire gear （服装）is provided for your warmth as our entertainers take you to some of the most thrilling parts of San Francisco
Departing from the Cannery:6:30 pm and 8:30 pm
Duration :1 hour and 30 minutes
Price: Available upon request
Holiday Lights Tour
Running: December 6th through December 23nd
This tractive four takes you to some of San Francis’s most cheerful holiday scenes. Authentic fire gear is provided for your warmth as you get into the holiday spirit.
Departing from the Cannery 7:00 pm and 9:00 pm
Duration: 1 hour and 30 minutes
Advance reservations required.
【小题1】Which of the tours is available in March
A．Back to the Fifties Tour. B．San Francisco Winery Tour.
C．Spooky Hallowen Tour. D．Holiday Lights Tour.
【小题2】What can tourists do on Back to the Fifties Tours
A．Go to Treasure Island B．Enjoy the holiday scenes.
C．Have free ice cream. D．Visit the Presidio district.
【小题3】What are tourists required to do to go on Holiday Lights Tour
A．Take some drinks. B．Make reservations in advance.
C．Set off early in the morning. D．Wear warm clothes.
II. 说明文
7．
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
【小题1】Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard
A．To reduce pressure on keys. B．To improve accuracy in typing.
C．To replace the password system. D．To cut the cost of e-space protection.
【小题2】What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible
A．Computers are much easier to operate. B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C．Typing patterns vary from person to person. D．Data security measures are guaranteed.
【小题3】What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard
A．It’ll be environment-friendly. B．It’ll reach consumers soon.
C．It’ll be made of plastics. D．It’ll help speed up typing.
【小题4】Where is this text most likely from
A．A diary. B．A guidebook C．A novel. D．A magazine.
8．（课时2完成8-11篇）
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
【小题2】What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer
A．To detect plants’ lack of water B．To change compositions of plants
C．To make the life of plants longer. D．To test chemicals in plants.
【小题3】What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future
A．They will speed up energy production. B．They may transmit electricity to the home.
C．They might help reduce energy consumption. D．They could take the place of power plants.
【小题4】Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Can we grow more glowing plants B．How do we live with glowing plants
C．Could glowing plants replace lamps D．How are glowing plants made pollution-free
9．
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
【小题1】Why are race walkers conditioned athletes
A．They must run long distances. B．They are qualified for the marathon.
C．They have to follow special rules. D．They are good at swinging their legs.
【小题2】What advantage does race walking have over running
A．It’s more popular at the Olympics. B．It’s less challenging physically.
C．It’s more effective in body building. D．It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
【小题3】What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking
A．Getting experts’ opinions. B．Having a medical checkup.
C．Hiring an experienced coach. D．Doing regular exercises.
【小题4】Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking
A．Skeptical. B．Objective. C．Tolerant. D．Conservative.
10．
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome familiarity - but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually .The first, which I take to reading every spring is Emest Hemningway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
【小题1】Why does the author like rereading
A．It evaluates the writer-reader relationship. B．It’s a window to a whole new world.
C．It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend. D．It extends the understanding of oneself.
【小题2】What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast
A．It’s a brief account of a trip. B．It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C．It’s a record of a historic event. D．It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
【小题3】What does the underlined word ＂currency＂ in paragraph 4 refer to
A．Debt B．Reward. C．Allowance. D．Face value.
【小题4】What can we infer about the author from the text
A．He loves poetry. B．He’s an editor. C．He’s very ambitious. D．He teaches reading.
11．
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
【小题1】In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play
A．Building confidence. B．Developing spatial skills.
C．Learning self-control. D．Gaining high-tech knowledge.
【小题2】What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？
A．Parents’ age. B．Children’s imagination.
C．Parents’ education. D．Child-parent relationship.
【小题3】How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play
A．They play with puzzles more often. B．They tend to talk less during the game.
C．They prefer to use more spatial language. D．They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
12．（课时3完成12-15篇）
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装)enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species(物种).It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Model Paige Morgan says，”To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-1 think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
【小题1】What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn
A．To promote guilt-free fur. B．To expand the fashion market.
C．To introduce a new brand. D．To celebrate a winter holiday.
【小题2】Why are scientists concerned about nutria
A．Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously. B．Nutria are an endangered species.
C．Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals. D．Nutria are illegally hunted.
【小题4】What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan
A．It’s formal. B．It’s risky. C．It’s harmful. D．It’s traditional.
13．
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
【小题1】What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1
A．Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. B．New knowledge of human evolution.
C．Recent findings of human origin. D．Significance of food selection.
【小题2】Where do the Bajau build their houses
A．In valleys. B．Near rivers. C．On the beach. D．Off the coast.
【小题3】Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau
A．They could walk on stilts all day. B．They had a superb way of fishing.
C．They could stay long underwater. D．They lived on both land and water.
14．
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like more Americans, she’s not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent) have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know ” Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself,” she said.
Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day’s gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “It’s a chance for self-reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn’t feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report.
【小题1】What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about
A．Food variety. B．Eating habits. C．Table manners. D．Restaurant service.
【小题2】Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch
A．To meet with her coworkers. B．To catch up with her work.
C．To have some time on her own. D．To collect data for her report.
【小题3】What do we know about Mazoleny
A．He makes videos for the bar. B．He’s fond of the food at the bar.
C．He interviews customers at the bar. D．He’s familiar with the barkeeper.
【小题4】What is the text mainly about
A．The trend of having meals alone. B．The importance of self-reflection.
C．The stress from working overtime. D．The advantage of wireless technology.
15．
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than ‘Are you working towards your goal ’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and...it’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
【小题1】What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station
A．They are hard to get rid of. B．They lead to air pollution.
C．They appear in different forms. D．They damage the instruments.
【小题2】What is the purpose of the HUNCH program
A．To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B．To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C．To allow students to experience zero gravity. D．To link space technology with school education.
【小题3】What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program
A．Check their product. B．Guide project designs.
C．Adjust work schedules. D．Grade their homework.
【小题4】What is the best title for the text
A．NASA: The Home of Astronauts B．Space: The Final Homework Frontier
C．Nature: An Outdoor Classroom D．HUNCH: A College Admission Reform
16．（课时4完成16-19）
Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the “penny paper”—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy) to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830, but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer’s office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny—usually two or three cents was charged—and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase “penny paper” caught the public’s fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for “the man on the street” did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业) were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
【小题1】Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s
A．Academic. B．Unattractive. C．Inexpensive. D．Confidential.
【小题2】What did street sales mean to newspapers
A．They would be priced higher. B．They would disappear from cities.
C．They could have more readers. D．They could regain public trust.
【小题3】Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at
A．Local politicians. B．Common people.
C．Young publishers. D．Rich businessmen.
【小题4】What can we say about the birth of the penny paper
A．It was a difficult process. B．It was a temporary success.
C．It was a robbery of the poor. D．It was a disaster for printers.
17．
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here’s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the e