2022年中考英语二轮复习讲义-非谓语动词（牛津译林版）（无答案）

2022年中考英语二轮复习讲义与练习
非谓语动词
班级__________姓名_____________学号____________
动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。
一、动词不定式
①形式：动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是：“wh-疑问词+to+动词原形”。*它的被动形式：“to be +过去分词”。*它的完成形式：“to have +过去分词”。
②动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。
③动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。
如：To help animals is helping people.(帮助动物就是帮助人)
It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)
It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间)
④动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。
如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道该选哪个)
Tell me how to get to the station.(告诉我怎么样去火车站)
She asked me what to do for today’s homework.(她问我今天家庭作业做什么)
Can you teach me how to search the internet (你能教我怎样上网吗？)
不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,而不定式则后置。
如: I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我发现学骑车不很容易)
⑤动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。
在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。
如：They could not find a place to live in.(他们找不到住的地方)
Please give me a chair to sit on.(请给我一张椅子坐坐)
He has got a writing brush to write with.(他找到了写字的毛笔)
⑥动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况：
放在不及物动词(come, go, stop, finish, wait等词)的后面。
如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的)
I stopped to have a rest.(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的)
放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。
如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩)
I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿)
有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。
如：To arrive there on time, I got up one hour earlier than usual.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时)(表示早起的目的)
[注意] stop to do 与stop doing的不同。
如：They stopped to have a look.(他们停下来看看)(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语)
They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teacher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容)。
类似的：remember(记得)/forget（忘记）/regret(遗憾) 后接to do/doing 含义也不同。
⑦动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。
如：My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球门)
⑧动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。
如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭)
I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你见见我的父母)
The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常让工人们一天工作14小时)
Now let me hear you play the violin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴)
[注意] help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较：
I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程)
二、动名词
①动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。
②动名词可以作主语。一般可用it作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。
如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自学好英语不那么容易)
(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)
③动名词可以作宾语。
want / need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。
如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理发)(头发被理)
remember / forge / stop / finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。
如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写)
I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了)
They stopped to look back.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看)
They stopped looking back.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了)
enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等词一般用动名词作宾语。
如：Do you mind my closing the door (把门关上你介意吗？)
She hates travelling by air.(她讨厌坐飞机旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他们每天下午去游泳)
I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜欢在镇上转悠)
like / love / start / begin / learn后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。
如：We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我们在小学时就开始学英语了)
We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我们在小学时就开始学英语了)
④动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。
如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来)
I am putting these parts together.(我正在把这些部件拼起来)
⑤动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作如：Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语)
Seeing is believing.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语)
He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语)
His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补)
三、分词：包含现在分词和过去分词
①主要区别：现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思；过去分词有被动或动作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。
②分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。
[A] 作定语：分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕)
[B] 现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。
如：Mum kept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作)
When I entered the room, I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)
In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动)
[C] 现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。
如：She came into the classroom, holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸)
I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试)
过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。
常用过去分词作表语的结构有：be worried (焦虑)/be pleased (高兴)/be tired (疲劳)/get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮丧) / become intereted in (对…感兴趣)等等。例略。
过去分词可以作宾语补足语。
如：I had my hair cut this morning. (今天早上我让人给我理了发)(注意：have sth. done表示动作由别人来做,而have done sth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆)
★ 强化训练
( )1. Look! There are some children _________ with a ball over there.
A. playing B. play C. played D. to play
( )2. ---This computer doesn’t work. ---Really I’ll have it _________ tomorrow.
A. repaired B. repair C. to repair D. be repaired
( )3. This park is so beautiful. It’s a place _________.
A. worth visiting B. worth to visit C. is worth visiting D. is worth to visit
( )4. My brother is good at drawing. He’s often made _________ make the wall-newspaper.
A. to help B. help to C. help D. helps
( )5. We often see Betty _________ the old man with his housework.
A. help B. to help C. helped D. helping
( )6. The man entered the room, _________ several books in his left hand.
A. hold B. held C. to hold D. holding
( )7. ______ kind and helpful to the people around us, and we will make the world nicer.
A. Be B. To be C. Being D. Been
( )8. ________ with last year, our company has produced 30% more products this year.
A. Compare B. Comparing C. To compare D. Compared
( )9. ---Did you talk back to your mum when you were young
---Yes. But now I realize I was wrong. I really regret ________ that silly thing to her.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. did
( )10. My car went ________ fast and narrowly missed ________ another car.
A. so; hit B. too; to hit C. too; hitting D. very; hit
( )11. The bag ________ on the ground seemed to be Mr. Brown’s.
A. dropped B. dropping C. to drop D. has dropped
——动词语态
英语语态分为：主动语态与被动语态两种。
一、被动语态
(1)被动语态定义：被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是 动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别,而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。
(2) 英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。
一般现在时：be(am / is are) +过去分词 Trees are planted in spring .
一般过去时：be(was / were) +过去分词 The house was built last year .
现在进行时：be(am / is are) + being +过去分词 The car is being repaired .
过去进行时：be(was / were) + being +过去分词
现在完成时：have / has + been +过去分词 The light has been turned off .
一般将来时：will be +过去分词 Lei Feng will be remembered by us forever .
含情态动词的：情态动词+ be +过去分词 My homework can be finished in two hours .
被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。
(1)被动语态的用法：
①不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一个人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)
②不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(这个地方也种水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路)
③强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(书)是鲁迅写的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(宠物狗是不会被主人宰杀的)
(2)注意点：
①“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典→他得到老师一本字典)
也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典→一本字典由老师送给了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝→一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他)
②“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作12小时→这个可怜人被迫一天工作12小时)
③“动词+…+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顾小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)
④ 系动词没有被动结构（用主动表示被动）。如 This food tastes delicious.
⑤ 不接物动词或短语无被动语态。 如： happen/take place/die/break out/ come out/sell well/ write smoothly(书写流畅)等。
⑥“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如：
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……)
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / ….(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……)
二、强化练习
( )1. A library with five thousand books ________ to th nation as a gift.
A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered
( )2. Thanks to the Internet, different kinds of information ________ in a short time.
A. can be learned B. has been learned C. can learn D. has learned
( )3. Tom said h had never been there, but he was ________.
A. lay B. lied C. lying D. lie
( )5. The 2nd Youth Olympic Games was ___ on TV. So everyone could watch it at home.
A. covering live B. covered lively C. cover live D. covered live
( )6. Look at our new school. It ________ last year.
A. built B. was built C. is built D. will be built
( )5. The classroom ________ by her every day.
A. cleans B. is cleaned C. is cleaning D. are cleaned
( )6. ---Susan, why are you still here They are all ready to start. ---I am sorry, but I ________ when to start.
A. don’t told B. didn’t tell C. wasn’t told D. haven’t told
( )7. The old should ________ well.
A. be take care of B. look after C. be looked after D. be taking car of
( )10. ---Mom, my classmates are playing outside. Can I join them ---Not until your homework ___.
A. finishes B. is finished C. finished D. was finished
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