UNIT ONE
TEXT ONE
Tesco is preparing a legal battle to clear its name of involvement in the dairy price-fixing scandal that has cost consumers ￡270 million. Failure to prove that it had no part in collusion with other supermarkets and dairy processors may land it with a fine of at least ￡80 million. The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) said yesterday that Asda, Sainsbury’s and the former Safeway, plus the dairy companies Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company, had admitted being in a cartel to fix prices for milk, butter and cheese. They were fined a total of just over ￡116 million as part of a leniency deal offered by the watchdog to companies that owned up quickly to anti-competitive behaviour.
Officials at the OFT admitted privately that they did not think they would ever discover which company or individual had initiated the pricing formula. But the watchdog recognises that at the time supermarkets were under pressure from politicians and farmers to raise the cost of milk to save dairy farming, though it is not certain that money found its way to farmers. The OFT claimed in September that it had found evidence that the retail chains had passed future milk prices to dairy companies, which then reached a fixed price among themselves.
The average cost to each household is thought to be ￡11.25 over 2002 and 2003. Prices went up an extra 3p on a pint of milk, 15p on a quarter of a pound of butter and 15p on a half pound of cheese. There is no direct recompense for consumers, however, and the money will go to the Treasury. The National Consumer Council gave warning that the admissions would dent consumer confidence in leading high street names and that people would become sceptical of their claims. Farmers For Action, the group of farmers that has led protests over low milk prices since 2000, is seeking legal advice on whether it can now bring a claim for compensation.
The OFT investigation is continuing, however, in relation to Tesco, Morrisons and the dairy group Lactalis McLelland, and any legal action is expected to be delayed until that is completed.
Tesco was defiant and said that it was preparing a robust defence of its actions. Lucy Neville-Rolfe, its executive director, said: “As we have always said, we acted independently and we did not collude with anyone. Our position is different from our competitors and we are defending our own case vigorously. Our philosophy is to give a good deal to customers.”
Morrisons has supported the OFT in inquiries into the former Safeway business that it took over, but in a statement said that it was still making “strong representations” in its defence. A spokeswoman for Lactalis McLelland said that the company was “co-operating” with the OFT. Industry insiders suggested that the three companies were deliberately stalling the OFT investigation.
Sainsbury’s admitted yesterday that it had agreed to pay ￡26 million in fines, but denied that it had sought to profiteer. Justin King, the chief executive, said he was disappointed that the company had been penalised for actions meant to help farmers but recognised the benefit of a speedy settlement. Asda declined to say how much it would pay in fines and also said that its intention had been to help farmers under severe financial pressure.
1. From the first paragraph, we may infer that _____
[A] Tesco is the most resolute among all the retailers to defend its reputation.
[B] it is already proved that Tesco has colluded with Asda, Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company in fixing the dairy price.
[C] Tesco is offered a leniency deal of ￡80 million because of its quick response to the anti-competitive behaviors
[D] Tesco is trying its best to prove its innocence of the scandal.
2. Who is most probably the initiator of the pricing formula?
[A] Retail chains.
[B] Farmers.
[C] Dairy companies.
[D] Politicians
3. The word “defiant” (Line 1, Paragraph 5) most probably means _____.
[A] resisiting
[B] angry
[C] deficient
[D] confident
4. We may infer from Morrisons’ statement that _____
[A] Morrisons turn out to be the most defentive when dealing with OFT.
[B] Morrisons is reluctant to support the inquiries into the former Safeway business.
[C] industry insiders suggest that Morrisons was trying to delay the OFT investigation with non-cooperation.
[D] Morrisons indeed refuses to admit its involvement in the scandal.
5. The writer’s attitude to Tesco can be said to be _____
[A] biased.
[B] objective.
[C] sympathetic.
[D] optimistic.
篇章剖析：
本文介绍了目前奶制品公司因内部设定价格而面临受到的调查和处罚的状况。第一段由Tesco公司目前正在通过法律解决自己面临的困境引出本文的话题；第二段是追溯牛奶价格上涨的原因；第三段是讲述牛奶价格上涨对消费者的损害；第四段又回到Tesco事件上，描述了其态度；第五段和第六段讲述其他相关公司对该事件的看法和态度。
词汇注释：
processor n. 加工者 `cartel n. 卡特尔, 联合企业, 垄断集团
leniency n. 宽大，慈悲,慈悲宽厚的行为 dent v.使凹下, 凹进, 削弱
defiant adj.挑战的, 挑衅的, 目中无人的 stall v.(使)停转, (使)停止, 迟延 profiteer vi. 牟取暴利
难句突破:
(1) They were fined a total of just over ￡116 million as part of a leniency deal offered by the watchdog to companies that owned up quickly to anti-competitive behaviour.
主体句式: They were fined a total of just over ￡116 million as part of a leniency deal…
结构分析: 这是一个复合句，其成分比较复杂。offered by the watchdog to companies作为一个分词短语来修饰前面的deal, 而后面that引导的定语从句又修饰companies。
句子译文:他们总共的罚金只有差不多一亿一千六百万，这是监察部门对积极坦白反竞争行为公司的一种宽大处理。
(2) The National Consumer Council gave warning that the admissions would dent consumer confidence in leading high street names and that people would become sceptical of their claims.
[主体句式] The National Consumer Council gave warning…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，句子的宾语warning 带着两个同位语从句，以that 引导；第一个同位语从句中，confidence in 后面是一个分词短语作介词的宾语。
[句子译文]全国消费者委员会警告说长此以往会损害消费者的信心，人们也会逐渐怀疑委员会的声明。
题目分析：
1. From the first paragraph, we may infer that _____
由第一段可以推断出______
[A] Tesco is the most resolute among all the retailers to defend its reputation.
[A] 在所有的零售商中，Tesco 捍卫其名誉的态度最为坚决。
[B] it is already proved that Tesco has colluded with Asda, Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company in fixing the dairy price.
[B]已有证据显示 Tesco 和Asda, Wiseman, Dairy Crest 及 Cheese Company联合确定牛奶价格。
[C] Tesco is offered a leniency deal of ￡80 million because of its quick response to the anti-competitive behaviors
[C]由于对反竞争行为的快速反应，Tesco 会被轻罚八千六百万元作为宽大处理。
[D] Tesco is trying its best to prove its innocence of the scandal.
[D] Tesco 竭力证明自己和传闻无关。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第一段主要讲述了Tesco公司已被卷入和其他公司联手划定牛奶价格的丑闻中，目前正在通过法律手段来证明自己与此无关。选项A的表述在文章中并没有明确表述，Tesco 虽然正在诉诸法律手段保卫其名誉，但是否态度最坚决我们无法得知。选项B, 文章中只是说明后几家公司承认其定价行为，但并为说明Tesco与他们联合。选项C，文章指出如果Tesco的丑闻被证实后会被处以的处罚并且是一种宽大措施，但金额应该为￡116而不是￡80。选项D，Tesco 正在竭力证明自己和传闻无关，这正是第一段论述的内容。
2. Who is most probably the initiator of the pricing formula?
2. 谁最有可能是价格形成的始作俑者？
[A] Retail chains
[A] 零售商。
[B] Farmers.
[B] 牧场主。
[C] Dairy companies.
[C]牛奶公司。
[D] Politicians
[D] 政治家。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。关于价格形成最初由谁引起，第二段和第三段有相关论述。第二段提到，监察部门发现超市受到政治家和农民的压力要求上调牛奶价格，而OFT发现了零售商将牛奶未来的价格信息传递给了牛奶公司，牛奶公司内部自己确定了价格。第三段又提到牧场主机构和牧场主一直在抗议低廉的牛奶价格。由此可以推断，最有可能引发牛奶价格确定的源头就是牧场主。
3. The word “defiant” (Line 1, Paragraph 5)most probably means _____.
3. “defiant”(第五段第一行)最可能的意思是______.
[A] resisiting
[A] 抗议的
[B] angry
[B] 愤怒的
[C] deficient
[C]不完善的
[D] confident
[D] 自信的
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据其上下文的意思，Tesco 声称正在为自己的行为准备最坚决的辩护，其执行理事的一番话也表现了他们这种强硬的态度，可见他们采取了一种抵抗的态度，选项[A]最为符合。
4. We may infer from Morrisons’ statement that _____.
4. 从Morrisons的话可以推断出______。
[A] Morrisons turn out to be the most defensive when dealing with OFT.
[A] Morrisons在与OFT打交道时实际上是具防御性质的。
[B] Morrisons is reluctant to support the inquiries into the former Safeway business.
[B] Morrisons不愿意支持对前Safeway业务的调查。
[C] industry insiders suggest that Morrisons was trying to delay the OFT investigation with non-cooperation.
[C] 业界内部人士透露说Morrisons以不合作的方式竭力推迟OFT的调查。
[D] Morrisons indeed refuses to admit its involvement in the scandal.
[D] Morrisons实际上否认其卷入丑闻。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。要结合上下文来理解Morrisons的意思，Morrisons has supported the OFT in inquiries into the former Safeway business that it took over, but in a statement said that it was still making “strong representations” in its defense. 前后两个分句是转折关系，可以看出Morrisons的态度。虽然他协助OFT对于前Safeway的调查，但是他却声称在辩护中仍要做出抗议。行动上他是一种合作态度，但他还是要竭力维护自己的利益、并且没有任何迹象表明其承认了卷入丑闻的指控，因此选项D最为符合。而其余三个选项都与前面的意思分析相反。
5. The writer’s attitude to Tesco can be said to be _____
5. 作者对于Tesco 的态度可以说是______。
[A] biased.
[A] 有偏见的。
[B] objective.
[B] 客观的。
[C] sympathetic.
[C] 同情的。
[D] optimistic.
[D] 乐观的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 态度题。 作者的态度可以通过材料的选择和措辞看出来，作者在文章中列出了Tesco有关方面的事件，但一直没有做出任何的直接评判，也没有通过任何字眼来暗示自己的意思，因此可以认为作者采取了一种比较客观的态度。
参考译文：
Tesco为了摆脱限定奶制品价格风波，正在准备一场大官司。奶制品事件已经给消费者带来了两亿七千万的损失。如果不能证明自己并未和其他超市、奶制品加工商串通一气的话，它就得接受至少八千万的罚单。昨天，OFT声称Asda, Sainsbury’s 和前 Safeway，还有奶制品公司Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company都已承认它们联合设定了牛奶、黄油及奶酪的价格。他们总共的罚金只有差不多一亿一千六百万，这是监察部门对积极坦白反竞争行为公司的一种宽大处理。
OFT官员私下声称他们不一定想要找出到底是具体哪家公司或哪个人发起这次价格行动的，但是监察部门承认这次超市受到政客和农民的双重压力，要求提高牛奶成本以拯救奶制品畜牧业，但是最终钱还不一定能流到农民手中。OFT九月份称他们已经发现证据证明零售链已经将未来的牛奶价格告知奶制品公司，然后奶制品公司自己内部设定了固定价格。
2002和2003年间平均每户损失为11.25英镑。每品脱牛奶价格上涨3便士，每0.25磅黄油上涨15便士，每半磅奶酪涨15便士。但是消费者却没有任何的补偿，利润全部到了国库。全国消费者委员会警告说长此以往会损害消费者的信心，人们也会逐渐怀疑委员会的声明。Farmers For Action2002年以来一直领导农民抗议牛奶价格过低，目前在就是否可以申请补偿寻求法律意见。
不过OFT还在继续对Tesco, Morrisons 和奶制品集团 Lactalis McLelland进行调查，任何法律行为都将推迟到调查结束。
Tesco对此不屑一顾，声称在为自己的行为准备最坚决的辩护。执行理事Lucy Neville-Rolfe说：“正如我们一贯宣称的，我们行动完全独立，和谁都没有联合。我们的立场和我们的对手不一样，我们在尽力保护我们的事业。我们的理念就是为消费者更好地服务。”
Morrisons协助OFT调查它所管理的前Safeway的交易，但是在一次声明中还称自己依然会在辩护中进行强烈的抗议。Lactalis McLelland的一个代言人说公司在和OFT“合作”，而企业内部人士暗示这三家公司在蓄意拖延OFT调查。
昨天Sainsbury’s承认已经同意支付两千六百万的罚金，但是却否认它在牟取暴利。执行董事Justin King说本来是要帮助农民却因此受到惩罚，感觉很失望，但他也承认尽快解决更为有利。Asda不愿意透露要赔付多少，并声称其初衷是要帮助那些有沉重经济压力的农民。
TEXT TWO
He emerged, all of a sudden, in 1957: the most explosive new poetic talent of the English post-war era. Poetry specialised, at that moment, in the wry chronicling of the everyday. The poetry of Yorkshire-born Ted Hughes, first published in a book called “The Hawk in the Rain” when he was 27, was unlike anything written by his immediate predecessors. Driven by an almost Jacobean rhetoric, it had a visionary fervour. Its most eye-catching characteristic was Hughes's ability to get beneath the skins of animals: foxes, otters, pigs. These animals were the real thing all right, but they were also armorial devices—symbols of the countryside and lifeblood of the earth in which they were rooted. It gave his work a raw, primal stink.
It was not only England that thought so either. Hughes's book was also published in America, where it won the Galbraith prize, a major literary award. But then, in 1963, Sylvia Plath, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956, and who became his wife in the summer of that year, committed suicide. Hughes was vilified for long after that, especially by feminists in America. In 1998, the year he died, Hughes broke his own self-imposed public silence about their relationship in a book of loose-weave poems called “Birthday Letters”. In this new and exhilarating collection of real letters, Hughes returns to the issue of his first wife's death, which he calls his “big and unmanageable event”. He felt his talent muffled by the perpetual eavesdropping upon his every move. Not until he decided to publish his own account of their relationship did the burden begin to lighten.
The analysis is raw, pained and ruthlessly self-aware. For all the moral torment, the writing itself has the same rush and vigour that possessed Hughes's early poetry. Some books of letters serve as a personalised historical chronicle. Poets' letters are seldom like that, and Hughes's are no exception. His are about a life of literary engagement: almost all of them include some musing on the state or the nature of writing, both Hughes's own or other people's. The trajectory of Hughes's literary career had him moving from obscurity to fame, and then, in the eyes of many, to life-long notoriety. These letters are filled with his wrestling with the consequences of being the part-private, part-public creature that he became, desperate to devote himself to his writing, and yet subject to endless invasions of his privacy.
Hughes is an absorbing and intricate commentator upon his own poetry, even when he is standing back from it and good-humouredly condemning himself for “its fantasticalia, its pretticisms and its infinite verballifications”. He also believed, from first to last, that poetry had a special place in the education of children. “What kids need”, he wrote in a 1988 letter to the secretary of state for education in the Conservative government, “is a headfull [sic] of songs that are not songs but blocks of refined and achieved and exemplary language.” When that happens, children have “the guardian angel installed behind the tongue”. Lucky readers, big or small.
1．The poetry of Hughes’s forerunners is characteristic of ______
[A] its natural, crude flavor.
[B] its distorted depiction of people’s daily life.
[C] its penetrating sight.
[D] its fantastical enthusiasm.
2.The word “vilified” (Line 4, Paragraph 2)most probably means _____
[A] tortured
[B] harassed
[C] scolded
[D] tormented
3．According to the third paragraph, Hughes’s collection of letters are _____
[A] the exact reason responsible for both his fame and notoriety.
[B] personalized description of his double identity as a public and a private figure.
[C] reflections of his struggle between his literary devotion and the reality.
[D] his meditation and exploration on the literary world and the essence of literature.
4. From the letters, we may find the cause of Hughes’s internal struggle is _____
[A] his eager and unsatisfied passion for literature.
[B] that he is a part-private, part-public creature.
[C] that he is constrained by the fear of his privacy being exposed to the criticism of the public.
[D] the moral torment exerted by himself.
5. By “lucky readers” in the last sentence, the author means_____
[A] children who are imparted with the beauty and wisdom of poetry.
[B] children who have a headfull of fantastic and verbally perfect songs.
[C] children who own blocks of refined and achieved and exemplary language.
[D] children who are believed to have the guardian angel installed behind the tongue.
篇章剖析：
本文讲述了英国著名诗人特德·休斯作品的特点和其所反映的诗人的一些情况。第一段讲述休斯诗歌的特色；第二段讲述因其妻子的原因而创作了一部书信集的情况；第三段讲述这本书信集的特点和反映的内容；第四段讲述休斯对诗歌的看法和态度。
词汇注释：
wry adj. 枯燥乏味的 predecessorn.前辈, 前任
rhetoric n. (措词、文体的)浮夸与修饰 fervour n.热情
armorial adj.徽章的 lifeblood n. 生命力或生命之源的力量
stink n. 气息，气味 vilify vt.诽谤, 辱骂, 贬低, 轻视
muffle vt.压抑；阻止 eavesdropping n.偷听
trajectory n. 道路；轨迹 notoriety n.恶名, 丑名, 声名狼藉
absorbing adj.吸引人的, 非常有趣的 intricate adj. 难以理解的
难句突破：
（１）But then, in 1963, Sylvia Plath, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956, and who became his wife in the summer of that year, committed suicide.
主体句式：But then Sylvia Plath committed suicide.
结构分析：这是一个同位语带有定语从句的复合句。whom和who引导的两个定语从句修饰a young American poet，整体作为Sylvia Plath的同位语。
句子译文：但是在1963年，西尔维亚·普拉斯自杀了，这个美国年轻诗人与他第一次见面是在1956年的剑桥大学，而当年夏天又成为了他妻子。
（2）These letters are filled with his wrestling with the consequences of being the part-private, part-public creature that he became, desperate to devote himself to his writing, and yet subject to endless invasions of his privacy.
主体句式：These letters are filled with his wrestling.
结构分析：这是一个简单句，难点在于最后两个形容词词组的成分（desperate to devote himself to his writing, and yet subject to endless invasions of his privacy）。这两个形容词词组用来修饰前面的名词creature, 而creature后面紧跟着的that 引导的从句也是修饰它的定语从句。
句子译文：这些信中处处都显现出休斯因为自己成为半私人、半公开这样一个人物反复挣扎的心理，他渴望将自己奉献给文字，但又时时受到私人空间受到侵袭的威胁。
题目分析
1.The poetry of Hughes’s forerunners is characteristic of ______
1. 休斯先前的诗人们创作的诗歌特点是______
[A] its natural, crude flavor.
[A] 自然、原始的风味。
[B] its distorted depiction of people’s daily life.
[B] 对人们日常生活的变形描写。
[C] its penetrating sight.
[C] 洞穿一切的视角。
[D] its fantastical enthusiasm.
[D] 梦幻式的热情。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。本文第一段讲述了休斯诗歌的特点。第一段第二句说明了当时盛行的诗歌的特色是the wry chronicling of the everyday，紧接着第三句就指出休斯的作品不同于他前辈的诗歌，接下来的几句都是讲述休斯作品具体是什么特色。由此可以推理，第二句所描写的就是其前人作品的特点，是“对日常生活的变形描述”，选项B为正确答案。
2.The word “vilified” (Line 4, Paragraph 2)most probably means _____
2. “vilified”这个词（第二段第四行）最有可能的意思是_____
[A] tortured
[A] 折磨。
[B] harassed
[B] 骚扰。
[C] scolded
[C] 斥责。
[D] tormented
[D] 折磨。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。这个词的意思要根据上下文推断。该词出现的前一句讲述休斯妻子，一位美国诗人自杀了。紧接着就说，该事件发生后很长一段时间里美国的女权主义者对休斯采取了一种行动。后面又讲述了休斯在去世之前将他与妻子的关系情况以书信集的方式表达出来，直到这本集子出版他的负担才得以减轻。那么休斯一直背负着的就是一种精神负担，这部分是由那些女权主义者造成的，可能性比较大的就是一种精神上的谴责，答案[C]最为符合。
3．According to the third paragraph, Hughes’s collection of letters are _____
2. 从第三段可以得知，休斯的书信集是_____
[A] the exact reason responsible for both his fame and notoriety.
[A] 给他同时带来声誉和恶名的直接原因。
[B] personalized description of his double identity as a public and private figure.
[B] 关于他作为一个公共人物和一个个人双重身份的个性化描述。
[C] reflections of his struggle between his literary devotion and the reality.
[C] 他在文学信仰与现实间挣扎的反映。
[D] his meditation and exploration on the literary world.
[D] 他对文学世界的思考和探索。
［答案］Ｄ
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
［分析］推理题。根据文章第三段，休斯的这本书信集和一般书信集不同，不是将自己的经历做一陈述，而是所有书信都包含有对自己或对别人作品的思考，是他文学思想的一个展示。最后一句是说从这些书信中可以看出他为是要完全展示在作品中还是要维护个人隐私而苦苦挣扎过。从这些描述可以看出，该书信集主要是他文学观点的一些表述，从中可以看出他的思想发展历程，因此答案D最符合。A和B选项与第二段关系较为密切，因此与本题无关。C选项看似有理，但要注意休斯的挣扎并不是在文学与现实之间的挣扎，而是一种在文学世界中探索的痛苦挣扎。
4. From the letters, we may find the cause of Hughes’s internal struggle is _____
4. 由休斯书信的内容可以看出休斯内心挣扎的原因在于_____
[A] his eager and unsatisfied passion for literature.
[A] 他对文学世界那种热切和无法满足的激情。
[B] that he is a part-private, part-public creature.
[B] 他是一个半隐密、半公开的人物。
[C] that he is constrained by the fear of his privacy being exposed to the criticism of the public.
[C] 他在文学创作中担心自己的私人世界被暴露在公众批评之中。
[D] the moral torment exerted by himself.
[D] 他加在自己身上的道德折磨。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。题干是要求找出休斯内心挣扎的原因，这在第三段最后一句中有提及。文章指出书信中处处都体现了休斯和自己半隐密、半公开这么一个身份进行斗争的印迹：一方面他想在创作中完全投入，但又担心自己的隐私会受到侵害。可以看出，休斯之所以内心挣扎，是由于他自己一面想要在作品中公开自己，而在现实中又想保护自己的隐私，因此答案C最为符合。
5. By “lucky readers” in the last sentence, the author means_____
5. 文章最后一句话中的“幸运的读者”，作者指的是_____
[A] children who are imparted with the beauty and wisdom of poetry.
[A] 那些被灌输了诗歌的优美和智慧的孩子。
[B] children who have a headfull of fantastic and verbally perfect songs.
[B] 那些脑子里有许多精彩、优美歌谣的孩子。
[C] children who own blocks of refined and achieved and exemplary language.
[C] 那些拥有精致、优雅的语言的孩子。
[D] children who are believed to have the guardian angel installed behind the tongue.
[D] 那些被认为舌头后面有守卫天使的孩子。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。理解这句话需要结合上下文来看，文章最后一段主要是讲述休斯认为诗歌在孩子教育方面发挥特殊的作用，他认为孩子需要的是诗歌，是精致、完美的语言，如果真的拥有这些了，那么孩子舌头后面就有了守卫天使，那他们就是幸运的读者了。虽然四个答案都仿佛正确，但从最根本来说，是因为读诗，孩子才会拥有以上所说的一切，才是幸运的，而且本段也着重强调诗歌对于孩子的重要性。因此，最佳答案为A。
参考译文：
1957年，他横空出世，成为英国战后最具爆炸性的诗坛天才。当时，诗歌主要题材是日常生活的扭曲纪录。但出生在约克郡的特德·休斯的作品却与其前辈大相径庭，他27岁时在名为《雨中的鹰》一书中发表了第一首诗。受詹姆士一世风格的影响，其诗歌呈现出幻觉式的激情，其最显著的特点是休斯可以描述动物外表下面的东西，无论是狐狸、水獭还是猪。这些动物的确是真实的，但同时又是标志性的，代表着乡村，代表着它们植根的地球的生命之源。正是这一点赋予了其作品一种野性、原始的气息。
这一点不仅仅在英国得以认同。休斯的书也在美国出版，并且赢得了一项重要的文学奖——加尔布雷思奖。但是在1963年，西尔维亚·普拉斯自杀了，这个美国年轻诗人与他第一次见面是在1956年的剑桥大学，而当年夏天又成为了他妻子。这之后很长时间里休斯都受到人们的谴责，尤其是美国的女权主义者。1998年，也就是休斯去世的那一年，他在自己一本名为《生日信札》的结构松散的诗集中公开了他俩的关系，打破了他自己一直以来的缄默。在这本令人兴奋的新书信集中，休斯回忆了他第一个妻子的死，“难以处理的大事情”——他这样形容。他感觉自己的一举一动都受到监视，他的天赋因而受到了制约。直到他出版了自己的这本有关他们关系的书时，他身上的负担才得以减轻。
他的剖析自然、饱含痛苦，具有强烈的自我意识。尽管书中极尽表达了其精神的苦痛，但文字本身却具有休斯早期诗歌的激情和活力。一些书信集只是个人的经历记录而已，但是诗人的书信集却不同，休斯的也不例外。他的书信集描写了其文学生涯：几乎所有的书信都有关于写作状态或写作性质的思考，有他自己，也有别人的。休斯的文学生命轨迹是从无名到闻名，而后，在众人看来又经历了漫长的名誉扫地的阶段。这些信中处处都显现出休斯和自己成为半私人、半公开人物这样一个结果反复挣扎的心理，他渴望将自己奉献给文字，但又时时受到私人空间被侵袭的威胁。
有意思而且令人费解的是，休斯还对自己的诗歌进行评论，他甚至还以局外人的身份来看待自己的作品，很幽默地批评自己的诗歌“有空想色彩、唯美化且一直咬文嚼字”。他还从始至终坚信诗歌在教育孩子方面有特殊的作用。1988年他在给保守党政府国家教育部长的一封信中这样写道：“孩子们需要的是满脑子的歌曲，其实不是歌曲，而是精致、优秀、具有代表性的语言。”如果真能这样，那么孩子们“舌头后面就会有守卫天使了”。幸运的读者，不管是大人还是孩子。
TEXT THREE
Controled bleeding or cauterisation? That was the unappealing choice facing UBS, a Swiss bank which has been badly hurt by the carnage in America’s mortgage market. The bank opted for the latter. First it opened the wound, by announcing a hefty $10 billion write-down on its exposure to subprime-infected debt. UBS now expects a loss for the fourth quarter, which ends this month. Then came the hot iron: news of a series of measures to shore up the bank’s capital base, among them investments from sovereign-wealth funds in Singapore and the Middle East.
Bad news had been expected. UBS’s third-quarter write-down of over SFr4 billionin October looked overly optimistic compared with more aggressive markdowns at other banks such as Citigroup and Merrill Lynch. Steep falls in the market value of subprime debt since the end of the third quarter made it certain that UBS would take more pain, given its sizeable exposure to toxic collateralised-debt obligations (CDOs). Analysts at Citigroup were predicting in November that write-downs of up to SFr14 billion were possible.
Why then did this new batch of red ink still come as a shock? The answer lies not in the scale of the overall loss, more in UBS’s decision to take the hit in one go. The bank’s mark-to-model approach to valuing its subprime-related holdings had been based on payments data from the underlying mortgage loans. Although these data show a worsening in credit quality, the deterioration is slower than mark-to-market valuations, which have the effect of instantly crystallising all expected future losses.
Thanks to this gradualist approach, UBS had been expected to take write-downs in managed increments of SFr2 billion-3 billion over a period of several quarters. It now appears that the bank has incorporated market values into its model, sending its fourth-quarter write-downs into orbit. The change of approach may be on the advice of auditors and regulators but it is more likely to reflect a desire by UBS’s bosses to avoid months of speculation about the bank’s exposure, something that Marcel Rohner, the chief executive, described as “distracting”.
In a particular indignity for a bank long associated with conservatism, concerns about the level of UBS’s capital ratio had even started to surface. Hence the moves to strengthen its tier-one capital, an important measure of bank solidity, by SFr19.4 billion, a great deal more than the write-down. The majority of that money will come from sovereign-wealth funds, the white knights of choice for today’s bank in distress. Singapore’s GIC, which manages the city-state’s foreign reserves, has pledged to buy SFr11 billion-worth of convertible bonds in UBS; an unnamed Middle Eastern investor will put in a further SFr2 billion. UBS will also raise money by selling treasury shares, and save cash by issuing its 2007 dividend in the form of shares. Its capital ratio is expected to end up above 12% in the fourth quarter, a strong position.
Hopeful talk of lines being drawn under the subprime crisis has been a feature of banks’ quarterly reporting since September. Marrying bigger-than-expected write-downs with bigger-than-expected boosts to capital looks like the right treatment in this environment. But UBS still cannot be sure that its problems are over. Further deterioration in its subprime asset values is possible; the broader economic impact of the credit crunch is unclear; and the damage to the bank’s reputation cannot yet be quantified. The patient still needs watching.
1. The author uses the metaphor “hot iron” to imply that_____
[A] UBS again becomes a victim of America’s mortgage market.
[B] UBS’s capital base has obtained adequate financial support to digest its debt.
[C] those measures will forcefully stop UBS from further loss.
[D] good news from those measures would prevent UBS from bankruptcy.
2. Compared with the mark-to-market valuations, the mark-to-model approach could _____
[A] slow down the worsening in credit quality.
[B] present the effect of instantly crystallization of all expected future loss.
[C] show data against a worsening the credit quality.
[D] accelerate the deterioration in credit quality.
3. The reason that Marcel Rohner thought the change of approach was “distracting” is _____
[A] this change was unexpected to take place in such a situation.
[B] this change was result of the advice of auditors and regulators.
[C] this change was not favorite to UBS’s speculation about the bank’s exposure.
[D] this change was taken to make people dispel their guess.
4. The phrase “the white knights” (Line 4, Paragraph 5) most probably means____
[A] rich people.
[B] wealthy saviors.
[C] generous investors.
[D] brave fighters.
5. The author’s attitude towards UBS’s future is______
[A] optimistic.
[B] pessimistic.
[C] uncertain.
[D] none of the above.
篇章分析：
本篇文章介绍了UBS银行目前面临的困境以及其解决困境的一系列措施。第一段讲述UBS银行面对困境时作了强行解决的选择；第二段讲述UBS目前面临的不好的因素；第三段第四段分析了其估值的方式；第五段讲述UBS解决资金困难的一系列措施；第六段分析UBS面临的一些问题。
词汇注释：
carnage n. 大屠杀, 残杀 hefty adj. 异常大的或相当多的
write-down n.[会计]账面价值的故意降低 shore up 支持
markdowns n. 削价 increment n.增加, 增量
distracting adj.转移注意力的 indignity n.轻蔑, 侮辱, 侮辱的行为
solidity n.可靠性 pledge vi.保证, 使发誓；抵押, 典当
boost n.增加；提高 crunch n. 危急情况，紧急状态
难句突破：
Then came the hot iron: news of a series of measures to shore up the bank’s capital base, among them investments from sovereign-wealth funds in Singapore and the Middle East.
[主体句式] Then came the hot iron.
[结构分析] 这是一个有复杂同位语的一个简单句。news of …是前面the hot iron的同位语，to shore up the bank’s capital base是不定式短语作定语修饰前面的measures, 而后面among them …也是用来修饰measures，具体介绍其中的一些措施。
[句子译文]紧接着就来了hot iron ：报道有一系列的措施来支持银行的资本基础，其中就有新加坡和中东的君主财富基金。
The change of approach may be on the advice of auditors and regulators but it is more likely to reflect a desire by UBS’s bosses to avoid months of speculation about the bank’s exposure, something that Marcel Rohner, the chief executive, described as “distracting”.
[主体句式] The change of approach may be… but …
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，but 引导的分句比较复杂，to avoide …不定式短语作前面a desire的定语，而something that…是a desire的同位语，该同位语中又包含了一个定语从句。
[句子译文] 方法改变可能是审计员或调节员建议的，但更反映了UBS高层的不愿数月都预计银行曝光的意愿，这个被首席执行官Marcel Rohner形容为“转移注意力（的方案）”。
题目分析：
1. The author uses the metaphor “hot iron” to imply that_____
1. 作者用“烙铁”这个比喻来暗示_____
[A] UBS again becomes a victim of America’s mortgage market.
[A] UBS再次成为了美国抵押贷款市场的受害者。
[B] UBS’s capital base has obtained adequate financial support to digest is debt.
[B] UBS的资本基础已经得到了足够的金融支持用以消化其债务。
[C] those measures will forcefully stop UBS from further loss.
[C]这些措施会强行让UBS避免进一步的损失。
[D] good news from those measures would prevent UBS from bankruptcy.
[D]这些措施带来的好消息会防止UBS破产。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。作者将一系列的措施比喻为“烙铁”，而这些措施又是为UBS提供资金，是一些好的措施，这个比喻让人费解。但结合第一段的上下文就可以理解，文章第一段开头就摆出UBS面临的抉择，是有控制地流血还是灼伤，UBS选择了后者，先是将伤口裸露出来，接着就来了“烙铁”。前后联系可以想到，烙铁可以灼伤伤口，但可以让伤口马上止血，也就是让UBS可以避免进一步的损失。因此，答案C最为符合。
2. Compared with the mark-to-market valuations, the mark-to-model approach could _____
2.与市场估量方法相比，模式方法可以_____
[A] slow down the worsening in credit quality.
[A] 减缓信用质量的恶化。
[B] prevent the effect of crystallization of all expected future loss.
[B] 防止所有未来有可能的损失。
[C] show data against a worsening of the credit quality.
[C] 显示与信用质量恶化状况相反的数据。
[D] accelerate the deterioration in credit quality.
[D] 加快信用质量的恶化。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。题干是关于mark-to-model估量方法的，这在文章第三段中有提及。关键的一句话就是，和mark-to-market方法相比，这种恶化要慢一些，因为市场方法可迅速估算出未来所有有可能的损失。要注意的是，which have the effect of instantly crystallising all expected future losses是修饰mark-to-market 方法的定语从句，这一点容易让读者混淆。
3. The reason that Marcel Rohner thought the change of approach was “distracting” is _____
3.马塞尔认为这种转变是“转移注意力的”是因为_____
[A] this change was unexpected to take place in such a situation.
[A]在当时情形下出现这种转变是出人意料的。
[B] this change was result of the advice of auditors and regulators.
[B] 这种转变是审计员和调解员建议的。
[C] this change was not favorite to UBS’s speculation about the bank’s exposure.
[C] 这种转变对于UBS银行曝光的猜测是不利的。
[D] this change was taken to make people dispel their guess.
[D]采取这种转变是为了打消人们心中的猜测。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。题干中提到的转变是指UBS评估方法由模式方法转变为将市场结合进来的方法，Marcel认为这种转变是“转移注意力的”，由上文可知这种转变是UBS高层为了避免数月来对银行曝光的猜测。因此，所说的“转移注意力”是避免人们的各种猜测，那么答案D最为符合。另外需要注意的是C选项的内容只是对原文内容作了很小的巧妙修改，但意思却与原文相反。
4.The phrase “the white knights”(Line 4, Paragraph 5) most probably means____.
4.短语“白色骑士”（第五段第四行）最有可能指_____。
[A] rich people.
[A] 有钱人。
[B] wealthy saviors.
[B] 富裕的救星。
[C] generous investors.
[C] 慷慨的投资者。
[D] brave fighters.
[D] 勇敢的斗士。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，绝大部分的救助基金来自君主财产基金，这个基金对于许多身处困境的银行来说就是白衣骑士，可以推断“白衣骑士”可能代表救助他人的人，答案中B和C都有这层意思，根据其救助对象是身处困境的银行，且更侧重于危难时的救助，对银行来说仿佛就是救世主。因此，B更为符合题意。而C慷慨的投资者无法体现其资助的重要性。
5. The author’s attitude towards UBS’s future is______.
5. 作者对于UBS未来的态度是_____
[A] optimistic.
[A] 乐观的。
[B] pessimistic.
[B] 悲观的。
[C] uncertain.
[C] 不确定的。
[D] none of the above.
[D] 以上都不是。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 态度题。这篇文章比较客观地描述了UBS目前的困境和其为了摆脱这个困境要解决的方法，作者虽然在前面几次都提到UBS得到了一些资助，有望转好。但文章最后一段提出UBS目前也面临众多问题，所以结局还有待观察。文章的最后一句明确表明了作者不确定的态度。
参考译文：
有控制地流血还是灼伤？这是UBS，一家因美国抵押信贷市场受到重挫的瑞士银行所要面对的尴尬选择。而这家银行选择了后者——先是在公开次级感染债务之际宣布高达100亿资产价值缩水，从而裸露出伤口。UBS目前预计第四季度也将亏损，本月就能见分晓。紧接着就传来了热点议题：报道有一系列的措施来支持银行的资本基础，其中就有新加坡和中东的君主财富基金。
也应该会有些坏消息。十月，UBS四分之三的资产价值缩水超过40亿瑞士法郎，这与其他银行（如Citigroup 和 Merrill Lynch）更为严重的状况相比而言还是较为乐观的。第三季度末次级债市场价值的急剧下落使得UBS将会面临更多的苦痛，尤其是它相当大的一部分资产都受到抵押的影响。Citigroup分析师在11月预言可能会有140亿瑞士法郎的损失。
那么为什么这次新的一组赤字还是让人们大吃一惊呢？答案并不是因为总亏损的规模，而是UBS决定一次性地承担损失。银行估量其与次级债相关的股票所用的按模型定价方法是基于第一担保抵押贷款的支付数据上的。尽管这些数据显示信用有所降低，但比起用按市值计价的估量方式其恶化速度要慢一些，具有迅速明确所有未来损失的作用。
正是由于采取了这个缓和的方式，UBS可望在几个季度内将资产账面价值增长控制在20到30亿瑞士法郎。目前显示出该银行已经将市场价值纳入其模式中，从而将第四季度的资产账面价值控制在一定范围内。方法改变可能是审计员或调节员建议的，但更反映了UBS高层要避免数月来对银行曝光的猜测——这被首席执行官Marcel Rohner形容为“转移注意力（的方案）”。
一个长期以保守见称的银行如今却受到这种侮辱，对于UBS的资金率的担心也就逐渐出现了。因此就采取措施加强了第一层资金约194亿瑞士法郎，该数额比资产账面损失要多许多，这是增加银行信用的重要方法。资金大部分来源于君主资产基金，这是当今处于困境的银行的白衣骑士。新加坡GIC掌握着这个城市国家的外汇储备，它承诺要购买UBS110亿瑞士法郎的可转债。一个匿名的中东投资者又投入了20亿瑞士法郎。UBS也会售卖债券、以股票的形式发行2007的红利来募集现金。其资本率有望在第四季度达到12%多，这样处境就很不错了。
从九月份以来，银行季度报告会的一大特色就是讨论将额度控制在次级风险之下。把比预期大的资产账面降低程度和比预期大的资本增加相结合好像是这种氛围下的一个正确处理方案。但是UBS还是不能确保问题都已解决。有可能出现次级资产价值的继续恶化，而且信用创伤引起的更广阔范围内的经济冲击也不很明确，还有对公司名誉的损害程度也还没有确定。病情还有待观察。
TEXT FOUR
Just as Norman Mailer, John Updike and Philip Roth were at various times regarded as the greatest American novelist since the second world war, John Ashbery and Robert Lowell vied for the title of greatest American poet. Yet the two men could not be more different. Lowell was a public figure who engaged with politics—in 1967 he marched shoulder-to-shoulder with Mailer in protest against the Vietnam war, as described in Mailer's novel “The Armies of the Night”. Lowell took on substantial themes and envisioned himself as a tragic, heroic figure, fighting against his own demons. Mr Ashbery's verse, by contrast, is more beguilingly casual. In his hands, the making of a poem can feel like the tumbling of dice on a table top. Visible on the page is a delicately playful strewing of words, looking to engage with each other in a shyly puzzled fashion. And there is an element of Dada-like play in his unpredictability of address with its perpetual shifting of tones.
Lowell, who died in 1977 at the age of 60, addressed the world head on. By contrast, Mr. Ashbery, who celebrated his 80th birthday earlier this year, glances wryly at the world and its absurdities. In this edition of his later poems, a substantial gathering of verses selected from six volumes published over the past 20 years, his poetry does not so much consist of themes to be explored as comic routines to be improvised. He mocks the very idea of the gravity of poetry itself. His tone can be alarmingly inconsequential, as if the reader is there to be perpetually wrong-footed. He shifts easily from the elevated to the work-a-day. His poems are endlessly digressive and there are often echoes of other poets in his writings, though these always come lightly at the reader, as though they were scents on the breeze.
Lowell wrote in strict formal measures; some of his last books consisted of entire sequences of sonnets. Mr. Ashbery can also be partial to particular forms of verse, though these tend to be of a fairly eccentric kind—the cento (a patchwork of other poets' works), for example, and the pantoum (a Malaysian form, said to have been introduced to 19th-century Europe by Victor Hugo). Often he writes in a free-flowing, conversational manner that depends for its success upon the fact that the ending of lines is untrammeled by any concern about whether or not they scan. Within many of his poems, there often seems to be a gently humorous antagonism between one stanza and the next. Mr. Ashbery likes using similes in his poetry. This is often the poet's stock-in-trade, but he seems to single them out in order to send up the very idea of the simile in poetry, as in “Violets blossomed loudly/ like a swear word in an empty tank”.
Life, for Lowell, was a serious matter, just as he was a serious man. Mr Ashbery's approach, as evinced by his poetry, is more that of a gentle shrug of amused bewilderment. Unlike Lowell's, his poems are neither autobiographical nor confessional. He doesn't take himself that seriously. “Is all of life a tepid housewarming?” For a poet this is a tougher question to answer than you might think.
1. The word “substantial” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
[A] philosophical.
[B] grand.
[C] indispensable.
[D] authentic.
2. The last words of Lowell mean that_____.
[A] the world should go forward endlessly.
[B] the world should move on without absurdities.
[C] the world should fun_ction as well without his existence.
[D] the world should go on its path for a bright future.
3. Which one of the following is NOT the characteristics of Ashbery’s poetry?
[A] Some lines are borrowed from the other poets’ works.
[B] Stanzas are different from each other in one poem.
[C] Words are scattered casually in his poetry.
[D] Tones are continuously changing from the highbrow to the common.
4. Mr. Ashbery’s similes in poetry are different from that of the other poets in that_____
[A] he likes to single them out as they very essence of poetry’s technique.
[B] he uses them in an eccentric way that can hardly be imitated by other poets.
[C] he uses simile to make fun of simile.
[D] he uses simile to express his complex definition of the idea of simile.
5. Why the author thinks the question Ashbery raised is a tougher one for a poet than we might think?
[A] Because as a matter of fact Ashbey is most focused on tough matters.
[B] Because Ashbey turns out to be a more serious poet than Lowell.
[C] Because Ashbey is able to better discern the dilemma of being a poet.
[D] Because the theme of life is worth thinking for a poet.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了美国诗人Ashbery和其诗歌的特点，文章虽然是以两个诗人对比的形式写作的，但是却对Ashbery着墨偏多，另外一个诗人Lowell只是一个陪衬而已。第一段讲述了两个诗人竞争美国最伟大诗人的称号；第二段第三段都是对两位诗人作品特点的描述；第四段讲述他们对生活的不同态度。
词汇注释：
vie v.竞争 envision vt.想象, 预想
dice n.骰子 strew vt.散播, 点缀, 撒满
wryly adv.挖苦地, 表情冷漠地 improvise v.临时准备
digressive adj.离题的 cento n.摘录
pantoum n.(根据隔行同韵的马来诗体改编的) 由隔行同韵的四行诗节组成的诗
untrammeled adj.自由自在的, 无阻碍的 tepid adj.微温的, 温热的；不太热烈的
难句突破：
In this edition of his later poems, a substantial gathering of verses selected from six volumes published over the past 20 years, his poetry does not so much consist of themes to be explored as comic routines to be improvised.
[主体结构] His poetry does not so much consist of …
[结构分析] 本句为简单句，作状语的介词短语成分比较复杂，a substantial gathering of verses是edition的同位语，该同位语是带有作定语的分词短语。在主句中，不定式短语to be explored…用来修饰themes, 而不定式短语to be improvised 又用来修饰comic routines。
[句子译文] 他这本晚些出版的诗集选编了过去20年间出版的六本诗集中的诗歌，其主题不再是像那种临时准备的老套滑稽节目，他戏谑诗歌本身具有严肃性这个话题。
(2) This is often the poet's stock-in-trade, but he seems to single them out in order to send up the very idea of the simile in poetry, as in “Violets blossomed loudly/ like a swear word in an empty tank”.
[主体句式] This is … but he …
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，后面分句成分较为复杂，带有一个不定式短语作目的状语，as 引导成分修饰的是整个分句。
[句子译文] 虽然这是诗人的惯用手法，但他却把这些比喻单独挑出来，以突出诗里面明喻这个概念。比如“紫罗兰纵情开放/ 宛如空桶里的一句毒誓”。
题目分析：
1.The word “substantial” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
1. “substantial”（第一段第五行）这个词最有可能的意思是_____。
[A] philosophical.
[A] 哲学的。
[B] grand.
[B] 宏大的。
[C] indispensable
[C] 必要的。
[D] authentic.
[D] 真实的。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文来断定该词的意思，这个词是用来形容Lowell 诗歌主题的特点的。由第一段中Lowell喜欢参与政治，在诗歌中经常将自己视为悲剧的英雄人物这一点可以看出，他的主题选择应该是比较宏大的。这一点在后面的几个段落中也可以发现。选项A也容易混淆，但要从tragic heroic 这几个词中推导正确答案，因为这些就是宏大叙事中常见的特征。因此，B为正确答案。
2. The last words of Lowell mean that_____.
2. Lowell的临终遗言意思是_____
[A] the world should go forward endlessly.
[A] 世界应该继续前行，不要停止。
[B] the world should move without absurdities.
[B] 世界应消除荒谬、继续前行。
[C] the world should fun_ction as well without his existence.
[C] 世界没有了他应该继续运行。
[D] the world should go on its path for a bright future.
[D] 世界应该继续它朝向美好未来的道路行进。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。Lowell临终时addressed the world head on，意思是让世界继续前行，但其深层次的意思要结合Lowell的性格来判断。根据整篇文章，Lowell是比较正统的一位诗人，他对待世界的态度是严肃的，他这句话的深层意思是世界应该一直努力向前，最终能够走到光明的未来。选项D最为符合题意。
3. Which one of the following is NOT the characteristics of Ashbery’s poetry?
3.以下哪个不是Ashbery 诗歌的特点？
[A] Some lines are borrowed from the other poets’ works.
[A] 许多句子是借用其他诗人的。
[B] Stanzas are different from each other in one poem.
[B] 诗中节与节差异颇大。
[C] Words are scattered casually in his poetry.
[C] 诗中的词都是随意散落搭配的。
[D] Tones are continuously changing from the highbrow to the common.
[D] 语调不停变化，有时是阳春白雪，有时是下里巴人。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 细节题。题干要求选出不属于Ashbery 诗歌特点的一项。文章通篇都有对其诗歌特点的描述，因此就要细心查找每一选项是否在文章中提及。选项A, 文章第二段最后一句提到，there are often echoes of other poets in his writings, 有其他诗人的调子，但并没有说直接借用其作品中的句子，可能是模仿其风格或语调。因此，答案A 不一定正确。选项B, 关于诗歌节的特点，文章第三段提到there often seems to be a gently humorous antagonism between one stanza and the next，关键要知道 “antagonism”的意思——“对抗的”，说明节与节之间是截然不同的对立的风格，选项B是其诗歌特点。选项C 是关于诗歌用词的特点，第一段提到他诗歌中的词就像散落在桌上的色子一样，那么C也是其特点。D是关于诗歌语调的，文章有两处提及，第一段提到its perpetual shifting of tones，第二段有更为详细的描述: He shifts easily from the elevated to the work-a-day, D也是其特点。因此，答案应选A。
4．Mr. Ashbery’s similes in poetry are different from that of the other poets in that_____
4．Ashbery先生诗歌中的比喻和其他诗人所用的比喻不同在于_____
[A] he likes to single them out as the very essence of poetry’s technique.
[A] 他喜欢把比喻单独列出来、作为诗歌的一种基本性技巧。
[B] he uses them in an eccentric way that can hardly be imitated by other poets.
[B] 他用比喻的方式很奇怪、他人无法模仿。
[C] he uses simile to make fun of simile.
[C] 他为了开比喻的玩笑而使用比喻。
[D] he uses simile to express his complex definition of the idea of simile.
[D] 他用比喻来表达自己对于比喻的复杂定义。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第三段提到，Ashbery喜欢在诗歌中运用比喻手法，但和一般诗人不同的是，他喜欢把比喻单独列出来，好像要戏谑诗歌中的比喻似的。然后作者举了一个例子，是个非常奇怪的比喻，“紫罗兰纵情开放/ 宛如空桶里的一句毒誓”。这个题目有一定难度，send up 这个短语的意思考生不一定熟悉，但考生可以根据Ashbery一贯游戏人生的态度分析出来。选项A、B只是表层的现象，C才是真正的实质。
5. Why the author thinks the question Ashbery raised is a tougher one for a poet than we might think?
5. 为什么作者认为Ashbery 提出的问题要一个诗人回答其困难程度要比我们想象的难得多？
[A] Because as a matter of fact Ashbey is most focused on tough matters.
[A] 因为实际上Ashbey更加注重严肃的话题。
[B] Because Ashbey turns out to be a more serious poet than Lowell.
[B] 因为Ashbey其实是一个比Lowell更加严肃的诗人。
[C] Because Ashbey is able to better discern the dilemma of being a poet.
[C] 因为Ashbey更能够察觉出作为一个诗人的两难困境。
[D] Because the theme of life is worth thinking for a poet.
[D] 因为对于一个诗人来说生活这个主题值得思考。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。 最后的这个问题是：“生活的全部是不是只是并不热烈的乔迁庆宴？”这个问题的提出要结合文章最后一段来看，最后一段是描写Ashbery对于生活的态度：Lowell对待生活的态度是很严肃的，但是Ashbery 却是一种玩世不恭的态度，对于这个问题他给出的答案可能是肯定的，但是对于其他诗人呢，则需要好好地考虑一下了, 尤其是生活主题对于诗人来说是一个非常复杂的问题。答案中D最为符合。
参考译文：
二战后，Norman Mailer、John Updike、Philip Roth成为美国公认的最伟大的小说家，同样地，John Ashbery和Robert Lowell也争取美国最伟大的诗人这个名号。但是，这两个家伙可是截然不同。Lowell是个公众人物，参与政治活动。1967年，他和Mailer肩并肩抗议越战，Mailer在其小说《夜行军》曾描述了这些情景。Lowell选择的主题宏大，把自己想象成富有悲剧色彩的英雄形象，和自己的恶魔战斗。而Ashbery的诗却颇有闲逸气。于他而言，做诗就好像是在桌上滚动的，纸上呈现的词精妙地散落着，与其他词形成一种晦涩含蓄的搭配。其不断的语气变化又使得本来变化莫测的措辞平添了一丝“达达派”的意味。
Lowell于1977年去世，终年60岁，他还号召世界继续前进。而今年年初才庆贺了自己80岁生日的Ashbery，却冷眼瞧着这个世界，以及这个世界的荒诞。他这本晚些出版的诗集选编了过去20年间出版的六本诗集中的诗歌，其主题不再是像那种临时准备的老套滑稽节目，他戏谑诗歌本身具有严肃性这个话题。他的语气极其不合逻辑，好像读者永远都站不对阵脚。他的语气一会儿是严肃的，一会儿马上就成了work-a-day。他的诗歌是那么的不着边际，中间或夹杂有其他诗人的一词半调，但轻轻地来到读者面前，就好像风中的一丝气息而已。
Lowell遵循严格的格式，他最后的一些作品有完整的十四行诗体例。Ashbery先生的诗歌也有一定的格式，只是有点怪异罢了——比如集锦（其他诗人作品的杂合），比如潘顿诗体（一种马来西亚诗体，据说是由维克托·雨果引入19世纪的欧洲的）。他常以一种随意、会话式的方式创作，关键就在于每行结尾不必非得符合格律。在他的许多诗里面，两节之间常是有点滑稽的对立。Ashbery先生喜欢用明喻。虽然这是诗人的惯用手法，但他却把这些比喻单独挑出来，好像要戏谑诗里面明喻这个概念。比如“紫罗兰纵情开放/ 宛如空桶里的一句毒誓”。
对于Lowell，生活是件严肃的事情，正如他本人一样。而Ashbery的生活方式却不止是因困惑而轻轻地耸一下肩，这从他的诗中就可以看出来。和Lowell不同，他的诗既不是自传性质的，也不是忏悔的。他并不那么较真。“生活的全部是不是只是并不热烈乔迁庆宴？”这个问题让一个诗人来回答，可是比我们想象的难得多。
UNIT TEN
TEXT ONE
When Princeton, the University of Virginia, and Harvard announced last fall that they would drop their early admissions options because they gave an unfair advantage to affluent students, many college counselors held their breath. Would early decision go the way of kegs in dormitories? Not for now, at least. Early admission is still going strong at many colleges and universities, including many top-tier schools.
Early decision in particular--in which a student commits to a first-choice institution--is often touted as a plus for both schools and students. Colleges can lock up half of their class before January, and acceptance rates are typically higher than under regular admission. The major drawback of early decision is that it leaves students who are in the market for the best financial aid package out in the cold. By applying early, you must enroll if accepted, so comparing awards with those of other schools is out of the question. Schools like that, of course, because it helps their bottom line. But there is a possible end run: Ask if a school will release you from your obligation should its aid package fall short. In some cases, a school will roll you into the regular admission pool, allowing for comparison shopping come springtime.
While some schools admit almost the same percentage of applicants during early and regular admission, many favor the early pool. Johns Hopkins University took 44 percent from its early round and 24 percent from the regular pool. Early birds at Hopkins make up a third of this fall's freshman class.Nonetheless, college counselors have seen borderline students get a boost by applying early decision. "If they aren't legacies, athletes, or an underrepresented minority, early decision may be the only hook that some students have," says Jim Conroy, chair of post-high-school counseling at New Trier Township High School in Winnetka, Ill. But you need to be realistic. "If a school is out of your reach, it's out of reach whether you apply early decision, early action, or regular admission," says Sarah Wilburn, a college counselor at Campus Bound in Quincy, Mass. "Move on and set some new goals."
Advantage or not, applying early decision makes sense only if you're convinced that a school is a good fit for you. Erin Murray decided to apply to Dartmouth early despite the advice of her college counselor and others. They wanted her to beef up her transcript after she had spent a semester of high school in Italy. But the teenager from Cheyenne, Wyo., wisely played up her experience abroad (her 4.0 GPA and top-notch board scores didn't hurt, either) and was accepted. "I probably would have fit well at a number of schools," she admits, "but Dartmouth was the only place I could see myself walking across the greens. It was a gut reaction."
If you lack the same certainty but clinching a slot before New Year's is appealing, consider other early admissions plans. Early action is a nonbinding alternative that allows you to apply by November 1 and hear back before the regular application deadline. Some highly selective schools require that you submit only one early action application--called single-choice early action--meaning you can't apply early elsewhere. Another option is to apply early to rolling admissions, where an application that arrives in the fall may stand out more than one that arrives with most of the others in January.
1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of early decision?
[A] Early decision is a common strategy adopted by universities to secure high rate of student enrollment.
[B] Early decision begins to be abandoned by top American universities.
[C] Early decision is a special treatment for rich students, athletes and minorities.
[D] Early decision will still be in practice for a fairly long time.
2. The major disadvantage of early decision is that_____
[A] students can enjoy a less attractive the financial aid package if he chooses early decision.
[B] it excludes students who are from lower social class or poor family background.
[C] it does not allow students to choose the other better schools.
[D] it excludes students who want to have comparison shopping.
3. What Sarah Wilburn wants to suggest students is that _____
[A] early decision is not so advantageous as people think.
[B] students should not regard early decision as the sole way to college.
[C] students should evaluate themselves objectively before making early decision.
[D] students should not limit themselves in early decision.
4.Wyo applied to Dartmouth because_____
[A] she was quite confident due to her rich experience of studying abroad.
[B] the university’s beautiful lawn aroused her affection.
[C] she found Dartmouth the only one that fit her after researching a bunch of universities.
[D] her 4.0 GPA and top-notch board scores were not so ideal.
5. The following options can be adopted by students lacking certainty of which school to apply to except_____
[A] applying to early action.
[B] applying to rolling admissions.
[C] applying to early decision.
[D] applying single-choice early action.
文章剖析：
这篇文章主要讲述了美国的提前择校制度。文章第一段由美国几所大学宣布要取消择校制度来引出择校制度话题；第二段讲述提前择校的优劣；第三段讲述美国对于提前择校的态度；第四段讲述提前择校适合的学生；第五段将不选择提前择校的学生可以考虑的其他方法。
词汇注释：
affluent adj. 富裕的 keg n. 小桶
tout v. 吹捧 drawback n. 缺点
play up 加油, 开始奏乐 notch n. 槽口, 凹口, 得分
难句突破：
When Princeton, the University of Virginia, and Harvard announced last fall that they would drop their early admissions options because they gave an unfair advantage to affluent students, many college counselors held their breath.
[主体句式] When…, many college counselors …
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，前面是由when引导的时间状语从句，结构比较复杂；该从句有一个由because引导的原因状语从句，that引导的是宾语从句。
[句子译文] 普林斯顿大学、弗吉尼亚大学和哈佛大学去年秋天宣布将取消提前入学选择，因为这是给富裕学生的一种不公平的优待，许多大学顾问都紧张了起来。
The major drawback of early decision is that it leaves students who are in the market for the best financial aid package out in the cold.
[主体句式] The major drawback is that it leaves students out in the cold.
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，that引导的是表语从句；who引导的定语从句用来修饰前面的students.
[句子译文] 提前入学的主要缺点是让那些寻找最好的经济资助的学生们暴露在了冷风中。
题目分析：
1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of early decision?
1. 关于提前择校，下列哪个陈述是错误的？
[A] Early decision is a common strategy adopted by universities to secure high rate of student enrollment.
[A] 提前择校是各个大学广泛采用的做法，目的在于保证学生的入学率。
[B] Early decision begins to be abandoned by top American universities.
[B] 美国顶级大学开始放弃提前择校的做法。
[C] Early decision is a special treatment for rich students, athletes, and minorities.
[C]提前择校是给与富有学生、运动员和少数民族的特殊待遇。
[D] Early decision will still be in practice for a fairly long time.
[D] 提前择校还会实行很长一段时间。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，第二段提到学校欢迎提前择校是因为可以保证其底线，也就是入学率，因此该选项的说法是正确的。选项B，文章一开头就指出一些顶尖大学开始提出要放弃提前择校的做法，因此B选项的表述符合文章的意思；C，文章第三段提到了提前择校对富有学生、运动员和少数民族这三类人的好处，但是文章也指出这种做法也是为了保证学校的入学率，不是完全为了这三种人设立的特殊待遇，因此，该陈述有问题；D，从第一段可以看出，提前择校不会马上取消、而且在一些学校愈演愈烈，因此该表述也与文章相符。因此，C选项为正确答案。
2. The major disadvantage of early decision is that_____
2. 提前择校的主要缺点在于_____
[A] students can enjoy a less attractive the financial aid package if he chooses early decision.
[A]如果选择了提前择校，学生能够得到的资助计划就不那么吸引人。
[B] it exclude students who are from lower social class or poor family background.
[B]将那些来自社会底层和贫穷家庭的学生排除在外。
[C] it does not allow students to choose the other better schools.
[C]不允许学生选择其他更好的学校。
[D] it excludes students who want to have comparison shopping.
[D]将那些想要比较资助优厚与否的学生排除在外。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章第三段提到，提前择校的最大缺点就是把那些想要寻求最好的经济资助的学生们暴露在了冷风中，也就是把他们排除在外。因为如果你提前择校并且被学校录取，那就必须入学，这样就没办法和其他学校比较看看有没有学校提供更好的奖学金了。因此，选项中D最为符合题意。
3. What Sarah Wilburn wants to suggest students is that _____
3. Sarah Wilburn想要建议学生的是_____
[A] early decision is not so advantageous as people think.
[A]提前择校并没有人们想象中那么有利。
[B] students should not regard early decision as the sole way to college.
[B]学生们不应当把提前择校看作是进入大学的唯一途径。
[C] students should evaluate themselves objectively before making early decision.
[C]学生们在提前择校前应当客观地估量自己的实力。
[D] students should not limit themselves in early decision.
[D]学生们不应当把自己局限在提前择校上。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析]推理题。Sarah说的是：“如果你没有资格到某个学效，那么不管你是否填了提前入学申请或一般申请都一样，接下来你就得一直前进，设定新的目标。”而结合上下文，上面说学生们应当现实一些。可以推断，她是要告诉学生如果你自己不能达到一个学校的标准，那么不管你是不是提前择校都不会被录取，你应当再去寻找新的目标，适合自己的学校。选项中，D最为符合这个意思。
4.Wyo applied to Dartmouth because_____
4. Wyo申请到达特茅斯大学是因为_____
[A] she was quite confident due to her rich experience of studying abroad.
[A] 她有在国外的经历。
[B] the university’s beautiful lawn aroused her affection.
[B] 她喜欢学校里的草坪。
[C] she found Dartmouth the only one that fit her after researching a bunch of universities.
[C] 她觉得她只适合达特茅斯。
[D] her 4.0 GPA and top-notch board scores were not so ideal.
[D] 她的4.0 GPA和高分不是那么理想。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章第四段提到Wyo的个案，她自己说：“我可能感觉好多学校都适合我，但是达特茅斯是唯一我可以看到自己漫步走遍绿地的地方。这是一种内心的反应。” 可以看出，她之所以申请这所学校是因为喜欢学校的绿地，喜欢在那里漫步的心情。因此，B为正确答案。
5. The following options can be adopted by students lacking certainty of which school to apply to except_____
5.学生们如果不能确定自己该申请哪个学校，那么他们可以选择除了_____之外的其他方法。
[A] applying to early action.
[A] 申请提前行动
[B] applying to rolling admissions.
[B] 申请滚动入学
[C] applying to early decision.
[C] 申请提前择校
[D] applying single-choice early action.
[D] 申请单一选择提前行动
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第五段提到，学生如果不能确定自己该申请哪个学校，但又不想落空的话有两种选择，一种是提前行动，一种是申请滚动入学；而提前择校是学生已经确定自己要去哪个学校时才采取的方法。因此，C选项为正确答案。
参考译文：
普林斯顿大学、弗吉尼亚大学和哈佛大学去年秋天宣布将取消提前入学选择，因为这是给富裕学生的一种不公平的优待，许多大学顾问都紧张了起来。提前择校是不是要和宿舍小桶事件如出一辙？起码现在不是这样的。提前择校在许多大学和学院中依然愈演愈烈，包括许多一流学校。
提前择校时指学生指定到首选学校上学，这种方式常被吹嘘为对学校和学生都有利。大学可以在1月前就确保其大半课程的人数，接受率一般要比正常入学的高。提前入学的主要缺点是让那些寻找最好的经济资助的学生们暴露在了冷风中。如果他们提前申请，那么如果一旦学校接受他们就必须得入学，因此无法比较其他学校的奖学金。当然，学校喜欢这种做法，因为这可以帮助他们达到底线。也有个迂回方法，学生在申请时可以先问问学校如果其助学金不多是否将自己放行。在有些情况下，学校可以把你加入正常入学学生的名单中，这样学生就可以在春天的时候选择学校了。
一些学校称提前和正常入学学生的申请人数几乎一样，但是许多学校都更倾向于录取提前入学的学生。约翰斯·霍普金斯大学从申请提前入学学生中选了45%，从申请正常入学学生中选了24%。霍普金斯提前入学的学生占当年秋季入学一年级班级的1/3。不过，学校顾问们发现一些态度不明确的学生如果申请了提前入学可以得到一些帮助。“如果他们不是遗产继承人、运动员或未被充分代表的少数民族，那么提前入学可能就是一些学生的必然选择。”Winnetka的New Tier镇中学后高中咨询中心主席Jim Conroy说道。但是你必须要现实一些。马萨诸塞州昆西校园约束顾问Sarah Wilburn说，“如果你没有资格到某个学效，那么不管你填写了提前入学申请或一般申请你都还是没有资格，接下来你得设定新的目标才行。”
不论是否有利，除非你需要坚信某所学校是非常适合你的，否则的话不要急于采取行动。Erin Murray 决定提前申请达特茅斯学校，尽管她的大学顾问和其他人都不让她去。他们希望她先去意大利读完一个学期的高中后就可以加强她的成绩单竞争力了。而十几岁的夏安族学生Wyo却聪明地强调提到自己在国外的经验（4.0 GPA和高分也都没有负面影响），后来获得了该校的录取通知书。“我感觉好多学校都可能适合我，” 她承认说，“但是达特茅斯是唯一一个我可以看到自己漫步绿地的地方。这是一种内心的反应。”
如果你没有Wyo那么确定但却希望在新年前作出决定，那么就考虑一下其他提前入学计划吧。提前入学是种没有限制的选择，你可以在11月1日前申请，在一般的申请中止之前静候佳音。一些严格的学校要求你只能提交一份提前申请，叫做“单一选择提前申请”，意思是你不能在别的地方再提前申请。另外一个选择是提前申请到入学名单中，在秋天之前就能拿到申请表，而不是和其他人一样在一月份才能拿到。
TEXT TWO
Galvanized by the April tragedy at Virginia Tech, in which Seung Hui Cho killed 32 students and faculty members and then committed suicide, colleges and universities around the country are urgently taking stock of the reach and effectiveness of their mental-health services. The goal is not just to avoid another catastrophe caused by a deeply troubled student who fell through the cracks. It's also to face up to the needs of today's students, who increasingly struggle with eating disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. The rate of depression among college students has doubled in just 15 years; last year, some 45 percent of all students said they've sometimes felt too depressed to fun_ction, according to an annual survey by the American College Health Association. Nine percent of college students seriously considered suicide.
"Some of the key questions that Virginia Tech has brought out are: When do you recognize that a student's having serious problems? What steps do you take, and how do you coordinate care?" says Richard Kadison, director of mental-health services at Harvard University and author of College of the Overwhelmed. Last week, Kadison and other campus psychiatrists from across the country gathered in Washington, D.C., to map out a better way to meet the demand.
Many schools are finding that change will be a significant challenge. About 65 percent of campus counseling centers still have no relationship with the health center, for example, making it difficult to manage illnesses that require medication. Just 59 percent have a psychiatrist available.
And the funds necessary to add expertise can be hard to find. Days after the Virginia Tech slayings, Florida public university administrators asked for $3.5 million to hire more psychologists and campus police officers and to set up interdisciplinary teams that would identify troubled students. The Legislature denied the request. The ratio of counselors to students at the University of South Florida is 1 to 3,500; at Cornell, there's a counselor for every 800 students. Experts say that parents should check out the mental-health resources when they send their child to school and make sure that the counseling office is aware of any history. "Continuity of care is really important, so that people don't fall through the cracks and have unnecessary stresses and strains," says Jerald Kay, chair of psychiatry at Wright State University Medical School.
The thrust of the movement at institutions in the lead has been to redouble efforts to identify students in need of help and then make that help available. Some, like Cornell and Wisconsin, are adding counseling offices in dorms and academic buildings so students have ready access; Cornell has two counselors on staff whose sole job is to talk with faculty and staff and pick up the first inklings of trouble. The University of Illinois requires anyone who threatens or attempts suicide to have a four-session mental-health evaluation. And early-warning systems that involve the entire university community are a priority on many campuses. At Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y., for example, faculty and staff can log concerns about academic problems or behavioral issues on a website, which is monitored by an intervention team of representatives from the dean's office, faculty, housing staff, campus police, and counseling center. The team meets regularly to decide on an appropriate response.
1. The word “galvanized” (Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
[A] encouraged.
[B] warned.
[C] stimulated.
[D] inspired.
2. Seung Hui Cho committed a serious crime because_____
[A] he felt bitter since the university failed to provide him with qualified mental service to tackle his depression.
[B] he was deeply trouble by the April tragedy at Virginia Tech.
[C] he suffered from severe mental disorder and finally collapsed down.
[D] he was deeply troubled by the cracks that he fell through.
3. The change will be a challenge for many schools because_____
[A] the number of students who declare that they are struggling with depression far exceeds the schools’ estimate.
[B] most of them are short of resources supplying counseling service.
[C] the Legistrate do not encourage them to change the present status.
[D] students’ mental problems are usually too subtle to manage and control.
4．The ratios of counselors to students mentioned in the fourth paragraph implies that_____
[A] the government have not provided enough funds for mental health on campus.
[B] students of the University of South Florida are not seriously mentally troubled as those of Cornell.
[C] mental-health resources of University of South Florida are not so good as those of Cornell.
[D] it is necessary for the University of South Florida to improve its mental-health services.
5. Which one of the following measures is NOT taken by institutions to solve the problem?
[A] More counseling centers are set up in schools and the access to them is much easier.
[B] Websites are established for students to release their depression and report anonymously their own problems.
[C] More psychiatrists are available for students.
[D] Precautionary systems are launched in many universities and are given significant emphasis.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了美国大学为防止学生心理问题所采取的一些措施。第一段介绍弗吉尼亚科技学院的一起惨案引发了全国大学对学生心理健康的关注；第二段讲述许多精神病专家聚集起来寻找解决方法；第三、四段讲述目前学校在解决该方面问题面临的困难。第五段讲述大学目前已经采取的一些措施。
词汇注释：
galvanize v. 刺激，激励 schizophrenia n. 精神分裂症
bipolar adj. 双极的 slay v 杀戮
inkling n. 细微的迹象
难句突破：
About 65 percent of campus counseling centers still have no relationship with the health center, for example, making it difficult to manage illnesses that require medication.
[主体句式] Counseling centers have no relationship…,making …
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，后面的伴随状语主语为整个主句。
[句子译文] 比如，大约65%的学校咨询服务中心和健康中心之间没有联系，这使得控制需要药物治疗的疾病非常困难。
At Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y., for example, faculty and staff can log concerns about academic problems or behavioral issues on a website, which is monitored by an intervention team of representatives from the dean's office, faculty, housing staff, campus police, and counseling center.
[主体句式] Faculty and staff can log concerns on a website…
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，后面which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰前面的website。
[句子译文] 比如，在纽约州特罗伊的Rensselaer工学院，全体教职员工可以将学术和行为问题放在网站上，该网站由院长办公室、教职员工、住宅职员、校园警察和咨询中心的代表组成的干涉小组来监控。
题目分析：
1. The word “galvanized” (Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
1. “galvanized” (第一段第一行)最有可能得意思是_____
[A] encouraged.
[A] 受到鼓励。
[B] warned.
[B] 受到警告。
[C] stimulated.
[C] 受到刺激。
[D] inspired.
[D] 受到激发。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，全国的大学都迫切审视自己心理服务的范围和效果，这是因为弗吉尼亚科技学院四月份发生了一起惨案，Seung Hui Cho杀死了32名学生和教师，然后自杀了。那么，这些大学显然是以前没有对这方面关注，现在这起事故对其实一个刺激，选项中C最为契合。
2. Seung Hui Cho committed a serious crime because_____
2. Seung Hui Cho犯下如此大的罪行是因为_____
[A] he felt bitter since the university failed to provide him with qualified mental service to tackle his depression.
[A] 因为学校没有为他提供合格的服务来治疗他的抑郁，使他心中怨恨。
[B] he was deeply trouble by the April tragedy at Virginia Tech.
[B] 他受到弗吉尼亚科技学院惨案的影响。
[C] he suffered from severe mental disorder and finally collapsed down.
[C] 他受到精神失常的困扰，并最终精神崩溃。
[D] he was deeply troubled by the cracks he fell through.
[D] 他受到自己精神崩溃的深深困扰。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。根据文章第一段，在Seung事件结束后，各学校纷纷审视自己对学生精神问题的监督上，可以推断，凶手是因为自己精神除了问题才导致这起事故的。因此，选项中C最为符合题意。A选项显然没有正确地指明Seung犯罪的根本原因。B也是明显错误，因为他本身就是弗吉尼亚科技学院惨案的主角。D选项则是颠倒了因果关系，也是错误选项。
3. The change will be a challenge for many schools because_____
3. 对于许多学校来说这种变化是一个挑战，这是因为_____
[A] the number of students who declare that they are struggling with depression far exceeds the school’s estimate.
[A]那些承认他们情绪受到压抑的学生人数远远超过了学校的预期。
[B] most of them are short of resources supplying counseling service.
[B] 学校十分缺乏提供咨询服务的资源。
[C] the Legistrate do not encourage them to change the present status.
[C]立法机构不鼓励他们改变目前的状况。
[D] students’ mental problems are usually too subtle to manage and control.
[D]一般来说学生们的精神问题都非常微妙，很难管理和控制。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。第三段一开头就指出这种变化对于许多学校来说都是一种挑战，而提到的变化联系上下文可以看出是要改变目前心理咨询的现状。第三段紧接着提到了一个例子，就是许多学校没有心理咨询服务。那么可以看出，主要是因为目前咨询服务十分薄弱，所以才是一个挑战。因此，B选项为正确答案。
4．The ratios of counselors to students mentioned in the fourth paragraph implies that_____
4．第四段中提到的咨询师和学生的比率意味着_____
[A] the government have not provided enough funds for mental health on campus.
[A] 政府不能为学校心理健康提供足够的资金。
[B] students of the University of South Florida are not seriously mentally troubled as those of Cornell.
[B] 南佛罗里达大学的学生心理健康存在的问题没有康奈尔大学的学生问题严重。
[C] mental-health resources of University of South Florida are not so good as those of Cornell.
[C] 南佛罗里达大学的心理健康资源没有康乃尔大学的好。
[D] it is necessary for the University of South Florida to improve its mental-health services.
[D] 南佛罗里达大学有必要改善自己的心理健康服务。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 推理题。根据上下文，提出这个比率之前是提到了佛罗里达申请资金被立法机构否定的情况，而马上提到南佛罗里达州大学顾问与学生的比率和康奈尔大学的比率比较，可以看出南佛罗里达州大学确实需要更多的精神病医师，其服务需要改善。因此，选项D是正确答案。
5. Which one of the following measures is NOT taken by institutions to solve the problem?
5.下列哪项措施不是学校为了解决该问题而采取的？
[A] More consunseling centers are set up in schools and the access to them is much easier.
[A] 学校成立了更多的咨询中心使学生们能够更加容易地得到相关服务。
[B] Websites are established for students to release their depression and report anonymously their own problems.
[B] 为学生建立了许多网站来舒缓他们的消沉情绪、使他们能够匿名报告他们的问题。
[C] More psychiatrists are available for students.
[C] 有更多的精神病医师可以为学生服务。
[D] Precautionary systems are launched in many universities and are given significant emphasis.
[D] 许多大学已经设立了预防系统并给与了足够的重视。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章最后一段讲述了学校采取的一些措施，选项A，文章提到了一些学校增加了咨询办公室；选项B，文章提到的网站是供学生和教员发现一些学院问题和行为问题后放在网站上，该网站由院长办公室、教职员工、住宅职员、校园警察和咨询中心的代表组成的干涉小组来监控。该网站不是让学生舒缓消沉情绪的，文章中也没有提到是否匿名，因此该陈述不正确。C, 也提到了这一点。D，最后一段提到了涉及到整个大学团体的早期警告系统在许多学校都是优先的，因此，该选项也是正确的。B选项为正确答案。
参考译文：
弗吉尼亚科技学院四月份发生了一起惨案，Seung Hui Cho杀死了32名学生和教师，然后自杀。该惨案的教训使得全国的学院和大学都迫切审视本校提供的心理服务的范围和效果。这样做不仅是为了避免再次发生精神混乱的学生引起的惨案，也是为了应对目前学生的需求，特别是那些有饮食混乱、精神分裂症、双重混乱和消沉的学生。根据美国校园健康协会的年度调查，在15年内大学学生消沉的比率翻了倍，去年大约45%的学生称他们感觉过于压抑而无法正常生活。9%的大学学生曾认真考虑过自杀。
“弗吉尼亚科技学院引发得主要问题是：你什么时候能辨认出学生有严重问题？你会采取什么措施，你如何调整对他的关照？” 哈佛大学心理服务中心主任即the Overwhelmed大学创立者Richard Kadison说道。上周，Kadison和来自全国其他学院的精神病专家齐聚在华盛顿特区，希望可以找到满足这种需求的更好方法。
许多学校发现这种变化是一个非常大的挑战。比如，大约65%的学校咨询服务中心和健康中心之间没有联系，这使得控制需要药物治疗的疾病非常困难。只有59%的学校拥有一个精神病医师。
提高专业技术所需要的资金也很难找到。弗吉尼亚科技学院惨案发生后没几天,佛罗里达大学管理层申请350万美元用于雇佣更多的精神病医师和校园警官，并建立跨学科团队以便更好地发现有问题的学生。立法机构否决了这一申请。南佛罗里达大学顾问和学生的比率为1比3500；在康耐尔大学，每800名学生有1位顾问。专家称家长应当在送孩子上学时应考察学校的心理卫生资源，确保咨询部门知道每个学生的历史。“持续关心是非常重要的，这样可以确保学生不会有严重的问题，不会有不必要的压力和紧张。”赖特州立大学医学院精神病学主席Jerald Kay这样说。
一些带头开展行动的机构的是要加倍努力发现需要帮助的学生，并随时提供帮助。一些学院，如康耐尔和威斯康星大学在宿舍和学院大楼中都增加了咨询办公室，使学生可以随时可以咨询。康奈尔有两个顾问，其主要工作是与教员交谈，以找出问题的最先迹象。伊利诺斯大学要求那些可能或试图自杀的学生参加长达四个学期的心理健康评估。涉及到整所大学的预警系统在许多学校都是优先的。比如，在纽约州特罗伊的Rensselaer工学院，全体教职员工可以将学术和行为问题放在网站上，该网站由院长办公室、教职员工、住宅职员、校园警察和咨询中心的代表组成的干涉小组来监控。该小组会定期会面，以给出适当的回应。
TEXT THREE
The partygoers who gathered on a small farm outside campus were not your typical gaggle of business school students. Sure, some would soon move on to plum jobs at investment banks and oil companies, but instead of traditionally celebrating their success, they opted for a "sellout party." The event was held by students at the University of Michigan Erb Institute, a three-year, dual-degree program between the university's business and natural resources schools. Most of the institute's students are environmental advocates first, business people second, yet see the importance of money in making a difference. They represent a small but growing cadre of M.B.A.-wielding social activists who plan to bring about change, one PowerPoint presentation at a time.
Greg Shopoff, a third-year student at the Erb Institute, studied geology at Colorado College and briefly considered going into environmental law. But he found the legal profession too slow for his tastes and opted for business school. "If you can harness the impact of business for good," he says, "you have the potential for larger-scale change in a shorter period of time." More students have begun thinking like Shopoff, and business schools clearly see the shift. At the Erb Institute, director Tom Lyon notes the program has grown from five new students a year to as many as 25. The sheer number of business school classes like Corporate Social Responsibility and Competitive Environmental Strategy is up across the country, and school officials say students are asking for more conferences, lectures, and workshops on social and environmental stewardship. "This generation has grown up with a much higher global awareness," says Kriss Deiglmeier, director of the Stanford School of Business Center for Social Innovation. "They see what kind of problems we're facing and want to be engaged in solving them."
On the hiring side of the job market, recruiters from both non- and for-profits are looking increasingly for this type of multifaceted talent. In the nonprofit sector, the push makes good business sense. More money is now at stake within mission-based organizations than just a couple of years ago, and nonprofits compete more fiercely with one another for funds and with corporations for government contracts. "A decade ago, nonprofits would not have appreciated as much how useful an M.B.A. would be," says Sharon Oster, director of the Yale School of Management Program on Social Enterprise. "Now there are more opportunities for M.B.A. grads to move into that sector."
Corporations provide the rest of the rising demand for these students, especially as they see that environmental values can help boost the bottom line. Both companies and environmental consulting groups are hiring. Environmental Defense–a nonprofit advocacy group that partnered with FedEx to promote its hybrid electric fleet and also helped McDonald's phase out Styrofoam packaging–actively seeks out multidisciplinary employees who understand environmental issues but use business acumen to address them.
The intersection between financial know-how and social responsibility is not really new–just look at the number of CEOs on the boards of nonprofits and charities. But as M.B.A. programs have stepped up, schools serve not only as the nexus between corporate America and students but also as the link between business savvy and the need for social and environmental advocacy.
1. Students at the University of Michigan Erb Institute held the party probably in order to_____
[A] promote the three-year, dual-degree program.
[B] attract the attention of investment banks and oil companies.
[C] work out measures to solve environmental problems.
[D] raise a fund for environmental protection.
2. Greg Shopoff chose to study business rather than environmental law because_____
[A] he was more interested in business than in legal profession.
[B] he thought business was a shortcut for him to become an influential person.
[C] he wanted to solve the environmental problems through business that he can make better use of.
[D] he thought legal procedures is not efficient in harnessing the impact of business for good.
3. Nonprofits need to hire more M.B.A. graduates now than a decade ago because_____
[A] there are more vacancies in nonprofits than before.
[B] nonprofits are now also doing business to earn more money.
[C] nonprofits need to be more efficient so as to be more competitive.
[D] nonprofits have to compete with for-profits for funds now.
4. The case of Environmental Defense implies that _____
[A] nonprofit is united with for-profit to make common efforts in environment protection.
[B] corporations are in great need of multifaceted organizations to work with companies on environmental issues.
[C] nonprofit organizations are switching more attention on environmental business.
[D] nonprofit organizations are helping business to be more environmentally friendly through business practices.
5. By this passages, the author tries to show that_____
[A] business world is turning its attention to integrating business with environmental issues.
[B] business corporations can be united with nonprofits in environmental protection.
[C] multidisciplinary students are increasingly popular in nonprofits as well as in corporations.
[D] there is a trend for business students to making use of business acumen for advocating environmental protection.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了目前一些致力于环境保护的学生选择学习商业以求曲线救国。第一段由一群商业学生的聚会为契因引出这些学生的真正目的；第二段讲述目前有越来越多的学生通过学习商业来改变环境现状；第三、四段讲述目前非盈利机构和公司都需要雇用这种学生；第五段讲述了金融与社会责任相结合的例子。
词汇注释：
gaggle n.一群 plum n. 好东西，好工作
wield v. 支配, 掌握 sheer adj. 绝对的
stewardship n. 工作， 职位 acumen n. 洞察力
savvy n. 实际知识
难句突破：
Sure, some would soon move on to plum jobs at investment banks and oil companies, but instead of traditionally celebrating their success, they opted for a "sellout party."
[主体句式] Some would move on…, but they opted for…
[结构分析] 这是一个复杂句，后面分句中instead of …是句子的状语。
[句子译文] 当然他们中很快有人就会去投资银行或石油公司从事好的工作，但是他们现在并不是在庆祝自己成功就业，而是在选择一个“宣传会”的形式。
The sheer number of business school classes like Corporate Social Responsibility and Competitive Environmental Strategy is up across the country, and school officials say students are asking for more conferences, lectures, and workshops on social and environmental stewardship.
[主体句式] The sheer number is up and school officials say…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句；前面分局中，like…是做school classes的定语；后面一个分句有一个宾语从句。
[句子译文] 全国各地商业学校都在开更多像“共同社会责任”、“竞争环境策略”之类的课程，学院官员称学生希望有更多有关社会和环境工作的会议、讲座及研讨会。
题目分析：
1. Students at the University of Michigan Erb Institute held the party probably in order to_____
密歇根大学Erb学院的学生举办这次聚会是为了_____
[A] promote the three-year, dual-degree program.
[A] 宣传为期三年的双学位项目。
[B] attract the attention of investment banks and oil companies.
[B] 吸引投资银行和石油公司的注意。
[C] work out measures to solve the environmental problems.
[C] 找出解决环境问题的方法来。
[D] raise a fund for environmental protection.
[D] 为环境保护募集基金。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析]推理题。文章第一段指出这些学生不是一般的学商业的学生，他们举行聚会不是为了庆祝自己已经在好的公司找到了工作，他们是环境保护倡议者，这是他们的第一身份。他们计划可以改变目前的现状，也就是环境的现状，那么，选项中C是符合题意的，D选项没有提到这一点。
2. Greg Shopoff chose to study business rather than environmental law because_____
Greg Shopoff 选择学习商业而不是学习环境法是因为_____
[A] he was more interested in business than in legal profession.
[A] 他对商业比对法律更感兴趣。
[B] he thought business was a shortcut for him to become an influential person.
[B]他认为学习商业是使自己成为有影响人士的捷径。
[C] he wanted to solve the environmental problems through business that he can make better use of.
[C]他想要通过利用商业手段来解决环境问题。
[D] he thought legal procedures can not harness the impact of business for good.
[D]他认为法律程序不能阻止商业对环境的影响。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章第二段提到Greg一开始考虑研究环境法，但是他发现法律专业对于他的嗜好来说太慢了，于是选择了商业。根据上下文，他的爱好是保护环境。他认为，如果能够控制商业影响，那么在短时间内就能发生极大变化。选项C符合题意，D他只是觉得法律程序过慢，但不一定不能阻止。
3. Nonprofits need to hire more M.B.A. graduates now than a decade ago because_____
相比十几年前，非盈利组织需要雇佣更多的工商管理硕士毕业生这是因为_____
[A] there are more vacancies in nonprofits than before.
[A]相比以前非盈利组织中有更多的空职。
[B] nonprofits are now also doing business to earn more money.
[B] 非盈利组织也经营商业来赚钱。
[C] nonprofits need to be more efficient so as to be more competitive.
[C]非盈利组织需要更加有效率，从而增加竞争力。
[D] nonprofits have to compete with for-profits for funds now.
[D]非盈利组织需要和盈利机构竞争基金。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章第三段提到相比前几年，非盈利机构要和别的机构竞争基金，也要和公司竞争政府合同，因此，才需要工商管理人才，选项中C最为符合题意。
4. The case of Environmental Defense implies that _____
4.“环境保护”组织的例子说明了_____
[A] nonprofit is united with for-profit to make common efforts in environment protection.
[A]在保护环境问题上非盈利组织和赢利组织共同努力。
[B] corporations are in great need of multifaceted organizations to work with companies on environmental issues.
[B]公司对跨学科学生需求量很大、从而能够与那些专注环境问题的公司合作。
[C] nonprofit organizations are switching more attention on environmental issues.
[C]非盈利组织现在也把更多的注意力转移到环境问题上。
[D] nonprofit organizations are helping business to be more environmentally friendly through business practices.
[D]非盈利组织现在在帮助商业企业在其商业行为中更加环保。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第四段提到了“环境保护”组织和FedEx一起促进使用混合电力车，也帮助麦当劳逐步停止使用聚乙烯塑料包装，积极寻求综合性的员工，他们懂得环境知识,也可以使用商业知识来进行工作。结合上下文，这个例子还是为了说明该组织希望公司在商业行为中加强环保。因此，D选项最为符合题意。
5. By this passages, the author tries to show that_____
5.通过这篇文章，作者想要告诉我们_____
[A] business world is turning its attention to integrating business with environmental issues.
[A]商业世界将其注意力转移到了把商业和环境问题联系起来。
[B] business corporations can be united with nonprofits in environmental protection.
[B]在环保方面商业公司可以与非盈利组织联合。
[C] multidisciplinary students are increasingly popular in nonprofits as well as in corporations.
[C]非盈利组织和公司都越来越需要跨学科学生。
[D] there is a trend for business students to make use of business acumen for advocating environmental protection.
[D]有一种趋势是商业学生利用他们的商业敏感性来推进对环境的保护。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 主旨题。这篇文章讲述了许多致力于环境保护的学生学习了商业，希望通过这种方式最终可以更好更快地解决环境问题，那么这也就说明了学生们倾向于将环境问题和商业敏感性结合起来的趋向，因此选项中D最为符合。
参考译文：
在校外一家小农场开聚会的那群人可不是那种一般的商学院学生。当然他们中很快有人就会去投资银行或石油公司从事好的工作，但是他们现在并不是在庆祝自己成功就业，而是在选择一个“宣传会”的形式。这个活动由密歇根大学Erb学院的学生举办，是该大学商业学院和自然资源学院为期三年的 双学位项目。该学院大部分学生首先是环保倡导者，然后才是商业人士，他们发现金钱可以改变现状。他们代表一小群正在发展壮大的希望能带来改变的MBA社会活动者，每次都会有一个幻灯片展示。
Greg Shopoff是Erb学院的三年级学生，他在科罗拉多学院学习地质学，现在暂时考虑研究环境法。但是他发现法律专业于他的兴趣而言进度太慢，于是选择了商业学院。“如果你可以一直控制商业影响，”他说，“你就有可能在很短的时间内促生极大的变化。”现在有越来越多的学生与Shopoff的想法是一样的，而商业学院也发现了这种变化。在Erb 学院，主任Tom Lyon发现该项目已经从一开始的每年5个学生发展为现在的25个。全国各地商业学校都在开更多像“共同社会责任”、“竞争环境策略”之类的课程，学院官员称学生希望有更多有关社会和环境工作的会议、讲座及研讨会。“这一代是在更高的全球意识中生长起来的，”斯坦福大学商业中心负责社会创新的Kriss Deighmeier说，“他们明白我们面对的是什么样的问题，希望可以参与进解决过程中来。”
在人才市场，盈利或非盈利机构的招聘人员也在寻找这种多面的人才。在非盈利机构，这种趋势有很好的商业意义。比起前几年，盈利机构更难要多的资金，而非盈利机构为了得到更多资助而彼此激烈竞争同时为了拿到政府合同而与盈利机构竞争。“十年之前，非盈利机构还不明白一个工商管理硕士的价值，”耶鲁大学社会事业管理项目学院 主任Sharon Oster说道，“现在工商管理硕士到这些部门工作的机会多了。”
公司将自己日益增加的职位提供给了这类学生，尤其当他们发现环境价值可以帮助推进账本底线。公司和环境咨询机构都在雇佣此类人才。“环境保护”是一家非盈利的宣传机构，和FedEx一起促进混合电力车的使用，也帮助麦当劳逐步停止使用聚乙烯塑料包装，该机构积极寻求综合性的员工，他们既懂得环境知识，又可以使用商业知识来工作。
金融方面的知识与社会责任的结合并不是新颖，看看那些非盈利机构和慈善团体董事会中首席执行官的数量就可以明白这一点。但是随着工商管理项目的增加，学校不仅仅是美国商业界和学生之间的连结，而且也是商业知识和社会环境宣传的连接。
TEXT FOUR
Back in 2000, Steve Ballmer, Microsoft's chief executive, described a grand vision for the future of health care. One day, he said, everyone would have a secure and private website on the internet on which their doctors could post their “scans, lab results, test results, visit minutes”, and to which the owner could grant certain people access, to view some or all of that information. His ideas met with guffaws from the old lags of the industry, who have seen many fancy schemes for electronic medical records fall flat. America's health sector is simply too balkanised and too paper-based to stitch together easily in digital form. Even Mr Ballmer conceded back then that he was searching for the “holy grail” of healthcare.
And yet, after years of frustration and furious development work, Microsoft now believes it has realised Mr Ballmer's dream. On October 4th, the software giant was poised to unveil its new health-information product at a big event in Washington, DC. It is called the Health Vault, in keeping with Microsoft's promise to make storing data on the internet just as secure as keeping it in a bank. Health Vault will store all its customers' health data, ranging from test results to doctors' reports to daily measurements of weight or blood pressure, online. Individuals then have access to those records anytime, anywhere, via the internet—a great boon for those who travel a lot. Medical offices and hospitals who sign up for the service could easily send test results in digital form to the vault, and patients could authorise them in turn to have access to various, carefully circumscribed bits of their personal data.
Microsoft was also set to announce this week that several dozen manufacturers, hospitals and charities have signed up for Health Vault. Big names including the American heart, diabetes and lung associations, the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, and Omron and Texas Instruments, in addition to various firms devoted to the craze for “wellness”, are all now on board, and are expected to announce products and services shortly. If the software giant has really found a hacker-proof way of storing records online, then the benefits of Health Vault are clear. But use of the vaults will be free both for the individuals that sign up for them and for the vendors and doctors that provide services based on the information they contain. So how will Microsoft make any money?
Sean Nolan of Microsoft explains that the business model depends on one thing: targeted search. Microsoft is betting that people will use its Health Vault Search to find out about their ailments. This service relies on an approach known as “vertical search” which attempts to provide more relevant results than generalist search engines like Google and Yahoo! by specialising in a particular field. The firm's recent acquisition of Medstory, a vertical-search engine focusing on health care, has given it a boost in this area.
Health Vault's search engine would definitely work better than those of rival sites if it could examine users' health records and past queries, and thus provide the responses that are most relevant to each individual's situation. But in order to attract any users in the first place, Microsoft has promised to enforce strict privacy rules. These would preclude such data-mining.
The old lags of the industry did not think highly of Ballmer’s scheme because_____
[A] Ballmer’s scheme sounded too fantastic and far-fetched to be true.
[B] Balmer lacked technology proof to back up his ideas.
[C] They had witnessed too many failures of attempts to realize such schemes.
[D] America’s health sector is too stubborn and is reluctant to change for the digital.
2. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Health Vault?
[A] Individuals can have access to the medical records of anybody anytime via the internet.
[B] Those who travel a lot will greatly benefit from services of Health Vault.
[C] Hospitals who sign up for the service could improve their efficiency by Health Vault.
[D] Health Vault is a software invented by Microsoft.
3. The main problem of Health Vault faces is _____
[A] that it will be difficult for Vault to make profit during the beginning phase.
[B] that the software may be trapped in the dilemma of customer privacy and convenient data search.
[C] that it has to adopt the “vertical search” which is not the company’s strength.
[D] that Microsoft does not have powerful search engines as Google and Yahoo! Do.
4. Microsoft will make money in Health Vault by_____
[A] attracting customers with the enforcement of strict privacy rules.
[B] providing a charging platform for the communication of patients and hospitals.
[C] cooperating with big hospitals and charities by providing useful customer information.
[D] providing highly specialized service with high efficiency.
5. Compared with Google and Yahoo, the advantage of Health Vault Search is_____
[A] that its technology far advanced that of the other two.
[B] that it is more effective for those who need a special aspect of information.
[C] that it specializes on the information of ailment diagnosis.
[D] that its business model is more promising and profitable.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了微软医疗保健软件“健康库”。文章第一段讲述微软Ballmer2000年提到的一种健康记录方案；第二段讲述了微软实现了自己的设想——“健康库”；第三段讲述目前健康库使用情况；第四、五段讲述微软主要利用建立搜索引擎来盈利。
词汇注释：
guffaw n. 哄笑 balkanise v. 使割据
poised adj. 泰然自若地 boon n. 福利
circumscribe v. 确定、限制 ailment n. 疾病
难句突破：
One day, he said, everyone would have a secure and private website on the internet on which their doctors could post their “scans, lab results, test results, visit minutes”, and to which the owner could grant certain people access, to view some or all of that information.
[主体句式] He said everyone would have a websit on which…and to which…
[结构分析]这是一个简单句，在宾语从句中，两个引导which的定语从句都用来修饰website；在which引导的后一个定语从句中，to view …是目的状语。
[句子译文] 他说，有那么一天，每个人在互联网上都会拥有安全的私人网站，医生可以将他们的“扫描图、化验结果、检查结果、来访时间”等信息贴在网站上，而用户自己也可以赋予某些人访问权利，使他们可以看到部分或全部信息。
Big names including the American heart, diabetes and lung associations, the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, and Omron and Texas Instruments, in addition to various firms devoted to the craze for “wellness”, are all now on board, and are expected to announce products and services shortly.
[主体句式] Big names are all now on board and are…
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，由两个并列的谓语。主语中，including…和in addition to…都是big names的定语。
[句子译文] 除了全力追求“健康”狂热的各种公司外，一些有名的机构如美国心脏、糖尿病、肺部协会，纽约长老会医院、欧姆龙和德克萨斯器械公司现在都是榜上有名，近期有望宣布其产品和服务。
题目分析：
1.The old lags of the industry did not think highly of Ballmer’s scheme because_____
1.该行业老古董们并不看好Ballmer的方案是因为_____
[A] Ballmer’s scheme sounded too fantastic and far-fetched to be true.
[A]Ballmer的方案听起来过于奇异和遥远，不像是真的。
[B] Balmer lacked technology proof to back up his ideas.
[B] Balmer缺乏足够的技术证据来证明他的想法。
[C] They had witnessed too many failures of attempts to realize such schemes.
[C]他们已经目睹了太多类似的方案都失败了。
[D] America’s health sector is too stubborn and is reluctant to change for the digital.
[D] 美国医疗部门过于顽固，不愿意改用数字技术。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]细节题。第一段提到该行业老古董们耻笑他的设想，因为他们看到过许多新的电子健康纪录方案都失败了。A选项是那些行业老古董们对这个方案的直接想法，而不是不看好的真正原因。B是错误的，因为在文章第一段Ballmer也谈到了一些技术上的实施。而D选项的相关内容文章则没有提及，属干扰喧响。因此，C选项是该题的正确答案。
2. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Health Vault?
2.关于“健康库”，下列哪个陈述是不正确的？
[A] Individuals can have access to the medical records of anybody anytime via the internet.
[A]个人可以通过因特网在任何时间看到任何人的医疗记录。
[B] Those who travel a lot will greatly benefit from services of Health Vault.
[B]经常旅行的人会极大受益于“健康库”。
[C] Hospitals who sign up for the service could improve their efficiency by Health Vault.
[C]签约了该服务的医院可以通过“健康库”改进其效率。
[D] Health Vault is a software invented by Microsoft.
[D] “健康库” 是微软做的一个软件。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A, 第二段指出，个人可以随时、随地在网上看到自己的纪录，别人的记录是不能随便看的；B，第二段这对于经常旅行的人是个福音，他们会受益；C，第二段提到签约医院可以以电子形式发到库中，病人也可以让医院查看自己的数据，这样效率肯定会大大增加；D，由第二段微软的宣告中可以看出这是微软研制的软件。因此，A是正确答案。
3. The main problem of Health Vault faces is _____
3. 健康库最主要的问题在于_____
[A] that it will be difficult for Vault to make profit during the beginning phase.
[A] Vault在开始阶段很难盈利。
[B] that the software may be trapped in the dilemma of customer privacy and convenient data search.
[B] 该软件容易陷入如何保护客户隐私和进行方便数据搜索的两难境地。
[C] that it has to adopt the “vertical search” which is not the company’s strength.
[C] 该系统需要使用“垂直搜索”，但这项技术不是公司的强项。。
[D] that Microsoft does not have powerful search engines as Google and Yahoo! do.
[D] 微软没有像谷歌和雅虎那样强大的搜索引擎。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。A选项，文章第三段最后提到了Vault如何盈利的问题，但是没有明确说明这个系统在哪个阶段会赚钱、哪个阶段不会赚钱等。C选项，文章最后第二段提到了微软购买了Medstory公司，这家公司擅长“垂直搜索”引擎，因为微软在技术上应该没有问题，同时D选项也是错误的。B选项是正确答案，因为文章最后一段指出了“‘健康库’搜索引擎如果可以查看用户的健康记录和历史询问的话，就一定会比其对手网站运行的更好，也可以根据各人的情况提供最接近的答复。但是为了吸引用户，微软承诺遵守严格的隐私规范”，因此这暗示了有这种两难境地的危险。
4. Microsoft will make money in Health Vault by_____
4. 微软通过_____在健康库上赚钱。
[A] attracting the customers by the enforcement of strict privacy rules.
[A] 通过实施严格的隐私保护条例来吸引客户
[B] providing a charging platform for the communication of patients and hospitals.
[B] 向顾客提供一个收费的平台，使病人和医院能在这个平台上交流
[C] cooperating with big hospitals and charities by providing useful customer information.
[C] 与大的医院和慈善机构合作，向其提供客户信息
[D] providing highly specialized service with high efficiency.
[D]以高效的方式提供专业化的服务
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第三段末尾提到，健康库给病人和医生都是免费查阅的，那么微软靠什么来赚钱呢，第四段就提出建立一个医学方面的专业引擎，通过该引擎来赚钱，而且该引擎只专注于某一个方面，因此更加的高效。因此，D选项为正确答案。A选项不是微软赚钱的方法，B选项错误，在文章中没有提到一个收费的平台。C选项的内容在文章中也没有明确提及。
5. Compared with Google and Yahoo, the advantage of Health Vault Search is_____
5.和谷歌和雅虎比较，健康库搜索的优势在于___
[A] that its technology far advances that of the other two.
[A] 它的技术比其他两家更加先进。
[B] that it is more effective for those who need a special aspect of information.
[B] 在搜索一个专门领域方面更加有效。
[C] that it specialize on the information of ailment diagnosis.
[C] 专注于提供疾病诊断的信息。
[D] that its business model is more promising and profitable.
[D] 它的商业模式更加有前景和盈利能力。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第四段提到，健康库可以提供比谷歌、雅虎等通用引擎更为接近的相关结果，该引擎限定于某一专业领域。因此，该引擎的优势就在于更为专业。因此，只有B选项更为符合题意。C选项是对“健康库”的狭义理解，其实还可以做更多事情。A和D选项在文章中都没有提及，属于干扰选项。
参考分析：
早在2000年, 微软的首席执行官Steve Ballmer就未来医疗保健描绘了一幅灿烂的前景图。他说，有那么一天，每个人在互联网上都会拥有安全的私人网站，医生可以将他们的“扫描图、化验结果、检查结果、来访时间”等信息贴在网站上，而用户自己也可以赋予某些人访问权利，使他们可以看到部分或全部信息。他的想法却被该行业的老古董们所耻笑，这些老古董亲眼目睹过许多电子健康记录方案的失败。美国卫生机构过于分散且工作都在纸上进行，要以电子形式将其连接起来实在不容易。甚至Ballmer先生也有所退缩，他觉得自己是在寻找医疗保健的“圣杯”。
但是，经过了数年的挫折和飞快的发展，微软现在相信自己已经实现了Ballmer先生的梦想。10月4日，这个软件巨子在华盛顿特区一次大型活动上，平静地揭开了卫生信息新产品的面纱。该产品名为“健康库”，兑现了微软关于放在因特网上的数据就像放在银行中一样安全的承诺。“健康库”会储存所有客户的健康数据，包括检查结果、医生报告日常体重测量或血压测量等。个人可以随时随地在网上看到这些记录，这对于那些经常旅行的人来说是个福音。签约该服务的卫生机构和医院可以轻松地将检查结果以电子形式发到数据库，病人们也可以允许医院察看这些多样的、精心确定的私人数据。
微软本周还宣布有几十个厂商、医院和慈善团体已经签订了“健康库”。除了全力追求“健康”狂热的各种公司外，一些有名的机构如美国心脏、糖尿病、肺部协会，纽约长老会医院、欧姆龙和德克萨斯器械公司现在都是榜上有名，近期有望宣布其产品和服务。如果软件巨子真正找到了在线储存记录的防黑客技术，那么“健康库”的好处就显而易见了。但是注册的个人用户和基于网上信息提供服务的卖家和医生都可以免费使用健康库。那么，微软如何赚钱呢？
微软的Sean Nolan解释说这种商业模式取决于一点：目标搜索。微软相信人们会使用其“健康库搜索”来找到与他们疾病相关的内容。该服务依赖于一种名为“垂直搜索”的方法，该方法限定于某一专业领域，试图提供比谷歌、雅虎等通用搜索引擎更为接近的相关结果。
“健康库”搜索引擎如果可以查看用户的健康记录和历史询问的话，就一定会比其对手网站运行得更好，也可以根据个人的不同情况提供最接近的答复。但是为了吸引用户，微软承诺遵守严格的隐私规范。这些将预示了数据挖掘。
UNIT ELEVEN
TEXT ONE
“WHANG—Boom—Boom—cast delicacy to the winds.” Thus Ezra Pound in a letter to his father, urging the old man to help promote his first published collection. It might have been the poet's manifesto.
Pound is as divisive a figure today as he was in his own lifetime. For some he was the leading figure of the Modernist movement who redefined what poetry was and could be; and who, in his role as cultural impresario, gave vital impetus to the literary careers of T.S. Eliot, James Joyce and Wyndham Lewis, among others. But for many Pound remains a freak and an embarrassment, a clinical nutcase and vicious anti-Semite who churned out a lot of impenetrable tosh before losing the plot completely.
During the second world war he broadcast pro-Fascist radio programmes from Italy and later avoided trial for treason at home only because he was declared insane. On his release from St Elizabeth's Hospital near Washington, DC, he returned to Italy (“America is a lunatic asylum”), where he died in 1972 aged 87.
David Moody, emeritus professor of English at York University, makes a strong case for Pound's “generous energy” and the “disruptive, regenerative force of his genius”. His approach (unlike Pound's) is uncontroversial. He follows the poet's progress chronologically from his childhood in Idaho—still, at the time of his birth in 1885, part of the wild west—to his conquest of literary London between 1908 and 1920. He marshals Pound's staggering output of poetry, prose and correspondence to excellent effect, and offers clear, perceptive commentary on it. He helps us to see poems, such as this famous, peculiarly haunting 19-syllable haiku, in a new light:
The apparition of these faces in the crowd: Petals on a wet, black bough.
That Mr Moody is constantly being upstaged by the subject of his study is not surprising. Pound was one of the most colourful artistic figures in a period full of them.
According to Ford Madox Ford, who became a good friend of Pound's shortly after the bumptious young American arrived in London: “Ezra would approach with the step of a dancer, making passes with a cane at an imaginary opponent. He would wear trousers made of green billiard cloth, a pink coat, a blue shirt, a tie hand-painted by a Japanese friend, an immense sombrero, a flaming beard cut to a point and a single large blue earring.” W.B. Yeats's simple assessment was that: “There is no younger generation of poets. E.P. is a solitary volcano.”
A great merit of Mr Moody's approach is the space he gives to Pound's writings. It is love-it-or-hate-it stuff, but, either way, undeniably fascinating. “All good art is realism of one kind or another,” Pound said. Reconciling that tidy statement with practically any of his poems is hard work but, as Mr Moody shows over and over again, hard work that offers huge rewards. His first volume ends in 1920, with Pound quitting London in a huff, finally fed up—after more than a decade of doing everything in his power to rattle the intellectual establishment—with “British insensitivity to, and irritation with, mental agility in any and every form”. His disgraceful radio programmes and the full blooming of his loopiness lie ahead. So, too, do most of his exquisite Cantos. 1. Pound was a divisive figure because_____
[A] he brought both positive and negative effect to the development of the Modernist movement.
[B] he was both a poet and a person with mental problem.
[C] he was politically a racist while he was also pro-Fascist.
[D] he was a man of complex and unintelligible personality.
2. When Pound was released from hospital, he returned to Italy because_____
[A] Italy was his hometown.
[B] he was persecuted by Americans.
[C] he disliked America.
[D] he was out of his mind.
3. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of David Moody’s study on Pound?
[A] His literary approach is unlike that of Pound’s, being less contradictory.
[B] He focuses on Pound’s poetry itself instead of his personality, attempting to keep objective
[C] He traces the poet’s life in time order to study Pound’s achievement.
[D] His study offers a fresh sight of Pound‘s work
4．From Keats’s simple assessment, it can be inferred that_____
[A] Pound was of exploding power in his literary creation.
[B] Pound’s achievement could hardly be reached by later poets.
[C] Pound’s excellence was unsurpassable in his time.
[D] It would take a long time for Pound’s generation to fully understand him.
5. The word “rattle”(Line 6, Paragraph 7) most probably means _____
[A] set up.
[B] destroy.
[C] struggle.
[D] disturb.
文章剖析：
这篇文章主要介绍了Pound的两个不同侧面。第一段用Pound的一句诗歌来引出Pound的态度；第二段讲述人们对于Pound不同的看法；第三段讲述他播放亲法西斯电台节目的事件；第四、五段讲述了David Moody对Pound的分析；第六段讲述其他人对Pound的评价；第七段讲述Moody先生分析的特点。
词汇注释：
impresario n. 发起人 , 经理 nutcase n. 疯子
churn out v. 大量地 粗制滥造 tosh n. 胡话
asylum n. 收容所 emeritus adj. 名誉退休的
upstaged adj. 自负的 marshal v. 整理
bumptious adj. 傲慢的 billiard n. 有园边的
sombrero n. 宽边帽 loopiness n. 失去理智
难句突破：
For some he was the leading figure of the Modernist movement who redefined what poetry was and could be; and who, in his role as cultural impresario, gave vital impetus to the literary careers of T.S. Eliot, James Joyce and Wyndham Lewis, among others.
[主体句式]For some he was the leading figur who…, and who…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。两个who引导的定语从句都是修饰表语the leading figure的；后一个定语从句中，in …介词短语是从句的状语。
[句子译文] 对于一些人来说，他是现代主义运动的领导人，他重新定义了什么是诗歌及诗歌应该如何等问题。而作为文化发起人，他大力推进了T.S. Eliot、James Joyce和Wyndham Lewis等人的文学事业。
Reconciling that tidy statement with practically any of his poems is hard work but, as Mr Moody shows over and over again, hard work that offers huge rewards.
[主体句式] Reconciling …is hard work but hard work that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句, 主语由动名词短语构成, as 引导的方式状语是用来修饰后面的hard work that offers huge rewards.
[句子译文] 将他的任何诗歌与整齐的陈述协调起来确实难度较大，但是Moody先生一次又一次地证明了，难度越大的工作，回报就越多。
题目分析：
1. Pound was a divisive figure in that_____
1. Pound是一个有争议的人是因为_____
[A] he brought both positive and negative effect to the development of the Modernist movement.
[A] 他给现代派运动的发展同时带来了积极和消极的影响。
[B] he was both a poet and a person with mental problem.
[B] 他既是一个诗人、又是一个有精神问题的人。
[C] he was politically a racist while he was also pro-Fascist.
[C] 他在政治上是一个种族主义者、而且还是亲法西斯者。
[D] he was a man of complex and unintelligible personality.
[D] 他是一个性格复杂、让人无法理解的人。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第二段指出，Pound过去、现在都是各倍受争议的人，有人视他为文学大师，还有许多人认为他是怪人，是疯子。从全文来看，他有多面性，在文学上有巨大成就，而现实生活中却有许多奇怪的举动。这可能都是因为他复杂的性格，令人非常难以理解。答案为D选项。选项B和C都是他古怪性格和行为的一个方面，并没有全面地回答题干的问题。而A选项的表述是错误的，文章第二段指出他是现代派运动的一个领导者，并没有提及他是否带来了积极和消极的影响。
2. When Pound was released from hospital, he returned to Italy because_____
2. 当Pound从医院被放出来时,他返回了意大利是因为_____
[A] Italy was his hometown.
[A] 意大利是他的故乡。
[B] he was persecuted by Americans.
[B] 他被美国人所迫害。
[C] he disliked America.
[C] 他不喜欢美国。
[D] he was out of his mind.
[D] 他疯了。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第三段指出，他返回了意大利，括号中有一句引言“美国是个疯子收容所”这应该是他的话。可以推断，是他不喜欢美国，才做出此举。而B，虽然Pound播放意大利电台节目，但是他并没有被拘禁，而是送到了精神病院，也不能算是迫害。因此，C为正确答案。
3. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of David Moody’s study on Pound?
3. 关于David Moody对于Pound的研究, 以下那个陈述是不正确的?
[A] His literary approach is unlike that of Pound’s being less contradictory.
[A] 他的文学风格和Pound的不同，不像后者引起如此大的争议。
[B] He focuses on Pound’s poetry itself instead of his personality, attempting to keep objective.
[B] 他重点研究Pound的诗歌本身、而不是Pound的性格，以试图保持客观态度。
[C] He traces the poet’s life in time order to study Pound’s achievement.
[C] 他以年代为顺序来研究Pound的成就。
[D] His study offers a fresh sight of Pound‘s work.
[D] 他的研究为欣赏Pound的作品提供了新的视角。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，第四段指出，他的途径和Pound的不同，但是在六段指出他的研究和Pound的诗歌风格是相和谐的，但是该选项的一个最大错误在于比较的不应该是他和Pound的文学风格，因为比较的是他的研究风格。B，文章第四段最后指出“他整理了Pound令人惊愕的诗歌集、散文和信件，还加了有条理的、有洞察力的评论”，第八段的开头指出“Moody先生研究的最大特点就是他给Pound作品留的空间。这是个“爱他或恨他”的故事，但是不管如何，不可质疑的是其迷人的色彩”，可见他力图保持客观的态度。C，第四段提到，他按时间顺序研究了Pound的历程，该陈述正确。D，第四段也提到了这一点。因此，A选项为正确答案。
4．From Keats’s simple assessment, it can be inferred that_____
4．从济慈的简短评论中，可以推断出_____
[A] Pound was of exploding power in his literary creation.
[A] Pound的文学创作充满了爆炸性的力量。
[B] Pound’s achievement could hardly be reached by later poets.
[B] Pound的成就是后来的诗人们很难达到的。
[C] Pound’s excellence was unsurpassable in his time.
[C] Pound的出色在他那个时代是无人企及的。
[D] It would take a long time for Pound’s generation to fully understand him.
[D] Pound的同时代人还需要很长时间才能彻底理解他。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。济慈对他的评论是：“没有更年轻的一代诗人了，Pound是个孤独的火山。”他的意思是，在当时只有Pound可以独树一帜，无人能及。因此，选项中C最为符合题意。A选项有一定的迷惑性，因为原文的“火山”有可能会使考生选择“爆炸性的力量”，但该句的重点是评价Pound的独特性。B和D两个选项其实都与济慈的评论内容无关。
5. The word “rattle”(Line 6, Paragraph 7) most probably means _____
5. “rattle” (第七段第六行)最有可能的意思为_____
[A] set up.
[A] 建立。
[B] destroy.
[B] 摧毁。
[C] struggle.
[C] 奋斗。
[D] disturb.
[D] 扰乱。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，他最终对英国对新的精神不感兴趣，可以推断他自己是一个创新者，希望为英国的知识界带来一些新的气息，结果失败了。那么，他的这种新意对已经存在的知识界应该是一种不同的东西，产生了一种扰乱的效果，选项中D最为符合。
参考译文：
“砰砰——隆隆——隆隆——把精致扔到风中。”在Ezra Pound在写给父亲的一封信中，他要求这位老人帮助自己宣传第一本出版诗集。而这可能就是这位诗人的宣言。
Pound在他的时代里是一个有争议的人物，直至今日仍然如此。对于一些人来说，他是现代主义运动的领导人，他重新定义了什么是诗歌及诗歌应该如何等问题。而作为文化发起人，他大力推进了T.S. Eliot、James Joyce和Wyndham Lewis等人的文学事业。但是，对于许多人来说，Pound还是一个怪诞的人、一个让人窘迫的人、一个疯子、一个反对闪族人的恶人，在他的阴谋彻底流产前还说了许多不可理喻的疯话。
二战期间, 他播放了来自意大利的亲法西斯电台节目, 而后因被诊断为为疯子才在家躲了叛国罪的审讯。当他从华盛顿特区附近的圣伊丽莎白医院被放出来时，他就回到了意大利（“美国是疯子收容所”）,在那里他活到了87岁,于1972年去世。
David Moody是约克大学的英语文学教授,他找到了强有力的证据证明Pound “充沛的能量” 和 “他天才的分裂性的再生力量”。与Pound不同的是，他的方法是没有争议的。他先是按年代追溯这位诗人从艾达荷州的童年（1885年他出生时，艾达荷州还是拓荒前的美国西部）到他于1908年至1920年征服了伦敦文学界的经历。Moody整理了Pound令人惊愕的诗歌集、散文和信件，还加了有条理、有洞察力的评论。他帮助我们用一种新的眼光来读诗，比如下面这首著名的、令人难以忘怀的19音节悱句：
人群中这些面容的出现，
在黑色、潮湿树枝上的花瓣。
一点都不奇怪Moody先生一直以他所研究的主题而自豪。在充满艺术家的年代里，Pound是最多彩的艺术家之一。
Ford Madox Ford在这个傲慢的美国年轻人到达伦敦后不久就成为了他的好朋友，Ford说：“Ezra常踱着舞步过来，而且还用拐杖为假想敌开路。他常穿绿色的布裤，一件粉色上衣，一个日本朋友手绘的领带，一顶特大的宽边帽，火红的胡须修到一点, 还戴着一个很大的蓝色耳环。” W.B. Keats的简单评价是： “没有更年轻的一代诗人了，Pound是个孤独的火山。”
Moody先生研究的最大特点就是他给Pound作品留的空间。这是个“爱他或恨他”的故事，但是不管如何，那迷人的色彩是不容置疑的。“所有好的艺术都是一种或另一种的现实。”Pound说。将他的任何诗歌与整齐的陈述协调起来确实难度较大，但是Moody先生一次又一次地证明了，难度越大的工作，回报就越多。他的第一本书写到1920年，Pound一怒之下离开了伦敦，在用尽自己力量震动知识界的十年后，他终于厌倦了“英国对于精神活力的任何形式都不在乎、甚至感到恼火”。他不光彩的电台节目以及他的疯狂展现了出来。还有他杰出诗歌的大部分。
TEXT TWO
Not all modern observers of Byzantium have been so willing to associate the city on the Bosphorus with universalism or cultural breadth. While Byzantium's rating has risen recently, it has not entirely shaken off the criticisms dished out in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the devastating verdict of William Lecky, an Irish historian, who in 1869 described the Byzantine empire as “the most thoroughly base and despicable form that civilisation has yet assumed.”
Even Byzantium's modern defenders have tended to set out their case in qualified terms, stressing the empire's relationship to other historical developments. Some see it as a connecting line between classical antiquity and the modern world; others, particularly those who think that civilisations are doomed perpetually to clash, stress the empire's role as a bulwark against Islam, without which Europe as a whole would have turned Muslim. Others again see it as a catalyst for the European Renaissance, especially after Hellenic talent was freed from Byzantine dogmatism.
Judith Herrin, a professor at King's College London, sets out to show that there are far better reasons to study and admire the civilisation that flourished for more than a millennium before the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, and whose legacy is still discernible all over south-east Europe and the Levant. She presents Byzantium as a vibrant, dynamic, cosmopolitan reality which somehow escaped the constraints of its official ideology. For example, despite the anti-Semitism of the empire's public discourse and theology, its complex, diversified economy could hardly have functioned without the 30-plus Jewish communities that Benjamin of Tudela, a 12th-century rabbi, described.
Ms Herrin also shows that there was a fluid and perpetually evolving relationship between the competing influences of classical Greek learning, Greek Christianity and popular Byzantine culture. She pays particular attention to the powerful female voices that emerged from Byzantium: not just pious ladies who wrote saints' lives and hymns (including one breathtaking piece of sensual, almost erotic religious poetry) but the sophisticated political history that was penned by Anna Komnene, a frustrated would-be empress of the 12th century.
Ms Herrin will certainly win over some sceptics. But it will remain the case that more people are drawn to Byzantine civilisation through its dazzling art and architecture than by its literature. In August 2006, for example, more than 1,000 academic specialists on Byzantium converged on London for a week-long conference. The success of the quinquennial event was a sign that Byzantine studies are flourishing in almost every corner of the world. But it is a reasonable bet that, whatever they ultimately studied, these scholars were first drawn to the Byzantine world by gazing in wonder at an icon or a frescoed church rather than by perusing the pages of Anna Komnene.
The brilliance of Byzantine art is proof enough that something extraordinary happened on the Bosphorus. And this brilliance remained undimmed even when the empire's geopolitical fortunes were collapsing. Snobbish Western classicists who called Byzantium a poor substitute for ancient Greece may have missed the point. True, the Byzantine world was weighed down by deference to classical Greek models. But that charge could also be laid against the pedagogues who used to dominate the study of the humanities in the Western world. Right now, Byzantine history is in vogue at many universities while old-fashioned classical studies are struggling to hold their own. Modern observers and defenders do not highly praise Byzantium’s culture because_____
[A] the civilisations of the empire were short of universalism or cultural breadth.
[B] William Lecky, who is the leading figure of the Byzantium’s study, depreciated the culture of Byzantium greatly.
[C] criticisms against the Byzantium in the history biased people.
[D] Byzantium’s culture was completely devastated in the 18th and 19th centuries.
2. The example by Herrin in the third paragraph may prove that _____
[A] the civilisation of Byzantium is worth of studying and admiring.
[B] Byzantium’ civilization had flourished a much longer time than people usually perceive it and such influence has been neglected.
[C] To some extent, it is not necessary to relate Byzantium the city with the whole empire’s public discourse and theology.
[D] The Jewish communities actually had made great contribution to Byzantium, which is against the conventional view of the study.
3. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the academic conferent on Byzantium?
[A] The scholars were only interested in studying icons or frescoes in Byzantium.
[B] The success of this conference proves the study on Byzantium is in vogue.
[C] Scholars were drawn to Byzantium civilisation by its art at the very beginning .
[D] Scholars showed less interest in the literature of Byzantium.
4. According to the passage, Byzantine culture _____
[A] is merely a replica of the ancient Greece.
[B] is quite independent from Greek culture in almost all aspects.
[C] is of no relation with the ancient Greece in a subtle way.
[D] is influenced by the Greek culture and theology.
5. Towards the classical studies on Byzantium, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____
[A] biased.
[B] negative .
[C] skeptical.
[D] objective.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了关于拜占庭文化的一些成见和拜占庭文化的价值。第一、二段讲述由于一些历史评价原因，拜占庭文化没有得到应有的评判；第三、四段讲述Herin对拜占庭文化的研究和肯定；第五段讲述当下研究拜占庭的学者开始进行研究的契因；第六段讲述拜占庭文化被低估了，以及目前存在的新旧两种看法。
词汇注释：
despicable adj. 卑劣的, 卑鄙的 bulwark n. 壁垒
catalyst n. 催化剂 Hellentic adj. 希腊的
dogmatism n. 教条主义 discernible adj.可辨别的
pious adj. 虔诚的 quinquennial adj. 每五年的
fresco v. 作壁画于 pedagogue n. 卖弄学问的人
难句突破：
Judith Herrin, a professor at King's College London, sets out to show that there are far better reasons to study and admire the civilisation that flourished for more than a millennium before the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, and whose legacy is still discernible all over south-east Europe and the Levant.
[主体句式] Judith Herrin sets out to show that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，宾语从句比较复杂；在宾语从句中，that引导的定语从句和whose引导的定语从句都用来修饰the civilisation。
[句子译文] 伦敦国王学院教授Judith Herrin表示拜占庭文明值得研究和敬仰，拜占庭文明在1453年被君士坦丁堡征服之前已经兴盛了一个多世纪，其遗迹在整个东南欧洲和累范特还是可以看出来的。
(2) But it is a reasonable bet that, whatever they ultimately studied, these scholars were first drawn to the Byzantine world by gazing in wonder at an icon or a frescoed church rather than by perusing the pages of Anna Komnene.
[主体句式] But it is a reasonble bet that these scholars were…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，主语从句比较复杂；在该从句中whatever…是状语, 从句的主体为these sholars were drawn to …by … rather than by…
[句子译文] 但是不管这些学者的最后研究内容是什么，一个比较理性的观点就是他们一开始都是因为看到雕像或画有壁画的教堂才被拜占庭吸引的，而不是因为细读了Anna Komnene的文字。
题目分析：
1. Modern observers and defenders do not highly praise Byzantium’s culture because_____
1. 现代观赏者和拥护者对拜占庭文化没有高度赞誉是因为_____
[A] the civilisations of the empire were short of universalism or cultural breadth.
[A]这个帝国的文明缺乏普适性和文化宽度。
[B] William Lecky, who is the leading figure of the Byzantium’s study, depreciated the culture of Byzantium greatly.
[B] 拜占庭研究的领军人物William Lecky贬低拜占庭的文化。
[C] criticisms against the Byzantium in the history biased people.
[C] 历史上针对拜占庭的批评让人们产生了偏见。
[D] Byzantium’s culture was completely devastated in the 18th and 19th centuries.
[D] 拜占庭文化在18世纪和19世纪的时候受到了彻底的毁灭。。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第一段提到虽然拜占庭近来评级上升，但是18、19世纪对它的批评一直有影响，因此人们对它有偏见；从文章其他部分可以看出，拜占庭文明实际上是很辉煌的，因此这只是一种偏见而已。选项中C最为符合题意。A选项的“universalism or cultural breadth”对应于文章第一段的第一句话，但原句的意思是“并不是所有的现代观赏拜占庭的人都愿意将这个博斯普鲁斯海峡的城市和普世或文化宽容联系起来”，显然是与选项表述有出入的。B的错误在于William Lecky只是一个拜占庭研究的学者，文章没有提到他是一个领军人物。D选项明显错误，拜占庭文化从来没有被彻底毁灭过。
2. The example by Herrin in the third paragraph may prove that _____
2. 第三段中Herrin举的例子证明了_____
[A] the civilisation of Byzantium is worth of studying and admiring.
[A] 拜占庭文明值得研究和崇拜。
[B] Byzantium’s civilization had flourished a much longer time than people usually perceive it and such influence has been neglected.
[B] 拜占庭文化的兴起比人们普遍认可的时期要长得多，这种影响都被人们忽略了。
[C] To some extent, it is not necessary to relate Byzantium the city with the whole empire’s public discourse and theology.
[C] 在某种程度上，拜占庭这个城市和整个帝国的公共言论以及神学没有必然的联系。
[D] The Jewish communities actually had made great contribution to Byzantium, which is against the conventional view of the study.
[D] 犹太人团体实际上为拜占庭做出了很大贡献，这与传统研究的观点是相反的。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第三段Herrin的例子中，尽管该帝国的意识形态是反犹太的，但是没有30多个犹太社团的作用，其经济就得不到发展。结合上文，拜占庭摆脱了官方意识形态的束缚，那么可以看出，这个例子是为了说明这一点的，其中该选项中“public discourse and theology”可以视为是对文章中“official ideology”这个词组的解读或解释。因此选项C为正确答案。而其余几项都不是这个例子直接要说明的问题。
3. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the academic conferent on Byzantium?
3. 关于拜占庭学术会议,下列哪个陈述是错误的?
[A] The scholars were only interested in studying icons or frescoes in Byzantium.
[A] 学者们只对拜占庭的雕像和壁画感兴趣。
[B] The success of this conference proves the study on Byzantium is in vogue.
[B] 这次会议的成功证明了拜占庭研究是热点。
[C] Scholars were drawn to Byzantium civilisation by its art at the very beginning .
[C] 学者们最开始是被拜占庭的艺术吸引的。
[D] Scholars showed less interest in the literature of Byzantium.
[D] 学者们对拜占庭文学兴趣不大。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，第五段最后指出，不论他们最后研究的是什么，但是最一开始是是因为被其雕像和壁画教堂吸引来的。可以看出，他们目前不一定只研究雕像和壁画，只是契因是这些而已。因此A说法不正确；C、D从第五段可以看出；B，第五段也提到了拜占庭研究正在流行。因此，答案为A选项。
4. According to the passage, Byzantine culture _____
4. 根据这篇文章，拜占庭文化_____
[A] is merely a replica of the ancient Greece.
[A] 只是古希腊的复制品而已。
[B] is quite independent from Greek culture in almost all aspects.
[B] 几乎在所有的方面都独立于希腊文化。
[C] is of no relation with the ancient Greece in a subtle way.
[C] 从微妙的程度上来说，与古希腊没有关系。
[D] is influenced by the Greek culture and theology.
[D] 受到希腊文化和神学的影响。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，第六段指出那些认为拜占庭是古希腊替代品的古典主义者错了，因此该陈述错误，其中replica这个词的意思就是“复制品”。选项B，文章第四段指出，拜占庭文化和希腊学术、希腊宗教方面有着某种不固定的、但一直发展的关系。那么，可以看出，拜占庭文化和古希腊文化还是有一定关系的。同时C选项也是错误的。因此，只有D选项是正确的。
5. Towards the classical studies on Byzantium, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____
5. 对于拜占庭的古典研究, 作者的态度可以说是_____
[A] biased.
[A] 有偏见的。
[B] negative.
[B] 否定的。
[C] skeptical.
[C] 怀疑的。
[D] objective.
[D] 客观的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 态度题。从文中作者形容古典研究的词汇就可以看出作者的态度，他将西方古典主义者称作是“势利的”，认为他们的观点有问题。因此，作者对于古典研究的态度是否定的。
参考译文：
并不是所有观赏拜占庭的现代人都愿意将这个位于博斯普鲁斯海峡的城市和普世或文化宽容联系起来。尽管对拜占庭近来有所改进，但它还是不能完全摆脱18、19世纪对它的那些批评，包括爱尔兰历史学家William Lecky对其猛烈的俄抨击，他于1869年将拜占庭帝国描述为“所有文明中最低级、最卑劣的形式”。
拜占庭的现代拥护者也倾向于用一些低调的词语来形容这座城市，重在强调该帝国与其他历史发展的关系。一些人将它看作是古典世界与现代世界的连接线，而还有一些人特别是那些持文明冲突论的人强调拜占庭的作用主要是作为对抗伊斯兰的一个壁垒屏障，如果没有拜占庭，整个欧洲都可能变为穆斯林国家。还有一些人认为拜占庭是欧洲文艺复兴的催化剂， 尤其在是希腊智慧摆脱了拜占庭教条主义之后。
伦敦国王学院教授Judith Herrin表示拜占庭文明值得研究和敬仰，拜占庭文明在1453年被君士坦丁堡征服之前已经兴盛了一个多世纪，其遗迹在整个东南欧洲和累范特还是可以看出来的。她将拜占庭看作是充满活力的、生机勃勃的世界，并且摆脱了官方意识形态的束缚。比如，尽管该帝国的公众演说和神学带有反犹太的特点，但是如果没有12世纪Tudela的拉比Benjamin描述的那30多个犹太社会，帝国那复杂多样的经济就得不到发展。
Herrin女士也表示希腊古典学术、希腊基督教此与拜占庭流行文化之间的竞争关系是不断变化和进化的。她特别关注拜占庭出现强有力的女性声音：不仅仅是那些描写圣人生活和书写圣歌的虔诚妇女（包括一篇令人惊心的、甚至可以说是淫秽的宗教诗歌），而且还有12世纪那位失意的未来女皇Anna Komnene书写的复杂的政治历史。
Herrin女士肯定胜过了哪些怀疑论者。但是一个不变的事实是，更多的人是为拜占庭炫目的文化和建筑而着迷，而不是其艺术的影响。比如2006年8月，1000多名研究拜占庭的学术专家汇聚伦敦，举行了为期一周的会议。这个五年一次会议的成功举办是拜占庭研究在世界各个角落兴盛的标志。但是不管这些学者的最后研究内容是什么，一个比较理性的观点就是他们一开始都是因为看到雕像或画有壁画的教堂才被拜占庭吸引的，而不是因为细读了Anna Komnene的文字。
拜占庭的辉煌艺术足以证明在博斯普鲁斯海峡曾经发生过的那些非凡大事。而这种繁荣即使在拜占庭帝国地理政治的财富被摧毁了之后仍然存在。那些假装内行的西方古典学家称拜占庭是古希腊可怜的替代品，其实他们错了。确实，拜占庭世界因为遵循古希腊的模式而被低估。但这一点也可以用来反驳那些过去在西方人文研究方面的权威学究。现在，拜占庭历史在许多学校都很盛行，而那些过时的正统研究也在竭力坚守着自己的立场。
TEXT THREE
The main ingredient of a semiconductor is silicon, but it might as well be pyrite, or fool's gold. That is because consistently making money out of chips is notoriously difficult. Cyclical demand means that profits are volatile, and new kinds of chips quickly become commoditised. The business is also highly capital-intensive: a new fabrication plant, or fab, costs $3 billion-5 billion, and new facilities must be built every few years as technology advances.
Accordingly, many Western technology firms, such as Philips, Hewlett-Packard, Motorola and Siemens, long ago spun off their chipmaking units in order to focus on the final products, rather than the bits inside them. Japan's huge electronics conglomerates have largely resisted this “fab lite” strategy. This now seems to be changing, though the companies' willingness to let go fully is still in doubt.
On October 18th Sony said it would put its processor-chip division into a joint venture with Toshiba, which will also buy Sony's chipmaking facilities. Sony will no longer have to make huge investments in chip technology, and will still be sure of a supply of processors for its PlayStation 3 games consoles and other products. Its chip division lost ￥10 billion ($90m) last year, and the company has been getting rid of non-core businesses. Last month it floated its financial-services arm, raising nearly $3 billion. For its part Toshiba, one of the world's biggest chipmakers, will gain economies of scale.
Sanyo, another Japanese electronics firm, had hoped to do something similar. But its plan to sell its semiconductor unit for nearly $1 billion to Advantage Partners, a private-equity fund, fell through on October 16th. Sanyo is owned by a number of investors, including Goldman Sachs, which are doing their best to revive the struggling company by slimming it down to focus on its solar-panel and battery businesses. But the banks financing the purchase of Sanyo's chip unit balked at the price and at Advantage's plan to retain the existing management. Sanyo's announcement that it would keep the unit sent its share price plummeting.
Meanwhile, NEC, which in 2002 turned its chip business into a separate, publicly listed subsidiary, NEC Electronics, has spurned an offer from Perry Capital, a New York fund. Perry is willing to pay $1.3 billion to raise its stake from roughly 5% to 30%, on the condition that NEC relinquishes control of the chipmaker's board. (That works out at a premium of 60% over the average share price in the past three months.) Now Perry is quietly trying to convince other shareholders of the merits of its offer.
Taken together, this action (and inaction) adds up to a test of the willingness of managers at Japan's electronics firms to take rational but uncomfortable decisions. Spin-offs make sense because there are too many firms doing the same thing on too small a scale, and the need to finance new fabs is a drag on the firms' main businesses. In Japan, however, corporate pride often trumps economic logic. Electronics giants are used to being diversified and vertically integrated: they regard selling a subsidiary as akin to amputating an arm. Still, some now see the need for surgery.
1. Profits in chips industry are unsteady because_____
[A] there is no great demand of chips.
[B] the technology advances fast.
[C] the demand is periodic.
[D] the production of silicon is unstable.
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of “fab lite” strategy?
[A] Japan’s electronics conglomerates are now commencing to consider of implementing this strategy.
[B] The attitude of Japan’s electronics conglomerates towards the strategy is still quite dubious.
[C] The strategy is beneficial in promoting companies’ manufacturing more focused on final products.
[D] The strategy is applicable the captive-intensive industry.
3. Sony hands over its processor-chip division to Toshiba in order to_____
[A] float its financial-services arm through saving huge investment from chip making.
[B] cater to help Toshiba’s strategy of gaining economies of scale.
[C] focus on its main business by cutting off non-core branches.
[D] supply processors for its PlayStation 3 games consoles.
4. Sanyo’s plan of selling its semiconductor unit miscarried mainly due to _____
[A] the high price it charged.
[B] the dispute among the investors, some of whom pays great effort to revive the company.
[C] the difficulty of retaining the management of the chip manufacturing.
[D] the sudden fall of its share price.
5. NEC refused the offer from Perry Capital because_____
[A] the bit by Perry is not ideal.
[B] it is afraid of losing its chip unit.
[C] the condition raised by Perry is unreasonable.
[D] it regards its chip unit as an inseprable part.
文章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了电子公司的分割其分公司以进行统一整合的策略。第一段讲述芯片产业的特点；第二段讲述西方国家和日本对于分离芯片部门的态度；第三、四、五段讲述索尼、三洋公司和NEC的个案；第六段讲述日本公司的心理。
词汇注释：
pyrite n. 黄铁矿 volatile adj. 不稳定的，可变的
spin off v. 分割从更大的实体中派生出（如公司或产品）
balk v. 停滞 plummet v. 垂直落下
spur v. 轻视地拒绝 relinquish v. 放弃
amputate v. 切除（手臂、腿等）
难句突破：
Sanyo is owned by a number of investors, including Goldman Sachs, which are doing their best to revive the struggling company by slimming it down to focus on its solar-panel and battery businesses.
[主体句式] Sanyo is owned by a number of investors.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。Including…现在分词结构是修饰前面的宾语的;which引导的非限定性定语从句也是修饰investors的, 在该定语从句中, by…结构是句子的方式状语。
[句子译文] 三洋目前由一些投资者控股，包括高盛公司, 他们正削减其规模以专注于太阳能板和电池产业,从而让勉强经营的三洋可以重新振作起来。
Meanwhile, NEC, which in 2002 turned its chip business into a separate, publicly listed subsidiary, NEC Electronics, has spurned an offer from Perry Capital, a New York fund.
[主体句式] NEC has spurned an offer.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。Which引导的定语从句用来修饰主语；NEC Electronics是前面subsidiary的同位语。
[句子译文] 同时，NEC于2002年将芯片业务转为一个公开上市的独立子公司NEC电子，并拒绝了美国一家基金佩里的出价。
题目分析：
1. Profits in chips industry are unsteady because_____
1. 芯片产业的利润不稳定是因为_____
[A] there is no great demand of chips.
[A] 芯片的需求量不大。
[B] the technology advances fast.
[B] 技术更新太快。
[C] the demand is periodic.
[C] 需求有一定的周期性。
[D] the production of silicon is unstable.
[D] 硅产量是不稳定的。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第一段提到，周期性的需求也就意味着利润是不稳定的，关键在于理解“cyclical”这个词的意思。因此，答案为C选项。
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of “fab lite” strategy?
2. 关于“轻生产”策略，下列陈述哪项是正确的？
[A] Japan’s electronics conglomerates are now commencing to consider of implementing this strategy.
[A] 日本电子巨头目前正在开始考虑实施该策略。
[B] The attitude of Japan’s electronics conglomerates towards the strategy is still quite dubious.
[B] 日本电子公司对于这个战略的态度仍然是不清楚的。
[C] The strategy is beneficial in promoting companies’ manufacturing more focused on final products.
[C] 该策略对于推动公司更加注重最终产品的制造是有益的。
[D] The strategy is applicable to the captive-intensive industry.
[D] 该策略适用于资金密集型产业。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，文章第二段指出日本电子巨头本来对该策略非常抵触，但现在这种态度也在变化，因此，可以推断他们也在考虑实施该策略。B，文章第二段最后一句话指出“日本最大的电子集团以前对这种“轻制造”的策略强烈抵触，但是好像现在也发生了变化，尽管还不一定要全面放开”，从中我们还是可以很清晰地看出这些企业态度的变化的，因此该选项错误。C，文章没有明确指出这个策略是否是“beneficial”因此也不正确。D，文章并没有提到。因此，A选项为正确答案。
3. Sony hands over its processor-chip division to Toshiba in order to_____
3. 索尼将自己的芯片公司转让给东芝是为了_____
[A] float its financial-services arm through saving huge investment from chip making.
[A] 通过从取消芯片生产节省下来的投资来创立自己的金融服务公司。
[B] cater to Toshiba’s strategy of gaining economies of scale.
[B] 迎合东芝获得规模性效益的策略。
[C] focus on its main business by cutting off non-core branches.
[C] 通过砍掉非核心部门来专注自己的主营业务。
[D] supply processors for its PlayStation 3 games consoles.
[D] 为其游戏站3游戏控制台提供服务器。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第三段提到索尼的举措，索尼的芯片公司是亏损的，将芯片公司转让给东芝后，就不必往该公司投入大量的资金了，但是又可以有服务器供应；索尼还把其他非核心业务的公司也裁掉了。而文章举索尼的例子也是为了说明这种策略，将副营业务去除，专营主营业务。因此，选项C是正确的。
4. Sanyo’s plan of selling its semiconductor unit miscarried mainly due to _____
4. 三洋出售半导体分部的计划流产是因为_____
[A] the high price it charged.
[A] 三洋要价过高。
[B] the dispute among the investors, some of whom pay great effort to revive the company.
[B] 投资者有分歧，其中一些力图要重振公司。
[C] the difficulty of retaining the management of the chip manufacturing.
[C] 保持芯片生产管理的困难。
[D] the sudden fall of its share price.
[D] 其股价的突然下跌。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第四段指出，银行是停步在价格和Advantage想要保留目前管理的计划上的，可以推断该计划流产就是因为价格过高，而且Advantage想要维持原来的管理模式。因此，A选项为正确答案。其他三项的内容在该段中都有所提及，但却不是该计划流产的原因。
5. NEC refused the offer from Perry Capital because_____
5. NEC拒绝佩里基金的收购是因为_____
[A] the bit by Perry is not ideal.
[A] 佩里的出价不理想。
[B] it is afraid of losing its chip unit.
[B] 它担心失去芯片公司。
[C] the condition raised by Perry is unreasonable.
[C] 佩里提出的条件不合理。
[D] it regards its chip unit as an inseprable part.
[D] 他将芯片部门看作是不可分割的一部分。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章最后一段是承上启下的，说这种做法或拒绝这样做可以检验日本是否愿意采取这种理性的策略，日本的电子巨头习惯了经营多样化的模式，他们认为失去一个分公司就好像失去了自己身体的一部分，因此不愿意这样做，即使明白这样有利于公司长远的发展。可以推断，NEC这样做是因为把芯片部门看作是自己身体的一部分，选项中D最为符合题意。
参考译文：
半导体的主要成分为硅，但也可以是黄铁矿，或称作傻瓜的金子，因为大家都知道，总是依靠芯片赚钱是非常难的。周期性的需求意味着利润是不稳定的，新型芯片很快就会成为平价商品。同时这也是一个资金高度密集型产业，新建一个加工厂需要投资30—50亿元，而且每隔几年随着技术进步就需要增添新设备。
因此，许多西方科技公司，如飞利浦、Hewlett-Packard、摩托罗拉和西门子在很早以前就把芯片制造部门分离出来，专注于制造终端产品而非里面的芯片。日本最大的电子集团以前对强烈抵制这种“轻制造”的策略，但现在似乎也发生了变化，尽管还不一定要全面放开。
10月18日，索尼称将其信息芯片部门放入于东芝成立的一家合资企业中，而东芝也购买了索尼的芯片制作设备。由此索尼不再需要向芯片科技投入大量资金，且仍然不用担心其第三游戏站游戏控制台和其他产品处理器的供应。其芯片分部去年损失了100亿日元（合9000万美元），同时公司也将非核心业务都分割了出去。上个月索尼创立了其金融服务公司，筹集了近30亿美元。而世界最大的芯片制造商东芝公司也将获得规模效应。
另外一家日本电子公司三洋也希望效法索尼的做法。但是它以10亿美元将其半导体部门卖给私立基金Advantage Partners的计划于10月16日失败了。三洋目前由一些投资者控股，包括高盛公司, 他们正削减其规模以专注于太阳能板和电池产业,从而让勉强经营的三洋可以重新振作起来。但是筹集资金收购三洋芯片部的银行却因价格以及Advantage想要保留目前管理权等因素而停手。而后三洋宣布将保留该部门，这使得公司的股价直线下降。
同时，NEC于2002年将芯片业务转为一个公开上市的独立子公司NEC电子。美国一家基金佩里愿意支付13亿美元将自己的股份从5%提高到30%， 条件是NEC放弃对芯片制造董事会的控制，但遭NEC拒绝。（在过去三个月内平均股价高出60%溢价成交。） 现在佩里正悄悄地试图说服其他股东该其收购会带来利益。
总的说来，通过这种行为（和无行为）可以看出日本电子公司经理是否愿意采取这种合乎理性的但合乎心意的决定。分离还是有必要的，因为太多公司都在以很小的规模做一件事情，要给新的工厂投资也会拖累公司的主营业务。但是在日本，公司的荣誉往往会战胜经济逻辑。电子巨头们习惯于产业多样化和垂直结合：他们觉得卖掉分公司就好像是斩去了一条胳膊。不过，一些人发现现在也有必要来一个手术。
TEXT FOUR
The inventor of Sherlock Holmes was the most commercially successful author of his time. Arthur Conan Doyle was a phenomenon: practising doctor, war correspondent, businessman, politician and a campaigner for legal and colonial reforms as well as a popular novelist.
But he considered his fiction undervalued. Though he was known worldwide as the author of the Holmes stories and even sometimes addressed as Mr Sherlock Holmes, Doyle regarded himself as primarily a writer of uplifting historical fiction, usually with a medieval background. At first he considered Sherlock Holmes a pleasant diversion that filled a gap in his income. Eventually he came to think of the detective as an irksome burden: “He keeps me from higher things,” he wrote.
The Sherlock Holmes stories continue to exercise extraordinary power. The writing is never more than efficient but the setting remains perennial: the comfortable, carpeted, fire-lit Baker Street sitting room shared by Holmes and Watson, the paradoxically womblike world of a Victorian bachelor set above an anarchic underworld full of violence and immorality. Doyle's literary masterstroke was dividing the story between Holmes and Watson. It was a device the writer used frequently but never as effectively as here.
Doyle's true theme was division: between order and anarchy, reason and emotion, the material and the spiritual. He himself was a man divided, as two new biographical books make clear. The very picture of an upright Victorian gentleman, Doyle was not averse to fighting in the street when the mood took him. And in his late 30s, at the height of his fame, he ran a double life, conducting a largely secret affair with the woman who eventually became his second wife, while his first was gradually succumbing to tuberculosis.
Much of this is revealed in detail in Andrew Lycett's biography and in a selection of Doyle's letters edited by the present executor of the Doyle estate. The story behind the publication of these two books might make a Doylesque thriller in itself. Mr Lycett and the Doyle estate vied to gain control of newly discovered material, each trying to get to market first. Mr Lycett's book is a serious piece of work from an experienced professional biographer. If he never quite gets fully to grips with Doyle's elusive personality, the author is particularly good on the intellectual background to Doyle's work, both known and forgotten. The biography is hobbled by the Doyle estate's refusal to permit quotation from numerous documents. But Mr Lycett makes the best of what he has and fills the gaps with insight.
The selected letters by contrast are strictly an enthusiast's book. The editors' comments are a bit haphazard and it is poorly presented. On the other hand, it does convey an almost physical presence of the author, with his strange mixture of kindness and carelessness, overbearing self-confidence and depressive self-doubt. Above all there is the impression of a man driven by internal forces. Since boyhood Doyle had been struggling with the consequences of his rationalist rejection of Catholicism and his growing conviction that there must be some kind of reality beyond the scientific. This was a division that in the end he could not manage. By the close of his life he was spending his diminishing energies defending not only the world of spiritualism but also the outermost fraudulent fringes of supernatural belief. It was a sorry ending. 1. Conan Doyle regarded Holmes as a burden because_____
[A] he considered his fiction was of high level but was generally undervalued.
[B] he wrote the Holmes stories at the beginning for fun but later merely for the large income.
[C] the Holmes stories hindered him from writing historical fiction.
[D] the Holmes stories earned him the international fame as well as pressure.
2. The word “averse” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
[A] adverse.
[B] against.
[C] opposite.
[D] converse.
3. In Andrew Lycett’s biography, Doyle is most probably described as_____
[A] a reasonable gentleman.
[B] a man with doubtful life style.
[C] one with man divided psychological identities.
[D] a man of integrity and enthusiasm.
4. Doyle’s divided personality was a result of _____
[A] his own creation of the two opposite characters, Holmes and Watson.
[B] his paradoxical views on religion and science in boyhood.
[C] his confusion on reality and fiction all through his life driven by internal forces.
[D] his devotion to the world of spiritualism and his involvement in the secular society.
5. Doyle estate refused to permit Mr. Lycett to quotate from documents because_____
[A] He was concerned with the protection of Doyle’s privacy.
[B] Mr. Lycett was not the ideal biographer of Doyle.
[C] there was a kind of competition between the two parties in the publication of Doyle’s biography.
[D] He was unsatisfied with Mr. Lycett’s work which turns Doyle’s life into a thriller story.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍福尔摩斯故事集作者Doyle的一些情况。第一段讲述Doyle因福尔摩斯而闻名；第二段讲述Doyle对于福尔摩斯故事集的看法；第三段讲述福尔摩斯故事的特点；第四段讲述福尔摩斯故事的主题和作者的性格有关；第五段、第六段将数两本不同的传记刻画出两个不同性格的Doyle。
词汇注释：
perennial adj. 永久的 womblike adj. 像子宫似的
masterstroke n. 妙举 averse adj. 反对的，不愿意的
get to grips with v. 认真处理 fraudulent adj. 欺骗性的
难句突破：
And in his late 30s, at the height of his fame, he ran a double life, conducting a largely secret affair with the woman who eventually became his second wife, while his first was gradually succumbing to tuberculosis.
[主体句式] He ran a double life …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，前面的in his late 30s，是句子的状语；at the height of his fame是修饰late 30s的；句子后面的现在分词结构是句子的伴随状语；while引导的状语从句做该句伴随状语的时间状语。
[句子译文] 他30多岁时富有盛名，但却过着双面生活，与一位女士有着秘密的交往，这位女士以后成为他的第二任妻子，但他的发妻却慢慢被肺结核所吞噬。
If he never quite gets fully to grips with Doyle's elusive personality, the author is particularly good on the intellectual background to Doyle's work, both known and forgotten.
[主体句式] If… the author is…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句,带有条件状语从句; 后面的both known and forgotten修饰前面的work。
[句子译文] 他总是爱较真地弄明白Doyle难以捉摸的个性，而且他也是Doyle作品学术背景研究的专家，不论是大家熟知的还是为人们所遗忘的方面。
题目分析：
1. Conan Doyle regarded Holmes as a burden because_____
1. Conan Doyle认为福尔摩斯是一个累赘，这是因为_____
[A] he considered his fiction was of high level but was generally undervalued.
[A] 他认为他的小说价值很高但是却被低估了。
[B] he wrote the Holmes stories at the beginning for fun but later merely fro the large income.
[B] 他写福尔摩斯故事一开始是因为好玩，后来只是为了可以赚很多钱。
[C] the Holmes stories hindered him from writing historical fiction.
[C] 福尔摩斯故事阻碍他撰写一些历史小说。
[D] the Holmes stories earned him the international fame as well as pressure.
[D] 福尔摩斯故事既给他带来的国际名声，有带来了很大的压力。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第二段提到，Doyle认为福尔摩斯是个累赘，他说“是他让我不能写更加高雅的东西。”那么他所说的高雅的东西是什么呢，根据上文，他自己认为自己首先是一个高雅的历史小说家，结果因为福尔摩斯的故事使得他必须一直写这方面的作品，没有精力从事其他写作。因此，选项中C最为符合。A混淆了两种小说，是错误选项。B选项，文章提到了写福尔摩斯故事可以给他增加收入，但是却没有提到他为了赚钱而写福尔摩斯故事。D选项也是错误的，因为他并没有感到了压力。
2. The word “averse” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
2. “averse” (第四段第四行) 最有可能的意思是_____
[A] adverse.
[A] 不利的。
[B] against.
[B] 反对的。
[C] opposite.
[C] 相反的。
[D] converse.
[D] 相反的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，本段主要说的是Doyle是个比较矛盾的人，具有双重性格，那么本句前半句说的是他看起来是个绅士，后半句应该是和这个相反的情况。按理说这么个绅士不会在街上打架，但是情况相反，如果情绪上来也可能会这样做。因此，选项中B符合题意。
3. In Andrew Lycett’s biography, Doyle is most probably described as_____
3. 在Andrew Lycett的传记中，Doyle最有可能被描述为_____
[A] a reasonable gentleman.
[A] 一个理智的人。
[B] a man with doubtful life style.
[B] 一个生活方式令人质疑的人。
[C] one with divided psychological identities.
[C] 一个心理分裂的人。
[D] a man of integrity and enthusiasm.
[D] 一个正直而且充满热情的人。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第三段提到，从两本新的传记也可以看出来Doyle是个自相矛盾的人，这两本传记一本为Andrew Lycett写的传记，一本为其遗产接受人编写的书信集；可以推断这两本传记描述的是相反的两种性格，书信集中的Doyle是充满热情的人，那么可以推断Lycett写的与之相反，应该是比较理智的人。因此，A选项是正确答案。
4. Doyle’s divided personality was a result of _____
4. Doyle分裂的性格源于_____
[A] his own creation of the two opposite characters, Holmes and Watson.
[A] 他创造了两个性格相反的人，福尔摩斯和华升。
[B] his paradoxical views on religion and science in boyhood.
[B] 他在少年时代对宗教和科学的矛盾看法。
[C] his confusion on reality and fiction all through his life driven by internal forces.
[C] 他一生中由于内心力量的趋势而混淆了现实与虚拟世界。
[D] his devotion to the world of spiritualism and his involvement in the secular world.
[D] 他沉溺于精神世界、又充分生活在世俗世界中。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章描述了Doyle双重的性格，最后一段提到“Since boyhood Doyle had been struggling with the consequences of his rationalist rejection of Catholicism and his growing conviction that there must be some kind of reality beyond the scientific. This was a division that in the end he could not manage”，他在少年时代一方面理智让他拒绝了天主教，但是另一方面他又觉得科学之外有别的东西存在，他就在这种矛盾中挣扎，一直没有答案。可以推断，可能就是因为这一点他才会有这种分裂的性格。选项中B符合题意，A选项只是这种性格的体现而已，并不是原因。
5. Doyle estate refused to permit Mr. Lycett to quotate from documents because_____
5. Doyle的财产委托人不让Lycett先生从文件中引用是因为_____
[A] He was concerned with the protection of Doyle’s privacy.
[A] 他想要保护Doyle的隐私。
[B] Mr. Lycett was not the ideal biographer of Doyle.
[B] Lycett先生不是理想的撰写Doyle传记的人。
[C] There was a kind of competition between the two parties in the publication of Doyle’s biography.
[C] 双方都在为出版Doyle的传记而竞争。
[D] He was unsatisfied with Mr. Lycett’s work which turns Doyle’s life into a thriller story.
[D] 他对于Lycett先生把Doyle的生活写成一部惊险小说赶到不满。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第五段提到，Doyle遗产委托人和Lycett先生都想占有新发现的资料，好最先出版自己的书。后来就提到他不允许Lycett先生引用资料。可以看出，该委托人最终拥有了这些资料，他想作为独家资料来发表。显然只有C选项最为符合题意，而其他几个选项很明显都是干扰选项。
参考译文：
福尔摩斯的缔造者可能是那个时代在商业意义上最成功的作家。Arthur Conan Doyle是一个现象：实习医生、战地记者、商人、政治家、法律和殖民地改革的推行者，还是受人喜欢的小说家。
但是Doyle 认为他的小说价值被低估了。尽管全世界都知道他是福尔摩斯故事的作者，甚至有时候人们就把他叫做福尔摩斯先生，Doyle还是把他自己首先看作是高雅的历史小说作家，一般还是以中世纪为背景的历史小说。一开始他认为写福尔摩斯是一种消遣，可以给他添点收入，到后来他认为这个侦探成了讨厌的负担。“他让我没法做更高雅的事情。”他这样写道。
福尔摩斯的故事还一直有非凡的魔力。写作本身并不是很出色，但是故事的场景却是永久的：福尔摩斯和华生在贝克街舒适的、铺着地毯、烧着壁炉的公共起居室；一位维多利亚单身男子那荒谬的像子宫一样的世界，而这个世界下面是充满着暴力和不道德的混乱的黑暗。Doyle的妙笔就是把故事分为福尔摩斯和华生两条叙述线索。虽然这个手法经常为Doyle使用，但他在这里却运用得最为成功。
Doyle真正的主题是分裂：秩序和混乱，理智与情感，物质与精神。他自己本人也是分裂的，从关于他的两本新传记就可以看出来这一点。虽然他被描述为一位正直的维多利亚绅士，但如果情绪激动起来Doyle也会在街头打架。他30多岁时富有盛名，但却过着双面生活，与一位女士有着秘密的交往，这位女士以后成为他的第二任妻子，但他的发妻却慢慢被肺结核所吞噬。
这些在Andrew Lycett写的传记和被遗嘱指定的Doyle财产执行者整理的Doyle的信件中有详细描述。出版这两本书背后的故事本身都可以成为Doyle式的恐怖小说。Lycett先生和Doyle财产的执行者争着要占有新发现的资料，他们都想让自己的新书最先上市。Lycett先生的书是经验丰富的职业传记作家的一部严肃作品，他总是爱较真地弄明白Doyle难以捉摸的个性，而且他也是Doyle作品学术背景研究的专家，不论是大家熟知的还是为人们所遗忘的方面。但是Doyle财产的执行者拒绝让他引用众多文件，传记写作因此受到阻挠，但是Lycett先生充分挖掘自己手头有的资料，用自己的独到的见解填补了空白。
相反，选出的书信看起来却是出自一位热情洋溢的人。编辑的评论有些随意，展现在读者面前的书也不够精美。但另一方面，这本书确实展现了这位作者真实的存在，展现了他善良和粗心混合的奇特一面，又有着压抑的自信和郁闷的自疑。最重要的是，在这本书中我们看到了一位受内心力量驱使的男子。少年时代的Doyle一方面在理性上否认天主教的存在，但另一方面又越来越相信在科学之外有其他现实存在，因此他备受这两方面思想的煎熬。直到他走到了人生尽头，也没能处理这种分歧。在弥留之际，他不仅维护着唯灵论，还为超自然信仰最具欺骗性的外部边缘而辩护。这种结局令人感到遗憾。
UNIT TWELVE
TEXT ONE
The idea that mobile phones bring economic benefits is now widely accepted. In places with bad roads, few trains and parlous land lines, they substitute for travel, allow price data to be distributed more quickly and easily, enable traders to reach wider markets and generally ease the business of doing business. Leonard Waverman of the London Business School has estimated that an extra ten mobile phones per 100 people in a typical developing country leads to an extra half a percentage point of growth in GDP per person. To realise the economic benefits of mobile phones, governments in such countries need to do away with state monopolies, issue new licences to allow rival operators to enter the market and slash taxes on handsets. With few exceptions (hallo, Ethiopia), they have done so, and mobile phones are now spreading fast, even in the poorest parts of the world.
As mobile phones have spread, a new economic benefit is coming into view: using them for banking, and so improving access to financial services, not just telecoms networks. Pioneering m-banking projects in the Philippines, Kenya and South Africa show the way. These “branchless” schemes typically allow customers to deposit and withdraw cash through a mobile operator's airtime-resale agents, and send money to other people via text messages that can be exchanged for cash by visiting an agent. Workers can then be paid by phone; taxi-drivers and delivery-drivers can accept payments without carrying cash around; money can be easily sent to friends and family. A popular use is to deposit money before making a long journey and then withdraw it at the other end, which is safer than carrying lots of cash.
There is no need to set up a national network of branches or cash machines. M-banking schemes can be combined with microfinance loans, extending access to credit and enabling users to establish a credit history. Some schemes issue customers with debit cards linked to their m-banking accounts. All this has the potential to give the “unbanked” masses access to financial services, and bring them into the formal economy.
What can governments do to foster m-banking? As with the spread of mobile phones themselves, a lot depends on putting the right regulations in place. They need to be tight enough to protect users and discourage money laundering, but open enough to allow new services to emerge. The existing banking model is both over- and under-protective, says Tim Lyman of the World Bank, because “it did not foresee the convergence of telecommunications and financial services.”
In many countries only licensed banks are allowed to collect deposits. Even if a mobile operator forms a partnership with a bank, its agents may have to comply with banking rules covering everything from the height of the counter to the installation of alarms. Financial institutions may have to provide detailed statements to the central bank every week, which is tricky for organisations with agents in remote areas. Some countries have rigid rules on the documents demanded of anybody opening an account, which excludes many. 1. The following are advantages of economic services through mobile phones except that_____
[A] price data can be distributed quicky and easily.
[B] traders can extend their market.
[C] doing business is more convenient.
[D] the growth of GDP per person can be greatly promoted.
2.Which one of the following statements is TURE of the m-banking schemes?
[A] They can prevent safer services than the traditional banking.
[B] They could provide the customers with credit services
[C] They have been experimented in some developing countrie.
[D] They could encourage people to use fiancial services
3. The word “convergence” (Line 5, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
[A] conversation.
[B] combination.
[C] similarity.
[D] exchange.
4.Towards m-banking, the governments’ attitudes can be said to be_____
[A] supportive.
[B] opposing.
[C] indifferent.
[D] unclear.
5. The best title of this passage can be_____
[A] Economic Benefits Brought by Mobile Phone.
[B] M-banking—Marriage of Mobile Phone and Banking.
[C] Mobile Phone Used for Banking.
[D] The Pioneering M-banking Schemes.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了移动电话的新型银行业务。第一段讲述移动电话带来的经济利益；第二、三段讲述利用移动电话的一种新的银行业务；第四、五段讲述目前的银行法令法规对这种移动银行新业务的限制。
词汇注释:
parlous n. 危险的 debit n. 借方
convergence n. 汇聚，会合
难句突破：
These “branchless” schemes typically allow customers to deposit and withdraw cash through a mobile operator's airtime-resale agents, and send money to other people via text messages that can be exchanged for cash by visiting an agent.
[主体句式]These schemes allow customers to…, and send money to…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，谓语是并列的两个动词结构，后面的结构中that引导的定语从句用来修饰前面的text messages。
[句子译文] 这些“无行”方案允许顾客通过移动运营商的空中转售代理商来存取现金，也可以通过文本信息把钱支付给对方，对方只需找到代理商就可以换成现金。
Even if a mobile operator forms a partnership with a bank, its agents may have to comply with banking rules covering everything from the height of the counter to the installation of alarms.
[主体句式] Even if…, its agents may…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句, 主句中covering…现在分词短语做前面banking rules的定语。
[句子译文]即使是移动运营商和银行建立了合作关系，其职员也必须服从银行的规则，这些规则包罗万象，从柜台的高度到报警器的安装都有说明。
题目分析：
1. The following are advantages of economic services through mobile phones except that_____
1．以下除了_____外是移动电话经济服务的优点。
[A] price data can be distributed quicky and easily.
[A] 价格数据可以快速、方便地传递
[B] traders can extend their market.
[B] 商人可以扩展自己的市场
[C] doing business is more convenient.
[C] 做生意更为方便
[D] the growth of GDP per person can be greatly promoted.
[D] 人均GDP的增长会得到巨大的推动
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第一段讲述了移动电话经济服务的一些情况，选项A第一段有提及；选项B，文章也提到了上人们可以拥有更为广阔的市场；选项C， 第一段也提到了可以使得做生意更为简单；选项D，虽然文中第一段提到“伦敦商业学校的Leonard Waverman预计在典型的发展中国家，每百人再多10部移动电话就可以使人均GDP多增加0.5个百分点”，但是实际情况是否如此并没有说明。因此，D选项为正确答案。
2.Which one of the following statements is TURE of the m-banking shemes?
2. 关于移动银行项目, 下列哪个陈述是正确的?
[A] They can prevent safer services than the traditional banking.
[A] 项目相对传统的银行来说更加安全。
[B] They could provide the customers with credit services
[B] 项目可以为顾客提供信用卡服务。
[C] They have been experimented in some developing countries.
[C] 项目已经在一些发展中国家进行了试验。
[D] They could encourage people to use fiancial services.
[D] 项目可以鼓励人们使用金融服务。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，根据第三段， 项目可以让顾客免于携带现金，这样更为安全一些，但是这并不是和传统的银行业相比较的，是否比其安全有待今后观察；选项B，第四段可以看出，该项目可以和信用卡连接上，提供相关服务；选项C，第三段指出在菲律宾、南非等国家的有一些开拓性项目，这些都是发展中国家，该陈述正确；选项D，第四段指出，项目可以使那些不用银行的人开始使用银行服务。选项C为正确答案。
3. The word “convergence” (Line 5, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
3. “convergence” （第四段第五行）最有可能的意思是 _____
[A] conversation.
[A] 对话。
[B] combination.
[B] 结合。
[C] similarity.
[C] 相似。
[D] exchange.
[D] 交流。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。本篇文章讲述的是将移动电话作为媒介运用到银行业中，根据上下文，现有的银行模式要不就是保护性过强，要不就是保护力度不够，因为没有预见到移动电话和银行可以结合起来。选项中B最为符合题意。
4.Towards m-banking, the governments’ attitudes can be said to be_____
4. 政府对于移动银行的态度可以说是 _____
[A] supportive.
[A] 支持的。
[B] opposing.
[B] 反对的。
[C] indifferent.
[C] 中立的。
[D] unclear.
[D] 不明了的。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章最后两段提到政府在培育移动银行服务方面可以做的工作，目前政府对于银行的一些法律条令不能有效地推进该服务，但是至于政府对这种新事物的态度，文章却没有提及。因此，答案为D选项。
5. The best title of this passage can be_____
5. 文章最好的题目是_____
[A] Economic Benefits Brought by Mobile Phone.
[A] 移动电话带来的经济利益。
[B] M-banking—Marriage of Mobile Phone and Banking.
[B] 移动银行—移动电话与银行的结合。
[C] Mobile Phone Used for Banking.
[C] 用于银行服务的移动电话。
[D] The Pioneering M-banking Schemes.
[D] 移动银行试验项目。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 主旨题。这篇文章主要介绍了一种新的银行模式——移动电话银行，在给出的题目中，C选项重点放在了手机上；A选项重点在于带来的经济效益，移动电话银行只是其中一种；D选项只是文章讲述的一部分；B选项最为恰当。
参考模式：
移动电话可以带来经济效益，这个想法现在已广为接受。在那些公路路况糟糕、几乎没有火车，陆上线路危险的地方，移动电话可以代替行路、可以让价格数据更快更方便地发布出去、可以让商人获得更大的市场，因此总的来说可以让做生意更为便捷。伦敦商学院的Leonard Waverman预计在典型的发展中国家，每百人中增加10部移动电话就可以使人均GDP增加0.5个百分点。为了实现移动电话的经济效益，这些国家的政府需要消除国家垄断，并发布新的许可证以允许竞争运营商进入市场，同时削减手机税收。除了几个国家之外（如埃塞俄比亚），大多数国家已经这样做了，现在即使在世界上最穷的地方，移动电话也扩展得很快。
随着移动电话的普及，新的经济利益也出现了：用移动电话办理银行业务，从而改进金融服务渠道，而不仅限于电信网络。菲律宾、肯尼亚和南非的尝试已经为电子银行项目指出了前景。这些“无行”方案允许顾客通过移动运营商的空中转售代理商来存取现金，也可以通过文本信息把钱支付给对方，对方只需找到代理商就可以换成现金。员工们也可以通过电话来领工资；出租车司机和货运司机可以接受付款却不用带着现金到处跑，同时钱也可以便捷地送到朋友和家人手中。现在比较流行的做法是：长假开始前先存钱，到了目的地再取出来，这要比携带大笔现金安全多了。
建立全国性分行系统和取款机网络也是没有必要的。移动电话银行项目可以与微型金融贷款相结合，从而扩张到信用领域，并为用户建立一个信用历史。一些系统为顾客发行信用卡，可以连接到他们的电子银行账户。这些系统就有潜力使“不去银行的”一大部分人获得金融服务，引领他们进入正式的经济体系。
那么政府可以采取什么措施来发展电子银行呢？随着移动电话的扩展，这在很大程度上取决于能否制定出合理的规则。规则应当严格一些，以保护用户、打击洗钱，但也要适当开放、允许新的业务出现。世界银行的Tim Lyman说，现有的银行模式要不就过于保护，要不就是保护不力，因为“它没有预见到电信和金融服务会汇集到一点。”
在许多国家中，只有拥有许可证的银行才可有权存款。即使是移动运营商和银行建立了合作关系，其职员也必须服从银行的规则，这些规则包罗万象，从柜台的高度到报警器的安装都有说明。金融机构可能每周得向中央银行提供详细的说明，这对于那些职员在偏远地区的组织来说是非常讨厌的一件事情。一些国家对于任何开户人的档案有严格的要求，这使得许多人都被排除在外。
TEXT TWO
Mobile phones are making life better for people in remote, underserved areas of India. They no longer have to walk kilometers to public call offices to use a telephone—an essential tool for buying and selling goods based on the latest market data, getting credit from lenders and other commonplace activities. So far, most of the benefits have come from one of the phone's simplest features: voice calls.
With more than 250 million mobile users and 6 million new ones added each month, India now has the "teledensity" to support more-sophisticated mobile technologies, which could have a big impact on Indian society and the economy in the next few years. These include "voice broadcast" services that would let a truck owner inform residents of a village about a scheduled trip to the city, or doctors announce the availability of polio vaccinations. A more complex system would allow a small business, say, to keep track of shipments. What's holding up these services is the lack of mobile banking.
With urban markets nearing saturation, global giants like Nokia are now looking to appeal to the hinterlands. Reliance Communications, which has offered Internet service over its mobile phones since 2002, is sponsoring a contest this year for developers to invent new rural services. "We want to really take advantage of our mobile platform, our data network, and our ability to provide the mobile Internet experience to bridge the digital divide," says Mahesh Prasad, president of applications and development.
Several small companies are at work on mobile banking for small businesses. New Delhi-based ekgaon technologies has developed a system for tracking transactions made by so-called Self Help Groups, which pool members' money and offer small loans to poor people. The system uses a camera-equipped mobile phone to scan forms and a voice-recognition system. A.Little.World, a mobile software business in Mumbai, has developed a microfinance and payment system that lets customers perform banking transactions through a local agent affiliated with a bank. Customers get a secure electronic identity via phone or smart card; agents take deposits and dispense cash. Biometric data, such as fingerprints, make the phones and smart cards more secure than paper-based banking. A.Little.World has extended such services to about 400 local businesses acting as agents. And it's now working on a national rollout with the State Bank of India—the biggest player in the rural market. Meanwhile, ekgaon, whose partners include CARE, WorldVision and the World Bank, has a pilot transaction-management system for 10,000 Self Help Groups, with plans to extend it to 14 Indian states.
Mobile banking services can reduce the cost of transactions for loans and other services—the main obstacle to providing banking for the poor—by as much as three quarters, according to ekgaon's chief operating officer Rohit Magotra. Mobile transactions could have an even broader effect applied to India's social-security payments and public-distribution system, which sells essential goods to the poor at subsidized rates. By March 2008, people in 8,000 villages in Andhra Pradesh will get their benefits zapped via mobile phone to their smart cards, which they may eventually use instead of cash to buy goods at the ration shop. A.Little.World, which is building the system, says a nationwide service could help reduce fraud in the public-distribution system. It would also mean going from a bankless world to a cashless one, maybe even faster than America or Europe. 1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the “voice broadcast” services?
[A] The services are oriented to the needs of people in rural area.
[B] The services are based on sophisticated mobile technologies.
[C] The services have great impact on the Indian society.
[D] The services are on the horizon by implementing mobile banking.
2. Golbal giants like Nokia are turning their focus on the rural areas because_____
[A] they want to bridge the digital gap between urban and rural areas.
[B] people in the rural areas are becoming prosperous and are eager to take advantage of the motile technology.
[C] they have almost exhausted the potential of urban markets.
[D] the technologies for services of rural areas are now well developed.
3. The system developed by A. Little. World. is more secure than the traditional banking because _____
[A] it adopts the fingerprints as the security data.
[B] it uses a voice-recognition system.
[C] it give each customer an electronic ID.
[D] it uses a biometric recognition system.
4. Mobile banking services have the following advantages except_____
[A] reducing the cost of transactions.
[B] preventing fraud in public service.
[C] making the poor’s life more convenient.
[D] diminishing the fun_ction of cash.
5. The passage is mainly about_____
[A] the use of Mobile Phone in India.
[B] India’s mobile technologies.
[C] Mobile banking services in India.
[D] the development of mobile transactions.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了印度研发移动银行服务的情况。第一段讲述了移动电话给农村地区带来的方便；第二段讲述印度许多移动服务目前受限，没有开通移动银行服务；第三段讲述目前国际大亨在准备向农村地区拓展；第四段讲述印度目前一些公司研发移动银行的情况；第五段讲述移动银行的优点。
词汇注释：
polio n 脊髓灰质炎；小儿麻痹症 saturation n. 饱和
zap v. 遥控 fraud n. 欺诈
难句突破:
With more than 250 million mobile users and 6 million new ones added each month, India now has the "teledensity" to support more-sophisticated mobile technologies, which could have a big impact on Indian society and the economy in the next few years.
[主体句式] India now has …to support…
[结构分析]这是一个复合句，后面which引导的非限定性定于从句用来修饰前面的technologies；前面with…是句子的状语。
[句子译文] 印度有两亿五千万的移动电话用户，而且每个月还有600万新增用户。现在印度的“电话覆盖”已经可以支撑更加复杂的移动技术，这在未来的几年内会对印度的社会、经济都产生巨大的影响。
New Delhi-based ekgaon technologies has developed a system for tracking transactions made by so-called Self Help Groups, which pool members' money and offer small loans to poor people.
[主体句式] New Delhi-based ekgaon technologies has developed…
[结构分析]这是一个复合句，which引导的定语从句用来修饰Self Help Groups; 主句中made by…作system的定语。
[句子译文] 位于新德里的ekgaon技术已经研发出了一个系统来跟踪“自助集团”的交易，该公司把会员的资金收集起来，以为穷人提供小型贷款。
题目分析：
1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the “voice broadcast” services?
1.关于“语音广播”服务，下列哪个陈述是错误的？
[A] The services are oriented to the needs of people in rural area.
[A]该服务是针对偏远农村地区人们的需要而设立的。
[B] The services are based on sophisticated mobile technologies.
[B] 该服务基于复杂的移动技术。
[C] The services have great impact on the Indian society.
[C]该服务对印度社会产生了重大影响。
[D] The services are on the horizon by implementing mobile banking.
[D]很快就会有通过实行移动银行来实现的服务
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章第二段提到了“语音广播”服务，因为提到的都是农村，那么选项A的表述是正确的；选项B，第二段提到了印度目前的移动电话覆盖已经可以支持更为复杂的移动技术了，而其中一个就是语音广播服务。选项C，文中描述该服务只是关于在农村地区的情况，而不是整个社会那么大的范围，因此C的描述过于广泛，实际情况在文中没有提及。选项D的表述也是正确的，因为文中一直用将来时来谈论这些技术。因此，C选项为正确答案。
2. Golbal giants like Nokia are turning their focus on the rural areas because_____
2.像诺基亚这样的全球大亨将他们的注意力转向了农村地区因为_____
[A] they want to bridge the digital gap between urban and rural areas.
[A] 他们希望可以弥合城乡之间的数字鸿沟。
[B] people in the rural areas are becoming prosperous and are eager to take advantage of the mobile technology.
[B] 农村地区的人们变得更加富裕，他们渴望能够利用移动技术。
[C] they have almost exhausted the potential of urban markets.
[C] 他们几乎已经完全开发了城市市场的潜力。
[D] the technologies for services of rural areas are now well developed.
[D] 农村地区服务的技术现在已经成熟了。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第三段提到“With urban markets nearing saturation, global giants like Nokia are now looking to appeal to the hinterlands”，即随着城市市场趋于饱和，他们才转向农村地区的，因此，说明城市市场的潜力已经基本上利用得差不多了。所以选项中C最为符合题意。其他三项显然都不是诺基亚这样的企业的目的。
3. The system developed by A. Little. World. is more secure than the traditional banking because _____
3. “小世界” 研发的系统比传统的银行更为安全因为_____
[A] it adopts the fingerrpints as the security data.
[A] 使用了指纹作为安全数据。
[B] it uses a voice-recognition system.
[B] 使用了语音识别系统。
[C] it gives each customer an electronic ID.
[C] 每个顾客可以取得了电子身份。
[D] it uses a biometric recognition system.
[D] 使用了生物识别系统。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章第四段提到了，“小世界”研发的这个系统因为使用了一些生物数据，例如指纹，这使电话和智能卡比纸上作业的银行更加安全。那么，选项中D最为符合题意。选项A的错误在于指纹只是其中一个例子，并不是唯一的做法。B不是“小世界”系统的特点。而C选项的表述虽然是“小世界”的 特点，却并不是其安全的直接原因。
4. Mobile banking services have the following advantages except_____
4.移动银行服务有除了_____外下面所有的优点。
[A] reducing the cost of transactions.
[A] 降低交易费用
[B] preventing fraud in public service.
[B] 防止在公共服务中诈骗
[C] making the poor’s life more convenient.
[C] 使穷人的生活更为便捷
[D] diminishing the fun_ction of cash.
[D] 取消现金的作用
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第五段提到了该服务的一些优点，比如减少交易费用；穷人的补贴直接打入智能卡可以直接用智能卡区配给商店买东西；可以减少公共分配体系中的诈骗行为。因此，选项A、B、C都是该服务的优点，只有选项D不是。
5. The passage is mainly about_____
5. 这篇文章主要是关于_____
[A] the use of Mobile Phone in India.
[A] 在印度移动电话的使用。
[B] India’s mobile technologies.
[B] 印度移动技术。
[C] Mobile banking services in India.
[C] 印度移动银行服务。
[D] the development of mobile transactions.
[D] 移动交易的发展。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 主旨题。这篇文章主要讲述了印度对移动电话服务的探索和创新，主要谈论的内容一致围绕着mobile banking 来进行，因此选项中只有C最为符合题意。A和B以及D选项的表述都过于宽泛，不够确切。
参考译文：
移动电话可以改善印度那些地处偏远、服务设施不完善地区人们的生活。他们不再需要步行几公里到公共电话厅打电话，而电话是他们根据最新的市场信息进行买卖交易、从银行获取贷款或者其他普通服务的最基本工具。迄今为止，大部分的补贴都是通过电话的最简单功能——语音服务来解决的。
印度有两亿五千万的移动电话用户，而且每个月还有600万新增用户。现在印度的“电话覆盖”已经可以支撑更加复杂的移动技术，这在未来的几年内会对印度的社会、经济都产生巨大的影响。这其中包括“语音广播”服务，卡车司机可以通过该服务通知村民们到城里的计划行程，医生们也可以通知脊髓灰质炎疫苗的到货通知，更为复杂的系统可以让小公司跟踪货运情况。而目前这些服务的障碍就在于没有移动银行。
随着城市市场趋于饱和，一些国际大公司如诺基亚现在对偏远地区发生了兴趣。“信任通讯”自2002年以来就一直通过移动电话来提供因特网服务，它今年还赞助了一个竞赛，鼓励开发商发明新的郊区服务。“我们确实想要利用我们的移动平台、数据网络以及我们提供移动因特网服务的经验来为数字分界搭建桥梁。” 应用和开发部经理Mahesh Prasad说道。
几家小公司已经在为小型企业研制移动银行了。位于新德里的ekgaon技术已经研发出了一个系统来跟踪“自助集团”的交易，该公司把会员的资金收集起来，以为穷人提供小型贷款。该系统使用了一种装有照相机的移动电话来扫描图形，还使用了一种语音识别系统。“小世界”是孟买的一家小型移动软件公司，目前已经研制出微型金融支付系统，可以让顾客通过银行的附属本地代理商来进行银行交易。顾客通过电话或智能卡获得安全的电子身份，代理商收取存款、分配现金。生统数据——比如指纹——使电话和智能卡比纸上作业的银行更加安全。“小世界”已经将其服务扩展到了约400家作为代理商的本地企业，目前正在与印度国家银行一起策划首次展出，而国家银行是农村市场的最大玩家。同时，拥有CARE、世界视窗和世界银行这些合作伙伴的ekgaon拥有可以为一万家自助团体服务的交易管理系统，它计划是将其扩展到印度14个州。
据ekgaon首席运营官Rohit Magotra称，移动银行服务最多可以减少贷款和其他服务交易费用的3/4，而交易费用是为穷人提供银行服务的最主要障碍。移动交易有更为广泛的作用，可以用于印度社会保障支付和公共分配系统，该系统以补助价格将基本物品卖给穷人。到2008年3月，Andhra Pradesh8000个村庄的居民都可以通过移动电话将他们的补贴打入智能卡中，然后用智能卡而不再是现金到定量配给商店购买商品。“小世界”正在建立这种系统，它认为全国性的服务有助于减少公共分配体系中欺诈行为，还意味着可以从无银行的世界进入无现金的世界，可能印度要比美国或欧洲更早实现。
TEXT THREE
He gave no steer on future interest-rate decisions and no assessment of where he sees the economy going. Yet Ben Bernanke's speech at the Cato Institute in Washington, DC, on November 14th may be judged as the one in which he stamped his mark on America's monetary policy.
The Federal Reserve's chief used his speech to unveil the central bank's new strategy for communicating with the public. In short, the Fed plans to talk more—and more often—about its assessment of the economic outlook. While the Fed is not about to join the band of central banks that are guided by an explicit goal for prices, it will borrow some of the inflation-targeters' clothes. More than one Fed-watcher dubbed the new public-relations policy “inflation targeting-lite”. Until now, the Fed has published two forecasts a year. Starting on November 20th it will publish projections once a quarter. The end-point for forecasts will be pushed out from two to three years hence. And alongside the forecasts will be a “narrative” that gives more detail on the differences on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), the Fed's rate-setting body.
Lengthening the forecasts from two to three years is more important than it sounds. Three-year forecasts should be untainted by transitory factors that blow the economy off course. As a result, they will say a lot about how quickly policymakers think the economy can grow and how low they believe the jobless rate can safely go. And since forecasts are conditional on an “appropriate” setting for monetary policy, the longer-term projections will reveal the inflation rate the FOMC is aiming for. If views diverge, then Fed-watchers will have not one but several inflation “targets” to focus on.
Ever the diplomat, Mr Bernanke said that the new communications set-up is a “work in progress” and stressed it would not affect policy decisions. Yet his speech gives a clear sense of the kind of central bank he wants to run. The emphasis on providing a deeper insight into the spread of views on the FOMC signals a different approach from that of his predecessor, Alan Greenspan. Mr Bernanke said allowing diverse views reduces the risk that one voice becomes “unduly dominant”.
Another theme is a more prominent role for explicit benchmarks. Mr Bernanke acknowledged that his preference for an inflation target is not compatible with the Fed's “dual mandate”, which puts the goal of maximum employment on an equal footing with price stability. But he has nevertheless managed to find a way to get the Fed to be much clearer about its objectives. He acknowledged that one benefit of extending the Fed's forecasts for an extra year is that it will provide “an evaluation of certain long-run features of the economy.” And by agreeing to publish forecasts for headline inflation, as well as the less volatile core data, Mr Bernanke has also addressed the growing perception that the Fed thinks fast-rising food and energy costs are not its problem
This is an opportune time to make the Fed's policymaking more open. As Mr Bernanke made clear, greater transparency will bolster the Fed's legitimacy and help preserve its independence. Since recent readings on inflation and activity are sending conflicting signals, the Fed will need an understanding and informed public if it is to make the right choices. 1. Which one of the following is not the change brought by the new strategy?
[A] Economic forecasts will be issued at a higher frequency.
[B] More details will be provided on economic outlook.
[C] The Fed’s functions begin to resemble those of the central banks of other countries.
[D] It if of significant importance to lengthen the forecasting years.
2. The “inflation-targeters” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) refers to_____
[A] Fed-watchers.
[B] central banks.
[C] the rate-setting body.
[D] the public.
3. The word “untainted” (Line 2, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
[A] affected.
[B] uninfluenced .
[C] unmarked.
[D] guided .
4. Compared with the approach of his predecessor, Mr Bernanke’s approach is more_____
[A] complex.
[B] democratic.
[C] reasonable.
[D] practical.
5. The second theme of Mr Bernanke’s speech is that______
[A] the goal of price stability is not supposed to be of the same importance as that of maximum employment.
[B] it is very important to set a clear standpoint.
[C] the Fed should establish new ways to find better objects.
[D] inflation target should be the main focus for the coming economic forcasts.
文章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了美国联邦储备局的新策略。第一段讲述了Ben Bernanke发表的一个演讲；第二段讲述联储的新政策就是更加透明，和公众交流增加；第三、四段讲述新政策允许有不同观点的存在；第五段讲述Bernanke先生希望联储可以给出明确的选择；第六段总的讲述新政策的优点。
词汇注释：
untainted adj. 无污点的 unduly adv. 过度地
benchmark n. 基准点 volatile adj. 不稳定的
bolster v. 支持
难句突破：
As a result, they will say a lot about how quickly policymakers think the economy can grow and how low they believe the jobless rate can safely go.
[主体句式] They will say a lot about how… and how…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，about后面的宾语从句是由how引导的两个并列的疑问句。
[句子译文] 因此，经济预测将会更多涉及决策者认为经济发展会有多快、失业率能安全地降到多少。
(2) And by agreeing to publish forecasts for headline inflation, as well as the less volatile core data, Mr Bernanke has also addressed the growing perception that the Fed thinks fast-rising food and energy costs are not its problem.
[主体句式] Mr Bernanke has also addressed…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，前面by…为句子的方式状语，后面that引导的是perception的定语。
[句子译文] Bernanke先生同意发布总通货膨胀预测以及比较稳定的中心数据，他还提到联储认为飞速上涨的食品和能源价格并不是它的问题。
题目分析：
1. Which one of the following is not the change brought by the new strategy?
下列哪个不是新政策带来的变化？
[A] Economic forecasts will be issued at a higher frequency.
[A] 经济预报频率会更高。
[B] More details will be provided on economic outlook.
[B] 对经济前景给出更多的细节。
[C] The Fed’s functions begin to resemble those of the central banks of other countries.
[C] 联储的作用开始变得和其他国家的中央银行相似。
[D] It is of significant importance to lengthen the forecasting years.
[D] 延长预报年限具有重要的意义。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，第二段提到联储要增多并更为经常地对经济前景进行评论。因此，该陈述正确，选项B也是正确的。C选项，第二段提到“联储备不会加入明确以价格为目的的中央银行群”，而至于其功能于其他国家中央银行功能的比较在文中没有说明，因此那么该陈述是错误的；D，第二段提到了这一点，后面几段也反复提到了这点。因此，C选项为正确答案。
2. The “inflation-targeters” (Line 4, Paragraph2) refers to_____
2. “inflation-targeters”(第二段第四行)指的是_____
[A] Fed-watchers.
[A] 联邦储备观察员。
[B] central banks.
[B] 中央银行。
[C] the rate-setting body.
[C] 利率设定机构。
[D] the public.
[D] 公众。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据上下文，本句为“虽然联邦储备系统不会加入明确地以价格为目的的中央银行群，但却打算借这位以价格上涨为目标的群体一些外衣。” 中央银行群以价格为目的，那么可以推断出这里说的“以价格上涨为目标的”就是中央银行。
3. The word “untainted” (Line 2, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
“untained”(第三段第二行)最可能的意思为_____
[A] affected.
[A] 影响。
[B] uninfluenced.
[B] 不受影响。
[C] unmarked.
[C] 未被注意到的。
[D] guided.
[D] 指导的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析]猜词题。根据上下文，将经济预报定为三年，因为期限增长，就不会受到短期因素的影响。因此，选项B最为符合题意。
4. Compared with the approach of his predecessor, Mr Bernanke’s approach is more_____
和他前任的方法相比，Bernanke的方法更为_____
[A] complex.
[A] 复杂。
[B] democratic.
[B] 民主。
[C] reasonable.
[C] 合理。
[D] practical.
[D] 实际。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第四段，Bernanke的方法和前任不同的就是他强调允许有不同的观点存在，因此，他的方法相对来说更为民主一些。选项B最为符合题意。
5. The second theme of Mr Bernanke’s speech is that______
5. Bernanke先生的第二个主题为_____
[A] the goal of price stability is not supposed to be of the same importance as that of maximum employment.
[A] 价格稳定的目标不如就业最大化的目标重要。
[B] it is very important to set a clear standpoint.
[B] 确定清晰的立足点非常重要。
[C] the Fed should establish new ways to find better objects.
[C] 联储应该建立寻找更好目标的机制。
[D] inflation target should be the main focus for the coming economic forecasts.
[D]对于以后的经济预测来说，通胀目标应该是其主要的焦点。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第五段提到了Bernanke先生提到的第二个主题，他认为联储应当给出更为明确的目标，而不是觉得最大程度的就业和价格稳定一样重要，因此，明确的基准点很重要。选项B最为符合题意，而A选项是明显错误的。C和D选项都不是第二个主题的重点内容。
参考译文：
Ben Bernanke没有表示今后利率会如何调整变化，也没有评论经济会有如何的走势，但是他于11月14日在华盛顿特区加图学院的讲话可以表明他对美国货币政策的看法来。
通过这次演讲，这位美联储主席揭示了中央银行和公众交流的新政策。简要地说，联储计划要增加对经济前景评论的频率。虽然联储不会加入明确以价格为目的的中央银行群，但却打算借用这些以通胀为目标的群体的外衣。不止一位联储观察员认为新的公众关系策略是“以通货膨胀为目的”。直到现在，联储在一年内已经发布了两次经济预测。从11月20日起，它将于每季度发布一次经济预测。而经济预测的年限将从两年推到三年。除了经济预测外，还有关于联邦开放市场委员会（联储利率设定机构）变化细节的陈述。
将经济预测从两年延长至三年，这点要比听起来更要重要。三年的经济预测不受那些会使经济脱离轨道等短期因素的影响。因此，经济预测将会更多涉及决策者认为经济发展会有多快、失业率能安全地降到多少。而因为预测取决于货币政策是否“合理”制定，长期计划可以表示联邦开放市场委员会对于通货膨胀率的目标。如果意见有分歧，联储观察员就不得不关注一个通货膨胀“目标”。
Bernanke先生曾经担任过大使，他说建立新的交流是一项“正在进行的工作”，并强调这不会影响决策。但是他的讲话明说明知了他希望运行怎样的中央银行。他强调要对联邦开放市场委员会发表的意见有更为深刻的认识，这一点体现了他与其前任Alan Greenspan完全不同的策略。Bernanke先生说允许有不同观点存在可以避免出现一种声音的“过分独裁”。
另外个主题是明确基准点的重要性。Bernanke先生承认他对通胀目标的偏好与联储的“双委任”有冲突，“双委任” 把最大程度的就业和价格稳定视为同等重要。但是他仍然希望找到一种方法可以让联储给出更为明确的目标。他认为将联储预测延长一年的好处就是可以提供“经济长期发展特征的评估”。Bernanke先生同意发布总通货膨胀预测以及比较稳定的中心数据，他还提到联储认为飞速上涨的食品和能源价格并不是它的问题。
这是使得联储更为公开的一个契机。正如Bernanke先生所说，增加透明度可以支持联储的合理性，并有助于保持其独立性。因为人们对于通胀和活动的看法有一些分歧，如果联邦储备系统要做出正确的抉择，就需要有理解力的、消息灵通的公众。
TEXT FOUR
Kids heading back to enlightened schools this fall may find nutrition and exercise on the agenda even in math class. In an effort to reverse the alarming increase of obesity in children, some schools have found ways to encourage healthful lifestyle changes without emphasizing the negative—too much body weight. Planet Health, developed by Harvard University researchers and now used in hundreds of schools throughout the country, integrates obesity prevention lessons into the science, math, and social studies curricula, for example. Students come to appreciate the importance of reducing TV time by calculating during math class the amount of their lifetime they've spent in front of the set. In gym, they decide on goals for subbing in physical activity instead.
The program costs only about $15 per student annually, a bargain, considering the payoffs: A 2005 study published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine found that middle-school girls who had Planet Health in their schools were half as likely to purge or use diet pills as those in schools without it. "It really focuses on the positive, and that's why we think it's protective against these dangerous behaviors," says study author Bryn Austin, an assistant professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School.
A second program adopted by 7,000 elementary schools nationwide, the Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH), similarly puts the focus on good health habits instead of weight. In class, students use a traffic-light system to identify "go," "slow," and "whoa" foods and take breaks to do jumping jacks. In the cafeteria, fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk, and whole-grain starches are labeled with green-light tags, and pizza gets a yellow light. Gym activities are designed to keep students constantly moving. "Every kid gets a ball to dribble or a hula hoop; there's no lining up and waiting to take a turn," says Phil Nader, professor of pediatrics emeritus at the University of California—San Diego, who helped develop CATCH.
A three-year study comparing CATCH schools with others without the program found that CATCH increased the proportion of gym class spent in motion, from 40 percent to 50 percent, and reduced the consumption of fat in schools from 39 percent of total calories to 32 percent. A second study found that the program prevented the growth in number of overweight students that normally occurs from grade 3 to grade 5. CATCH students in El Paso, Texas (with one of the highest obesity rates in the nation), held the line between those grades, but in schools without the program, the share of overweight girls increased from 26 percent to 40 percent and of overweight boys from 29 percent to 39 percent.
Glen Cove Elementary School, near El Paso in Ysleta, was one of the first schools to adopt CATCH, and parents there have learned to eat better and exercise more along with their kids. "We have a day where everyone comes to fly kites and Wellness Wednesdays where family members run around for 20 minutes with their kids," says physical education teacher Ben Avalos, who brought the program to Glen Cove in 1998. "Parents also tell me their kids have gotten them to throw out the 'whoa' foods in the house." Avalos uses walking sticks, pogo sticks, and Chinese yo-yos in gym class—and nobody relaxes on the sidelines.
1. The study published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine shows_____
[A] that girls who had Planet Health were less obese than those who had not.
[B] that girls who had Planet Health were of a healthier lifestyle than those who had not.
[C] that girls who had Planet Health were more confident than those who had not.
[D] that girls who had Planet Health were more used to control weight in positive means than those who had not.
2. The word “whoa” (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
[A] fast.
[B] stop.
[C] pause.
[D] no.
3. In the CATCH, Pizza is a kind of _____food.
[A] dangerous
[B] yellow-light
[C] highly-nutritious
[D] less healthy
4. According to the second study of comparing CATCH schools with others without the program, CATCH students in EL Pasco_____
[A] were not growing weight from grade 3 to grade 5.
[B] were perceived from normal weight growth from grade 3 to grade 5.
[C] were not growing weight from grade3 to grade 5.
[D] were losing to overweight from grade 3 to grade5.
5. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of Glen Cove Elmentary School?
[A] The school adopt CATCH in order to change lifestyle of the school children’s family.
[B] The school applied CATCH to the school children’s parents.
[C] The school wanted to help children to form good health habits with the help of their parents.
[D] The CATCH school children also teaches their family how to live healthily
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了目前在学校实施的一些防治肥胖的营养项目。第一、二段讲述“行星健康”项目；第三段讲述“儿童健康合作方法”项目的内容；第四、五段讲述实施“儿童践看合作方法”的成效。
词汇注释：
payoff n. 报酬 pediatric n. 小儿科的
purge v. 使腹泻 jacks n. 抓子游戏
starch n. 淀粉 dribble v. 运球
hula hoop n. 呼拉圈 emeritus adj. 名誉退休的
难句突破：
Planet Health, developed by Harvard University researchers and now used in hundreds of schools throughout the country, integrates obesity prevention lessons into the science, math, and social studies curricula, for example.
[主体句式] Planet Health integrates …into…
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，developed…and now used…是过去分词结构作定语修饰主语。
[句子译文] “行星健康”是哈佛大学研究者们的成果，目前已经在全国的上百家学校推行，该项目将防止肥胖课程与科学、数学、社会学等课程结合了起来。
A three-year study comparing CATCH schools with others without the program found that CATCH increased the proportion of gym class spent in motion, from 40 percent to 50 percent, and reduced the consumption of fat in schools from 39 percent of total calories to 32 percent.
[主体句式] A three-year study found that CATCH increased… from…to… and reduced …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，谓语是两个并列的成分；主语中，comparing… with…是用来修饰study的。
[句子译文] 旨在比较实施“儿童健康合作方法”学校和未实施该方法的学校的一项研究发现，“儿童健康合作方法”增加了体育课活动的比例，即从40%提高到50%，同时也降低了学生的肉类食用，即从39%降到了32%。
题目分析：
1. The study published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine shows_____
发表于《儿童与青少年医学档案》的一项研究说明了_____
[A] that girls who had Planet Health were less obese than those who had not.
[A]经过“行星健康”锻炼的女孩比没有的该锻炼的女孩瘦。
[B] that girls who had Planet Health were of a healthier lifestyle than those who had not.
[B]经过“行星健康”锻炼的女孩比那些没有锻炼的女孩生活方式更加健康。
[C] that girls who had Planet Health were more confident than those who had not.
[C]经过“行星健康”锻炼的女孩比没有锻炼的女孩更自信。
[D] that girls who had Planet Health were more used to control weight in positive means than those who had not.
[D]经过“行星健康”锻炼的女孩比没有锻炼的女孩控制体重的方式更加正面和积极。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。第二段中提到，该研究发现有“行星健康”锻炼的中学女孩服用些药或减肥药的几率是没有该项目的学校的女孩的一半，她们之所以不服用泻药就是因为她们不胖，再结合上面提到的“行星健康”是防止肥胖的，可以推断，接受了这种锻炼的女孩子们控制体重的方式更加的健康和积极，因此D选项是正确答案。B选项的错误在于文中只说明了女孩们控制体重的方式更加健康，但没有涉及到她们全面的生活方式，选项的表述过于宽泛。A和C选项在文中则没有明确表述。
2. The word “whoa” (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
“whoa”(第三段第三行)最有可能的意思是_____
[A] fast.
[A] 快的。
[B] stop.
[B] 停止。
[C] pause.
[C] 暂停。
[D] no.
[D] 不。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第三段提到用红绿灯系统来标示食物，前面的两种食物为“通行”、“减速”，分别是红、黄灯表示的意思，那么剩下的就应该是红灯了， 红灯意思为“停止”，因此，选项B正确答案。
3. In the CATCH, Pizza is a kind of _____food.
在“儿童健康合作方法”项目中，比萨是一种_____食品。
[A] dangerous
[A] 危险的
[B] yellow-light
[B] 黄灯的
[C] highly-nutritious
[C] 有丰富营养的
[D] less healthy
[D] 不那么健康的
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第三段提到，批萨是用黄灯来标示的，黄灯意思是“减速”，就是该食物没有健康食物那么有利于人的身体，但也不至于是不健康的食品，选项中D最为符合。B是干扰选项，考生不能看到就立刻选择该选项，而是要加以分析。
4. According to the second study of comparing CATCH schools with others without the program, CATCH students in EL Pasco_____
根据比较实行CATCH的学校和未实行该项目学校的比较，在EL Pasco的CATCH学生_____
[A] were not growing weight from grade 3 to grade 5.
[A] 从3年级到5年级没有增加体重。
[B] were prevented from normal weight growth from grade 3 to grade 5.
[B] 从3年级到5年级都没有在正常范围内增加体重。
[C] were not growing to overweight from grade3 to grade 5.
[C] 从3年级到5年级体重没有增加至超重。
[D] were losing weight from grade 3 to grade5.
[D] 从3年级到5年级体重减轻。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第四段提到，一般从三年级到五年级学生超重的数量会上升，但该项目却压制了这种上升，而“hold the line”意思为“保持不变”，可以推断，实施了该项目的学生从3年级到5年级超重学生的数量没有增加，也就是说他们的体重在增长，但是却没有想着超重的方向发展，而是正常的增长。因此选项C最为符合这个意思。其余三个选项都与这个意思不符合。
5. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of Glen Cove Elmentary School?
5. 关于Glen Cove小学，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] The school adopt CATCH in order to change lifestyle of the school children’s family.
[A]该学校采纳了CATCH是为了改变学校学生家庭的生活方式。
[B] The school applied CATCH to the school children’s parents.
[B] 该学校将CATCH应用到学生家长身上。
[C] The school wanted to help children to form good health habits with the help of their parents.
[C] 该学校想通过家长的帮助让学生形成健康的生活习惯。
[D] The CATCH school children also teaches their family how to live healthily.
[D]CATCH学校学生也教会了他们的家庭如何健康地生活。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。最后一段提到在该小学实施了CATCH后，家长们也在孩子的带动下健康饮食和多做运动了，学校还另外举行了带动家长的活动。但是该学校采取CATCH面向的还是学生，因此选项中D是正确的陈述。
参考译文：
今年秋天孩子们返回学校时会发现数学课上居然也有营养和锻炼科目。一些学校为了改变儿童肥胖不断增加的现状，找了一些鼓励健康生活方式的方法，但是也不过分强调肥胖。“行星健康”是哈佛大学研究者们的成果，目前已经在全国的上百家学校推行，该项目将防止肥胖课程与科学、数学、社会学等课程结合了起来。学生们在数学课上通过计算自己一生在电视前花费的时间就会明白减少看电视时间的重要性。在体育馆里，他们可以自己设立体育活动的目标。
参与该项目的每个学生每年只需要花费约15美元，这是考虑成本的一个较便宜的估价：2005年发表在《儿童与青少年医学档案》的一项研究表明，实施“行星健康”中学的女孩服用泻药或减肥药的几率为没有实施该项目学校的学生数量的一半。“该项目关注好的方面，这也就是为什么我们认为它可以预防危险行为。”该研究的作者，哈佛医学院儿科助理教授Bryn Austin说道。
另一个项目“儿童健康合作方法”目前已在全国7000所小学采用，该项目注重良好的健康习惯而不是体重。在课上，学生用红绿灯系统来标示“通行”、“减速”、“停止”食物，课间可以玩抓子游戏。在自助餐厅里，水果、蔬菜、低脂牛奶、全麦淀粉都用绿灯标签标示，而比萨则用黄灯标示。体育馆运动的设计目的就是要让学生一直不停地运动。“每个孩子都保证有球或呼拉圈玩；不需要排队，也不需要等着轮流玩。” 圣地亚哥加州大学儿科荣誉教授Phil Nader说道，他协助研发了“儿童健康合作方法”。
旨在比较实施“儿童健康合作方法”学校和未实施该方法的学校的一项研究发现，“儿童健康合作方法”增加了体育课活动的比例，即从40%提高到50%，同时也降低了学生的肉类食用，即从39%降到了32%。另外一个研究表明该项目减少了三年级到五年级之间的超重学生数量的上升。德克萨斯埃尔帕索城参加“儿童健康合作方法”的学生（该城市学生在全国肥胖比率居前）在从三年级到五年级保持体重没变，但是没有实施该项目的学校里，超重女生从26%增加到了40%，男生从29%增加到了39%。
Ysleta埃尔帕索附近的格伦科夫小学是最先采取“儿童健康合作方法”的学校，家长们也在孩子的带动下健康饮食、多做运动。“我们确定了一个风筝日，每个人都来放风筝；还有‘健康星期三’，在这一天家庭成员和孩子们一起跑20分钟。”体育老师Ben Avalos说道，他于1998年将该项目引入了格伦科夫小学。“家长也告诉我孩子们让他们把那些‘停止’食品扔掉。”Avalos在体育课上使用了手杖、弹簧单高跷和中国游拉线盘让学生运动，没有人是在一旁闲着的。
UNIT THIRTEEN
TEXT ONE
On Tuesday afternoon, as news about the Virginia Tech murders filtered out, the staff of a hamburger restaurant in downtown Austin gathered in front of a television suspended over the bar. A boyish-looking waiter speculated that if the gunman had really used a 9mm handgun, he must have had an accomplice. That handgun can hold a fair number of bullets, he said, but the gunman would have had to stop to reload.
It is not unusual for a Texan to be casually conversant about firearms. A state resident does not need a permit to buy a gun and guns do not have to be registered. Police are, as a result, not sure how many guns there are in the state. But the number is substantial. In a 2001 poll by the Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, 36% of respondents said that their household had at least one.
The state's gun laws are lax, and becoming more so all the time. In March Governor Rick Perry signed a bill into law that gives increased discretion to open fire. Previously, Texans were justified in killing someone only if “a reasonable person in the actor's situation would not have retreated”. The new law, which takes effect in September, eliminates the need for escape attempts. It assumes that the otherwise law-abiding citizen had a good reason for standing their ground. It also gives shooters immunity from civil suits.
The law has plenty of critics. Law-enforcement officials say the duty to retreat saves lives because it discourages people from escalating conflicts. The new law seems to protect hysterical trigger-fingers who feel themselves genuinely threatened when no real threat exists. The law was probably not necessary anyway. There is no carjacking crisis in the state. And juries have never been sticklers about the duty to retreat. There is widespread sympathy for the idea that, as Oliver Wendell Holmes put it in 1921, “Detached reflection cannot be demanded in the presence of an uplifted knife.”
Still, the bill flew through the legislature with broad support. In a way, it simply marks a return to form for the state. Texas did not acknowledge a duty to retreat until 1973. And Texas is just the 16th state to pass such legislation since Florida did so in 2005. Florida's law goes even further, as it presumes that any cat burglar has murderous intent.
Texans largely support gun ownership, despite the fact that the state has experienced mass murders of its own. In 1966 Charles Whitman, a student at the University of Texas at Austin, shot almost 50 passers-by from the top of the campus clock-tower. Sixteen died. And in 1991 George Hennard drove his truck into a restaurant in the small town of Killeen, where he killed 23 patrons before killing himself. Before this week, those episodes were, respectively, the deadliest campus shooting and the worst mass shooting in America's history.
1. The waiter speculated that the murderer must have had an accomplice because_____
[A] the murderer was too young to commit such a serious murder by himself.
[B] the murderer need an aid to reload bullets for him.
[C] the murderer need someone to carry the weapon for him.
[D] the murderer was instigated by some behind the curtain.
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the bill signed by the governer?
[A] The bill could better safeguard the law-abiding citizen.
[B] The bill will encourage people to use guns more frequently.
[C] The bill will make the gun laws of Texas more lax.
[D] The bill will prevent gun owners from all civil suits.
3.Towards the new gun law of Texas, the law-enforcement officials’ attitude can be said to be_____
[A] supportive.
[B] opposing.
[C] indifferent.
[D] unclear.
4. The idea conveyed by Oliver Wendell Holmes’ statement is _____
[A] that people will naturally resist when feeling threatened.
[B] that people will need to protect themselves when facing crisis.
[C] that people naturally feel threatened even there is no real danger.
[D] that people will retreat when founding the danger.
5. Which one of the following is TRUE of Texa’s law?
[A] Texas is the 16th state to pass the duty to retreat through the legislature.
[B] Texas’ new law won broad support from gun owners.
[C] Florida’s law goes too far away when compared with the new law of Texas.
[D]The new law was passed quite smoothly.
文章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了德克萨斯州的枪支法律。第一段由一条新闻说明了德州人对枪支的熟悉程度；第二段讲述德州枪支拥有的情况；第三、四段讲述德州一项新的枪支法律使得该州的枪支法更为宽松；第五段讲述虽然之前有许多枪杀惨案，但是德州仍然支持强制合法。
词汇注释：
conversant adj. 熟悉的 discretion n. 行动的自由
hysterical adj. 异常兴奋的 stickler n. 坚持己见的人
难句突破：
On Tuesday afternoon, as news about the Virginia Tech murders filtered out, the staff of a hamburger restaurant in downtown Austin gathered in front of a television suspended over the bar.
[主体句式] The staff gathered in front of…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，as引导的时间状语从句做句子的状语；后面suspended …是television的定语。
[句子译文] 星期二下午，关于弗吉尼亚科技学院杀人案的消息传开后，奥斯汀市区一家汉堡包餐厅的员工聚集在吧台上方的电视机前。。
(2) There is widespread sympathy for the idea that, as Oliver Wendell Holmes put it in 1921, “Detached reflection cannot be demanded in the presence of an uplifted knife.”
[主体句式] There is widespread sysmpathy for the idea.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，that引导的是宾语the idea的同位语；as…引导的是定语从句，用来修饰后面引号中的句子。
[句子译文] 公众普遍认同1921年Oliver Wendell Holmes提出的建议，“面对已经举起的刀时不能要求人们没有任何反应。”
题目分析：
1. The waiter speculated that the murderer must have had an accomplice because_____
1.侍者推测凶手一定有同谋，因为_____
[A] the murderer was too young to commit such a serious murder by himself.
[A]凶手太年轻了，不可能单独一个人就能犯下这么严重的罪行。
[B] the murderer need an aid to reload bullets for him.
[B] 凶手需要助手给自己装子弹。
[C] the murderer need someone to carry the weapon for him.
[C] 凶手需要有人为自己拿武器。
[D] the murderer was instigated by some behind the curtain.
[D] 凶手受到幕后人的指使。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。从这位侍者所说的话可以推断出来，他说这种手枪只能装下一定数量的子弹，他中间得停下来装弹，否则不可能一下子杀死这么多人。因此，因为他需要有人为他装子弹，所以侍者才这样说。选项中B符合题意。
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the bill signed by the governer?
2.关于州长签署的议案，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] The bill could better safeguard the law-abiding citizen.
[A]议案可以更好地保护遵纪守法的公民。
[B] The bill will encourage people to use guns more frequently.
[B] 议案会鼓励人们更频繁地使用枪支。
[C] The bill will make the gun laws of Texas more lax.
[C]议案使得德州的枪支法律更为宽松。
[D] The bill will ensure the duty to retreat.
[D] 议案保证了退却义务。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第三段提到，该州长签署的议案去除了辨别是否有逃跑企图的需要，也就是说不管对方是否想要逃跑，公民都可以开枪。该法律赋予了公民更为宽松的枪支法律，没有倡导退却义务。因此，选项B、D陈述是不正确的，C选项是正确陈述。A选项，该法律不一定能更好地保护公民，因为可能会使冲突升级，反而不利于公民的安全。
3.Towards the new gun law of Texas, the law-enforcement officials’ attitude can be said to be_____
3.对于德克萨斯新的枪支法令，法律执行官员的态度可以说是____
[A] supportive.
[A] 支持的。
[B] opposing.
[B] 反对的。
[C] indifferent.
[C] 不关心的。
[D] unclear.
[D] 不明确的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析]细节题。文章第四段提到了执法人员对该法律的看法，他们认为退却义务可以救命，因为可以防止人们的冲突升级。而新法律没有确保这种退却义务。而且第四段一开头就说有许多对该法案的批评，接着就是执法人员的看法，这是说明批评的一个例子。因此，他们的态度是反对的，B选项为正确答案。
4. The idea conveyed by Oliver Wendell Holmes’ statement is _____
4. Oliver Wendell Holmes的话表达的意思是____
[A] that people will naturally resist when feeling threatened.
[A] 人们感到威胁时会自然地抵抗。
[B] that people will need to protect themselves when facing crisis.
[B] 人们会在面临危机的时候保护自己。
[C] that people naturally feel threatened even there is no real danger.
[C]即使没有真正的危险时人们也会感到受到了威胁。
[D] that people will retreat when founding the danger.
[D] 人们发现危险时会撤退。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。Oliver Wendell Holmes 所说的话为：“面对已经举起的刀时不能要求人们没有任何反应。”结合上下文，上文谈的是这项法律是没有必要存在的，提到这句话是为了反对法律允许不管人们是否有没有逃跑的企图都可以开枪。这句话引申到枪支上，也就是说如果人们看到枪支不会无动于衷，一般会发生抵抗，这样会造成更大的冲突。因此，选项中A最为符合题意。
5. Which one of the following is TRUE of Texa’s law?
5.关于德州的法律，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] Texas is the 16th state to pass the duty to retreat through the legislature.
[A]德州是第十六个经过立法机构机构通过退却义务的州。
[B] Texas’ new law won broad support from gun owners.
[B] 德州的新法律得到了枪支拥有者们的广泛支持。
[C] Florida’s law goes too far away when compared with the new law of Texas.
[C]相比德州的新法律，佛罗里达州的法律走得太远了。
[D] The new law was passed quite smoothly.
[D] 新法律顺利通过。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，德州是第十六个通过允许公民不辨别逃跑就可以开枪的法律，不是通过退却义务的。选项B，文章中提到“德克萨斯州的人们支持枪支合法”，不仅仅是枪支的拥有者们，因此该选项过于狭隘。选项C，佛罗里达州的法律比德州的更为宽松。选项D，第五段提到“该法律还是获得了广泛的支持最终通过了立法”，正是赢得了广泛的支持，该法律才得以通过，因此是正确陈述。
参考译文：
星期二下午，关于弗吉尼亚科技学院杀人案的消息传开后，奥斯汀市区一家汉堡包餐厅的员工聚集在吧台上方的电视机前。一个看上去还是个大男孩的侍者推测如果这个开枪者真的用了一把9毫米口径的手枪，那么他肯定有一个同谋。他说，这种手枪只能装下一定数量的子弹，他中间得停下来继续装弹。
德克萨斯人在聊天时可以对枪支侃侃而谈，这并不鲜见。德州居民不需要许可证就可以购买枪支，而拥有枪支也不需要登记。因此，警察也不确定该州到底有多少枪支，但数量应该相当可观。2001年“行为风险因素监察调查”中，36%的被调查者称他们家中至少有一支枪。
该州的枪支法律不很严格，而且有越来越松的倾向。3月份，Rick Perry州长签署了一项议案，增加了开枪的自由。以前，只有“行动者为有理智的人且没有撤退”的情况下 德克萨斯人开枪才是合法的。而将于9月份生效的新法律却去掉了辨别是否有逃跑企图的这种需要。新法律认为守法公民有理由坚持他们的立场。这也将使得开枪者免于民事诉讼。
该法律受到了许多批评。法律执行官员称退却义务可以救命，因为这种义务能防止冲突升级。新法律似乎在保护那些处于兴奋状态的开枪者，他们在没有真正威胁的情况下却感觉到自己受到了威胁。该法律可能不是必需的。在该州并没有截车的危险，陪审团也并未坚持要求退却义务。公众普遍认同1921年Oliver Wendell Holmes提出的建议，“面对已经举起的刀时不能要求人们没有任何反应。”
但是，该法律还是获得了广泛的支持才最终得以立法。在某种程度上，这表示了该州回归形式的趋向。德克萨斯直到1973年才承认了退却义务，却是美国第十六个通过这种法律的州，此前是佛罗里达州于2005年通过了该法律。佛罗里达州的法律更加离谱，认为任何窃贼都有杀人的企图。
德克萨斯州的人们支持枪支合法，尽管该州曾经历过多次大规模的杀人事件。1966年，奥斯汀德克萨斯大学一名学生Charles Whitman从学校钟塔上向50名行人开枪，导致16人死亡。1991年，George Hennard驾驶自己的卡车进入基林小镇的一家餐馆，杀死了23名顾客，最后自杀。而本周前发生的是美国历史上最为恐怖的校园枪击案，也是最残酷的多人被杀枪击案。
TEXT TWO
Tracy Borman can tell a good story. Admittedly, her subject is a gift. But Henrietta Howard, mistress to George II, lived in the midst of a large cast of characters, many of them entangled in the complicated politics of 18th-century court life, and Ms Borman handles them and their world with aplomb.
Though the 18th century is called the Age of Reason, it was anything but. Henrietta was born in 1689, a year after the balance of power in Britain shifted from monarch to Parliament. But this did nothing to shift the tyranny of men over women, and Henrietta's life was largely shaped by violent and unreasonable men.When she was eight, her father, the profligate and choleric squire of Blickling Hall in Norfolk, challenged a neighbour to a duel for impugning his valour. He was killed for his pains, leaving a wife, eight children and a pile of debts. Eight years later, perhaps hoping to help her now motherless siblings, Henrietta released her dowry money by marrying a cousin, Charles Howard, 14 years her senior.
It was a disaster. Charles turned out to be a compulsive gambler and wife-beater, and their lives descended into lodging-house flits and near-starvation. Then, aged 25, Henrietta made her own astonishing gamble. In 1714, when Queen Anne lay dying, she took herself and Charles off to Hanover, where George Louis, heir presumptive to the English throne, held court. There she joined throngs of other hopefuls, all jockeying for the notice either of George Louis, or his son, George Augustus, or his daughter-in-law, Caroline.
Henrietta's gamble paid off, though frying pans and fires come to mind. Her appointment as Woman of the Bedchamber to Princess Caroline meant long days of tedious and exacting ceremony, such as holding her mistress's wash basin on bended knee, a point that Caroline spitefully insisted on when Henrietta became her husband's mistress. Not that that was much comfort either. The man was a boor, and dull with it. In any case, Henrietta never really supplanted Caroline. Being a royal mistress was, in this case, more a post than a romance. But it suited Henrietta in that it protected her from her husband—something the law denied her.
Henrietta was known for her discreet and even temper, but she must also have had sharp elbows. As Ms Borman vividly shows, the court was a scandal-mongering, fickle place, riven by political factionalism and held at fever pitch by the royal family's own very public quarrels. This was the atmosphere Henrietta breathed. And yet she somehow managed to be liked. Even acid-tongued poet, Alexander Pope, described her as reasonable, good-humoured, witty and, above all, a friend.
Some of Ms Borman's most engaging writing describes Henrietta's circle of friends—poets, writers and wits such as Lord Chesterfield and Horace Walpole—and the pleasure they all took in the design of her Palladian villa, Marble Hill at Twickenham. When her husband's death made it safe for her to retire, this was where she came: to entertain, to re-marry, to have a home. After a life of winging it, such hard-wrung domesticity feels almost heroic.
1. Tracy Borman is probably_____
[A] a story teller.
[B] a historian.
[C] a novelist.
[D] an autobiographer.
2. According to the passage, 18the Century is characterized by _____
[A] the widespread notion of reason.
[B] extensive violence among men.
[C] irrationality underneath the overcoat of rationality.
[D] the tyranny of men over women
3. The word “supplanted” (Line 5, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
[A] hated.
[B] displaced.
[C] threatened.
[D] pleased.
4. Henrietta chose to be a royal mistress because_____
[A] she wanted to have a romance with the royal family member.
[B] such a royal post helped her to climb up the social ladder.
[C] she wanted to dodge her husband.
[D] she could be exempt from Caroline’s tedious ceremony.
5. Henrietta must have had sharp elbows in order to _____
[A] maintain good temper when serving the royal family.
[B] survive the complicated disputes.
[C] have herself accepted by all the people she met.
[D] make friends with reasonable people.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了Tracy Borman笔下的历史人物Henrietta Howard。第一段讲述Tracy Borman以非常沉静的方式描写了Henrietta的世界；第二段讲述Henrietta的身世及她出嫁的情况；第三段讲述悲惨的婚姻令Henrietta另寻出路；第四、五段讲述她的宫廷生活；第六段讲述Tracy写得最好的片断和Henrietta的最后结局。
词汇注释：
aplomb n. 冷静，沉着 profligate n. 享乐者
choleric adj. 易怒的 impugne v. 责难，驳斥
valour n. 英勇，勇猛 dowry n. 嫁妆
heir presumptive n. 假定继承人 jockey v. 用手段图谋某个职位或利益：
exacting adj. 严格的 spitefully adv. 怀恨地，恶意地
boor n. 粗野的人 supplant v. 取代
monger v. 传播 fickle adj. 薄情的
factionalism n. 派性，党派之争
难句突破：
But Henrietta Howard, mistress to George II, lived in the midst of a large cast of characters, many of them entangled in the complicated politics of 18th-century court life, and Ms Borman handles them and their world with aplomb.
[主体句式 ] But Henrietta Howard lived …, and Ms Borman hands them and their world…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句；前面分句中，mistress to…是主语的同位语，many of them…是charaters的同位语。
[句子译文] 但是Henrietta Howard，这位乔治二世的情人生活在一大群人物中间，他们许多都和18世纪宫廷生活的繁复政治纠结在一起，但Borman女士却能沉静地描述着他们以及他们的世界。
Her appointment as Woman of the Bedchamber to Princess Caroline meant long days of tedious and exacting ceremony, such as holding her mistress's wash basin on bended knee, a point that Caroline spitefully insisted on when Henrietta became her husband's mistress.
[主体句式] Her appointment meant … such as…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，such as…作前面ceremony的定语；a point…是前面on bended knee的同位语；在该同位语中，that引导的是定语从句修饰point，该定语从句中有when引导的时间状语从句。
[句子译文] 她成为Caroline公主的卧室女仆，这就意味着她每天都得应付那些单调、严格的礼节，比如必须屈膝端着洗脸盆到某一高度，这是Caroline在Henrietta成为他丈夫情妇后恶意坚持这样的。
题目分析：
1. Tracy Borman is probably_____
1. Tracy Borman可能是_____
[A] a story teller.
[A] 讲故事的人。
[B] a historian.
[B] 历史学家。
[C] a novelist.
[C] 小说家。
[D] an autobiographer.
[D] 自传作家。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]推理题。从文章第一句说Tracy Borman是个讲故事的好手，可以推断出她不是历史学家，也不是记者；而后面提到她对人物的描写，可以推断出来她是写小说的。此外这部书不是关于她自己的，因此她也不是一个自传作家。因此正确答案为C。
2. According to the passage, 18th Century is characterized by _____
2.根据这篇文章，18世纪的特点是_____
[A] the widespread notion of reason.
[A] 广为传播的理念—理性。
[B] extensive violence among men.
[B] 男人之间充满了暴力。
[C] irrationality underneath the overcoat of rationality.
[C] 在理性外衣下的非理性。
[D] the tyranny of men over women.
[D] 男人对于女人的残酷统治。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章第二段一开头就提到“Though the 18th century is called the Age of Reason, it was anything but”，即18世纪被称为是理性时代，但事实恰恰相反。那么可以看出，18世纪在理性的表面下，其实质是非理性的。C选项为正确答案。
3. The word “supplanted” (Line 5, Paragraph4) most probably means_____
3. “supplanted” (第四段第五行)最有可能的意思是_____
[A] hated.
[A] 憎恨。
[B] displaced.
[B] 代替。
[C] threatened.
[C] 威胁。
[D] pleased.
[D] 讨好。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析]猜词题。根据上下文，Caroline刁难她，因为知道她是自己丈夫的情人；而后面写的是王室的情人只是个职位，而不是真正的浪漫；可以推断，她和国王并没有感情很深，选项中，B仿佛最为合适，她从来没有真正的替代她。
4. Henrietta chose to be a royal mistress because_____
4.Henrietta选择去做王室的情人是因为_____
[A] she wanted to have a romance with the royal family member.
[A] 她想要和王室成员有一段浪漫史。
[B] such a royal post helped her to climb up the social ladder.
[B] 这样的一个皇家职位能够帮助她爬上社会高层。
[C] she wanted to dodge her husband.
[C] 她想要躲避自己的丈夫。
[D] she could be exempt from Caroline’s tedious ceremony.
[D] 她想要使自己免于Caroline那些枯燥的仪式。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。第四段最后提到，王室情人这个职位很适合她，因为可以保护她免受丈夫伤害；而文章最后又提到在她丈夫死后，她就马上离开了王宫。因此，可以看出，她选择这个职位是为了躲避自己的丈夫，因此C选项为正确答案。A显然是一个干扰选项，而B选项的错误在于文章并没有提及她想爬到社会高层。D选项也是错误的，因为那不是她的主要目的，而且她也必须履行那些仪式。
5. Henrietta must have had sharp elbows in order to _____
5. Henrietta必须有尖锐的肘部以便于_____
[A] maintain good temper while serving the royal family.
[A] 保持好脾气、以更好的服务王室。
[B] survive the complicated disputes.
[B] 使复杂纠纷的斗争中生存下来。
[C] have herself accepted by all the people she met.
[C] 被所有她见到的人所接受。
[D] make friends with reasonable people.
[D] 和理智的人交朋友。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第五段提到，虽然她非常审慎、性格很好，但是肘部需要尖锐些，这应当是一个比喻。下文又说这是因为宫廷是一个是非之地，因此，可以推断这个引申义是指运用这种手段来保护自己、使自己能够复杂纠纷的皇室斗争中生存下来，因此B选项为正确答案。其余三个选项都是文章中的一些细节内容，但是却与本题题干的问题无关。
参考译文：
Tracy Borman是个讲故事的好手，必须得承认，她选取的题材是不同凡响的。Henrietta Howard，这位乔治二世的情人生活在一大群人物中间，他们许多都和18世纪宫廷生活的复杂政治纠结在一起，但Borman女士却能沉静地描述这些人以及他们的世界。
虽然18世纪被称为是理性时代，但却恰恰相反。Henrietta出生于1689年，而在1688年英国的权利由君主转向了议会，但是却没有除去男性对女性的专制，Henrietta的大部分生活都是由一些暴力、非理性的男性控制着。八岁时，她的父亲，一个贪于享乐、性格暴躁的诺福克Blickling Hall乡绅，因为一位邻居驳斥他不勇猛，就向邻居提出了决斗。他最终因为伤痛死去，留下了妻子、八个孩子和一堆债务。八年后，也许是希望可以帮助那时已失去母亲的兄弟姐妹们，Henrietta嫁给了比她大十四岁的表哥Charles Howard，条件是免于出嫁妆钱。
这场婚姻是个灾难。Charles是个没有自制力的赌徒，还经常殴打妻子，他们的生活颠簸流离，几近饿死。就在这时，25岁的Henrietta给自己下了最令人震惊的赌注。1714年，安妮皇后去世，Henrietta和Charles一起到了汉诺威，在那里英国王位的假定继承人George Louis继位。Henrietta加入了那些希望通过一些手段引起George Louis、或是他儿子George Augustus和儿媳Caroline的注意的人群。
Henrietta的赌注赢了，尽管她得留意煎锅和火苗。她成为Caroline公主的卧室女仆，这就意味着她每天都得应付那些单调、严格的礼节，比如屈膝端着洗脸盆到某一高度，这是Caroline在Henrietta成为他丈夫情妇后恶意坚持的。但除此外作为George Augustus的情妇也不是什么舒服的事情。这是个粗野的男人，而且也厌烦了。但无论如何，Henrietta从没有真正取代过Caroline. 既然这样，作为王室情人更多是一个职位，而不是什么浪漫的事情，但这个职位却适合Henrietta，能够使她免于受到丈夫的伤害，而这正是法律不能给与她的。
Henrietta 因为她的审慎和好性格而著称，但是她的肘部得尖锐些。正像Borman女士写的那样，宫廷是个谣言肆虐、感情淡薄的地方，受政治的党派之争驱动，加上王室内部的争吵，这一直是水深火热之地。而这就是Henrietta生活的地方，但她却让人人都喜欢她。即使是尖酸刻薄的诗人Alexander Pope 也把形容她为理智、好脾气、机敏，最重要的是Pope 把她当成了朋友。
Borman女士的迷人笔法描述赋予了Henrietta的朋友们——有诗人、作家还有像Lord Chesterfield 和 Horace Walpole那样的才子——以及他们在为设计Henrietta设计位于Twickenham的Palladian别墅和大理石山时的快乐。在丈夫死后，Henrietta就可以安全地退休了，她开始享乐、然后再嫁人，拥有了一个家。经历这一切之后，辛苦得来的家庭生活感觉就像是英雄史诗一般壮美。
TEXT THREE
For most of his life Chuck Feeney has guarded his privacy obsessively. When he became a philanthropist, his gifts came on condition that his name never appeared on any press release or plaque; all donations would cease if confidentiality was breached. But when he decided to co-operate with Conor O'Clery on this book, many of the people in his life, released from their Trappist vows, let themselves go. The result is gripping.
An Irish-American, born in New Jersey in 1931, Mr Feeney made a fortune by co-founding Duty Free Shoppers (DFS) which first sold tax-exempt goods to American soldiers abroad and then tapped into the rise of mass tourism. When DFS was sold in 1997, it had delivered nearly $8 billion to its four main shareholders, of which Mr Feeney was the joint biggest, with 38.75% .
Tax avoidance is the flip side to Mr Feeney's philanthropic coin. He is addicted to it. “Chuck hates taxes. He believes people can do more with money than governments can,” says a friend. In 1964 a young New York lawyer, Harvey Dale, told Mr Feeney that changes in the tax laws threatened his business, which was running risks that could put the founders in jail. On his advice, Mr Feeney and his co-founder, Robert Miller, transferred ownership to their foreign-born wives, from France and Ecuador, respectively. In 1974, through a deal with the American government, the firm turned the Pacific island of Saipan into a tax haven. Then, in 1978, Mr Feeney grouped his various investments, including his shares of DFS, in a holding company, General Atlantic Group Limited, in tax-free Bermuda. To escape the American taxman, everything was still registered in his wife's name.
Mr Feeney carefully shunned all outward evidence of wealth. But as soon as DFS became reliably profitable, he started the practice of giving 5% of his pre-tax profits to good causes. In 1982 he created a foundation, the Atlantic Philanthropies, based in Bermuda. Two years later he signed over his fortune to the foundation, except for sums set aside for his wife and children. His net worth fell below $5m. When he broke the news to his children, he gave them each a copy of Andrew Carnegie's essay on wealth, written in 1889.
Mr Feeney has given his alma mater, Cornell University, more than $600m, dwarfing all other donations from a single alumnus to an American university. He has contributed hundreds of millions of dollars towards higher education in Ireland, South Africa and Australia. He has helped with health care in Vietnam. In 2004 he went to Cuba, where he met Fidel Castro, who seemed only too happy to accept his capitalist-tax-avoided dollars. But it was his support for the Irish peace process that caused the most controversy, including accusations (without foundation, it turned out) that he had financed the IRA.
Mr Feeney is committed to giving away all the money in his foundation by a fixed date—thought to be in about ten years—but his investment prowess makes this difficult. Currently, Atlantic Philanthropies is worth $4 billion (up from $3.5 billion in 2001) even though, over its lifetime, it has given away about $4 billion in increasing amounts. The trouble for Mr Feeney is that the foundation's assets are growing as fast as he tries to get rid of them.
1. When Chuck decide to co-operate with Conor O’clery on this book, many of the people in his life_____
[A] left Chuck for ever.
[B] broke previous their promises of maintaining confidentiality.
[C] talk about what they know about Chuck.
[D] felt surprised and then disappointed about Chuck.
2. Mr Feeney was dedicated to avoiding tax because_____
[A] he wanted to make more money.
[B] he wanted to give more money to good causes.
[C] he thought the government was corrupted.
[D] he thought people could manage the society with their own money by themselves.
3. Pacific island of Saipan _____ through a deal with the American government in 1974.
[A] made favorable tax policy for Mr. Feeney’s firm
[B] established a branch of DFS.
[C] became a tax-free place
[D] became a heaven for tax-free business
4. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Mr. Feeney’s charity activities?
[A] He made huge donations to Cornell University.
[B] He contributed money to higher education.
[C] He supported the health care in Vietnam.
[D] He financed the IRA for the Irish peace process
5. It is difficult for Mr. Feeney to give away all the money in his foundation in about ten years since_____
[A] he has made too much investment elsewhere to take back the money.
[B] the foundation’s assets are increasing too fast to be completely given away.
[C] he has trouble in finding reliable means to donate all the money.
[D] ten years is too long for him to give away all the money.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了一位慈善家Chuck Feeney。第一段讲述Feeney先生不愿意透露自己的隐私，却最后答应合作编这本书让自己的秘密公众于天下；第二段讲述Feeney先生的身世和创业；第三段讲述Feeney先生对免税事业的执著；第四段讲述他成立了基金会；第五段讲述其基金会的捐赠历史；第六段讲述他完成捐款任务的困难。
词汇注释：
Philanthropist n. 慈善家 phaque n. 匾额
Trappist n. n.[宗](天主教西多会中的)特拉普派(的)(此派强调缄口苦修)
gripping adj. 引起人注意的；吸引人的
alma master n. 母校 proess n. 威力
难句突破：
Then, in 1978, Mr Feeney grouped his various investments, including his shares of DFS, in a holding company, General Atlantic Group Limited, in tax-free Bermuda.
[主体句式] Mr Feeney grouped his investments in a holding company in tax-free Bermuda.
[结构分析]这是一个简单句，including…现在分词结构是前面investments的定语；General Atlantic Group Limited是前面company的同位语。
[句子译文] 1978年，Feeney先生把自己各种投资都集合起来，包括他在免税店的份额，然后投进了一家在免税的百慕大群岛成立控股公司——大西洋有限公司。
(2) Currently, Atlantic Philanthropies is worth $4 billion (up from $3.5 billion in 2001) even though, over its lifetime, it has given away about $4 billion in increasing amounts.
[主体句式] Atlantic Philanthropies is worth… even though it has given…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。后面分句中，over its lifetime是分句的状语。
[句子译文] 目前“大西洋慈善”价值40亿美元（而在2001年只有35亿）这是在已经累计捐出了40亿美元之后的情况。
题目分析：
1. When Chuck decide to co-operate with Conor O’clery on this book, many of the people in his life_____
1. 当Chuck决定和Conor O’clery合作编这本书时，他生命中许多人_____
[A] left Chuck for ever.
[A] 永远离开了Chuck。
[B] broke their previous promises of maintaining confidentiality.
[B] 打破了自己曾经许下的保密诺言。
[C] talk about what they know about Chuck.
[C] 谈论他们所知道的Chuck。
[D] felt surprised and then disappointed about Chuck.
[D] 对Chuck先是感到惊讶、然后是失望。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。第一段提到Chuck一直在保护自己的隐私，但提到合作写这本书时用了转折词，可以推断这次他并没有缄口，他生命中的许多人也因此可以随意谈论他们所知道的Chunk。选项中C符合题意。A和D选项是明显错误的，而B选项是一个较强的干扰选项。错误在于这些人不是打破了自己的诺言，而是现在已经没有必要再遵守诺言了，因此连Chunk自己都已经开金口了。
2. Mr Feeney was dedicated to avoiding tax because_____
2. Mr. Feeney竭力避免税收是因为_____
[A] he wanted to make more money.
[A] 他想要赚更多的钱。
[B] he wanted to give more money to good causes.
[B] 他想要将更多的钱投入公益事业。
[C] he thought the government was corrupted.
[C] 他认为政府是腐败的。
[D] he thought people could manage the society with their own money by themselves.
[D]他认为人们可以用自己的钱自己来管理社会。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。第三段提到，Feeney先生对免税上了瘾，因为他认为人们用钱可以比政府办更多的事情，因此，选项中D最为符合题意。C作者并未提到政府腐败，只是提到人们用钱可以比政府办的事情更多。
3. Pacific island of Saipan_____ through a deal with the American government in 1974.
3.通过和美国政府达成的一个协议，太平洋塞班岛_____
[A] made favorable tax policy for Mr. Feeney’s firm
[A]为Feeney先生的公司制定了有利的税收政策。
[B]established a branch of DFS
[B] 建立了其免税店的一个分店。
[C] became a tax-free place
[C] 成为免税的地方。
[D] became a heaven for tax-free business
[D] 成为免税商业活动的天堂。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章第三段提到，Feeney先生为了避免法律麻烦，把免税店转给了妻子，而后来同美国政府达成协议，把塞班岛成为了一个“水手避难所”，也就是免税的地方。C选项为正确答案。A选项是错误的，因为塞班岛是同美国政府达成的协议，并没有专门为Feeney先生的公司制定政策。B选项显然是错误的，因为不仅仅是开一个免税店的问题那么简单，而是整个岛都变成了免税的地方。D选项有一定的干扰性，虽然小岛上都是免税的，但是没有证据表明它成为了免税商业活动的天堂。
4. Which one of the following statements is NOT ture of Mr Feeney’s charity activities?
4.关于Feeney先生的慈善行为，下列哪个陈述是错误的?
[A] He made huge donations to Cornell University.
[A] 他为康奈尔大学捐了巨额款项。
[B] He contributed money to higher education.
[B] 他为高等教育捐资。
[C] He supported the health care in Vietnam.
[C] 他资助越南的卫生事业。
[D] He financed the IRA for the Irish peace process.
[D]他因为爱尔兰和平进程资助了爱尔兰共和军。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。选项A、B、C在文章第五段中都可以找出来，“Feeney先生捐给自己的母校康奈尔大学6亿多美元，数额超过了美国大学所有毕业生单独捐款的数额。他还捐献了几亿美元用于爱尔兰、南非和澳大利亚的高等教育。他还资助了越南的卫生保健。2004年他到了古巴，在那里会见了菲德尔·卡斯特罗，虽然卡斯特罗太高兴了，却不愿意接受资本家免税得来的美元”。D选项，他援助了爱尔兰和平进程，但是文章指出他资助了爱尔兰共和军是没有根据的。因此，D为正确答案。
5. It is difficult for Mr Feeney to give away all the money in his foundation in about ten years since_____
5.Feeney先生要在十年内将自己基金会所有的资产捐出有一定的难度，这是因为_____
[A] he has made too much investment elsewhere to take back the money.
[A]他在其他地方投资太多，不能把钱收回来。
[B] the foundation’s assets are increasing too fast to be completely given away.
[B]该基金会的资产增长过快，不能及时完全地捐出。
[C] he has trouble in finding reliable means to donate all the money.
[C] 他在寻找可靠的途径捐钱这方面碰到了问题。
[D] ten years is too long for him to give away all the money.
[D]10年对于他来捐出所有的资产来说太长了。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章最后一段提到他的投资能力不断增加，基金会资产不断增加，所以要把钱全部捐出去还是个困难。因此选项B是符合这个意思的。其他三个选项都与文章内容无关，属于无中生有。
参考译文：
Chuck Feeney在生命的大部分时间里都竭尽全力保护自己的私人生活不受干扰。成为一个慈善家后，他在捐赠时提出的条件就是自己的名字不能出现在任何新闻稿或匾额上。如果违反了这种机密性，他的捐赠就会中止。但是当他决定要和Conor O’clery合作写本书时，他生命中的许多人都得以摆脱他们缄口的誓言，从而可以畅所欲言了。这个结果真是够吸引人的。
Feeney先生是一位美籍爱尔兰人，1931年出生在新泽西。他和别人共同创办了免税店而发了大财，该免税店最开始是向那些在国外的美国士兵出售免税商品。后来随着旅游者的增多，业务也转向了他们。1997年卖掉免税店时，四个大股东得到了80亿美元，而Feeney是最大的股东，他占有的份额为38.75%。
免税只是Feeney先生慈善事业的另一面而已。他甚至对免税上了瘾。“Chuck憎恨税收。他认为人们用钱可以比政府办更多的事情。” 他的一位朋友说。1964年，一位年轻的纽约律师Harvey Dale告诉Feeney先生税收法的改革可能会威胁到他的生意，甚至可能会让这些创办者们锒铛入狱。在他的建议下，Feeney和他的合伙人Robert Miller将免税店所有权移交给了他们分别出生在法国和厄瓜多尔的妻子。1974年，通过与美国政府的一项协议，公司将太平洋上的塞班岛变成了一个免税的地方。1978年，Feeney先生把自己各种投资都集合起来，包括他在免税店的份额，然后投进了一家在免税的百慕大群岛成立控股公司——大西洋有限公司。为了逃避美国的收税员，所有公司都是以他妻子的名义注册的。
Feeney先生小心地抹去了自己财产的所有表面证据。但是当他确定免税店已经盈利的时候，他开始将自己税前利润的5%用于慈善事业。1982年他创立了一个基金会——大西洋慈善事业，总部设在百慕大。两年后他将自己的财产转到该基金会，只留了一些给妻子和孩子。他的净资产从而降到了500万美元以下。当他告诉孩子们这个消息时，他给每个孩子都送上了一篇卡内基1889年写的关于财富的文章。
Feeney先生捐给自己的母校康奈尔大学的资助达6亿多美元，数额超过了美国大学所有毕业生单独捐款的数额。他还捐了几亿美元用于爱尔兰、南非和澳大利亚的高等教育。此外他也资助了越南的卫生保健事业。2004年他来到古巴，在那里会见了Fidel Castro，Castro非常高兴地接受了Feeney先生通过免税得来的美元。但是正是他对爱尔兰和平运动的援助，才导致了最大的争议，人们指责他赞助了爱尔兰共和军（事实上毫无根据）
Fenney先生在某一固定日期之前会把所有的财产投入其基金会（可能10年），但是他的投资能力却为这项任务增加了困难。目前“大西洋慈善”价值40亿美元（而在2001年只有35亿）这是在已经累计捐出了40亿美元之后的情况。Feeney目前面临的问题是基金会财产增长的速度和他捐钱的速度几乎是齐头并进的。
TEXT FOUR
John Kao is an innovation guru described as “Mr Creativity” by this newspaper a decade ago. Now he is concerned about America losing its global lead and becoming “the fat, complacent Detroit of nations”. In his new book, “Innovation Nation”, he points to warning signs, such as America's underinvestment in physical infrastructure, its slow start on broadband, its pitiful public schools and its frostiness toward immigrants since September 11th 2001—even though immigrants provided much of America's creativity. What America needs, he reckons, is a big push by federal government to promote innovation, akin to the Apollo space project that put a man on the moon
As head of California's Stanford Research Institute, Mr Carlson knows the strengths of Silicon Valley from first-hand experience. And yet here he is insisting that America's information technology, services and medical-devices industries are about to be lost. “I predict that millions of jobs will be destroyed in our country, like in the 1980s when American firms refused to adopt total-quality management techniques while the Japanese surged ahead.” The only way out, he insists, is “to learn the tools of innovation” and forge entirely new, knowledge-based industries in energy technology, biotechnology and other science-based sectors.
It is natural to be sceptical of such dour arguments and calls for government action. After all, the United States still leads in innovation. Whether it is by traditional measures, like spending on research and the number of patents registered, or less tangible but more important ones, like the number of entrepreneurial start-ups, levels of venture-capital funding or the payback from new inventions, America is invariably at the top of the league. Indeed, the Council on Competitiveness recently concluded in a report that, by and large, the outlook is bright for America.
Yet the same council's innovation task force also gave warning that other countries are making heavy investments that threaten to erode America's position. It would like a big push in four areas: improving science, engineering and maths education; welcoming skilled immigrants; beefing up government spending on basic research; and offering tax incentives to spur “US-based innovation.”
These are mostly sensible recommendations because they focus on those framework conditions and bits of infrastructure that the market would not provide on its own. Where such prescriptions tend to go awry is when they argue for specific subsidies or tax breaks for favoured industries (like supporting only “US-based” innovation in today's world of global creative networks). After all, the Schumpeterian forces of creative destruction must be allowed to work their magic.
Resilience in the face of those disruptive forces gave Silicon Valley the edge over its nearest high-tech rival, Boston's Route 128 technology corridor. Both clusters were riding high until the personal computer and distributed-computing changed the market. Firms went through wrenching change, but those in northern California, like Hewlett-Packard and Xerox, emerged stronger than those near Boston, like Digital Equipment and Wang—which no longer exist. As Berkeley's AnnaLee Saxenian has shown, Silicon Valley's champions were nimble and networked but those on Route 128 were brittle, top-down bureaucracies. 1. John Kao compares America to “Detroit of nations” because______
[A] Detroit is the representative of innovation.
[B] Detroit is experiencing the decline of similar nature.
[C] Detroit paid less attention to creativity.
[D] Detroit lacks the push by federal government.
2. The word “dour” (Line 1 Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
[A] serious.
[B] exaggerated.
[C] gloomy.
[D] false.
3. Towards the outlook of America’s innovation, the Council on Competitiveness’s attitude is_____
[A] ambitious.
[B] optimistic.
[C] ambiguous.
[D] reserved.
4. Which one of the following statemetns is NOT true of America’s position on innovation?
[A] It is still in the lead of the whole world.
[B] It is threatened by the Schumpeterian forces of creative destruction.
[C] It is facing great chanllenges brought by some countries paying great attention on innovation.
[D] It needs a big push so as to keep ahead.
5. Firms on Route 128 were not so competitive as Silicon Valley due to _____
[A] its lack of quick and appropriate response to new development.
[B] its wrenching change of computer technologies.
[C] its fragile and inefficient structure.
[D] its poor and inflexible management. 文章剖析：
这篇文章主要介绍了美国创新方面的现状和面临的挑战。第一、二段讲述对于美国未来创新能力的一些怀疑观点；第三段讲述美国创新方面的现状；第四段是对美国政府提出的一些建议；第五段分析了这些建议；第六段讲述硅谷和128路在创新方面的不同。
词汇注释：
guru n. 领袖，头头 forge v. 加速形成
dour adj. 严厉的 entrepreneurial adj. 企业家的
awry adj. 错误的，歪曲的 Schumpeterian adj.(奥地利裔美籍经济学家)熊彼特的
wrench v. 猛拉，扭动
难句突破:
In his new book, “Innovation Nation”, he points to warning signs, such as America's underinvestment in physical infrastructure, its slow start on broadband, its pitiful public schools and its frostiness toward immigrants since September 11th 2001—even though immigrants provided much of America's creativity.
[主体句式] In his book, he points to warning signs.
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，such as后面是四个并列的名词短语。
[句子译文] 在他的新书《创新国家》中，他指出了一些危险的信号，比如美国在基础设施上投资不足、在宽带方面启动较慢，以及可怜的公立学校，还有自2001年9月11日以来对移民的过严政策，尽管移民是美国创新的主导力量。
Whether it is by traditional measures, like spending on research and the number of patents registered, or less tangible but more important ones, like the number of entrepreneurial start-ups, levels of venture-capital funding or the payback from new inventions, America is invariably at the top of the league.
[主体句式] Whether it is by …or…, America is …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，前面的条件状语从句中，like spending on …and the number of …是做前面traditional measures的定语，而like the number of …, levels of… or the payback…是做后面less tangible but more important ones的定语。
[句子译文] 毕竟，美国依然是创新的领头军。无论评判的标准是在研究方面的费用、注册的专利权的数量，还是不那么切实却非常重要的一些标准，如创业企业的数量、风险投资的水平或新发明的回报等，美国一直处于领先地位。
题目分析：
1. John Kao compares America to “Detroit of nations” because______
JohnKao将美国比为“国家中的底特律”，这是因为_____
[A] Detroit is the representative of innovation.
[A] 底特律是创新的代表。
[B] Detroit is experiencing the decline of similar nature.
[B] 底特律经历着相似性质的衰退。
[C] Detroit paid less attention to creativity.
[C] 底特律很少注意创新。
[D] Detroit lacks the push by federal government.
[D] 底特律缺少联邦政府的推动。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第一段的上下文，John Kao担心美国逐步丧失世界领导权，成为国家中的底特律，那么可以推断底特律应该是丧失了每一领域的领导权，那么选项中，B与该意思最为接近。经历着衰退，也就意味着丧失了领导地位。
2. The word “dour” (Line 1 Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
2. “dour” (第三段第一行)最有可能的意思为_____
[A] serious.
[A] 严肃的。
[B] exaggerated.
[B] 夸大的。
[C] gloomy.
[C] 悲观的。
[D] false.
[D] 错误的。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]猜词题。根据上下文，所说的评论是指第一段、第二段提出的，这些评论都对美国的创新表示担忧，对美国的地位不很乐观，而下文提出美国其实目前的地位还在保持。可以看出，选项中C最为符合题意。
3. Towards the outlook of America’s innovation, the Council on Competitiveness’s attitude is_____
对于美国创新的前景，竞争委员会的态度是_____
[A] ambitious.
[A] 雄心勃勃的。
[B] optimistic.
[B] 乐观的。
[C] ambiguous.
[C] 模棱两可的。
[D] reserved.
[D] 持保留态度的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。根据第三段，竞争委员会近日在一个报告中总结说，美国的前景基本上还是光明的。第四段又提到创新特别工作组的警告。但整体来说，其对于美国创新的前景还是乐观的，B是正确答案。
4. Which one of the following statemetns is NOT true of America’s position on innovation?
关于美国在创新方面的地位，下列哪个陈述是错误的？
[A] It is still in the lead of the whole world.
[A] 美国仍处于世界领先地位。
[B] It is threatened by the Schumpeterian forces of creative destruction.
[B] 美国受到熊彼特创造性摧毁力量的威胁。
[C] It is facing great chanllenges brought by some countries paying great attention on innovation.
[C] 美国面临其他重视创新的国家的挑战
[D] It needs a big push so as to keep ahead.
[D] 美国需要大的推动以保证领先地位。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，根据第三段可以看出美国在创新方面仍处于领先地位；选项B，第四段提到了熊彼特创造性摧毁力量，但并不是力量威胁美国，而是它一直在自己发挥作用，促进许多改革和创新；选项C，第四段提到了一些投入资金较大的国家可能会侵蚀美国的地位，该陈述正确；选项D，全文多次提到了这一点。因此，答案为B。
5. Firms on Route 128 were not so competitive as Silicon Valley due to _____
128路的公司没有硅谷的公司更有竞争力是因为____
[A] its lack of quick and appropriate response to new development.
[A] 缺乏对新发展的即使和合理反应。
[B] its wrenching change of computer technologies.
[B] 巨大的变化。
[C] its fragile and inefficient structure.
[C] 脆弱和无效率的策略。
[D] its poor and inflexible management.
[D] 管理较差且不灵活。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章最后一段提到“这两家一直很成功，直到后来个人电脑和分布式计算改变了市场。公司们经历了巨大的变化，但是北加利福尼亚的公司如Hewlett-Packard和施乐要比波士顿附近的公司如“数码设备”和“王”(这些都不复存在了)要更强大些。正如伯克利的AnnaLee Saxenian说的，硅谷的冠军都是机敏的、连成网的，而128路的都是脆弱的、自上而下的官僚机构” ，可见两个不同地区公司的区别，虽然他们都经历了巨大变化，但是硅谷却因为其灵活要比128路公司更为强大，128路的缺陷主要在于官僚机构的僵化。因此，选项中A最为符合。
参考译文：
John Kao是一位创新领导者，十年前被本报称作“发明大王”。现在他担心美国正在逐步丧失世界领导权，成为所有“国家中那个臃肿、自负的底特律”。在他的新书《创新国家》中，他指出了一些危险的信号，比如美国在基础设施上投资不足、在宽带方面启动较慢，以及可怜的公立学校，还有自2001年9月11日以来对移民的过严政策，尽管移民是美国创新的主导力量。他认为，美国需要的是联邦政府大力推动创新，就像计划把人送到月球上的阿波罗太空一样。
Carlson先生是加利福尼亚斯坦福研究院院长，他从自己的第一手经验中深刻理解了硅谷的力量。但是现在他也坚持说美国的信息技术、信息服务和医疗设备产业将要落后。“我预计我们国家将损失成百万的工作岗位，就象20世纪80年代美国公司拒绝采用全面质量管理技术而日本却在这方面走到了前头一样。”他认为，唯一的出路就是 “学习创新技术”， 并在能源科技、生物技术和其他科学领域建立全新的基于知识的产业。
人们很自然地要质疑这些严峻的评论以及要求政府采取行动的迫切呼吁。毕竟，美国依然是创新的领头军。无论评判的标准是在研究方面的费用、注册的专利权的数量，还是不那么切实却非常重要的一些标准，如创业企业的数量、风险投资的水平或新发明的回报等，美国一直处于领先地位。事实上，竞争委员会近日在一个报告中总结说，美国的前景基本上还是光明的。
但是该委员会的创新特别工作组警告说其他国家也投入了巨大的资金，这可能威胁到美国的地位。该小组希望能推动四个领域快速进展：改进科学、工程学和数学教育；欢迎技术移民；加强政府在基础研究上的投入；利用税收鼓励来激励“美国本土创新”。
这些是最明智的建议，因为其针对的都是市场本身不能提供的结构条件和基础设施。这些建议的偏颇之处就在于要求给受惠的企业一些特别的补贴或减税（如在全球创造网络世界中支持“美国本地”的创新）。总之，必须得允许熊彼特创造性摧毁力量发挥自己的威力。
面对破坏性力量的灵活性使得硅谷比起最有竞争力的高科技对手——波士顿128路科技廊略胜一筹。这两家一直很成功，直到后来个人电脑和分布式计算改变了市场，使得公司们经历了巨大的变化，但是北加利福尼亚的公司如Hewlett-Packard和施乐要比波士顿附近的公司如“数码设备”和“王”(这些都不复存在了)要更强大些。正如伯克利的AnnaLee Saxenian所说，硅谷的冠军都是机敏的、连成网络的，而128路的都是脆弱的、自上而下的官僚机构。
UNIT FOURTEEN
TEXT ONE
When times get tough, people with an abundance of disposable income are inclined to keep disposing of it while the rest of us are forced to keep our thinner wallets in our pockets. With that in mind, Tobias Levkovich, Citigroup's chief United States equity strategist, has created the Living Large Index, comprising stocks of businesses that cater to affluent consumers. Profits and share prices of luxury-goods makers, higher-end retailers and travel and entertainment companies should hold up even if businesses serving them suffer from difficult economic conditions, he said.
The index is a new creation, but back-testing shows that building a portfolio from its component stocks would have been a far more lucrative long-term strategy than mimicking the Standard & Poor's 500-stock index. A $100 investment in Living Large at the end of 1995 would have grown to $1,013 by Oct. 31, compared with $252 for the S.& P. No wonder the logic behind the index wins high marks from investment advisers. ''It certainly makes sense conceptually,'' said Charles L. Norton, manager of the Vice fund, which invests in companies like tobacco makers, gambling emporiums and purveyors of alcohol. ''Usually in a recession, people at the lower end of the food chain are hurt most and so those catering to the luxury end tend to be relatively insulated.'' Mr. Norton holds one index constituent, Wynn, the owner of casinos, including one in Macao that has become a popular destination for Asian gamblers. Asia is expected to be a source of tremendous growth for the gambling industry.
If catering to well-heeled Americans is profitable, doing the same for wealthy people around the globe may be even more so. As economies develop, the number of rich people soars, and they have the same expensive tastes as Americans do. ''The next big frontier for many of these luxury retailers is emerging countries, where growth is faster and the number of affluent people is growing even faster,'' said Andrew Peck, manager of the Baron Asset fund.'' There are opportunities ahead for them in markets like China and India, where many new millionaires are being created every day.'' He expects Wynn and Tiffany to benefit from those opportunities, along with a retailer not in Mr. Levkovich's index, Polo Ralph Lauren.
John Buckingham, chief investment officer of Al Frank Asset Management, recently recommended Nordstrom and Callaway Golf. He cautioned against depending on them and other Living Large stocks to hold their value if weakness persists in the economy and stock market, however. Much of their sales come from so-called aspirational buyers, those who hope to be affluent one day but are not yet in that category. The already affluent can afford cruises and top-name accessories when times are tough; the would-be affluent cannot. He noted that some of the index companies, notably Coach, Tiffany and Nordstrom, have recently reported earnings lower than analysts' estimates, a result of ''aspirational buyers' slowing their purchases.
Mr. Peck's quibble is with the selection of companies from disparate industries to create an index that purports to track a single phenomenon. Their share prices may be driven by myriad factors other than the appeal of their products and services to affluent consumers, he said. Still, the index ''makes intuitive sense to me, within reason,'' he said. ''As a result of gains on Wall Street and a reduction of the top tax rate, the rich are getting richer. They are going to continue to be able to afford luxuries.''
1. When times get tough, rich people will probably_____
[A] keep an indifferent attitude towards whatever the change is.
[B] reduce their expenditure on luxury products but to a lesser degree than common people.
[C] tend to have their purchase power enhanced.
[D] have no change in their affluent spending.
2. The word “lucrative” (Line 2 Paragraph 2) most probably means_____
[A] profitable.
[B] mature.
[C] reasonable.
[D] intuitive.
3. Towards the prospect of the Living Large Index, Charles L. Norton’s attitude can be said to be _____
[A] positive.
[B] negative.
[C] indifferent.
[D] unclear.
4. Which one of the following is NOT true of John Buckingham?
[A] He did not suggest people to buy Living Large stocks recently.
[B] He thought the Living Large Index could not be immune from the weak economy condition
[C] He thought would-be affluent would reduce their expenditure on luxury when times are tough
[D] He thought it was dangerous to buy Living Large stocks if economy continues to deteriorate
5. Of the Living Large Index, Mr. Peck’s opinion is _____
[A] that the index itself is intuitive rather than reasonable.
[B] that there exist certain problem in selecting the component companies.
[C] that the logic behind the index is not reasonable.
[D] that the index cannot reflect the share prices exactly.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了股票新指数Living Large指数的情况。第一段讲述Living Large 指数的基本情况；第二段讲述投资该指数回报丰厚的原因；第三段讲述一些奢侈品公司可以关注美国之外新兴国家的富人需求；第四段讲述John Buckingham对于该指数的意见；第五段讲述Peck先生对于该指数的意见。
词汇注释：
portfolio n. 证券组合 lucrative adj. 有利的，有利润的
emporium n. 商场，商业中心 purveyor n. 承办商
casino n. 娱乐场 well-heeled adj. 富有的
quibb n. 吹毛求疵的意见
难句突破：
With that in mind, Tobias Levkovich, Citigroup's chief United States equity strategist, has created the Living Large Index, comprising stocks of businesses that cater to affluent consumers.
[主体句式] With that mind, Tobias Levkovich has created the Living Large Index.
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，Citigroup’s…是作为主语的同位语；comprising…现在分词结构修饰前面the Living Large Index。
[句子译文] 发现这一点后，花期银行的美国首席资产策略师Tobias Levkovich发明了Living Large指数，该指数由专为富裕顾客提供的商品股票组成。
He noted that some of the index companies, notably Coach, Tiffany and Nordstrom, have recently reported earnings lower than analysts' estimates, a result of ''aspirational buyers' slowing their purchases.
[主体句式] He noted that some have recently reported…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，宾语从句中，notably Coach, Tiffany and Nordstrom是主语的同位语；该宾语从句中，a result of…是前面earnings lower than…的同位语。
[句子译文] 他提到该指数的一些公司，特别是Coach, Tiffany和Nordstrom最近的收入比分析家预计的要少，这主要是因为“渴望购买者 ”的购买下降了。
题目分析：
1. When times get tough, rich people will probably_____
1. 如果经济衰退的话，富人可能会_____
[A] keep an indifferent attitude towards whatever the change is.
[A] 无论发生任何变化都持无所谓的态度。
[B] reduce their expenditure on luxury products but to a lesser degree than common people.
[B] 减少在奢侈物品上的支出，但减少的幅度比普通人要小。
[C] tend to have their purchase power enhanced.
[C] 倾向于增强他们的购买力。
[D] have no change in their affluent spending.
[D] 在消费方面没有改变。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第一段提到，当日子变得紧巴巴时，拥有大笔可支付收入的人倾向于继续花钱。从文章的多处也可以看到，富人们在经济萧条时并不会减少自己的消费，仍然购买奢侈品。显然选项B是错误的，而选项中D符合题意。A选项是错误的，因为文章没有具体说明富人们的态度问题。C选项也是一个干扰选项，人们的购买力不是买更多的东西就可以增强的，而是取决于各种因素，而文章并没有提及这些因素。
2. The word “lucrative” (Line 2 Paragraph 2) most probably means_____
2. “lucrative”(第二段第二行)最有可能的意思是_____
[A] profitable.
[A] 可赚钱的。
[B] mature.
[B] 成熟的。
[C] reasonable.
[C] 合理的。
[D] intuitive.
[D] 直觉的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，“The index is a new creation, but back-testing shows that building a portfolio from its component stocks would have been a far more lucrative long-term strategy than mimicking the Standard & Poor's 500-stock index”（这个指数是个新发明，但后来的实验表明用其成分证券建立证券组合是个长期策略，要比模仿标准普尔500指数更为有利），也就是说，100美元投资于Living Large要比投资S.& P.回报更多，更能赚多的钱，因此，选项中A最为符合题意。
3. Towards the prospect of the Living Large Index, Charles L. Norton’s attitude can be said to be _____
3. 对于Living Large指数，Charles L. Norton的态度可以说是_____
[A] positive.
[A] 肯定的。
[B] negative.
[B] 否定的。
[C] indifferent.
[C] 无所谓的。
[D] unclear.
[D] 不清楚的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第二段提到了Charles L. Norton称这样的指数从理论上有一定的意义，而且前面提到投资顾问都为该指数的基本原理打了高分，而Charles的观点可以看出是一个辅证。因此，Charles对该指数持肯定态度，正确答案为A选项。
4. Which one of the following is NOT true of John Buckingham?
4. 关于John Buckingham, 下列哪个陈述是错误的？
[A] He did not suggest people to buy Living Large stocks recently.
[A] 他建议人们最近不要购买Living Large股票。
[B] He thought the Living Large Index could not be immune from the weak economy condition.
[B] 他认为Living Large指数不能避免经济衰退状况的影响。
[C] He thought would-be affluent would reduce their expenditure on luxury when times are tough.
[C] 他认为未来的富有者在经济衰退时会减少在奢侈品方面的消费。
[D] He thought it was dangerous to buy Living Large stocks if economy continues to deteriorate.
[D]他认为如果经济持续恶化的话，购买Living Large股票是危险的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第四段中提到了John Buckingham的观点，A, 第四段开头就提到他最近推荐了Nordstrom和Callaway Golf的股票；B，他提到了如果经济不景气了，一些未来才能富有的人就会减少奢侈品上的消费，该指数会受到影响；C，这点第四段提到了；D，第四段也提到了他认为如果经济弱势不该，那么靠这些股票来保值是有风险的。因此，A选项的陈述是错误的，因而是正确答案。
5. Of the Living Large Index, Mr. Peck’s opinion is _____
5. 对于Living Large指数，Peck先生的观点为_____
[A] that the index itself is intuitive rather than reasonable.
[A] 该指数是直觉意义上的，不是理性意义上的。
[B] that there exist certain problem in selecting the component companies.
[B] 在选择成分公司时存在一定的问题。
[C] that the logic behind the index is not reasonable.
[C] 该指数的逻辑是不合理的。
[D] that the index cannot reflect the share prices exactly.
[D] 该指数不能精确反映股票价格。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章最后一段提到了Peck先生的观点，他对完全不同类的产业中选取了一些公司组成一个指出来监察一种现象有一些意见，因此B选项是正确的。A选项，原文的意思应该是Peck先生直觉上感到该指数是合理的。
参考译文：
当日子变得紧巴巴的时候，拥有大笔可支付收入的人们倾向于继续花钱，而我们其他人就不得不勒紧腰带了。发现这一点后，花期银行的美国首席资产策略师Tobias Levkovich发明了Living Large指数，该指数由专为富裕顾客提供的商品股票组成。他称即使受到经济情况的影响，奢侈品制造商、高端商品零售商旅游娱乐公司的利润和股票价格应该能支撑下去。
这个指数是个新发明，但后来的实验表明用该指数的成分证券建立的证券组合是个长期策略，要比模仿标准普尔500指数更为有利。如果1995年将100美元投资于Living Large，到10月31日已经增长到了1013美元，而投资S.& P.仅仅是252美元。因此，投资顾问为该指数的基本原理打了高分。“从理论上来讲有一定的意义，”Vice基金主席Charles L. Norton这样说，该基金投资于烟草制造商、博彩中心和酒类承办商。“在经济衰退时，一般来说，食物链底端的人们受损最多，而供给富人的商品相对损失要小得多。” Norton先生拥有一家该指数的组成证券——Wym, 这是一家赌场业主，包括在澳门的一家赌场，目前澳门已经成为受亚洲博彩者欢迎的地方了。亚洲可望成为博彩业迅速发展的源头。
如果说迎合富有的美国人可以获得丰厚的利润，那么对于全球的富人来说也是一样。随着经济的发展，富人数量迅猛增加，他们和美国人一样有着奢侈的品位。“对于许多奢侈品零售商来说，下一个大的前沿阵地就是新兴崛起的国家，这些国家发展迅速，富人数量增长迅猛。”Baron资产基金经理Andrew Peck说道。“像中国和印度这样的国家里有的是机会，在那里每天都有百万富翁诞生。”他希望Wym和Tiffany可以从这些机会中获利，以及另一家不属于Levkovich指数的零售商——Polo Ralph Lauren.
Al Frank资产管理的首席投资官John Buckingham最近推荐了Nordstrom和Callaway Golf。他认为，如果经济和证券市场弱势不变的话，依靠它们和其他Living Large证券来保值是有风险的。它们大部分的销售额来自所谓的渴望购买者，这些人希望今后某一天可以富有，但目前还不是这样。已经富有的人们有能力购买游艇以及一线品牌商品，但是如果经济不景气，那些将来的富有人群就不会再去购买这些商品了。他提到该指数的一些公司，特别是Coach, Tiffany和Nordstrom最近的收入比分析家预计的要少，这主要是因为“渴望购买者 ”的购买下降了。
Peck先生质疑针对从完全不同类的产业中选取一些公司组成的一个指数，并由此监督某一现象。他认为这些证券的价格是由多种因素制约的，而不单单是因为其产品、服务受到富有消费者的亲睐。但是，该指数“对我来说在直觉上是有道理的，”他这样说，“随着华尔街收入增加以及重要税收的削减，富人们变得更加富有了。他们会一直有能力够买奢侈品。”
TEXT TWO
Here is a plea to save the English parish church, still standing after the convulsions of the Reformation, the English civil war and social alteration. Roy Strong would like to see the churches preserved, just as he strove to preserve English country houses and country gardens while he was director of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London in the 1970s.
Early worship by Christians was deeply spiritual, ritualistic and physical. Images of saints adorned the walls of the church, where parishioners came for all the sacraments that represented the life cycle of ordinary people. Feast days and saints' days were many, the congregation stood during services, coming and going, talking and kneeling. The building boom of elaborately beautiful churches reached its height in the 14th and 15th centuries.
The Reformation began in the 1530s, but lasted way beyond Thomas Cromwell's dissolution of the monasteries, with the government of evangelical Edward VI continuing the work of stripping the churches and banning ritual. Worshippers were ordered to cease their devotions to images or relics, or “kissing or licking the same”. What the parishioner lost was enormous. The church was the meeting place for the community as well as a place of worship. Churchgoers were left to stare at a whitewashed wall, or an empty niche where a statue of the Virgin once stood. People were forced to give up religious ceremonies practised for 1,000 years. It is surprising how little rebellion there was.
Yet these upheavals were nothing, Sir Roy claims, in comparison to the puritanical purges of the civil war, during the mid-1600s, which devastated not only the fabric of the church but also the social communion of the congregation. Moreover, the loss of income, particularly from banning the making and selling of church ales, meant that the buildings started to crumble. The book's illustrations show churches stripped bare and others in which the gaudy tombs of the elite have replaced images of saints. A reusable coffin from the civil-war period (shown above) is an unfortunate early sign of recycling.
The Georgian era was not just a peaceful one for the church, but also an apparently lackadaisical one. Churches were restored and “exuded the light and clarity of the age of Enlightenment”. Most welcome of all, there was a return to music, introduced gently, so as not to bear the faintest whiff of popery. The aristocracy ran the parish church, their tenant farmers and workers making up the congregation. Plaques and family pews proliferated; the gentry even had their own fireplaces in some churches. They nearly always grabbed the job of clergyman for their sons. One historian called it “the age of negligence”, as the clergy distanced themselves from the congregation and absented themselves from their pastoral ministry.
Sir Roy ends with the church facing an uncertain future in the 21st century. He does indeed cover the whole story in a relatively “little” book. For his account of the Reformation, he draws from Eamon Duffy's “The Stripping of the Altars” (Yale, 1992). And this is ideal further reading for those keen to find out more.
1. The book mentioned in this passage is most probably _____
[A] a plea to save the English parish church.
[B] on the ups and downs of the English parish church.
[C] about the change of design and style of the English parish church.
[D] on the history of the English parish church since the beginning of Christianity.
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the Reformation?
[A] The Reformation was not ended until Thomas Cromwell’s dissolution of the monasteries.
[B] The government of Edward VI was not against the Reformation.
[C] The Reformation was carried out so as to banish the religious belief.
[D] The Reformation was causing less damage than the civil war to the church.
3 The puritanical purges in civil war are different from the Reformation in affecting the church in the following aspects except_____
[A] destroying the social communion of the church.
[B] cutting off the earnings of the church.
[C] devastated the buildings.
[D] banning the sale of church ales.
4. The Georgian ear was called by one historian as “the age of negligence” because_____
[A] the aristocracy neglected the presence of the clergy.
[B] the clergy did not fun_ction their duty.
[C] the churches were neglected by the Reformation.
[D] the aristocracy disregarded the original ceremonies.
5. In the last sentence of this passage, “this” refers to _____
[A] “The Stripping of the Altars”.
[B] Sir Roy’s “little” book.
[C] Sir Roy’s account of the Reformation.
[D] the history of the parish church. 文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了Roy Strong关于英国教区教堂的一本书。第一段从介绍Roy Strong希望保存教区教堂来引出他写的书；第二段介绍书中所写的教堂早期的情形；第三段讲述宗教改革对教堂的破坏；第四段讲述内战期间清教徒清除对教堂的影响；第五段讲述乔治王时期教堂的情况；第六段讲述该书的结尾。
词汇注释:
convulsion n. 动乱 parishioner n. 教区居民
sacrament n. 圣礼 congregation n. 集合人
evangelical adj. 新教派的 purge n. 清肃
ale n.麦酒 gaudy adj. 浮华的
lackadaisical adj. 没有生气的 popery n. 天主教
plaque n. 匾额 pew n. 教堂内的靠背长凳
gentry n. 贵族
难句突破：
The Reformation began in the 1530s, but lasted way beyond Thomas Cromwell's dissolution of the monasteries, with the government of evangelical Edward VI continuing the work of stripping the churches and banning ritual.
[主体句式] The Reformation began…, but lasted…
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，有两个并列的谓语，后面with…是伴随状语。
[句子译文] 宗教改革于16世纪30年代开始，到了克伦威尔解散了修道院后还一致延续，后来新教派爱德华六世政府继续拆除教堂、禁止宗教仪式。
Yet these upheavals were nothing, Sir Roy claims, in comparison to the puritanical purges of the civil war, during the mid-1600s, which devastated not only the fabric of the church but also the social communion of the congregation.
[主体句式] Yet these upheavals were nothing, Sir Roy claims.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，in comparison to …是句子的状语；during the …是修饰the civil war的；which引导的定语从句是修饰the puritanical purges的。
[句子译文] 但是比起17世纪中叶内战期间的清教徒运动，这些都算不了什么。清教徒运动不仅毁坏了教堂的建筑物，而且摧毁了圣会的社会团体。
1. The book mentioned in this passage is most probably _____
1. 文章中提到的这本书最有可能是_____
[A] a plea to save the English parish church.
[A] 拯救英国教区教堂的请愿书。
[B] on the ups and downs of the English parish church.
[B] 关于英国教区教堂的兴衰。
[C] about the change of design and style of the English parish church.
[C] 关于英国教区教堂的设计和风格的变化。
[D] on the history of the English parish church since the beginning of Christianity.
[D] 关于从基督教早期开始英国教区教堂的历史。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 主旨题。本篇文章其实就是对这本书内容的一个简略概括，主要讲述了英国教区教堂兴衰的历史；而文章第一段开头就提出这是要拯救英国教区教堂的请愿书，其实是对该书一个方面的概括，并不是全部的内容，也可以看作是一个比喻，因此A选项错误，而选项中B最为符合题意。
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the Reformation?
2. 关于宗教改革，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] The Reformation was not ended until Thomas Cromwell’s dissolution of the monasteries.
[A] 宗教改革直到克伦威尔解散了修道院之后才结束。
[B] The government of Edward VI was not against the Reformation.
[B] 爱德华六世的政府不反对宗教改革。
[C] The Reformation was carried out so as to banish the religious belief.
[C] 执行宗教改革是为了消除宗教信仰。
[D] The Reformation was causing less damage than the civil war to the church.
[D] 宗教改革对教堂造成的损失比起内战来要少一些。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A, 由文章第三段可以看出宗教改革是一直延续到爱德华六世的；选项B，第三段提到了爱德华继续拆除教堂，禁止宗教仪式，他的政府继续实施了宗教改革，该陈述正确。选向C，从文章可以看出，宗教改革并不是要消除信仰，而是要改变宗教的一些仪式；选项D，第四段提到，宗教改革相对于内战期间的请教徒清理来说不算什么，但是这不是内战引起的，而是具体的宗教活动引起的。因此，只有B选项是正确答案。
3 The puritanical purges in civil war are different from the Reformation in affecting the church in the following aspects except_____
3. 内战期间的请教徒清理和宗教改革影响教堂的不同之处是除了_____以外的选项。
[A] destroying the social communion of the church.
[A] 损坏了教堂的社会团体
[B] cutting off the earnings of the church.
[B] 切断了教堂的收入
[C] devastating the buildings.
[C] 损坏了建筑物
[D] banning the sale of church ales.
[D] 禁止教堂出卖麦酒
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。从第四段可以看出，内战期间的清教徒清除更是实质性的损坏，而宗教改革更注重形式上的破坏，选项A、B、D都在第四段中提及了，C是宗教改革也有的内容。因此，答案为C选项。
4. The Georgian ear was called by one historian as “the age of negligence” because_____
4. 乔治王时代被一位历史学家称作“失职时代”是因为_____
[A] the aristocracy neglected the presence of the clergy.
[A] 贵族忽视了牧师的存在。
[B] the clergy did not fun_ction their duty.
[B] 牧师没有行使自己的职责。
[C] the churches were neglected by the Reformation.
[C] 教堂被宗教改革忽略了。
[D] the aristocracy disregarded the original ceremonies.
[D] 贵族忽略了原来的仪式。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第五段提到贵族自己组成圣会，还让自己的儿子担任牧师工作。提到将这段时期成为“失职时代”，后文作了解释，因此牧师们远离了圣会。关键要注意negligence这个词有许多意思，而这里主要指牧师没有履行职责，因此B选项为正确答案。
5. In the last sentence of this passage, “this” refers to _____
5. 在文章的最后一句中，“这个”指的是_____
[A] “The Stripping of the Altars”.
[A] 《圣坛的脱落》。
[B] Sir Roy’s “little” book.
[B] Roy爵士的“小”书。
[C] Sir Roy’s account of the Reformation.
[C] Roy爵士对于宗教改革的描述。
[D] the history of the parish church.
[D] 教会的教堂历史。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。最后一句是，他对于宗教改革的描述引用自Eamon Duffy的《圣坛的脱落》，如果有人希望了解得更多，这本书是比较理想的作品。那么可以看出，这里指的是如果读者希望了解更多的关于宗教改革的情况可以看这本书，也就是《圣坛的脱落》。
参考译文:
这是一个拯救英国教区教堂的请求，这些教堂虽然经历了宗教改革、英国内战和社会变革的洗礼，但仍然屹立如初。Roy Strong希望看到这些教堂能够保存下来，就像他在20世纪70年代担任伦敦维多利亚和艾伯特博物馆馆长时努力保护了乡村住宅和乡村花园一样。
基督徒早期的崇拜是精神层面的，注重仪式。教堂的墙壁上装饰有圣人的画像，教区居民参加所有代表普通人生命轮回的圣礼。有许多欢庆日和圣人节，参加集会的人们在仪式中站立，来来回回走动，或谈话，或下跪。这种建造精美教堂的趋势在14世纪和15世纪达到了极盛。
宗教改革于16世纪30年代开始，到了克伦威尔解散了修道院后还一致延续，后来新教派爱德华六世政府继续拆除教堂、禁止宗教仪式。禁止教徒对画像或遗迹表达宗教热情，也不允许“亲吻或舔类似的物品”。教区居民的损失是巨大的。教堂是社团聚集地，也是做礼拜的地方。但此后经常做礼拜的人只好凝视着刷白的墙壁、或空空的壁龛，那里原来竖立着圣母玛丽亚的塑像。人们被迫放弃了宗教礼仪达1000年。奇怪的是几乎没有什么反抗。
但是比起17世纪中叶内战期间的清教徒运动，这些都算不了什么。清教徒运动不仅毁坏了教堂的建筑物，而且摧毁了圣会的社会团体。此外，收入的减少，尤其是禁止制造和出售教堂的麦酒，意味着教堂开始走上消亡之路了。这本书的插图显示了被剥夺得一无所有的教堂，或是奢侈的精英之墓代替了圣者的画像。内战时期可以循环使用的棺材就是这种不幸的早期迹象。
乔治王时代对于教堂不仅是一段平静时光，而且也是明显没有生气的一段时间。教堂被保留了下来，甚至“散发着启蒙时代的光彩”。最令人高兴的是又恢复了音乐，而且是逐渐恢复的，以免沾染上天主教的气息。贵族主持着教区教堂，他们的佃户和雇工组成了圣会。匾额和教堂里的家庭靠背长凳多了起来，乡绅们甚至在一些教堂里安放自己的壁炉。他们经常将牧师的工作交给自己的儿子。一位历史学家将这段时期称作“失职时期”，因为牧师们都远离了圣会，也从教会团体中淡出了。
Roy爵士的结尾是教堂在21世纪面临的未知未来。实际上他在比较“小”的一本书中概括了整个故事。他对于宗教改革的描述引用自Eamon Duffy的《圣坛的脱落》，如果有人希望了解得更多，这本书是比较理想的作品。
TEXT THREE
In the 1990s New York City's success in cutting crime became a model for America and the world. Innovative policing methods, guided by the “broken windows” philosophy of cracking down on minor offences to encourage a culture of lawfulness, showed that a seemingly hopeless situation could be turned around. It made the name of the mayor, Rudy Giuliani, now a presidential aspirant.
Hopeless is how many people feel about America's government-funded public schools, particularly in the dodgier parts of big cities, where graduation rates are shockingly low and many fail to achieve basic levels of literacy and numeracy. As with urban crime, failing urban schools are preoccupying countries the world over. And just as New York pointed the way on fighting crime, under another mayor, Michael Bloomberg, it is now emerging as a model for school reform.
On November 5th Mr Bloomberg announced a new “report card” for the city's schools, designed to make them accountable for their performance. The highest-graded schools will get an increased budget and perhaps a bonus for the principal. Schools that fail will not be tolerated: unless their performance improves, their principals will be fired, and if that does not do the trick, they will be closed. This is the culmination of a series of reforms that began when Mr Bloomberg campaigned for, and won, direct control of the school system after becoming mayor in 2002. Even before the “report cards”, there have been impressive signs of improvement, including higher test scores and better graduation rates.
Mr Bloomberg has not been as brave with schools as Mr Giuliani was with crime. Oddly given his belief in competition, the former media mogul shunned the most radical option—vouchers that allow parents to shop around beyond the public-schools system for their children's education. On the other hand, even supporters of school choice, like this newspaper, have to admit it is proving hard to sell. Nor has Mr Bloomberg made a big push to introduce large numbers of independent charter schools as exist, say, in Los Angeles.
Against this, Mr Bloomberg has provided an example of what a mayor with control of schools can do even without embracing such controversial ideas. He has avoided inflammatory political terms—“merit pay” and “vouchers” are red rags to teachers' unions. Instead, by using the carrot of pay rises to extract performance concessions from principals and teachers, and by persuading philanthropists such as Bill Gates to pay for innovations that might be hard to sell to the public if the public had to pay for them, he has put in place a system based on transparency, accountability and competition that he hopes will achieve much the same effect.
Will it? A lot will depend on whether Mr Bloomberg's actions continue to match his tough talk. Unless bad schools are indeed closed, his scheme will be as much good as a blackboard with no chalk. But there are some parallels with Mr Giuliani's crime reforms. For the New York Police Department's giant CompStat database, which provided useful insight into crime patterns, read a new schools information system for students, parents, teachers and schools administrators designed by IBM. For the concept of making precinct police captains personally accountable for reducing crime, read the grading of schools and firing of failing principals.
1. Which one of the following actions may be carried out according to the “broken windows” philosophy?
[A] The police work hard on hopeless offences to create a lawful culture.
[B] The police make the punishment harsher for all kinds of crime.
[C] People are encouraged to give an immediate report about the crime nearby.
[D] Burglars are given a severe punishment.
2. The poor performance of America’s government-funded public schools in big cities is most probably due to_____
[A] a rampant growth of the urban crime.
[B] low rate of graduation and student literacy.
[C] the poor management of the schools in terms of teaching method and teacher qualification.
[D] certain reasons which are not mentioned in the passage.
3. Which one of the following is TURE of Mr Bloomberg’s reform on publcih schools?
[A] He was encouraged to establish a transparent and accountable system without controversial ideas.
[B] He was intentionally copying Mr Giuliani’s models in most aspects.
[C] He was moderate in taking measures to change the schools system.
[D] He adopted measures that were difficult for people to understand.
4. The phrase “red rag” (Line 3, Paragraph 5) most probably means______
[A] the bottom line.
[B] controversial ideas.
[C] irritative factors.
[D] sensitive topics.
5. Mr. Bloomberg’s scheme is compared to a blackboard with no chalk because_____
[A] his scheme is only empty talk.
[B] his scheme has not been implemented.
[C] his scheme sounds too good to be true.
[D] his scheme awaits to be rectified.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了纽约市市长在公立学校方面的改革。第一段讲述纽约市前市长在打击罪犯方面的改革成功事例；第二段讲述美国公立学校目前状况堪忧，而现任市长正在进行改革；第三、四、五段讲述他改革具体的方法和策略；第六段讲述改革成效有待实际来证明，也提到了两位市长在改革方面有一些相似点。
词汇注释：
dodgy adj. 危险的，难以管理的 mogul n. 显要人物
shun v. 避免，避开 voucher n. 证书
inflammatory adj. 煽动性的 philanthropist n. 慈善家
precinct n. 区域，范围
难句突破：
Innovative policing methods, guided by the “broken windows” philosophy of cracking down on minor offences to encourage a culture of lawfulness, showed that a seemingly hopeless situation could be turned around.
[主体句式] Innovative policing methods showed that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，带有一个宾语从句；guided by…是过去分词短语作主语的定语。
[句子译文] 新型的治安方法以“破窗户”原理指导，严厉打击小规模犯罪行为，鼓励遵纪守法的文化，这说明看起来没有希望的情形仍可以被扭转过来。
(2) Instead, by using the carrot of pay rises to extract performance concessions from principals and teachers, and by persuading philanthropists such as Bill Gates to pay for innovations that might be hard to sell to the public if the public had to pay for them, he has put in place a system based on transparency, accountability and competition that he hopes will achieve much the same effect.
[主体句式] Instead, he has put in place a system…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，两个by组成的结构是句子的方式状语，第二个结构比较复杂；that引导的定语从句用来修饰innovations; 在该定语从句中，if引导的条件状语从句做句子的状语；最后面的that引导的定语从句是用来修饰a system的。
[句子译文] 可以使用增加工资的方法来取得学生和老师之间的妥协，对于那些需要公众付费才能使用而一般难有销路的发明创造，就可以说服象比尔·盖茨那样的慈善家买单，Bloomberg 已经通过这些方法将这个基于透明、责任心和竞争力的体系安置妥当了，可望能够达到同样的效果。
题目分析：
1. Which one of the following actions may be carried out according to the “broken windows” philosophy?
1. 下列哪个行动是根据“破窗户”原理实施的？
[A] The police work hard on hopeless offenses to create a lawful culture.
[A] 警察努力工作解决那些看起来没有希望破获的犯罪案例，以创造一个法治的文化。
[B] The police make the punishment harsher for all kinds of crime.
[B] 警察对所有形式的犯罪采取更为严厉的惩戒办法。
[C] People are encouraged to give an immediate report about the crime nearby.
[C] 鼓励人们看到周围的犯罪行为后马上报告。
[D] Burglars are given a severe punishment.
[D] 给夜盗以严厉的惩罚。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推力题。本题的关键在于理解“破窗户”原理的含义，文章第一段提到，该原理就是严厉打击小的犯罪，从而营造一种遵纪守法的文化。那么，这四个选项中，只有D选项是严厉打击小犯罪活动的，因此是正确答案。A选项具有较强的干扰性，所谓“hopeless offenses”并不仅仅指小犯罪活动，因此该选项错误。B选项的错误也是由于同样的原因，因为所针对的不是所有形式的犯罪。C选项则与题干的意思无关。
2. The poor performance of America’s government-funded public schools in big cities are most probably due to_____
2. 美国政府资助的在大城市公立学校成绩不佳的原因最有可能是_____
[A] a rampant growth of the urban crime.
[A] 城市犯罪猖獗。
[B] low rate of graduation and student literacy.
[B] 学生毕业率低、识字率低。
[C] the poor management of the schools in terms of teaching method and teacher qualification.
[C] 由于教学方法差和教师素质低而导致的学校管理较差。
[D] certain reasons which are not mentioned in the passage.
[D] 文章没有提到的某些原因。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。纵观全文，其实文章中对于公立学校为什么成绩差的原因并没有说明，而是着重讲述改革的方法。因此，答案为D选项，而其他三个选项均是混淆视听的干扰选项。
3. Which one of the following is TURE of Mr Bloomberg’s reform on publcih schools?
3. 关于Bloomberg对于公立学校的改革，下列哪个选项是正确的？
[A] He was encouraged to establish a transparent and accountable system without controversial ideas.
[A] 他鼓励建立一个透明和负责的没有争端的系统。
[B] He was intentionally copying Mr Giuliani’s models in most aspects.
[B] 在很多方面他有意模仿Giuliani先生的模式。
[C] He was moderate in taking measures to change the schools system.
[C] 他在采取改革措施比较温和。
[D] He adopted measures that were difficult for people to understand.
[D] 他采取了一些人们难以理解的措施。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，第五段末尾提到“他已经通过这些方法将基于透明、责任心和竞争力的一个体系安置妥当”，然而该段开头也提到了“Bloomberg先生用自己的行动证明了即使不采取这些有争议的方法”，这说明其实他的方法是存在争议的，由此可见该陈述错误；选项B，文章最后一段虽然提到他们两个改革有相似之处，但也仅限于两点，而且也不一定是Bloomberg先生故意模仿；选C，第四段提到，Bloomberg先生改革的勇气比不上Giuliani先生打击犯罪改革的勇气，可见他风格并不激进和大胆，后面又提到他避免有争议的做法，而选择了更为稳妥的方案。因此，可以看出他比较稳健，该陈述正确；选D, 这点文章没有提及。因此，C选项为正确答案。
4. The phrase “red rag” (Line 3, Paragraph 5) most probably means______
4. “red rag” (第五段第三行)最有可能的意思为_____
[A] the bottom line.
[A] 底线。
[B] controversial ideas.
[B] 有争议的主意。
[C] irritative factors.
[C] 引人发怒的因素。
[D] sensitive topics.
[D] 敏感的话题。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 推力题。第五段提到，Bloomberg先生没有采取“活动付酬”和“书面许书”；有上一段可以看出，“书面许书”会让家长选择公立学校之外的教育资源，这样公立学校老师就面对巨大的压力，那么教师肯定对此采取一种反抗态度，因此，选项中C最为符合这个意思。
5. Mr. Bloomberg’s scheme is compared to a blackboard with no chalk because_____
5. Bloomberg的方案被比作没有粉笔的黑板，这是因为_____
[A] his scheme is only empty talk.
[A] 他的方案只是空谈。
[B] his scheme has not been implemented.
[B] 他的方案还没被实施。
[C] his scheme sounds too good to be true.
[C] 他的方案太好了，以至于听起来不像是真的。
[D] his scheme awaits to be rectified.
[D]他的方案等待被核准。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章最后一段提到这些能否实现关键在于Bloomberg先生行动是否和诺言一致，目前看来是好的，因为只是计划，还未落实，好比没有写字的黑板一样，一切都有待书写。因此，选项中B最为符合该题意。
参考译文：
20世纪90年代，纽约市成功降低了犯罪率，成为美国和世界的榜样。新型的治安方法以“破窗户”原理指导，严厉打击小规模犯罪行为，鼓励遵纪守法的文化，这说明看起来没有希望的情形仍可以被扭转过来。这一事件使得纽约市市长Rudy Giuliani一举成名，现在他是总统候选人。
许多人们对于美国政府资助的公立学校都感到失望，特别是大城市中难以管理的地方，那里的毕业率惊人的低，许多学生连最低的读写和算术水平都达不到。和城市犯罪一样，城市学校问题也困扰着世界上的许多国家。正当纽约提出打击犯罪新主张的时候，在新任市长Michael Bloomberg的领导下，纽约正崛起成为学校改革的模范。
11月5日，Bllomberg宣布城市学校中使用一种新的“声誉卡”，促使学校为自己的表现负责。高分学校可以获得更多的经费，甚至学生也会有奖金。而那些表现不佳的学校就不能再放任自流了，除非其成绩可以提高起来，否则就解散学生。如果还不能奏效，那么就得关门。Bloomberg先生于2002年担任市长后，他通过努力并赢得了对学校系统的直接监控权，自此开始了一系列改革，而这次算是达到了顶点。在“声誉卡”实施之前，学校就有显著的进步迹象，比如考试分数有所提高，毕业率也上升了。
Bloomberg先生在学校改革方面的勇气还比不上Giuliani先生在打击犯罪改革方面的勇气。他说对竞争很有信心，但这位前媒体大亨却避开最激进的选择，即发出教育权以允许家长在公立学校系统之外给孩子们选择教育资源。另一方面，即使是像本报这样的择校支持者也得承认很难出售这种教育券。而Bloomberg也没有大力引进洛杉矶现有的大量独立特许学校。
对于这些，Bloomberg先生用自己的行动证明了即使不采取这些有争议的方法，一个对学校拥有控制权的市长可以做些什么。他没有使用那些有煽动性的政治词语，如“活动付酬”和“书面证书”，这些都会激怒教师协会。可以使用增加工资的方法来取得学生和老师之间的妥协，对于那些需要公众付费才能使用而一般难有销路的发明创造，就可以说服象比尔·盖茨那样的慈善家买单，Bloomberg 已经通过这些方法将这个基于透明、责任心和竞争力的体系安置妥当了，可望能够达到同样的效果。
那么这能实现吗？主要还得取决于Bloomberg先生的行动能否一直兑现他坚决的诺言。除非糟糕的学校真的关了门，否则他的计划就像是没有粉笔字的黑板一样，看起来永远都那么好。但是这里也有与Giuliani先生打击犯罪改革相似的地方。纽约警察总局的大型ComStat数据库曾在犯罪类型方面提供了有价值的见解，而由IBM设计的一个为学生、家长、老师和学校管理者服务的全新学校信息系统也已经开始运行了。而让地区警察队长亲自负责降低犯罪率的理念同样也运用到了学校评分和开除表现不好的学生上。
TEXT FOUR
Peter L?scher, the first outsider to become chief executive of Siemens, one of the world's biggest electrical-engineering firms, spent his first three months at the firm travelling and listening. Then on October 4th he announced plans to centralise the conglomerate, reduce its nine divisions to three and downsize its 11-man executive board, which would truncate the power of the company's regional bosses. On the same day Siemens accepted a ?201m ($285m) fine imposed by a court in Munich for bribery by its communications division, forgoing the right to appeal.
The coincidence could mark a turning point in attempts to change the firm's culture and put past scandals behind it. Last November police raided Siemens's offices, starting a scourge on bribery which so far has cost the company its chairman, its chief executive, another board member and its chief compliance officer, as well as at least ?239m in fines and ?179m in tax liabilities (the bribes had been deducted). What is more, in the nine months to June 30th alone, the bill for legal expenses and external advice came to ?188m.
The affair has cost a great deal of management time too. Debevoise & Plimpton, an American law firm, and forensic auditors from Deloitte are still scouring the company for evidence of more irregularities. In America the Department of Justice has two investigations running, and the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) is also examining claims of corruption. Legal proceedings in America alone could cost Siemens billions of dollars, say analysts, although Siemens argues in its most recent quarterly filing with the SEC that its “consolidated financial position should not be materially affected” by the welter of litigation.
Analysts are confident that Siemens will not only survive but benefit from all the upheaval. “Comparable American companies have gone through this, so have Alstom in France and ABB in Sweden, and they have emerged stronger and better run,” says James Stettler of Dresdner Kleinwort, an investment bank.
The three divisions Mr L?scher has unveiled are energy products (such as power turbines and transmission equipment), infrastructure (such as factories and trains) and health care (such as MRI scanners and other clever medical kit). That does not necessarily mean Mr L?scher will sell the businesses that do not fit, such as Osram, a maker of light bulbs, BSH, a joint venture with Bosch in household appliances, and Nokia Siemens Networks, recently formed to build telecom infrastructure.
The company's supervisory board will vet the changes on November 28th. Mr L?scher may have most difficulty winning approval for those that will affect workers in Germany, whose representatives make up half the membership of the 20-strong supervisory board. If he gets his way, however, Mr L?scher's next proposal may be to register Siemens as a Societas Europaea (SE) instead of as a German joint-stock company (AG). That would entail a slimmer supervisory board with reduced representation for German workers, but would give a voice to employees abroad. Other icons of German business, most notably Siemens's Munich neighbour, Allianz, a big insurer, have already made the switch. Mr L?scher is chummy with Paul Achleitner, a member of Allianz's board and a fellow Austrian, with whom he recently stayed for three months.
1. The word “forgoing” (Line 7, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
[A] refusing.
[B] reserving.
[C] withdrawing.
[D] considering.
2. What Mr L?scher will probably do to the three divisions he has unveiled?
[A] He will transfer them to other companies.
[B] He will downsize the executive board of the three divisions.
[C] He will recombine them into large division.
[D] It is not mentioned in the passage.
3. Mr L?scher wants to register Siemens as a SE instead of an AG because_____
[A] he aims to cut the number of German representatives in the supervisory board.
[B] he seeks to centralise the conglomerate.
[C] he wants to include multiple voices of the employees so as to enhance the democracy of the decision-making.
[D] he strives to transform the company into a more international one.
4. Towards the future of Siemens, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____
[A] optimistic.
[B] pessimistic.
[C] neutral.
[D] unclear.
5. By the close relationship between Mr L?scher and Paul Achleitner, the author wants to imply that_____
[A] Siemens will gain great support from Allianz.
[B] Mr L?scher made the decision to have a change under the influence of his friend.
[C] Mr. L?scher wanted switch Siemens into an insurer in the future.
[D] Mr. L?scher greatly valued his friend’s suggestion.
文章剖析：
这篇文章主要介绍了西门子公司新任首席执行官的一些改革举措。第一段讲述新仁首席执行官的缩编计划和西门子接受罚金情况；第二段讲述西门子的过往案件造成了巨大损失，而目前的改革可能会成为公司发展的转折点；第三段讲述目前公司还是被许多法律案件纠缠；第四段讲述分析家们认为西门子经历这些事件后会更加成功；第五段讲述新任首席执行官对于要精简的部门采取的措施；第六段讲述首席执行官采取各种措施以精简管理委员会。
词汇注释:
truncate v. 删减、截短 forgo v. 放弃
scourge n. 惩罚、灾难 deducte v. 扣除
forensic adj. 法院的 welter n. 起伏，翻滚
vet v. 审查 chummy adj. 关系亲密的
难句突破：
Last November police raided Siemens's offices, starting a scourge on bribery which so far has cost the company its chairman, its chief executive, another board member and its chief compliance officer, as well as at least ?239m in fines and ?179m in tax liabilities (the bribes had been deducted).
[主体句式] Last November polic raided Siemens’ officers.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，starting…是句子的伴随状语；在伴随状语中，which引导的定语从句用来修饰前面的scourge。
[句子译文] 去年11月，警察突然搜查西门子办公室，开始了一场关于行贿受贿审查的灾祸，导致该公司的主席、首席执行官、董事会另一个成员和其首席税务官都被罢免，罚金最少有两亿三千九百万欧元，还有一亿七千九百万欧元的税收债务（贿赂金已经扣除）。
(2) Legal proceedings in America alone could cost Siemens billions of dollars, say analysts, although Siemens argues in its most recent quarterly filing with the SEC that its “consolidated financial position should not be materially affected” by the welter of litigation.
[主体句式] Legal proceedings could cost …, say analysts, although…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，宾语从句被say analysts分割为两个部分；宾语从句个并列句，后面的分句中，that…引导的是宾语从句，in its most recent quarterly filing with the SEC是状语。
[句子译文] 分析家称仅美国法律诉讼就要耗费西门子几百万美元，虽然最近与安全与交流委员会进行的季度档案整理中西门子认为其“巩固的金融地位不应当因为不断的诉讼受到实质性影响”。
题目分析：
1. The word “forgoing” (Line 7, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
“forgoing”（第一段第七行）最有可能的意思为_____
[A] refusing.
[A] 拒绝。
[B] reserving.
[B] 保留。
[C] withdrawing.
[C] 撤销。
[D] considering.
[D] 考虑。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，西门子已经接受了罚金，而从文章其余部分来看它也比较积极地处理了这些法律纠纷。因此，最有可能的就是它放弃了申诉的权利。答案为C选项。
2. What Mr L?scher will probably do to the three divisions he has unveiled?
2．L?scher先生对于自己公布的三家公司将会采取什么措施？
[A] He will transfer them to other companies.
[A] 他将转让给其他公司。
[B] He will downsize the executive board of the three divisions.
[B] 他将缩小三家公司的执行董事会。
[C] He will recombine them into large division.
[C] 他将会把它们合并为更大的公司。
[D] It is not mentioned in the passage.
[D] 文章没有提及。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。关于对三家公司的处置，在第五段中提到并不一定会出售那些不适合的企业，但是根据第一段这三家公司肯定是要裁减掉的，但是具体以哪种方式文章并未提及，因此答案为D选项。
3. Mr L?scher wants to register Siemens as a SE instead of an AG because_____
3.L?scher先生想要把西门子公司注册为SE而不是德国合资公司是因为_____
[A] he aims to cut the number of German representatives in the supervisory board.
[A] 他的目的在于减少德国籍代表在监管会中的席位。
[B] he seeks to centralise the conglomerate.
[B] 他希望将西门子中央集权化。
[C] he wants to include multiple voices of the employees so as to enhance the democracy of the decision-making.
[C] 他希望能够听到雇员不同的声音，以便于加强决策的民主。
[D] he strives to transform the company into a more international one.
[D] 他想努力把公司变得更加国际化。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。最后一段提到，他想将公司性质改变，这样就需要更为精简的监督管理委员会，德国工人的代表减少了，这与第一段他提到的权力集中化是一致的。因此，其目的还是要将西门子中央集权化，因此B选项是正确答案。选项A只是他的一个做法，但不是最终目的。选项C和D只是中央集权化过程中的一些步骤，并不是终极目的，因此也都不是正确选项。
4. Towards the future of Siemens, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____
4. 对于西门子的未来，作者的态度可以说是_____
[A] optimistic.
[A] 乐观的。
[B] pessimistic.
[B] 悲观的。
[C] neutral.
[C] 中立的。
[D] unclear.
[D] 不清楚的。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 态度题。从全文来看，作者比较客观地描述了目前西门子的状况，但对于未来并没有具体的态度表述，因此，答案为C选项。
5. By the close relationship between Mr L?scher and Paul Achleitner, the author wants to imply that_____
5. 作者提到L?scher先生和Paul Achleitner关系密切是为了说明_____
[A] Siemens will gain great support from Allianz.
[A] 西门子将从Allianz获得很大的支持。
[B] Mr L?scher made the decision to have a change under the influence of his friend.
[B]L?scher先生是受到朋友的影响才做了决定的。
[C] Mr. L?scher wanted switch Siemens into an insurer in the future.
[C]L?scher先生想在未来把西门子转变为一个保险公司
[D] Mr. L?scher greatly valued his friend’s suggestion.
[D] L?scher先生非常重视朋友的建议。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章最后提到了Allianz已经采取了这样的改革，而L?scher和该公司管理委员会成员关系好，而且最近一直在一起，那么可以推断L?scher做出的一些改革决定可能就是受到他的影响。因此，B选项最为符合题意。
参考译文：
Peter L?scher是世界上最大的电器公司西门子的首席执行官中的第一位行外人，他上任的前三个月就是在公司内巡视、倾听。10月4日，他宣布计划集中控制公司，将九个公司缩减为三个，并缩小11人的执行委员会，这也将减少公司在各地经理的权利。同一天，西门子接受了慕尼黑一法庭的两亿一百万欧元（折合两千八百五十万美元）的罚金，原因是其通信公司行贿受贿，目前西门子已经放弃了上诉的权利。
这种巧合标志着公司改变企业文化和抛弃过往丑闻的转折点。去年11月，警察突然搜查西门子办公室，开始了一场关于行贿受贿审查的灾祸，导致该公司的主席、首席执行官、董事会另一个成员和其首席税务官都被罢免，罚金最少有两亿三千九百万欧元，还有一亿七千九百万欧元的税收债务（贿赂金已经扣除）。除此之外，截至6月30日的九个月内，法律费用和行外通知的账单已经达到一亿八千八百万欧元。
该事件也耗费了大量的管理时间。一家美国法律公司Debevoise & Plimpton和来自Deloitte的法院审计员还在继续审查公司，试图找出更多不规范的证据。在美国，司法部进行两项调查，安全与交流委员会也在调查腐败事由。分析家称仅美国法律诉讼就要耗费西门子几百万美元，虽然最近与安全与交流委员会进行的季度档案整理中西门子认为其“巩固的金融地位不应当因为不断的诉讼受到实质性影响”。
分析家断言西门子不仅会安然度过困境，而且还会从这次剧变中受益。“美国与之相似的公司已经经历过这些了，同样法国的Alstom和瑞典的ABB也都经历过，之后它们都更为强大，运营更加成功。”投资银行Dresdner Kleinwort的James Stettler这样说。
L?scher先生公布的缩减后的三家公司是能源产品公司（如电力涡轮和传导设备）、基础设施公司（如工厂和或火车）以及卫生保健公司（如MRI扫描仪和其他智能医疗用具）。但这并不代表L?scher先生会将不适合的企业卖掉，如灯泡制造商Osram, 和博施合资的家用电器公司BSH、诺基亚西门子网络（最近为建立电信系统而成立的）等。
公司的监督管理委员会将于11月28日审查这些变革计划。L?scher最大的困难在于赢得那些将影响德国工人的变革措施的批准，这些工人的代表占到20个监督管理会成员的一半。但是如果解决了这个问题，L?scher先生的下一个议题可能就是将西门子注册为Societas Europaea，而不是德国合资公司。这就需要更为精简的监督管理委员会，减少德国工人的代表，却给海外员工发言更多的机会。德国企业的其他代表，最为有名的就是西门子在慕尼黑的邻居大保险公司Allianz，已经开始在进行这些改变。L?scher和Allianz 管理委员会成员Paul Achleitner关系甚好，此人为奥地利人，L?scher与他最近一起呆了三个月。
UNIT FIFTEEN
TEXT ONE
Albert Ellis, who died last month at age 93, believed that psychotherapy should be short term, goal oriented, and efficient; his method, introduced in 1955 and now known as rational emotive behavior therapy, is one of the foundations of today's cognitive-behavioral therapy.
The theory: Irrational ways of thinking underlie most psychological conditions, and patients can get better by tackling these skewed thinking patterns, correcting them, and developing new ones. In a 2006 survey of social workers and psychologists conducted by Psychotherapy Networker in partnership with Joan Cook, an adjunct assistant professor of medical psychology at Columbia University, over 60 percent said that they employ cognitive-behavioral techniques in their work.
"What cognitive therapy does is focus on the present," says Judith Beck, director of the Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research outside Philadelphia. Beck is the daughter of Aaron Beck, who developed his own form of cognitive-behavioral therapy, simply called cognitive therapy, in the early 1960s when he was a psychiatrist at the University of Pennsylvania. Rather than exploring in depth the issues surrounding a patient's childhood, dreams, past relationships, and life experiences—essential in Freudian psychoanalysis—the short-term cognitive approach focuses on developing skills the patient can use to "have a better week." Cognitive therapists may go into those deeper issues if necessary, but "the goal is not insight alone but also practical problem solving and symptom reduction," says Beck.
Techniques used to that end may include weighing evidence to evaluate whether a patient's self-image is skewed, developing a more realistic worldview, prioritizing problems, and setting an agenda for dealing with them. According to research by Aaron Beck and others, cognitive therapy is as effective as antidepressants in initially treating mild, moderate, and severe depression, and patients who had used cognitive therapy and stopped were less likely to relapse than those who stopped medication. Cognitive therapy has also been shown to decrease the risk for repeated suicide attempts in seriously depressed patients.
REBT, on the other hand, focuses on "disputing irrational beliefs," as Ellis's disciplines put it, or directly confronting and challenging a patient's thoughts about a situation. The method is used to treat the spectrum of psychological problems, from depression and anxiety to post-traumatic stress disorder. Therapists may draw from the wider tradition of cognitive-behavioral methods, but they owe an intellectual debt to Albert Ellis whenever they dispute a patient's irrational beliefs. Though that approach has gained a reputation for confrontation and tough-mindedness, Kristene Doyle, associate executive director of the Albert Ellis Institute in New York City and a clinical psychologist specializing in REBT, says that collaboration between the therapist and patient, a patient's complete self-acceptance, and the therapist's unconditional acceptance of the patient are also essential to REBT.
Some psychotherapists see cognitive-behavioral therapies as too simplistic—approaches that ignore the complexities of a typical patient's problems. Today, many therapists use a combination approach, integrating both psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioral techniques to suit patient needs. "Practicing therapists [are] often happy to have more than one way to think about somebody," says Nancy McWilliams, president of the division of psychoanalysis at the American Psychological Association. Adds Jonathan Slavin, who teaches psychology at Harvard Medical School and is founding president of the Massachusetts Institute for Psychoanalysis: "There's considerable evidence that all psychotherapy is effective. All versions [that] provide people with a relationship that includes any kind of empathy and understanding change the actual workings of the brain."
1. The passage mainly talks about _____
[A] different psychotherapies to treat psychological problems.
[B] the brief history of cognitive-behavioral therapy’s development.
[C] different branches of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
[D] the appearance of the cognitive-behavioral therapies.
2.Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the comparison of cognitive thearpy approach and Freudian psychoanalysis?
[A] Both of them aim to probe into the deeper issues for an insight of the patient’s mind.
[B] Cognitive therapy approach is more effective than Freudian psychoanalysis in analyzing patients’ symptoms.
[C] Cognitive therapy approach focus on more present psychological condition of patients than Freudian psychoanalysis.
[D] Cognitive theapry approach pays more attentions to immediate efficiency.
3. The word “disputing” (Line 1, Paragraph 5) most probably means_____
[A] denying.
[B] debating.
[C] opposing.
[D] resisting.
4. The difference of cognitive therapy and REBT lies in that_____
[A] the basic theoretical principles that they adopt differ from each other.
[B] REBT pays more attention to the collaboration between the therapist and patient.
[C] cognitive therapy is more constructive and effective than REBT in terms of curing different levels of depression.
[D] REBT is more widely applicable than cognitive therapy given its wide reputation and innovative methods.
5. A combination approch of treating psychopath is choosed by many therapists rather than cognitive-behavioral therapies because _____
[A] cognitive-behavioral therapies are not so effective as the combination approach.
[B] the combination approach could treat patients more comprehensively.
[C] the combination approach is more down to earth than cognitive-behavioral therapies.
[D] the combination approah is easier to grasp than cognitive-behavioral therapies.
文章剖析：
这篇文章主要介绍了认知行为心理疾病疗法。第一段讲述Albert Ellis是认知心理疗法的鼻祖；第二段讲述该疗法的理论；第三段讲述心理疗法的主要特点就是着眼于当前；第四段讲述具体采取的方法；第五段讲述REBT方法的特点；第六段讲述一些精神治疗医师采取了综合疗法。
词汇注释：
psychotherapy n. 精神疗法，心理疗法 skewed adj. 偏离的，歪斜的
antidepressant n. 抗抑郁药 relapse v. 旧病复发
dispute v. 抵抗，阻止 post-traumatic adj. 创伤后的
难句突破：
Beck is the daughter of Aaron Beck, who developed his own form of cognitive-behavioral therapy, simply called cognitive therapy, in the early 1960s when he was a psychiatrist at the University of Pennsylvania.
[主体句式] Beck is the daughter of…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，who 引导的定语从句用来修饰Aaron Beck, 该定语从句中simple called…分词结构用来修饰cognitive-behavioral therapy, when 引导的是时间状语从句。
[句子译文] Beck是Aaron Beck的女儿，Aaron Beck于20世纪60年代初发展了自己的认知行为疗法模式—简称为认知疗法，当时他还是宾西法尼亚大学的一名精神病医师。
(2) Though that approach has gained a reputation for confrontation and tough-mindedness, Kristene Doyle, associate executive director of the Albert Ellis Institute in New York City and a clinical psychologist specializing in REBT, says that collaboration between the therapist and patient, a patient's complete self-acceptance, and the therapist's unconditional acceptance of the patient are also essential to REBT.
[主体句式] Though that approach has gained …, Kristene Doyle says that ,,,
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，后面分句中，associate executive…是做Kristene Doyle的同位语；that引导的是宾语从句。
[句子译文] 然该疗法因为对抗和严格而闻名，但是纽约市Albert Ellis 研究所主任即REBT临床心理学者Kristene Doyle认为医生和患者之间的协作、患者完全的自我接受以及医生无条件的接受患者对于REBT是非常重要的。
1. The passage mainly talks about _____
1.这篇文章主要讨论了_____
[A] different psychotherapies to treat psychological problems.
[A] 治疗心理问题的不同精神疗法。
[B] the brief history of cognitive-behavioral therapy’s development.
[B] 认知—行为疗法发展的简短历史。
[C] different branches of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
[C] 认知—行为疗法的不同分支。
[D] the approach of the cognitive-behavioral therapies.
[D] 认知—行为疗法的方法。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]主旨题。这篇文章主要讲述了心理认知疗法，具体有其理论基础、采取的方法等等，选项D最为符合题意。文章从第三段开始的主要内容分别是：第三段讲述心理疗法的主要特点就是着眼于当前；第四段讲述具体采取的方法；第五段讲述REBT方法的特点；第六段讲述一些精神治疗医师采取了综合疗法，因此答案显而易见。
2.Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the comparison of cognitive therapy approach and Freudian psychoanalysis?
2.关于认知疗法和弗洛伊德心理分析的比较，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] Both of them aim to probe into the deeper issues for an insight of the patient’s mind.
[A]它们都探索深层次的东西来洞悉病人的心理。
[B] Cognitive thearpy approach is more effective than Freudian psychoanalysis in analyzing patients’ symptoms.
[B]认知疗法在分析病人症状方面要比弗洛伊德心理分析更加有效。
[C] Cognitive therapy approach focus on more present psychological condition of patients than Freudian psychoanalysis.
[C]心理疗法比弗洛伊德疗法更注重病人的心理条件。
[D] Cognitive theapry approach pays more attentions to immediate efficency.
[D] 心理疗法更注重短期的效果。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第三段，心理疗法更加针对的是目前，强调马上可以取得效果，而弗洛伊德分析法更注重理论分析。因此，选项D最为符合题意
3. The word “disputing” (Line 1, Paragraph 5) most probably means_____
3. “disputing” (第五段第一行) 最有可能的意思是_____
[A] denying.
[A] 否定。
[B] debating.
[B] 争论。
[C] opposing.
[C] 反对。
[D] resisting.
[D] 阻止。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，而REBT关注“阻止非理性信念”，或是对患者关于某个环境的思维发起反抗或挑战，选项中只有D有阻止的意思，是正确答案。
4. The difference of cognitive therapy and REBT lies in that_____
4.认知疗法和REBT不同之处在于_____
[A] the basic theoretical principles that they adopt differ from each other.
[A] 采取了不同的理论原理。
[B] REBT pays more attention to the collaboration between the therapist and patient.
[B]REBT更注重临床医学家和病人之间的协作。
[C] cognitive therapy is more constructive and effective than REBT in terms of curing different levels of depression.
[C] 认知疗法在治疗各种不同等级的抑郁方面比REBT更具有建设性和有效性。
[D] REBT is more widely applicable than cognitive therapy given its wide reputation and innovative methods.
[D]由于其广泛的声誉和创新的方法，REBT比认知疗法更加广泛地受到公众的接受。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。根据第五段开头，“REBT, on the other hand, focuses on "disputing irrational beliefs," as Ellis's disciplines put it, or directly confronting and challenging a patient's thoughts about a situation”，说明REBT采用原理是反抗患者关于某个环境的思维，这个跟认知疗法是不同的，因此正确答案为A选项。 B是较强的干扰选项，虽然该段结尾提到了“collaboration between the therapist and patient”，但不是针对与认知疗法的对比提出来的，因而不如A选项正确。C选项在文章中没有提及，而D选项也没有在文中对应谈到REBT比认知疗法更加广泛地受到公众的接受的内容。
5. A combination approch of treating psychopath is choosed by many therapists rather than cognitive-behavioral therapies because _____
5.许多心理理疗师都采取了一种联合方法而不是认知行为疗法来治疗精神病患者，因为_____
[A] cognitive-behavioral therapies are not so effective as the combination approach.
[A]认知行为疗法没有联合方法那么有效。
[B] the combination approach could treat patients more comprehensively.
[B]联合方法可以更为全面地治疗患者。
[C] the combination approach is more down to earth than cognitive-behavioral therapies.
[C]联合方法比认知行为疗法更为实际。
[D] the combination approah is easier to grasp than cognitive-behavioral therapies.
[D]联合方法比认知行为疗法更容易掌握。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据最后一段，许多心理理疗师采取了联合方法是觉得认知行为疗法忽视了患者病情的复杂性，因此结合了其他方法，都是为了更加全面地给予患者治疗。选项B最为符合题意。
参考译文：
Albert Ellis于上个月去世，享年93岁。他认为精神疗法应当是短期的，有明确目标而且富有成效的。他研制的疗法于1955年问世，即现在所说的理性感情行为疗法，该疗法是当今认知行为疗法的基础。
该疗法的理论为：思维的非理性方式是大多数心理问题的原因所在，患者通过纠正这些思维模式、形成新的模式来获得病情的好转。2006年精神疗法网络与哥伦比亚大学助理教授Joan Cook合作对社会工作者和心理学家进行的一次普查中，有60%的人认为他们在自己工作中用到了认知行为技术。
“认知疗法主要是针对目前，” 位于费城郊区的认知治疗和研究Beck研究所主任Judith Beck这样说。Beck是Aaron Beck的女儿，Aaron Beck于20世纪60年代初发展了自己的认知行为疗法模式—简称为认知疗法，当时他还是宾西法尼亚大学的一名精神病医师。这种短期的认知疗法不去探究患者的童年、梦境、过去关系以及生活经历之类的事情（这些是弗洛伊的心理分析的基本方法），而是关注研究患者可以掌握的某些技巧从而使“一周能过得很好”。认知临床医师只在必需的时候才去研究深层次的东西，但是“目的不只是了解、而是要找到实际解决方法和症状减轻方法。”Beck说道。
针对这个目的采取的方法包括选择一些迹象判断患者的自我形象是否歪曲、形成更现实的世界观、将问题按轻重缓急分级、确定解决问题的日程表等。Aaron Beck和其他人的研究表明认知疗法在最初治疗轻微、中度、严重的抑郁方面和抗抑郁药的效果差不多，接受过认知疗法并停止治疗的患者比那些停用药物的患者复发的几率要小一些。认知疗法被证明可以减少严重抑郁患者反复自杀的企图。
而REBT关注“阻止非理性信念”，即对患者关于某个环境的思维发起反抗或挑战， Ellis的学生这样解释。该方法用于治疗一系列的心理问题，从抑郁、焦虑到创伤后紊乱。治疗医师可能从认知行为方法传统中汲取了许多经验，但是他们在阻止患者非理性信念时还是主要使用了Albert Ellis的方法。虽然该疗法因为对抗和严格而闻名，但是纽约市Albert Ellis 研究所主任即REBT临床心理学者Kristene Doyle认为医生和患者之间的协作、患者完全的自我接受以及医生无条件的接受患者对于REBT是非常重要的。
一些精神治疗医师认为认知行为疗法过于简单，忽视了典型病人问题的复杂性。当前，许多医生都采用了一种混合方法，将心理分析和认知行为技术结合起来根据患者的需求进行治疗。“实习医师往往愿意利用多种方法来分析患者，” 美国心理协会心理分析部主任Nancy McWilliams说。麻省心理分析研究所首任主任、目前在哈佛医科学校任教的Jonathan Slavin说，“有足够的证据表明所有的心理疗法都是有效的，所有为患者提供了移情或是理解的疗法都改变了大脑的实际工作方法。”
TEXT TWO
When Digicel, an Irish mobile-phone operator, decided to invest heavily in Haiti last year, it raised eyebrows. How on earth did Digicel's maverick owner, Dennis O'Brien, hope to make money in such a poor country? “You don't look at GDP. You ignore that,” says Mr O'Brien. Sure enough, Digicel signed up new customers so fast that the company had to rewrite its business plan after the first week. After just 15 months it has signed up 1.7m customers, compared with the 1m shared by its two rivals, Comcel and Haitel. Digicel's assault on Haiti is only the latest in a series of Caribbean conquests. Since the company set up in Jamaica in April 2001 it has established a presence in 22 markets in the region and has amassed some 5m customers. Mr O'Brien says he has invested $1.9 billion in total, including $260m in Haiti.
Digicel has prospered by introducing modern technology and innovative services into stodgy, uncompetitive markets. Its entry into Jamaica led to drastic reductions in prices and showed the region just how much it stood to gain from liberalisation. Digicel used a similar recipe in Haiti. “We floored prices and gave people a better service,” says Mr O'Brien. Pre-paid billing, based on top-up cards, makes phones more affordable to those outside the business and political elites. Digicel has also introduced novel twists of its own, such as the ability to send free “call me” text messages to other people.
But some analysts predict the company's rapid growth may now have peaked. Competition is heating up as operators in Latin America, where growth is now slowing, look to new markets in the Caribbean and Central America. In particular, América Móvil, the world's fifth-largest mobile operator, announced its intention in August to buy Oceanic Digital, a small Jamaican phone company that operates under the MiPhone brand. América Móvil has 140m customers in Mexico, Brazil, Colombia and the United States. Jamaica would be its third Caribbean market. It already has operations in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Like Digicel, it relies on strong branding, modern technology and cut-price tariffs.
América Móvil's move looks like retaliation after Digicel began operations in El Salvador. Digicel has also acquired a licence in Guatemala, and says it is looking next at Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. A price war in Jamaica could be bad for Cable & Wireless, a British firm that operates several networks in the Caribbean. It is hoping that its ability to offer both fixed and wireless services will prove to be an advantage. Whether or not that turns out to be so, consumers will benefit from the increased competition.
Digicel's critics say it has used underhand tactics, such as giving away free phones to journalists, and breaking industry rules by treating Haiti as part of Jamaica in order to offer cheap roaming. Haiti's regulator, Conatel, found Digicel to be in violation of international standards, but was overruled by the government. Such rulings have also led to allegations that Digicel has undue political influence in some markets.
But officials deny any impropriety and credit Digicel with making the market more affordable for Haiti's poor majority. “Haiti needs more foreign investment like this, both for the jobs and for the ‘best practices’ business models that it injects into this antiquated, non-customer-friendly business environment,” says a senior Haitian official.
1. In the first sentence of the first paragraph, “it raised eyebrows” means_____
[A] Digicel thought highly of the future profit.
[B] Digicel was confident that it could make a success.
[C] Haiti was surprised at Digicel’s plan.
[D] Haiti was happy about Digicel’s decision.
2. Which one of the following is NOT true of the mobile service of Digitel in Haiti?
[A] Innovative services include providing customers with a series of free text messages.
[B] The poor people will pay for the services in advance.
[C] People enjoys cheap roaming fees for calling the other regions of Jamaica.
[D] Digicel has greatly liberated the communication potential of the poor country.
3. América Móvil can have such a big market share due to the following reasons except_____
[A] It owns innovative technology and services.
[B] It enjoys the tariff reduction provided by the invested regions.
[C] Its brand has gained fame in mobile industry.
[D] It provides the mobile services at low price.
4. The word “overruled” (Line 4, Paragraph 5) most probably means_____
[A] reversed.
[B] overrun.
[C] refused.
[D] retorted.
5. Which one of the following statement is TRUE of the author’s opinions on the rumors on Digicel?
[A] He sounds skeptical about whether Digicel has violated the international stardards.
[B] He doubts that Digicel maintains special close relation with the government and media of the region.
[C] He is discreet and careful not to reveal his own view on relevant criticism of Digicel.
[D] He holds positive view on the benefit of Digicel’s new business model when applied to less-developed areas.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章主要介绍了Digicel公司在海地拓展的电话业务。第一段讲述Digicel在海地开展项目后的情况；第二段讲述该公司这个项目的理念；第三、四段讲述其他公司的竞争；第五段讲述对该公司的批评；第五段讲述海地当地官员对该公司的庇护。
词汇注释：
maverick n. 特立独行的人 amass v. 积聚
stodgy adj. 缺乏生气的 retaliation n. 报复
roaming n. 漫游 overrule v. 驳回
难句突破:
（1）Since the company set up in Jamaica in April 2001 it has established a presence in 22 markets in the region and has amassed some 5m customers.
[主体句式] Since… it has established… and has ammassed…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，since引导的是句子的壮语从句；句子谓语由两个并列结构组成。
[句子译文] 自从该公司于2001年4月份在牙买加成立后，已在该地区建立了22个市场，拥有500万名用户。
(2) Competition is heating up as operators in Latin America, where growth is now slowing, look to new markets in the Caribbean and Central America.
[主体句式]Competition is heating up as operators look to …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，as引导的是句子的状语从句；该从句中，where引导的定语从句用来修饰Latin America。
[句子译文] 随着拉美经济的减缓，拉美的运营商到加勒比海和中美洲寻找市场，这样竞争就会白热化。
题目分析：
1. In the first sentence of the first paragraph, “it raised eyebrows” means_____
1. 在第一段的第一句中，“它挑起了眉毛”意思是_____
[A] Digicel thought highly of the future profit.
[A] Digicel非常看好自己未来的收益。
[B] Digicel was confident that it could make a success.
[B] Digicel自信自己能取得胜利。
[C] Haiti was surprised at Digicel’s plan.
[C] 海地对于Digicel的计划感到惊讶。
[D] Haiti was happy about Digicel’s decision.
[D] 海地听说Digicel的决议后很高兴。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。该题的关键之处在于两个，一个是要明白raise one’s eyebrow的意思，另外就是要弄清楚主语it指的是谁。Raise one’s eyebrow意思为“惊讶，吃惊”，那么Digicel自己做出这个决定后，它自己不可能吃惊，那应该就是海地自己了。因此，答案为C选项。
2. Which one of the following is NOT true of the mobile service of Digitel in Haiti?
2.关于Digitel在海地的移动服务，下列哪个选项是不正确的？
[A] Innovative services include providing customers with a series of free text messages.
[A]创新的服务包括了向客户提供一系列免费的短信服务。
[B] The poor people will pay for the services in advance.
[B] 穷人要预先付费。
[C] People enjoy cheap roaming fees for calling the other regions of Jamaica.
[C]人们向牙买加其他地区打电话享受低廉的漫游费。
[D] Digicel has greatly liberated the communication potential of the poor countries.
[D] Digitel大大地解放了贫穷国家的通讯潜力。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。选项A，文章第二段提到Digicel利用自己的新技术，发送免费的“给我打电话”的短信，但是并是有一系列的免费短信，因此该陈述错误。选项B，从第二段提到的先付费的账单可以让那些不是社会高层的人用得起手机，因此该陈述正确。选项C，由第五段提到的海地视为牙买加的一部分来提供廉价的漫游费可以得出该陈述正确；选项D，由第一段用户入户的数量可以看出服务受到了当地人民的欢迎，也很大程度上释放了当地人的通讯需求和潜力，因此表述正确。因此，答案为A选项。
3. América Móvil can have such a big market share due to the following reasons except_____
3．美国Móvil能占有市场份额这么大是因为下面除了_____外的所有原因。
[A] It owns innovative technology and services.
[A] 它拥有最新的技术和服务
[B] It enjoys the tariff reduction provided by the invested regions.
[B] 它享受被投资国家提供的关税减免
[C] Its brand has gained fame in mobile industry.
[C] 它的品牌在移动行业赢得了名声
[D] It provides the mobile services at low price.
[D] 它以低廉的价格提供移动服务
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第三段提到，该公司和Digicel一样，依靠的是强大的品牌，现代技术和价格优惠。因此，选项B是错误的。这要了解tariff除了“关税”之外，还有“价目表”意思。
4. The word “overruled” (Line 4, Paragraph 5) most probably means_____
4. “overruled”(第五段第四行)最有可能的意思为_____
[A] reversed.
[A] 驳回。
[B] overrun.
[B] 侵占。
[C] refused.
[C] 拒绝。
[D] retorted.
[D] 反驳。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]猜词题。根据上下文，海地政府对Digicel采取了一种袒护的态度，称赞Digicel的投资。而且最后一段第一句可以看出该官员否定了对海地不好的指责，那么可见政府应该是驳回了这一起诉。因此，答案为A选项。
5. Which one of the following statement is TRUE of the author’s opinions on the rumors on Digicel?
5. 关于作者对于Digicel的传闻的态度，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] He sounds skeptical about whether Digicel has violated the international stardards.
[A] 请起来他对于Digicel是否触犯了国际标准持怀疑态度。
[B] He doubts that Digicel maintains special close relation with the government and media of the region.
[B] 他怀疑Digicel与当地政府和媒体之家保持着特殊的密切关系。
[C] He is discreet and careful not to reveal his own view on relevant criticism of Degicel.
[C]对于针对Digicel的指责，他显得非常小心翼翼、并不透露自己的观点。
[D] He holds positive view on the benefit of Digicel’s new business model when applied to less-developed areas.
[D] 他对于Digicel的新商业模式用到发展中国家能够取得效益持积极的看法。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。从最后两段可以看出，作者在提到Digicel的这些传闻时，都是引用批评者或是政府官员的话，他自己并没有发表什么意见。因此，他其实是以一种客观的描述来对待该情况，选项中C符合题意。
参考译文：
Digicel是一家爱尔兰移动电话运营商，去年它决定向海地进行巨额投资，海地表示惊讶。Digicel那位特立独行的老总Dennis O'Brien到底准备怎样在如此穷的国家里赚钱呢？“你不要只看GDP,你要把它忽视掉。” Dennis O'Brien说。确实，Digicel与新客户签单的速度飞快，以至于公司一个星期之后必须得重新起草其计划书了。15个月之后，它已得到170万名用户，而两个竞争对手Comcel和Haitel一共才有100万名用户。Digicel进攻海地只是其加勒比海系列的最新行动而已。自从该公司于 2001年4月份在牙买加成立后，已在该地区建立了22个市场，拥有500万名用户。O'Brien先生称他已经投资了19亿美元，其中2亿6000万是在海地投资的。
Digicel通过在缺乏生气、毫无竞争力的市场引进现代技术和新兴服务来发展壮大。公司进入牙买加后，引起了价格的急剧下降，也向该地区证明了应该如何利用自由化创造收入。Digicel在海地也打出了同样的牌。“我们把价格定在地板上，为人们提供更好的服务。” O'Brien这样说。基于修饰卡的先付费帐单可以让那些不是商业或政府精英的人们也可以用得起手机。Digicel还引进了新技术，如向其他人发送“给我打电话”的免费短信。
但是有的分析师认为该公司快速的发展可能已经到了顶点。随着拉美经济的减缓，拉美的运营商到加勒比海和中美洲寻找市场，这样竞争就会白热化。特别是世界第五大移动运营商美国Movil八月份宣布将收购一家牙买加小电话公司——海洋数字，该公司在MiPhone旗下运营。美国Movil在墨西哥、巴西、哥伦比亚和美国拥有一亿四千万的用户，牙买加将成为其第三个加勒比海地区市场，而且该公司在波多黎各和多米尼亚共和国已经开始运营。像Digicel一样，它依靠的是强大的品牌、现代技术和价格优惠。
Digicel开始在萨尔瓦多运营后，美国Movil的举动就更像是报复性的了。Digicel已经在危地马拉取得了许可权，并称接下来的目标是洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜和巴拿马。在牙买加展开的一场价格战可能对英国公司Cable & Wireless来说不是个好消息，该公司在加勒比运营着数个网络。公司希望其提供固定和无限服务的能力可以成为一个优势。不管最后是否能够如愿以偿，用户可以从竞争中获得好处。
Digicel的批评者称它运用了一些阴险的伎俩，比如给记者提供免费电话、将海地视为牙买加的一部分来提供廉价的漫游费，这样就打破了行业的规则。海地的调解人Conatel发现Digicel违反了国际规定，但是政府驳回了这一情况。这些情况还导致人们认为Digicel在一些市场中有不恰当的政治影响力。
但是官员们否定了上述言论，并且称赞Digicel使得市场可以为海地的贫民提供廉价的服务。“海地需要像它这样的国外投资，这样对就业或是’最好’的商业模式都有好处，从而为陈旧、不尊重顾客的商业氛围注入新的活力。”海地一位资深官员说道。
TEXT THREE
On November 4th Chuck Prince left the boss's office at Citigroup, the world's largest bank. A week earlier, Stan O'Neal lost his job at Merrill Lynch after leading the investment bank to a loss with $8.4 billion of write-downs. However churlish you may feel about Wall Street's new axiom—“the higher they fly, the bigger the parachute”—the departure of two of America's most senior bankers in a week is a good sign. Accountability, after all, is a step towards clarity, and there are few more coveted resources in today's fog-strewn and stormy banking industry. Both departures were accompanied by revelations of much steeper losses from American subprime mortgages than either Citi or Merrill had owned up to just weeks before. That attempt at honesty may have spooked the market because it showed how unsure the banks remain about how to value their subprime-related assets, but that is no reason to shy away from such disclosures.
Coming clean will be difficult, because for the time being the disclosures have provided more questions than answers. First, just how much do banks stand to lose? The latest confessions show that a whole new constellation of credit instruments, known as collateralised-debt obligations (CDOs), are far less secure than had been assumed even at the end of September. These include supposedly impregnable “super-senior” and AAA-rated tranches of CDOs that a short time ago were prized by the world's banks, insurance companies and mutual funds. In some cases their values have shrunk to a sliver of their original price since a series of downgrades by rating agencies last month. Citi, one of the biggest issuers of such CDOs, estimated this week that the losses on CDOs and other assets at other banks could reach $64 billion—to which its own potential write-downs must be added.
Second, do banks have enough capital to survive the crisis? At some institutions, mounting losses are making the cushions of capital held for times of crisis look increasingly threadbare. Wall Street firms and European banks use a special accounting provision for securities they consider hardest to value, which appears mainly to involve educated guesswork. On Wall Street the amount of securities in this category has ballooned and could easily wipe out the big firms' core capital if they were written down to zero—which is improbable but no longer thought impossible. To make matters worse, bond insurers, which rate America's $2.5 trillion municipal-bond market, are also up to their necks in CDOs. They were told this week that they might lose their coveted AAA ratings unless their shareholders provide more capital, which would cast a cloud over municipal bonds.
Third, how hard might the broader economy be hit? The flimsier the banks' capital base, the less freely they can lend to firms and households, putting both consumer spending and corporate investment at risk. Already there is evidence that credit conditions are tightening well beyond the housing market. A survey this week found that American banks have been tightening lending standards on everything from mortgages to commercial property to business and industrial loans. In Europe too, credit conditions have tightened. In Britain the withdrawal of a bid for J. Sainsbury, a supermarket chain, by a Qatari-backed investment group was the latest sign that life has almost been squeezed out of the buy-out business.
1． Chuck Prince left the boss’s office at Citigroup probably because_____
[A] he was afraid that he was unable to prevent the company from continuing steeper losses.
[B] he found there were few more coveted resources in banking industry.
[C] he had already led Citigroup into enormous losses.
[D] he was forced to leave the position because of poor management.
2. Wall Street’s new axiom—“the higher they fly, the bigger the parachute” means that _____
[A] the higher the bankers’ position, the bigger loss they will make.
[B] the higher the bankers’ position, the bigger their backstage bosses.
[C] the higher the bankers’ position, the safer they will be.
[D] the higher the banker’s position, the more dangerous they will be.
3. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of CDOs?
[A] “Super-senior” and AAA-rated tranches of CDOs were affected the most.
[B] It was CDOs that played the major role of Citi’s tremendous losses.
[C] The earlier expectation far exceeded the actual security of CDOs.
[D] CDOs led to the devaluation of many companies in banking industry.
4. The author thinks the special accounting provision for the hardest securities adopted by Wall Street firms and Europan banks _____
[A] is mainly composed of various speculations.
[B] is based on unreliable experience.
[C] is a trick played around by educated accountants.
[D] has big problems that threaten to swallow big companies’ core capital.
5.By the abortion of the bid for J. Sainsbury, the author intends to imply that_____
[A] foreign investment group has smelled the danger of investing in America.
[B] the other business is also affected by the impact of American subprime mortgages event.
[C] Europe’s credit conditions are also facing great danger as affected by American subprime mortgages event.
[D] Credit conditions in Europe have also tightened.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章主要介绍了银行业的目前面临的危机。第一段讲述银行业现在正在面临审查；第二、三、四段讲述要弄清事实存在许多困难，分为三个方面叙述。首先，银行可以承受多少损失？其次，银行是否有足够的资金度过这次危机？第三，更广意义上的经济会遭受怎样的打击？
词汇注释：
churlish adj. 难驾驭的 axiom n. 公理
covet v. 垂涎 own up v. 承认
spook v. 吓唬 collaterialise v. 以…做抵押
impregnable adj. 不受影响的 tranche n. 国际货币基金贷款
cushion n. 积储 flimsy adj. 脆弱的
难句突破:
Both departures were accompanied by revelations of much steeper losses from American subprime mortgages than either Citi or Merrill had owned up to just weeks before.
[主体句式] Both departures were accompanied by revelations.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。than后面是一个宾语从句，own up to是一个短语，意为“坦白，承认”。
[句子译文] 随这两位银行家离职的是美国次级债方面更大的损失，这要比花旗和美林几周前公布的严重的多。
分的“部分”
On Wall Street the amount of securities in this category has ballooned and could easily wipe out the big firms' core capital if they were written down to zero—which is improbable but no longer thought impossible.
[主体句式] The amount of securities has ballooned and could easily wipe out…
[结构分析]这是一个复合句，句子包含两个谓语；if引导的是句子的条件从句；破折号后面which引导的句子用来修饰they were written down to zero.
[句子译文] 在华尔街，这类股票的数量已经飞速增长，如果它们变成零那么大公司的主要资产就都会被一笔勾销，这在目前是不可能的，但是已经有人开始这么想了。
题目分析：
1． Chuck Prince left the boss’s office at Citigroup probably because_____
1. Chuck Prince离开了花旗银行的老总办公室可能是因为_____
[A] he was afraid that he was unable to prevent the company from continuing steeper losses.
[A] 他担心自己不能够阻挡公司继续大幅度损失的趋势。
[B] he found there were few more coveted resources in banking industry.
[B] 他发现银行业中没有什么值得垂涎的资源了。
[C] he had already led Citigroup into enormous losses.
[C] 他已经使得花旗银行 蒙受了巨大损失。
[D] he was forced to leave the position because of poor management.
[D] 由于较差的管理绩效，他被迫离开了这个职位。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。对于Chuck Prince的离职原因文章并没有提及，但第一段一直将他和Stan O'Neal相提并论，视为一个类型，那么可以推断他也是使得银行遭受了重大的损失。因此，只有选项C最为符合题意。
2. Wall Street’s new axiom—“the higher they fly, the bigger the parachute” means that _____
2. 华尔街的新公理——“飞得越高，降落伞就越大”指的是_____
[A] the higher the bankers’ position, the bigger loss they will make.
[A] 银行家地位越高，他们导致的损失就越大。
[B] the higher the bankers’ position, the more influential their backstage bosses.
[B] 银行家地位越高，他们的后台就越大。
[C] the higher the bankers’ position, the safer they will be.
[C] 银行家地位越高，他们就越安全。
[D] the higher the banker’s position, the more risks they will face.
[D] 银行家地位越高，他们面对的风险就越大。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第一段提到两位高职因为资产账面有巨大亏损丢掉了工作，而由此可以证明华尔街的新定理“飞得越高，降落伞就越大”。其实隐含的意思就是，飞得越高，那么你需要的安全设备就越高级，隐含的意思就是你的职位越高，那么你自己所要面临的风险也越大。答案中D选项符合题意。
3. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of CDOs?
3．关于CDOs，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] “Super-senior” and AAA-rated tranches of CDOs were affected the most.
[A] CDOs的“资深”和3A级受到的影响最大。
[B] It was CDOs that played the major role of Citi’s tremendous loss.
[B] CDOs是使花旗银行蒙受巨大损失的主要原因。
[C] The earlier expectation far exceeded the actual security of CDOs.
[C] 早期人们对于CDOs的预期远远超过了实际的效果。
[D] CDOs led to the devaluation of many companies in banking industry.
[D] CDOs使得银行业中许多公司都贬值了。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，根据第二段，原本宣扬抵押债务CDOs很安全，结果事实并非如此，连所谓的不会受影响的 “资深”和3A级也受到了影响，但是并未指出受影响最大；B，第二段指出是花旗银行是CODs发行者，它预测了可能的损失，但是并没有提到受到损失最严重；C，由第二段可以看出，CDOs远没有宣称得那么安全，因此没有人们想象中那么好。D，并非是CDOs导致它们贬值，而是整体经济环境导致评级机构的降级处理的。因此，只有C陈述是正确的。
4. The author thinks the special accounting provision for the hardest securities adopted by Wall Street firms and Europan banks _____
4. 作者认为华尔街的一些公司和欧洲银行为最坚挺的股票采取的特殊会计条款_____
[A] is mainly composed of various speculations.
[A] 主要由各种投机买卖构成。
[B] is based on unreliable experience.
[B] 基于不可靠的经验。
[C] is a trick played around by educated accountants.
[C] 是那些受过教育的会计们玩弄的把戏。
[D] has big problems that threaten to swallow big companies’ core capital.
[D] 有很大的问题，甚至可能侵吞大公司的核心资本。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第四段，这些公司和银行采取这样的条款只是基于以往经验的一种猜测而已，因此，A选项并不是作者想要表达的观点；B选项是正确的，这些经验是不可靠的，不一定适用的；C选项，文章并没有提到这一点；D选项也是子虚乌有，在文中并没有明确的依据。因此，正确答案为B选项。
5.By the abortion of the bid for J. Sainsbury, the author intends to imply that_____
5. 通过J. Sainsbury投标被放弃作者想要说明_____
[A] foreign investment group has smelled the danger of investing in America.
[A] 外国投资集团已经嗅到了在美国投资的危险。
[B] the other business is also affected by the impact of American subprime mortgages event.
[B] 其他行业也受到美国次级贷事件的影响。
[C] Europe’s credit conditions are also facing great danger as affected by American subprime mortgages event.
[C] 欧洲信贷情况因为美国次级贷风波也面临着巨大的危险。
[D] Credit conditions in Europe have also tightened.
[D] 欧洲信贷收紧了。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。最后一段提到一个卡塔尔的投资集团放弃了投标这家连锁超市，因此连所有权购买这样的生意都失去了生机。而最后一段要说明的主要问题是更广范围的经济会遭受怎样的打击，从这个事例可以看出危机已经从金融蔓延到了其他领域。因此，选项B是正确的。
参考译文：
11月4日，Chuck Prince 离开了世界上最大银行花旗银行的总裁办公室。一个星期之前，Stan O'Neal因为导致投资银行美林公司的资产账面价格下降840亿美元而最终丢掉了工作。不管你认为华尔街最新公理（“飞得越高，降落伞就越大”）有多么地难以理解，这两位美国最资深银行家的离去就是最好的迹象。审查是通往事实真相的一个步骤。在今天烟雾缭绕、多事之秋的银行业里已经没有什么更让人垂涎的资源了。伴随这两位银行家离职的是美国次级债方面更大的损失，这要比花旗和美林几周前公布的严重的多。而力图保持诚信的行动也使得市场大吃一惊，因为显示出银行根本不能确保他们与次级债相关的资产能保值，但是也不得不披露这些事实。
弄清事实是有困难的，因为目前公布的情况提出了更多的问题而非提供了解决的方法。首先，银行可以承受多少损失？最新的公告显示全新的信用工具组合（叫做抵押债务CDOs）远没有九月份所宣称的那么安全。这包括宣称不受影响的CDOs“资深”和3A级，它们的级别是前不久由世界各地的银行、保险公司和共同基金刚刚评定的。但由于上个月一些评级机构的降级处理，他们的净值和原来的价格相比大大缩水了。花旗是CDOs最大的发行者，本周它预测CDOs以及银行其他资产的损失可能要达到640亿美元，其本身可能的帐面损失也在其中了。
其次，银行果真有足够的资金度过这次危机吗？在一些部门，不断增加的损失使得用于危机时刻的资金储备也显得捉襟见肘了。华尔街公司和欧洲银行对于那些他们认为最为坚挺的股票运用了特殊的会计条款，但这也只是基于以往经验的猜测而已。在华尔街，这类股票的数量已经飞速增长，如果它们变成零那么大公司的主要资产就都会被一笔勾销，这在目前是不可能的，但是已经有人开始这么想了。更为糟糕的是，债券保险公司占有美国2.5万亿的地方债券市场，目前却也深陷于CDOs中。本周它们被告知有可能会失去3A评级，除非其股东提供更多的资金，这将给地方债券笼罩上阴影。
第三，更广意义上的经济会遭受怎样的打击？银行的资金基础越薄弱，就越难给公司和家庭贷款，由此消费者消费和公司投资就都面临困境了。有迹象表明信用状况收紧已经超出了房地产市场的能力。本周的一项调查显示美国银行已经收紧了借贷标准，从商业资产抵押贷款到商业和工业贷款都受到了影响。在欧洲也是实施了信贷紧缩。在英国，一个卡塔尔支持的投资集团放弃了J. Sainsbury（一家超市连锁）的投标就是最新的迹象——连购买所有权的业务也失去了生机。
TEXT FOUR
Chris Smith, co-owner of a small bookshop in, assumed his customers would remain loyal even as the rapid appreciation of the Canadian dollar against its American counterpart made a mockery of the gap between the twin prices printed on the covers of American books. But when Mr Smith asked a few regulars, he was shocked to find that they were going online to buy American books from retailers south of the border. In an effort to keep his existing trade, he now uses the much lower American figure as the Canadian price, even though this means selling American books at a loss.
At least this has moved Mr Smith safely to the sidelines as angry Canadians rebel against paying higher prices for American goods now that the loonie has met and surpassed the value of the greenback. The Canadian dollar has been rising steadily against the American dollar since 2002, when it hit a historic low of about $0.62. But this year it has soared by almost 25%, owing to a combination of the American currency's weakness and the high prices of Canadian exports such as oil, gas and metals. Consumer grumbling became a roar when the gap between the two dollars closed in late September, making it easy for shoppers north of the border to see how much more they were paying.
Talk of hundreds of thousands of Canadians streaming south in search of bargains captured the headlines. Many went. But cross-border shopping is easier in theory than it is in practice. Canada has stringent limits on the amount shoppers can bring home without paying sales taxes and other duties. Headlights and bumpers on some American cars must be modified for use in Canada. And some firms refuse to honour warranties on imported goods. All this is too much for many shoppers, who have either turned on their local retailers and demanded immediate discounts, or turned to the internet, where goods such as books are easy to buy. Canada Post, the state-owned postal service, has had to add extra shifts at its international mail-sorting centres as a result.
The government hopes that the reduction in January of the national goods and services tax from 6% to 5% will help, and Jim Flaherty, the finance minister, has called upon retailers to speed up price reductions. David Dodge, the central bank governor, was more nuanced in his comments, urging Canadians to shop around for the best deal, but also pointing out that prices will never be exactly the same on both sides of the border because there is less competition in Canada. State-owned liquor boards in many provinces, for example, have monopolies. When it comes to passing on currency savings, liquor boards are the worst offenders.
Retailers who face competition have been forced to react, even as they blame wholesalers and distributors, or inventory lag. In the past month, large American-owned chains such as Wal-Mart have announced new prices for products imported from America.
Will all this placate angry consumers? Perhaps. A recent poll by Ipsos Reid showed that most understood that it would take time for Canadian prices to match those in America. But it might not happen. Just as the introduction of the single currency in Europe exposed differences in taxation and regulation among countries, the same is likely to occur in Canada, says Mr Orr. Then it will be the government's turn to deal with consumer complaints.
1. About the two prices printed on the covers of American books, which one of the following statements is TRUE?
[A] The American one and the Canadian one are the same
[B] The American one is usually lower than the Canadian one.
[C] The two prices reflect the continuing appreciation of the Canadian currency.
[D] They are fluctuating with the exchange rate.
2. As reported by the newspapers, thousands of Canadian steaming south in order to _____
[A] make better deals than buying expensive imported products.
[B] make their purchases without paying too much tax.
[C] buy cheaper American goods.
[D] bargain with the government for cross-boarder shopping.
3. Cross-border shopping is easier in theory than in practice due to the following reasons except_____
[A] The government has strict limits on the amount of shoppers who can shop across boarder without paying extra taxes.
[B] The standards of some goods are different in two countries.
[C] The goods bought across boarder are not guaranteed sometimes.
[D] Canada has established some regulations on cross-border shopping.
4. Which one of the following statement is TRUE of the opinion expressed by the central bank governor?
[A] People should shop around the country to make the best deal.
[B] The government does not have the obligation to encourage competition in domestic market.
[C] The Canadian price does not necessarily have to meet the American price.
[D] Canadian consumers should accept the high price of national goods.
5． Liquor boards are the worst offenders when it passes on currency savings because_____
[A] they will suffer the most when it passes on currency savings.
[B] Canadians will go elsewhere for shopping liquors.
[C] liquor is charged with a too high price.
[D] liquor boards are reluctant to have price reductions.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章主要讲述了在美元贬值后，加拿大社会面临的许多问题。第一段由一个书商的的经营情况引出问题；第二段讲述加拿大人正在抵制在美元贬值后他们还需要支付高额的费用；第三段讲述许多人到边境购买便宜东西；第四段讲述政府目前采取的一些措施；第五段讲述零售商的策略；第六段讲述大部分消费者在抱怨当前情况。
词汇注释：
Mockery n. 嘲笑 bumper n. 缓冲器
难句突破：
Chris Smith, co-owner of a small bookshop in, assumed his customers would remain loyal even as the rapid appreciation of the Canadian dollar against its American counterpart made a mockery of the gap between the twin prices printed on the covers of American books.
[主体句式] Chris Smith assumed his customers would remain loyal even as the appreciation made a mockery of…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，co-owner…是主语的同位语；宾语从句的结构比较复杂，even as…是时间状语从句。
[句子译文] Chris Smith是一家小型书店店主，他认为即使随着美元的贬值和加元的不断升值导致美国书刊封面上的两种价格出现显著差距，他的顾客还是会保持忠诚。
All this is too much for many shoppers, who have either turned on their local retailers and demanded immediate discounts, or turned to the internet, where goods such as books are easy to buy.
[主体句式] All this is too much for many shoppers，who have either… and… or…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，who引导的定语从句用来修饰shoppers，where引导的定语从句修饰the internet.
[句子译文] 这些事发生在了许多消费者身上，他们或是转向当地的零售商要求他们打折，或是到网上购买那些容易买到的物品，比如书籍。
题目分析：
1. About the two prices printed on the covers of American books, which one of the following statements is TRUE?
1. 关于美国书刊上印的两种价格，下列哪个陈述是正确的?
[A] The American one and the Canadian one are the same.
[A] 美国价格和加拿大价格是一样的。
[B] The American one is usually lower than the Canadian one.
[B] 美国价格通常要比加拿大价格低。
[C] The two prices reflect the continuing appreciation of the Canadian currency.
[C] 两个价格体现了加拿大货币的持续升值。
[D] They are fluctuating with the exchange rate.
[D] 价格要随着汇率的变化而波动。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第一段，目前两个价格出现了显著的差距，应该可以推测到，最初定价的时候两个价格可能差不多。但是现在由于美元贬值，美元的价格就会降低，而加元价格就相对高了。可见，价格是随着汇率的变化而变化的。因此选项D为正确答案。A和B选项显然是错误的，而C选项认为加拿大货币持续升值也是没有根据的。
2. As reported by the newspapers, thousands of Canadian steaming south in order to _____
2. 据报纸报道，成千上万的加拿大人涌向南方是为了_____
[A] make better deals than buying expensive imported products.
[A] 得到更好的交易，而不是购买那些昂贵的进口产品。
[B] make their purchases without paying too much tax.
[B] 不用交很多税就可以购买产品。
[C] buy cheaper American goods.
[C] 购买更便宜的美国物品。
[D] bargain with the government for cross-boarder shopping.
[D] 与政府商讨边境购物事宜。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第三段第一句就指出“Talk of hundreds of thousands of Canadians streaming south in search of bargains captured the headlines”，即各大报纸的头条都是关于加拿大人涌往南方寻找便宜东西的报道和谈论，那么可见他们到南面的边境是为了买到便宜的美国物品。因此，C选项为正确答案。
3. Cross-border shopping is easier in theory than in practice due to the following reasons except_____
3．跨边境购物在理论上要比实际容易，这是由于除_____外的其他因素。
[A] The government has strict limits on the amount of shoppers who can shop across boarder without paying extra taxes.
[A] 政府对于可以免税跨境购物者的数量有严格要求
[B] The standards of some goods are different in two countries.
[B] 两个国家一些商品的规格是不一样的
[C] The goods bought across boarder are not guaranteed sometimes.
[C] 跨边境买的物品有时候不能保质
[D] Canada has established some regulations on cross-border shopping.
[D] 加拿大在跨境购物方面设立了一些规定
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第四段中提到了这个问题，实际上跨边境购物有难度的原因一共三个：一是对购买物品的数量有限制；二和三是选项B、C的内容。因此，A选项是错误的，受限制的不是购物者人数，而是购书数量，因为文中指出“加拿大严格限制可以免付销售税和其他税就可以带回家的物品数量”，可见答案为A选项。同时也可以确认D选项的表述是正确的。
4. Which one of the following statement is TRUE of the opinion expressed by the central bank governor?
4．关于中央银行行长的观点，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] People should shop around the country to make the best deal.
[A] 人们买东西的时候应该在国内多走走看看，以拿到最好的交易。
[B] The government does not have the obligation to encourage competition in domestic market
[B] 政府没有义务来鼓励国内市场的竞争。
[C] The Canadian price does not necessarily have to meet the American price.
[C] 加拿大的价格不必要和美国价格一致。
[D] Canadian consumers should accept the high price of national goods.
[D] 加拿大消费者应当接受国内商品的高价格。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。中央银行行长表达了两个观点，一个是鼓励加拿大人到物价便宜的地方购物，另一方面又指出边境两边的价格不可能完全一样，因为加拿大竞争没那么激烈。选项A、B没有包含在他的意思中；选项C是正确的，就是两边价格不一定一样；选项D，他建议消费者到别的地方去购物，那其实就是不接受国内的高价格。因此，正确答案为C选项。
5． Liquor boards are the worst offenders when it passes on currency savings because_____.
5．为什么传导到现金存款后白酒酒商就会成为最糟糕的冒犯者，这是因为_____。
[A] they will suffer the most when it passes on currency savings.
[A] 当传导到现金存款后，他们会损失得最厉害。
[B] Canadians will go elsewhere to shop liquors.
[B]加拿大人会到其他地方买酒。
[C] liquor is charged with a too high price.
[C] 白酒定价过高。
[D] liquor boards are reluctant to have price reductions.
[D] 白酒商不愿意降低价格。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第四段提到中央银行行长认为因为加拿大竞争较少，因此美国和加拿大价格不一定会达到一致，接着就举了酒类行业存在垄断，那么可以推断他们自己定价，不会因为存在竞争而降低价格，因此，选项中D为正确答案。
参考译文：
Chris Smith是一家小型书店店主，他认为即使随着美元的贬值和加元的不断升值导致美国书刊封面上的两种价格出现显著差距，他的顾客还是会保持忠诚。但是当史密斯先生询问了几个老顾客后，他惊讶地发现他们可能都要到网上从边境以南的零售商手里购买美国书了。为了保持生意，他现在用了和美元一样的低价格，即使这意味着出售美国书刊就相当于亏损。
至少这可以使史密斯先生安全地退到一边，因为愤怒的加拿大人正在反抗加元和美元持平甚至超过美元价值的情况下、他们还得付很高的费用购买美国物品。加拿大元在2002年时达到了其最低汇率1加元对0.62美元后，与美元的汇率就在稳步上升。但是今年加元升值了近25%，这是因为美元疲软以及加拿大石油、燃气和金属出口价格提高的原因。当美元和加元的月份差距不再存在时，消费者的不满就不断升级，使得边境线北边的购物者很容易看到他们得多付多少钱。
成千上万加拿大人涌到南方寻找便宜货的报道占据了报纸头条。确实许多人也这样做了。但是边境贸易实际上没有理论上那么容易。加拿大严格限制可以免付销售税和其他税就可以带回家的物品数量。一些美国汽车的前灯和缓冲器必须的经过改造才能在加拿大使用。一些公司也拒绝为进口物品保质。这些事发生在了许多消费者身上，他们或是转向当地的零售商要求他们打折，或是到网上购买那些容易买到的物品，比如书籍。而加拿大邮政总局——国有邮政服务机构——不得不在国际邮件处理中心增加一些轮班了。
政府希望一月份将国内物品和服务税收从6%降到5%的措施可以起到一些作用，财政部长Jim Flaherty号召零售商们加快降价的速度。中央银行行长David Dodge的话模棱两可，让加拿大人到其他地方购物以获得最好的价格，但同时又指出边境两边的价格不可能完全一样因为在加拿大竞争要少一些。比如许多省国有酒商一直处于垄断地位。如果将价格差转嫁到现金存款上，那么冒犯酒商便是最不明智的举措。
面对竞争，零售商不得不做出一些反应，同时他们也责怪批发商、发行商和库存延误。上个月，美国大型连锁超市如沃尔玛宣布从美国进口的商品实施新的价格。
这些能安抚愤怒的消费者吗？也许吧。由Ipsos Reid最近做的一项民意调查显示大多数人认为加拿大的价格要与美国价格吻合可能还需要一段时间。正如欧洲引进单一货币显露出各个国家不同的税收制度和规定，在加拿大也可能会出现同样的情况，Orr先生说。这就轮到政府来处理消费者的抱怨了。
TEXT ONE
As the oil price climbed towards $100 a barrel during the past few weeks, big Western oil firms were reporting their results for the third quarter. Record oil prices, it turns out, do not translate into record profits. Oil is now close to exceeding the record set in 1979 of between $100 and $110, depending on how you adjust for inflation and what benchmark you use. Yet almost without exception, big oil firms' profits are falling from the peaks reached last year.
Exxon Mobil, for example, reported a 10% drop in profits in the third quarter, and BP's fell even more sharply. Profits also fell at Chevron, ConocoPhillips and Eni. They rose at Total and Royal Dutch Shell—but only thanks to exchange-rate fluctuations and one-off asset sales. Analysts at Citigroup calculate that, measured in dollars, the biggest oil firms' earnings fell by 15% on average.
To be fair, the oil price has surged most dramatically since the end of September, although it was also buoyant in the third quarter. The majors' poor showing also reflects lower profits from refining, as the difference in price between petrol and crude oil has fallen from the exceptionally high levels of recent months.
But the fact remains that oil giants are struggling to pump more oil and gas. In part, this is due to a quirk of the rules that oblige Western oil firms to share the crude they produce with state-owned oil firms in many countries. The contracts in question often stipulate that as the price goes up, the volume of oil the foreigners receive decreases. Worse, several countries are changing contracts or tax rules in ways that will further erode the Western oil firms' profits—and in some cases are throwing them out altogether.
Rising costs are also a problem. Exxon, which is known for its stringent financial discipline, saw costs rise almost twice as fast as revenue in the third quarter. The shortage of labour and equipment that is feeding this inflation is also causing delays to new projects. And there are not enough new projects in the pipeline. The International Energy Agency reckons that the expansion plans of the big Western and state-owned oil firms will leave the world 12.5m barrels per day short of requirements in 2015.
Despite this looming deficit and the glaring price signal, all the big companies except Total produced less oil and gas in the third quarter than they did in the same period last year. According to Citigroup, the average decline in overall output was 3.3%. If the relatively steady supply of natural gas is stripped out, the numbers look even worse: oil production fell by 9% on average. No matter how high the price goes, the oil majors cannot make a profit from oil they do not produce.
1. According to the first paragraph, which one of the following is TRUE of the oil price?
[A] The oil price is rising and will continue rising to the historical record.
[B] Whether the oil price is exceeding the record depends on the measurement used.
[C] The oil price is not really close to the degree of exceeding the historical record.
[D] The profit of the oil production industry reached the historical record last year.
2. Record oil prices do not translate into record profits because of the following reasons except_____
[A] the declining margin from oil refining.
[B] the disadvantageous change in contracts.
[C] the shortage of supply of labour and equipment.
[D] the decreasing quantity of oil production.
3. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the situation of the third quarter?
[A] The oil price was on the rise in the third quarter.
[B] Most oil companies were suffering a serious loss in the third quarter.
[C] The oil refining industry was also suffering a surplus deduction in the third quarter.
[D] Some companies also enjoyed rising profits in the third quarter.
4. “This inflation” (Line 3, Paragraph 5) refers to_____
[A] the rise of oil price.
[B] the rise of Consumer Price Index (CPI).
[C] the rise of oil production costs.
[D] the rise of oil production revenue.
5. The word “looming” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) most probably means_____
[A] imminent.
[B] rising.
[C] haunting.
[D] alarming.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章主要讲述了石油价格上涨后石油公司的危机。第一段讲述石油价格不断上涨，但是石油公司业绩却出现下滑；第二段讲述一些公司的具体业绩数据；第三段讲述近期石油价格的态势；第四段讲述石油巨头目前面临的状况和采取的措施；第四段讲述成本上升也引起石油公司业绩下滑；第五段讲述主要石油公司目前都没无法赚到利润。
词汇注释：
buoyant adj. 趋于上升的 quirk n. 急转
loom v. 隐现，迫近
难句突破：
To be fair, the oil price has surged most dramatically since the end of September, although it was also buoyant in the third quarter.
[主体句式] The oil price has surged since… although…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，to be fair是个独立成分。
[句子译文] 其实石油价格从九月底就急剧上升，尽管在整个第三季度呈缓慢上升的态势。
Worse, several countries are changing contracts or tax rules in ways that will further erode the Western oil firms' profits—and in some cases are throwing them out altogether.
[主体句式] Worse, several countries are changing… in ways that… and in some cases are throwing…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句；Worse其实是个省略结构，应当是what is worse is that…；前面分句中，that引导的定语从句用来修饰ways。
[句子译文] 更糟糕的是几个国家甚至修改了合同或税收规则，进一步减少了西方石油公司的利润，更有甚者还逐出了西方石油公司。
题目分析：
1. According to the first paragraph, which one of the following is TRUE of the oil price?
根据地一段，下列哪个选项是关于石油价格的正确说法？
[A] The oil price is rising and will continue rising to the historical record
[A]石油价格正在上升并将持续上升直至历史记录。
[B] Whether the oil price is exceeding the record depends on the measurement used.
[B]石油价格是否能打破记录取决于衡量的标准。
[C] The oil price is not really close to the degree of exceeding the historical record.
[C]石油价格不是真正接近要打破历史记录的程度。
[D] The profit of the oil production industry reached the historical record last year.
[D]石油产业的利润去年达到了历史记录。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第一段提到石油价格快要超过历史记录了，但还要取决于如何看待通胀和所采用的标准，因此，选项中B是正确的。C选项是错误的，因为是否会打破历史记录有待于标准的确立。A选项的错误在于文章没有谈到石油价格上升的趋势是否是持续上升。D选项爱内阁也是明显错误，因为第一段最后提到石油公司的利润反而是下降的。
2. Record oil prices do not translate into record profits because of the following reasons except_____
破纪录的石油价格并不能代表石油利润也可以
创纪录，这是因为、下列除____外的其他因素。
[A] the declining margin from oil refining.
[A] 炼油利润的下滑
[B] the disadvantageous change in contracts.
[B] 合同中不利的修订
[C] the shortage of the supply of labour and equipment.
[C] 劳动力和设备的供应短缺
[D] the decreasing quantity oil production.
[D] 石油产量减少
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。A选项，文章第二段提到“The majors' poor showing also reflects lower profits from refining”，而且第五段主要是讲述成本上升问题，因此，可以推断运输成本上升了；B选项，文章第四段提到了有些国家修订了合同，这也使得他们利润降低；C选项，第五段提到了劳动力和设备短缺，但却没有提到劳动力和设备成本提高的问题，因此改选项错误；D选项，文章最后一段提到了这个因素。答案为C选项。
3. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the situation of the third quarter?
3.关于第三季度的情况，下列哪个陈述是错误的？
[A] The oil price was on the rise in the third quarter.
[A] 石油价格第三季度出现了上涨。
[B] Most oil companies were suffering a serious loss in the third quarter.
[B]大多数的石油公司第三季度都遭受了严重的亏损。
[C] The oil refining industry was also suffering a surplus deduction in the third quarter.
[C]炼油产业在第三季度也出现了利润下降。
[D] Some companies also enjoyed rising profits in the third quarter.
[D]一些公司在第三季度利润还是增加了。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。A选项，由第三段可以看出第三季度是缓慢上升的；B选项，根据第二段，大多数公司利润出现了下降，文章最后一段提到逐渐迫近的赤字，可以推断这些公司没有亏损，只是利润下降；C选项，第三段提到石油公司的利润下降也反映了炼油企业同样的情况；D选项，第二段提到一些公司因为其他的原因利润上升。因此，答案为B选项。
4. “This inflation” (Line 3, Paragraph 5) refers to_____
4.“这种上涨”（第五段第三行）指的是_____
[A] the rise of oil price.
[A] 石油价格的上涨。
[B] the rise of Consumer Price Index (CPI).
[B] 消费者价格指数的增加。
[C] the rise of oil production costs.
[C] 石油制造成本的增加。
[D] the rise of oil production revenue.
[D] 石油制造利润的增加。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第五段提到，Exxon第三季度成本上涨的速度是利润上涨速度的两倍，接着谈到除了这个上涨，劳动力和设备短缺使得新项目延迟。那么可以推断，“这种上涨”应当是前面提到的，那么应该就是成本的上涨。因此，答案为C选项。
5. The word “looming” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) most probably means_____
5.“looming”(第六段第一行)最有可能的意
思是____
[A] imminent.
[A] 即将来临的。
[B] rising.
[B] 上升的。
[C] haunting.
[C] 反复出现的。
[D] alarming.
[D] 令人警觉的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，“Despite this looming deficit and the glaring price signal, all the big companies except Total produced less oil and gas in the third quarter than they did in the same period last year”（尽管隐隐出现了赤字和价格信号，除了Total的所有大公司在第三季度制造石油和汽油的数量都比去年同期减少了）赤字还没有出现，只是利润减少，那么可以推断是可能即将到来的赤字，因此，答案中A是正确选项。
参考译文：
随着石油价格在过去几周内攀到每桶100美元，西方据几家大型石油公司汇报了他们第三季度的收益。结果表明，石油价格创记录并不代表石油公司利润也创了记录。石油价格目前即将打破1979年创下的每桶100到110美元的记录，不过这与通胀及使用的标准有关。但是无论如何，几乎所有的石油公司利润都在去年达到峰值后出现了下滑。
比如，Exxon Mobil报告第三季度利润减少了10%，而英国石油公司利润下滑则更为厉害。Chevron, ConocoPhillips 和 Eni利润也出现了下滑， Total和Royal Dutch Shell的利润虽然有所增加，但是这只是由于利率波动和一次性资产出售的原因。花旗银行分析家用美元核算得出的结果是最大型石油公司的利润平均下降了15%。
其实石油价格从九月底就急剧上升，尽管在整个第三季度呈缓慢上升的态势。主要石油公司惨淡的汇报也反映了炼油企业的利润降低，因为近几个月内汽油和原油之间的高差价已经缩小了。
但事实上石油巨头仍然在努力抽出更多的石油和天然气。这部分是由于在许多国家突然规定西方石油公司必须将制造的原油分给国有石油公司。这些合同经常规定如果石油价格上涨，那么出口给外国人的石油量就要减少。更糟糕的是几个国家甚至修改了合同或税收规则，进一步减少了西方石油公司的利润，更有甚者还逐出了西方石油公司。
成本上升也是个问题。Exxon以其严格的财务纪律而著名，在第三季度公司成本上涨的速度是利润上涨速度的两倍。这种成本上升再加上劳动力和设备的短缺，使得新项目被延迟。同时在输油管道建设方面没有足够的新项目，国际能源组织承认西方大型石油公司和国有石油公司的扩展计划将导致世界在2015年每天的石油缺口达一千两百五十万桶。
尽管隐约出现了赤字和价格信号，但除了Total以外的所有大公司在第三季度生产石油和天然气的数量都比去年同期减少了。花旗银行称总产量平均下降了3.3%。如果不考虑天然气相对稳定的供应，那么数字更为惊人：石油产量平均下降了9%。无论石油价格多高，主要石油公司都不能他们生产的石油中获利。
TEXT TWO
From its birth in 1981 with just two employees, the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation has become one of the world's largest sovereign funds, managing more than $100 billion in assets, with 900 employees in eight offices around the world. It is larger even than Temasek Holdings, the government's better-known fund. Temasek gained attention with its $1.9 billion purchase of a controlling stake in Thailand's dominant telecommunications company from the family of the country's prime minister. That helped stir street protests that led to a coup d'etat there last year.
The stake was part of a broader expansion started in mid-2002 by the company's executive director, Ho Ching, formerly head of government-owned Singapore Technologies and wife of Singapore's primeminister, Lee Hsien Loong. Aimed at reviving Temasek's financial performance in the wake of a recession, Temasek has since taken large stakes in banks as distant as India, China and the Standard Chartered Bank of Britain. Temasek says its investments are purely for financial purposes despite its ownership by the government. Nonetheless, it has run into political headwinds in the region. An Indonesian court recently ruled that it would have to sell one of the controlling stakes it holds, one directly and the other through a subsidiary, in the country's two dominant cellular telephone companies.
Over the last few years, Singapore has embarked on an aggressive effort to court private banks and their clients as a way of diversifying the economy as manufacturing jobs were shifting to China and Vietnam, turning the country into an Asian asset base. There are already at least 40 private banks with offices in Singapore, managing assets worth at least $150 billion. With many wealthy Europeans shifting assets to Singapore from Switzerland to take advantage of rapid Asian growth and avoid new withholding taxes in Europe, the European authorities have stepped up criticism of Singapore's banking system, saying that Singapore needed to tighten controls against money laundering.
Singaporean financial authorities say they do not condone money laundering and recently stepped up fines against banks found to be involved in illicit financial activity. The Government Investment Corporation, known as G.I.C., is controlled by the state, and Singapore's founding prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew, is its chairman. His son, the current prime minister, is deputy chairman. Tony Tan, its executive director, is a former deputy prime minister.
Both Temasek and G.I.C. have aggressively recruited top international financial talent, and G.I.C. in particular has a reputation among bankers and analysts as a shrewd and powerful investor. More than 40 percent of its employees are not Singaporean. Its investment panel includes Charles Ellis, chairman of the Yale University Investment Committee, and Robert Litterman, a managing director of Goldman Sachs Asset Management. Despite managing public funds, G.I.C. does not publicize its holdings or returns. Last year on its 25th anniversary, Lee Kuan Yew offered the company's first financial disclosure, reporting that G.I.C. had averaged a 9.5 percent annual return in United States dollar terms over its lifetime
1．The passage mainly discusses about_____
[A] Singapore’s financial strategy in recent years.
[B] conditions about the two large government funds in Singapore.
[C] the transformation or evolution of Singapore’s banking system.
[D] the close relation between Singapore’s financial system and the government.
2. From the first paragraph, it can be inferred that_____
[A] Singaporeans are against the purchase of controlling stake in Thailand’s telecommunications company.
[B] Singaporeans think that Temasek’s purchase is indeed a political deal.
[C] Singaporeans think that Temasek’s purchase will make them have a loss.
[D] Thais are reluctant to let Temasek to control their telecommunications company.
3. Which one of the following statement is TRUE of Temasek Holdings?
[A] Temasek Holdings seems to be quite reluctant to interfere with in the political issue of the countries it invests into.
[B] Temasek Holdings will sell one of the controlling stakes in Indonesian mobile telephone companies directly and through a subsidiary.
[C] Temasek Holdings conducts such expansion in order to change its depression.
[D] Temasek Holdings has not only subtle relations with Singapore’s political elite, but also those of neighboring countries.
4. Many Europeans shift assets to Singapore due to the following reasons except_____
[A] they want to invest into Asia so as to gain more profits.
[B] they want to conduct money laundering by tactically avoiding taxes.
[C] they want to carry out illegal financial activity in Asia.
[D] the investment environment in Europe is not attracting.
5． The word “condone” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
[A] encourage.
[B] allow.
[C] remit.
[D] permit.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了新加坡政府投资集团的一些情况。第一段讲述该集团目前的大致情况；第二段讲述基金Temasek的一些情况；第三段讲述新加坡致力于转变为金融国家的努力；第四段讲述新加坡采取的一些相关严厉措施；第五段讲述基金Temasek和其他投资集团的措施。
词汇注释：
headwind n. 逆风 condone v. 姑息
难句突破:
An Indonesian court recently ruled that it would have to sell one of the controlling stakes it holds, one directly and the other through a subsidiary, in the country's two dominant cellular telephone companies.
[主体句式] An Indonesian court recently ruled that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，其宾语从句比较复杂；宾语从句中，it holds 是定语从句用来修饰前面的stakes, one directly and the other…是做it holds的状语。
[句子译文] 印尼一法庭最近命令Temasek必须卖出所持有的印尼两大垄断移动电话公司其中一家的控股股权——Temasek对两家的股权一为直接控股，一为通过其子公司控股。
Over the last few years, Singapore has embarked on an aggressive effort to court private banks and their clients as a way of diversifying the economy as manufacturing jobs were shifting to China and Vietnam, turning the country into an Asian asset base.
[主体句式] Singapore has embarked on an efforts to court…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，as manufacturing jobs…是句子的状语从句；as a way of diversifying the economy是做court …的状语； turning the country into…是句子的伴随状语。
[句子译文] 过去的几年中，随着制造业转向中国和越南，新加坡致力于吸引私有银行及其职员，从而增加其经济的多样性，将新加坡打造成为亚洲的资金大本营。
题目分析：
1．The passage mainly discusses about_____
1. 这篇文章主要讨论了_____
[A] Singapore’s financial strategy in recent years.
[A] 新加坡近些年来的金融策略。
[B] conditions about the two large government funds in Singapore.
[B] 新加坡两大政府基金的情况。
[C] the transformation or evolution of Singapore’s banking system.
[C] 新加坡金融系统的转型或发展。
[D] the close relation between Singapore’s financial system and the government.
[D] 新加坡的金融系统与政府之间的密切关系。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 主旨题。这篇文章主要分析了新加坡的两个大的政府基金的情况，也顺带提到了新加坡的金融策略、经济转型问题，但主要还是围绕这两大基金来谈论的。因此，答案为B选项，而选项A和C是不正确的。此外，虽然主要谈论的是政府基金，但是所谓的关于金融系统与政府之间的密切关系也不是文章的重点，只是有所提及而已。
2. From the first paragraph, it can be inferred that_____
2. 从第一段可以推断出_____
[A] Singaporeans are against the purchase of controlling stake in Thailand’s telecommunications company.
[A] 新加坡人反对购买泰国电信公司的控股股权。
[B] Singaporeans think that Temasek’s purchase is indeed a political deal.
[B] 新加坡人认为Temasek的收购行为实际上是有政治意向的。
[C] Singaporeans think that Temasek’s purchase will make them have a loss.
[C] 新加坡人认为Temasek的收购行为会给他们带来损失。
[D] Thais are reluctant to let Temasek to control their telecommunications company.
[D] 泰国人不愿意让Temasek控制他们的电信公司。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。关键是要理解这句话：That helped stir street protests that led to a coup d'etat there last year. 这是哪里发生的，根据英语的指称习惯，指的应该就是前面的泰国。因此，答案为D选项。
3. Which one of the following statement is TRUE of Temasek Holdings?
3.关于Temasek基金，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] Temasek Holdings seems to be quite reluctant to interfere with in the political issue of the countries it invests into.
[A]Temasek基金看起来非常不愿意干涉它所投资国家的政治事务。
[B] Temasek Holdings will sell one of the controlling stakes in Indonesian mobile telephone companies directly and through a subsidiary.
[B]Temasek将会将自己在印度移动电话公司的控股股权直接和通过子公司的方式卖出。
[C] Temasek Holdings conducts such expansion in order to change its depression.
[C]Temasek基金声称本基金完全独立于政府之外，进行有效的自治。
[D] Temasek Holdings has not only subtle relations with Singapore’s political elite, but also those of neighboring countries.
[D]Temasek基金不仅于新加坡的政治精英阶层有微妙的关系，而且与邻国的关系也非常微妙。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。关于Temasek基金的内容主要在文章的第一段和第二段。A选项， 文章没有提到Temasek对于所投资国家的政治事务的态度问题，所以该选项不正确。B选项，第二段提到它是直接和通过子公司来控股，而不是卖出股份，因此该选项错误。C选项，第二段提到该基金为了在萧条后重振雄风，才到其他地方购买股份，因此该陈述正确。D选项，文章提到了该基金与政府的关系，也提到了其在周边邻国的投资，但是没有涉及这种所谓的“subtle relations”。因此正确答案为C选项。
4. Many Europeans shift assets to Singapore due to the following reasons except_____
4. 许多欧洲人将资金转移到新加坡是因为下列除了_____外的其他原因。
[A] they want to invest into Asia so as to gain more profits.
[A] 他们想要在亚洲投资以获得更丰厚的利润
[B] they want to conduct money laundering by tactically avoiding taxes.
[B] 他们想要通过巧妙避税来洗钱
[C] they want to carry out illegal financial activity in Asia.
[C] 他们想要在亚洲从事非法的金融活动
[D] they think the investment environment in Europe is not attracting.
[D] 他们认为欧洲的投资环境不那么有吸引力
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 细节题。第三段提到了这个问题，谈到欧洲人转移资产是为了分享亚洲经济快速增长的盛宴，逃避欧洲新立的税收，那么A、D选项是他们转移资产的原因；而一些欧洲当局的批评以及新加坡的回应可以看出了部分资金是来进行非法交易了，C选项也是原因。而B选项, 他们是想要避税，而不是通过避税来洗钱。正确答案为B选项。
5. The word “condone” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
5. “condone” (第四段第一行)最有可能的意思为_____
[A] encourage.
[A] 鼓励。
[B] allow.
[B] 允许。
[C] remit.
[C] 宽恕，容忍。
[D] permit.
[D] 同意。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，新加坡采取了比较大的处罚力度，可以推断他们是不会容忍这种行为的，因此选项C正确。B选项则不符合语法。
参考译文：
新加坡政府投资集团于1981年成立，当时只有两个员工，而今天已经成为世界上最大的独立基金，旗下管理的资产超过了一千亿，在全世界拥有八个办事处，900个员工。该基金规模甚至比政府最有名的基金Temasek还要大。Temasek因为耗资19亿从新加坡总理家族购买了泰国垄断的电信公司的绝对股权引起了人们的注意。这为上街游行火上浇油，导致了去年的政变。
该股份为公司执行董事Ho Ching于2002年年中开始实施的公司扩展计划的一部分Ho Ching是政府所有的新加坡科技公司的前总裁，也是新加坡总理李显龙的夫人。Temasek为了在经济萧条后重振雄风，从那时开始就在印度、中国、英国的渣打银行持有大量股份。Temasek称自己虽然归政府所有，但是其投资只是出于经济目的。然而，公司还是卷入了该地区的政治风波。印尼一法庭最近命令Temasek必须卖出所持有的印尼两大垄断移动电话公司其中一家的控股股权——Temasek对两家的股权一为直接控股，一为通过其子公司控股。
过去的几年中，随着制造业转向中国和越南，新加坡致力于吸引私有银行及其职员，从而增加其经济的多样性，将新加坡打造成为亚洲的资金大本营。目前已经有至少40家私有银行将办事处设在新加坡，管理的资产最少价值一千五百亿。许多富有的欧洲人都将资产从瑞士转移到新加坡以分享亚洲经济快速增长的盛宴，并且逃避欧洲的新税收，因此欧洲一些政府都在批评新加坡的银行体系，称新加坡需要加紧控制洗钱。
新加坡财政部称他们不会姑息洗钱活动，最近还对那些发现涉及非法金融活动的银行加大了处罚。政府投资集团由国家控制，新加坡第一个总理李光耀担任主席。他的儿子即现任的总理担任副主席，而执行董事Tony Tan是前副总理。
Temasek和政府投资集团聘请了国际最知名的金融专家，政府投资集团还在银行家和分析师中间享有精明、强大的投资家的美誉。其40%的员工不是新加坡人。其投资顾问小组包括耶鲁大学投资委员会主席Charles Ellis、高盛公司资产管理公司常务董事Robert Litterman。尽管政府投资集团是管理公募基金，但却不公开其持有的股份和收益。在去年的25周年庆典中，李光耀第一次公开了公司的财务，宣布以美元来计算有平均9.5%的年收益。
TEXT THREE
Two real-world studies from Europe demonstrate the health damage done by automotive air pollution, especially the kind emitted by diesel engines. An 11-year period of improving air quality in Switzerland, which started with some of the cleanest air in Europe, produced measurable benefits in lung fun_ction for adults as they aged, according to a report in the Dec. 6 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine. "Even with small improvements in air quality, you get measurable health benefits," said Dr. Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich, a professor of public health at the University of Basel. "That is true at levels even which are quite low."
And an unusual collaborative study by American and British researchers, reported in the same issue of the journal, showed that people with asthma who walked along a street used by diesel-powered traffic experienced loss of breathing much greater than those who strolled through a traffic-free park. "The unique feature of this study in real-world conditions was that we have demonstrated that typical urban levels of air pollution with diesel-rich powered vehicles have measurable effects," said Dr. Junfeng Zhang, chairman of environmental and occupational health at the New Jersey School of Public Health and an American member of the research team. "There have been theories or hypotheses of diesel exhaust or particle matter and also laboratory studies with animals, but this was a study in the real world with real people."
The study had 60 adults with mild or moderate asthma walk for two hours along two London locales -- busy, exhaust-filled Oxford Street or the more bucolic Hyde Park. The Oxford Street walk produced a 5 percent to 6 percent reduction in lung fun_ction, "and asthmatics already have compromised lung fun_ction," Zhang said. The reduction in lung fun_ction was "significantly larger" than what was measured after the Hyde Park walk and was accompanied by an increase in biomarkers of lung inflammation. The negative effect on the lung was greater than has been seen in animal studies using breathing chambers, Zhang said.
The Swiss study found a decrease in the amount of airborne fine particulate pollutants, a major feature of diesel emissions. That improvement in Swiss air quality was accompanied by a slowing in the rate of the loss of breathing fun_ction that occurs as people age, Ackerman-Liebrich said. The journal report attributed the healthful effect to "decreasing exposure to airborne particulates." "There seems to be something more potent than other forms of air pollution in diesel exhausts," said Dr. Morton Lippman, a professor of environmental medicine at New York University. "It is something many other studies have pointed to."
The issue of diesel pollution is of growing interest because "new diesel technologies are increasingly coming on the market," Lippmann said. Diesel automobiles are much more common in Europe than in the United States but are gaining attention because of their greater fuel efficiency, he noted.
The two studies are welcome because they assess the effect of diesel emissions at relatively low levels, Lippmann said. "That remains a complex issue," he said. "Getting statistically significant information on a small average effect on a large population is not easy. There are a lot of unknowns. Most effects are associated with particles rather than gases in the mixture, but there is no data on which part of the components is particularly nasty."
1. By saying "That is true at levels even which are quite low.", Dr. Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich meant_____
[A] people could really get health benefits even though the benefits were at low levels.
[B] people could get measurable health benefits with air quality improved slightly even at the region in low latitude.
[C] people could get measurable health benefits even in the region with low levels of air pollution.
[D] people could get health benefits with air quality improved slightly even in the region with low levels of air pollution.
2. The collaborative study by American and British researchers was unusual in that_____
[A] it was a study in the real world with real people living in urban levels of air pollution.
[B] it proved that air pollution by diesel-rich powered vehicles have measurable effects.
[C] it verified that people in the city are generally affected by air pollution with diesel-engined automobiles.
[D] it demonstrated the real negative effect was greater than that of laboratory studies.
3. According to the collaborative study by American and British researchers, people strolling in Hyde Park _____
[A] had an increase in biomarkers of lung inflammation.
[B] had a greater reduction in lung fun_ction than animals under the same condition.
[C] had a larger reduction in lung fun_ction than walking in a busy street.
[D] were, as a matter of fact, affected by the air pollution.
4. According to Dr. Morton Lippman, the more potent form of air pollution many other studies have pointed to was_____
[A] airborne particulates in diesel exhausts.
[B] airborne fine particulate pollutants.
[C] particular mixture from diesel emissions.
[D] some other forms of air pollution.
5. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the Swiss study?
[A] The study is aimed to produce a pleasant air quality for people as they age.
[B] The study proves that people could enjoy healthful effect as they seldom expose themselves in the airborne particulates.
[C] The study is conducted in the region the least polluted in Europe.
[D] The study is aimed to make people own clearest air in Europe.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了关于汽车排气污染的几个研究。第一段讲述欧洲试验证实了柴油引擎排出的气体污染对人体造成的危害；第二段讲述另外一个合作研究表明柴油发动汽车的典型城市空气污染水平对人体有一定的影响；第三段具体介绍了这项合作研究；第四段讲述瑞士一项研究的具体情况；第五段讲述柴油污染持续得到人们的关注；第六段讲述两项试验的优点。
词汇注释：
asthma n.哮喘 asthmatics n. 哮喘病患者
bucolic adj. 田园风格的 inflammation n. 炎症
难句突破:
An 11-year period of improving air quality in Switzerland, which started with some of the cleanest air in Europe, produced measurable benefits in lung fun_ction for adults as they aged, according to a report in the Dec. 6 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine
[主体句式] A period produced benefits in …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，which stated…是定语从句修饰period； according to…是句子的状语。
[句子译文] 根据发表在12月第六期《新英格兰医学期刊》上的一项报告，一个旨在提高瑞士空气质量的11年长期项目大大有益于老年人的肺功能，该项目是在欧洲空气最清洁的地方开始的。
The reduction in lung fun_ction was "significantly larger" than what was measured after the Hyde Park walk and was accompanied by an increase in biomarkers of lung inflammation.
[主体句式] The reduction was larger than… and was accomplished by…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，句子有两个并列的谓语；前一个谓语中，that引导的是宾语从句。
[句子译文] 这些人肺功能减弱的程度要比那些在海德公园散步的人“大得多”，而且还伴有炎症生物指标增加。
题目分析：
1. By saying "That is true at levels even which are quite low.", Dr. Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich meant_____
1．Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich说：“即使改善程度很小也会有这样的效果”，他的意思是_____
[A] people could really get health benefits even though the benefits were at low levels.
[A] 人们身体得到了好处，虽然这种益处很少。
[B] people could get measurable health benefits with air quality improved slightly even at the region in low latitude.
[B] 在低纬度地区空气质量只要有稍微的改善，人们身体就会有所改善。
[C] people could get measurable health benefits even in the region with low levels of air pollution.
[C] 即使在空气污染程度很小的地方，人们的身体还是得到了好处。
[D] people could get health benefits with air quality improved slightly even in the region with low levels of air pollution.
[D] 即使在污染程度很小的地方，空气质量稍微改善，人们身体就有变好的迹象。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据全文提到的这两个实验都在空气污染不是很严重的情况下侧到了污染对人身体的影响，可见这里的low levels是指污染程度小，Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich博士整句话是说即使空气质量只改善一点，即使在污染很轻微的地方人们的健康也得到了提高。因此，D选项最为符合题意。
2. The collaborative study by American and British researchers was unusual in that_____
2. 美国和英国研究人员共同进行的研究部平常之处在于_____
[A] it was a study in the real world with real people living in urban levels of air pollution.
[A] 这是对真实世界中生活在都市空气污染中真实人群的研究。
[B] it proved that air pollution by diesel-rich powered vehicles have measurable effects.
[B] 证明了柴油发动机汽车的空气污染有一定的影响。
[C] it verified that people in the city are generally affected by air pollution with diesel-engined automobiles.
[C] 证明了在城市中的人群普遍受到柴油发动机汽车空气污染的影响。
[D] it demonstrated the real negative effect was greater than that of laboratory studies.
[D] 证明了真正的消极影响要比实验室测到的影响大得多。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第二段中，张提到该研究的特别之处在于“The unique feature of this study in real-world conditions was that we have demonstrated that typical urban levels of air pollution with diesel-rich powered vehicles have measurable effects”，即证明了柴油发动汽车的典型城市空气污染水平对人体有一定的影响，因此，C选项最为符合这点。
3. According to the collaborative study by American and British researchers, people strolling in Hyde Park _____
3. 根据美国和英国研究者的联合研究，在海德公园散步的人们_____
[A] had an increase in biomarkers of lung inflammation.
[A] 肺部炎症的生物指标增加。
[B] had a greater reduction in lung fun_ction than animals under the same condition.
[B] 在相同情况下必动物受到了更大的肺功能损害。
[C] had a larger reduction in lung fun_ction than walking in a busy street.
[C] 相比那些在街上散步的人们其肺功能减弱的程度更大。
[D] were, as a matter of fact, affected by the air pollution.
[D] 实际上受到空气污染的影响。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第三段提到，在牛津街肺功能减弱的程度要比那些在海德公园散步回来的人检测的情况“大得多”，而且牛津街的人而且还伴有炎症生物指标增加的状况。那么，A、B选项是错误的，而关于C选项，文章中提到在街上散步的人们其肺功能减弱的程度比到海德公园的大，而选项的表述则正好与原文相反，需要加以仔细区别。因此，D选项为正确答案。
4. According to Dr. Morton Lippman , the more potent form of air pollution many other studies have pointed to was_____
4. 据Morton Lippman博士，许多研究指出的更加有影响力的空气污染是____
[A] airborne particulates in diesel exhausts.
[A] 柴油排放物中的空中微粒。
[B] airborne fine particulate pollutants.
[B] 细微的空中微粒污染物。
[C] particular mixture from diesel emissions.
[C] 燃烧柴油排放出的微粒混合物。
[D]some other forms of air pollution.
[D] 其它形式的空气污染。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第四段提到，Ackerman-Liebrich指出“The Swiss study found a decrease in the amount of airborne fine particulate pollutants, a major feature of diesel emissions. That improvement in Swiss air quality was accompanied by a slowing in the rate of the loss of breathing fun_ction that occurs as people age”，他认为这好像要比柴油排放的其他形式的气体污染更为有影响力，而这种污染他前面提到了是空气颗粒，结合来看就是本段以开头提到的柴油排放物中的微粒。因此只有选项A符合题意。
5. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the Swiss study?
5. 关于瑞士研究，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] The study is aimed to produce a pleasant air quality for people as they age.
[A] 该研究旨在让人们在变老时拥有好的空气质量。
[B] The study proves that people could enjoy healthful effect as they seldom expose themselves in the airborne particulates.
[B] 该研究证明了他们只要很少暴露在空气微粒中，他们就可以有很好的健康。
[C] The study is conducted in the region the least polluted in Europe.
[C] 该研究在欧洲污染最小的地方进行。
[D] The study is aimed to make people own clearest air in Europe.
[D] 该研究旨在让人们拥有欧洲最洁净的空气。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据文章，两项研究都是为了测量柴油排放气体对人健康的危害，因此A、D选项不是正确的；B，虽然第四段提到了这一点，但是说空气微粒减少，不是人主动暴露在空气中，该陈述不对；C选项的内容在第一段有所提及，因此是正确答案。
参考译文：
欧洲两项实地研究证明了汽车排气污染，尤其是柴油引擎排出的气体污染对人体造成的危害。根据发表在12月第六期《新英格兰医学期刊》上的一项报告，一个旨在提高瑞士空气质量的11年长期项目大大有益于老年人的肺功能，该项目是在欧洲空气最清洁的地方开始的。“即使空气质量只改善一点点，对你的健康也有一定的好处，”巴塞尔大学公共健康教授Ursula Ackermann-Liebrich博士说，“即使污染程度很小的地方也会有这样的效果。”
而该期刊同期刊登的一项由美国和英国研究者合作进行的研究表明，哮喘病人在走过靠柴油为动力的汽车行驶的路以后，要比那些在没有汽车的公园散步的病人呼吸困难得多。“在实地进行这项研究的特别之处在于我们证明了城市中那些以柴油为动力的汽车造成的空气污染水平对人体有一定的影响。”新泽西公共健康学校环境和职业健康系主任、该研究团队的美国成员Junfeng Zhang说道。“曾经有过关于柴油排气或其他颗粒物的理论和假设，也有过在实验室进行的动物试验，但是我们是在真实世界的真人上进行了研究。”
该研究让60个有轻微或中度哮喘的成年人在伦敦的两个地点散步两小时，一个是繁华、充满排放气体的牛津街，另外一个是具有田园风格的海德公园。在牛津街散步的人肺功能减弱了5到6个百分点，“哮喘病人肺功能出现了很危险的情况，”Zhang说。这些人肺功能减弱的程度要比那些在海德公园散步的人“大得多”，而且还伴有炎症生物指标增加。Zhang说对于肺部的这种负面影响要比使用呼吸房进行的动物实验结果严重得多。
瑞士的研究发现空气细微颗粒污染物的数量有所减少，这种颗粒物是柴油排放的主要标志。在瑞士空气质量改善的同时，人们随年纪增大而出现的呼吸功能丧失的几率也在减少，Ackerman-Liebrich说。该期刊的报道认为“暴露在空气颗粒下的情况减少”是健康改善的原因。“这好像要比柴油排放的其他形式污染气体有更大的影响力。”纽约大学环境医学教授Morton Lippman说，“其它许多研究都已发现了这一点。”
柴油污染在不断得到人们的关注，因为“新的柴油技术不断问世”，Lippmann说。在欧洲，柴油驱动的汽车比在美国更为普遍，然而由于其燃料的高效引起了人们越来越多的关注，他强调说。
Lippmann称这两项试验受到了人们的欢迎，因为它检测了较低水平的柴油排放效果。“这仍然是个非常复杂的问题，”他说，“测到对于大量人口有微小的平均效果的重要统计数据不是件容易的事。而且仍然有许多未知的情况。大部分影响都与混合成分中的颗粒物有关而非气体，但是还没有数据表明究竟哪个部分是最具影响力的。”
TEXT FOUR
Although close relationships are often wellsprings of health-enhancing support, accumulating evidence indicates that persistent domestic conflict deals a blow to the body—and especially the heart. In one of the latest studies, researchers found that British adults who were in adverse close relationships were 34 percent more likely to suffer coronary problems, ranging from chest pain to deadly heart attacks, than those who weren't. Numerous American studies have produced similar findings. Last year, for example, a long-term analysis of more than 1,000 marriages found that strained matrimonies take a clear toll on physical health over time, hitting the elderly the hardest.
Negativity-plagued relationships are toxic in part because of the effects of chronic stress, says Sheldon Cohen, a Carnegie Mellon University psychologist. In addition to damaging the heart, ongoing stress can deplete the immune system—creating openings for colds, cancers, and other maladies—and also lead to depression and risky coping behaviors like excessive drinking.
People who endure persistent interpersonal problems are more at risk than those reeling from an isolated blowup, Cohen says. But spouses aren't the only potential source of unrelenting trouble. In the recent British study, 20 percent of adults identified someone other than a romantic partner as the object of their closest relationship, according to the report in the October 8 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine.
Fortunately, strategies for minimizing feuds within the family are similar to those that can resolve conflicts with in-laws, coworkers, neighbors, and others, says Redford Williams, a behavioral scientist at Duke University. One technique he recommends is this: Before lashing someone with a sharp-tongued comment, step back and evaluate a brewing dispute. Say it's your turn to host the annual holiday family feast. Frazzled, juggling food prep for 20 people with a maniacal effort to scrub everything clean, you finally feel pleased by your home's facelift. Then the doorbell rings. In strides your 84-year-old aunt, craning her neck to eyeball the surroundings. "Well you certainly don't pay much attention to keeping your house tidy," she barks, flinging her coat over your outstretched arms. "If we did what came naturally, we'd either explode or keep fuming for the rest of the day," Williams says. Instead, he suggests, ask yourself four questions: Is this situation important?
After years studying the strain hostility and anger place on the heart, he and his wife, also a doctor, have developed a system called Williams LifeSkills. A 2005 study found that when people with heart disease used Williams's techniques, their anger levels, average blood pressure, and blood pressure elevation when angry all went down; their depression and anxiety diminished; and they reported being more satisfied with family and friends.
Nevertheless, the holidays tend to strap everyone with a little extra stress, so make an effort to be on your best behavior, especially if you're prone to conflict, says Williams. But if family fighting's become an annual theme, there might be something wrong.
Not all conflict is bad, according to Harvard University lecturer Tal Ben-Shahar, author of the new book Happier: Learn the Secrets to Daily Joy and Lasting Fulfillment. "Negativity is normal, as long as it's outweighed by positivity," he says. "No negativity at all is actually a bad sign" that people may be avoiding serious issues.
1．From the first paragraph, it can be inferred that _____
[A] close relationship between matrimonies is a double-edged sword.
[B] adverse close relationship lead to high risk of coronary problems.
[C] strained relationship within family will cut short one's normal span of life.
[D] numerous studies have proved the devastating effect of close relationship.
2. Negative close relationship may lead to the following diseases except_____
[A] coronary problems.
[B] immune system disorder.
[C] psychosis.
[D] depression and anxiety.
3. By the technique recommended by Redford Williams, the author implies that_____
[A] one should be reasonable so as to keep good relationship with intimate partners.
[B] one should divert oneself from the furious state so as to minimize family conflicts.
[C] it is not so difficult to lesson the conflicts within the family.
[D] you’d better think the other way when potential conflict is under your nose.
4. The strategy for minimizing conflicts in the family suggested by Redford Williams is that_____
[A] people should undertake housework on one’s own.
[B] people should choose a brewing dispute rather than a sharp-tongued comment.
[C] people should weigh if it is worth of having a feud.
[D] people should learn to hold their anger when something unpleasant happens.
5. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of Tal Ben-Shahar’s opinions on family conflict?
[A] Family conflict is necessary for maintaining the positivity in close relationships.
[B] Lack of family conflict will make people void of serious issues.
[C] Negativity in close relationship can indeed improve the relationship positively.
[D] Modest family conflict will do little harm to close relationship.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了家庭亲密关系对人们的影响。第一、二、三段讲述了亲密关系出现的问题会对人的健康有很大影响；第四段讲述减少家庭冲突的方法；第五段讲述Redford Williams研究出的威廉姆斯生命技能系统；第六段讲述冲突也有一定的好处；第七段讲述冲突的大小及其区别。
词汇注释：
coronary adj. 心脏的 matrimony n. 婚姻
plague v. 折磨，使苦恼 toxic adj. 有害的
deplete v. 使衰竭 unrelenting adj. 持续不断的
难句突破:
In one of the latest studies, researchers found that British adults who were in adverse close relationships were 34 percent more likely to suffer coronary problems, ranging from chest pain to deadly heart attacks, than those who weren't.
[主体句式] Researchers found that British adults who…were more likely to than those…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。That引导的宾语从句中，who were…relationship是adults的定语从句；ranging from…to…是problems的定语。
[句子译文] 在最近的一次研究中，研究人员发现亲密关系不好的英国成年人患有心脏病的几率要比那些没有这种情况的人大34%，他们心脏病程度小到胸口疼、大到致命的心脏病发作。
(2) A 2005 study found that when people with heart disease used Williams's techniques, their anger levels, average blood pressure, and blood pressure elevation when angry all went down; their depression and anxiety diminished; and they reported being more satisfied with family and friends.
[主体句式] A 2005 study found that when people used…, their anger levels…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，宾语从句比较复杂；该从句中，when…是状语从句，后面的是三个并列的主句。
[句子译文] 2005年的一次研究发现，有心脏疾病的人使用威廉姆斯技术后，在发怒时他们的愤怒程度、平均血压和血压升高的症状都有所降低，压力和焦虑也有所减少，并且他们称对自己与家人及朋友之间的关系也更加满意了。
题目分析：
1．From the first paragraph, it can be inferred that _____
1. 从第一段中可以推断出_____
[A] close relationship between matrimonies is a double-edged sword.
[A] 婚姻关系中的亲密关系是一把双刃剑。
[B] adverse close relationship lead to high risk of coronary problems.
[B] 亲人之间的敌对关系能导致心脏病的高风险。
[C] strained relationship within family will cut short one's normal span of life.
[C] 紧张的家庭关系会减少人正常的寿命。
[D] numerous studies have proved the devastating effect of close relationship.
[D]很多研究都证明了亲密关系的破坏性影响。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第一段中提到，糟糕的家庭关系会有损人的健康，但是好的亲密关系是健康的源泉。那么A选项是正确的表述。B选项在文章中有相关论述，指出糟糕的亲密关系会影响人的健康，但是该选项的表述过于绝对，糟糕的关系和心脏病之间的关系并不是绝对的，文章也指出只有34%的可能性是存在高风险的。C选项，提到了会影响人的健康，但并未明确提到是减少寿命。D选项的表述是错误的，其破坏性影响的不是亲密关系，而是糟糕的亲密关系。因此，只有A选项是正确的。
2. Negative close relationship may lead to the following diseases except_____
2. 糟糕的亲密关系可能导致下列除____外的疾病。
[A] coronary problems.
[A] 心脏病。
[B] immune system disorder.
[B] 免疫系统疾病
[C] psychosis.
[C] 精神病
[D] depression and anxiety.
[D] 抑郁和焦虑
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第二段中提到，“Negativity-plagued relationships are toxic in part because of the effects of chronic stress, says Sheldon Cohen, a Carnegie Mellon University psychologist. In addition to damaging the heart, ongoing stress can deplete the immune system—creating openings for colds, cancers, and other maladies—and also lead to depression and risky coping behaviors like excessive drinking”，显然A、B、C选项都符合这一段中说明的各种疾病，而只有D选项文章中没有提到焦虑，因此D是正确答案。
3. By the technique recommended by Redford Williams, the author implies that_____
3. 作者提到Redford Williams的策略，作者想要表明的是_____
[A] one should be reasonable so as to keep good relationship with intimate partners.
[A] 人们应当保持理智以便与亲密的人维持好的关系。
[B] one should divert oneself from the furious state so as to minimize family conflicts.
[B] 人们应当将自己从愤怒的状态脱解出来以此来减少家庭冲突。
[C] it is not so difficult to lesson the conflicts within the family.
[C] 减少家庭纷争并不是件很困难的事情。
[D] you’d better think the other way when potential conflict is under your nose.
[D] 如果马上要发生冲突，最好换个角度思维。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 推理题。第四段第一句是说减少家庭中的冲突的方法和解决姻亲、同事、邻居以及与其他人的矛盾的方法差不多，紧接着就举了这样的策略，可以看出作者是为了说明解决家庭矛盾并不是很难。因此，C选项为正确答案。
4. The strategy for minimizing conflicts in the family suggested by Redford Williams is that_____
4．Redford Williams 提到的减少家庭矛盾的策略是_____
[A] people should undertake housework on one’s own.
[A] 人们应该主动承担家务.
[B] people should choose a brewing dispute rather than a sharp-tongued comment.
[B] 人们应当选择尖刻的争吵，而不是尖酸的评论。
[C] people should weigh if it is worth of having a feud.
[C] 人们应当衡量一下值不值得发生冲突。
[D] people should learn to hold their anger when something unpleasant happens.
[D] 人们应当在发生不愉快的事情时控制自己的情绪。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第四段提到了这个策略，就是在准备向某个人发起刻薄的言语攻击时，退后一步，斟酌一下吵架的价值。而最后也提到了问自己：这很重要吗？可以看出，主要是要求人们衡量一下这种代价值不值得。因此，C选项是正确答案。
5. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of Tal Ben-Shahar’s opinions on family conflict?
5. 关于Tal Ben-Shahar对于家庭冲突的看法，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] Family conflict is necessary for maintaining the positivity in close relationship.
[A] 家庭冲突对于保持亲密关系的正面性是必要的。
[B] Lack of family conflict will make people void of serious issues.
[B] 缺少家庭冲突会让人们避免一些重大事情。
[C] Negativity in close relationship can indeed improve the relationship positively.
[C] 亲密关系中的负面性能够从积极意义上改进这种关系。
[D] Modest family conflict will do little harm to close relationship.
[D] 适当的家庭冲突对亲密关系几乎没有什么损害。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第五段提到了Tal Ben-Shahar的观点，他认为只要家庭的主旋律是和谐的，那么有点冲突并不一定不好，如果真的什么矛盾都没有，那么可能就是出现严重的问题了。选项中，D符合他的看法。而A、B、C选项都是对他的观点比较极端和错误的理解。
参考译文：
虽然亲密的关系是健康之源，但是越来越多的证据显示持续的家庭纷争会对身体造成危害，特别是对心脏来说。在最近的一次研究中，研究人员发现亲密关系不好的英国成年人患有心脏病的几率要比那些没有这种情况的人大34%，他们心脏病程度小到胸口疼、大到致命的心脏病发作。美国人进行的许多研究也发现了同样的情况。比如去年一项对1000多对夫妇的长期分析发现，紧张的婚姻关系对身体健康有明显的影响，特别是对年纪大的人。
那种折磨人的消极关系是有害的，这部分是因为慢性压力的影响，卡内基·梅隆大学心理医师Sheldon Cohen说。除了会对心脏有损害外，持续不断的压力会破坏免疫系统，为感冒、癌症和其他疾病带来可趁之机，也会引发抑郁和危险的行动、如饮酒过量。
那些有长期人际关系问题的人比那些经历了丧偶或离婚打击而挺过来的人有更大的风险，Cohen说。但是夫妻关系并不是持续不断问题的唯一潜在根源。根据《国内医学期刊》上的一篇文章，在英国最新的一项研究中，20%的成年人认为是除配偶外，还有其他人与他们有亲密关系。
幸运的是减少家庭冲突的方法同解决与姻亲、同事、邻居及其他人的矛盾的方法差不多，杜克大学行为科学家Redford Williams说。他推荐的一个方法是：在准备向某个人发起刻薄的言语攻击时，先退后一步，斟酌一下是否要吵架。比如这次该你主持每年一度的节日家庭聚餐了。你在准备了20个人的食物后又费劲地把所有的东西弄干净，最后虽然疲惫不堪，但看到家里面目一新总算感觉欣慰了。这是门铃响了，你84岁的阿姨迈步走了进来，伸长脖子把四周扫视了一遍。“噢，你肯定没有注意保持家里的整洁，”她大叫到，把自己的外套扔到你伸出的胳膊上。“很自然地，我们会勃然大怒，或者会在之后闷闷不乐。”Williams说。但是，他建议我们应该问自己四遍这个问题：这种情形很重要吗？
经过数年研究敌对和怒气对于心脏的影响，他和同为医生的妻子研究出了一种名为威廉姆斯生命技能的系统。2005年的一次研究发现，有心脏疾病的人使用威廉姆斯技术后，在发怒时他们的愤怒程度、平均血压和血压升高的症状都有所降低，压力和焦虑也有所减少，并且他们称对自己与家人及朋友之间的关系也更加满意了。
并不是所有的冲突都不好，哈佛大学讲师Tal Ben-Shahar说，他出版了新书《快乐点：掌握每天快乐和长期幸福的秘诀》。“消极的情绪是正常的，只要积极的情绪能战胜它。”他说，“如果没有消极的情绪，反而是一个危险的信号，”可能人们忽视了一些重要的问题。
但是，节假日可能会让每个人都有点小小的多余的压力，所以努力让自己表现得好些，即使你就要发生冲突了，威廉姆斯这样说。但是如果家庭冲突成为年年的主题，那么可能真的存在什么问题了。
TEXT ONE
Britons’ most searing memories of their encounter with foot-and-mouth disease in 2001 are of the piles of animals slaughtered to try to stop its spread. Such a draconian policy might have been accepted had the disease been controlled quickly. But its ineffectiveness—more than 6m cows, sheep and pigs were culled before the disease was eradicated—led to widespread revulsion and a government rethink.
Just as in 2001, if an animal is thought to be infected, its herd will be culled and a quarantine zone set up. But this time, unless the disease is stamped out quickly, animals nearby will also be vaccinated to create a “fire-break” across which it is unlikely to travel. Already 300,000 doses of vaccine have been ordered, so that if government vets decide that slaughter alone is unlikely to be effective, they can start vaccinating straight away.
Humans almost never catch foot-and-mouth and it rarely kills the cloven-hooved beasts it affects. But animals produce less milk and meat, so its economic effects are severe. It is also highly contagious: infected livestock produce the virus that causes it in large quantities, and transmit it through saliva, mucus, milk, faeces and even droplets in their breath.
Even so, only countries where foot-and-mouth is endemic, as in parts of Latin America, vaccinate all animals. One reason is cost: the disease is caused by a virus with seven main types and tens of sub-types, with a targeted vaccine needed for each strain and shots repeated, perhaps as often as twice a year. It is also because vaccinating damages exports. Places that are free from foot-and-mouth are unwilling to import vaccinated beasts, or fresh meat from them, because they may still carry the disease.
The fear of being shut out of foreign markets led to the British government's disastrous foot-dragging over vaccination in 2001. But that same year an outbreak in the Netherlands involving 26 farms was brought under control in just one month by vaccinating 200,000 animals. Though healthy, these beasts then had to be culled so that farmers could return to exporting without restrictions as soon as possible.
Not even eternal vigilance on imports can keep a country free of foot-and-mouth disease: the latest outbreak was apparently caused by a breach of bio-security at the Pirbright laboratory complex in Surrey, where government researchers keep the live virus for vaccine research and Merial, an American animal-health company, manufactures vaccine for export. Human action, accidental or deliberate, seems likely to have been involved.
Ironically, one reason for eschewing vaccination is that although it provides the best hope of dealing with outbreaks, maintaining the capacity to produce vaccine is itself a risky business. Many earlier episodes of foot-and-mouth in countries normally free from the disease have been caused by laboratory escapes; in 1970 a leak from Pirbright's isolation facilities was fortunately contained.
1. Which one of the following statements is not TRUE of the foot-and-mouth disease in Briton in 2001? [A] The disease had never been effectively controlled throughout the event.
[B] The policy of slaughtering animals to stop the disease spread proved to be a failure.
[C] The slaughtering policy was arousing discontent among the public in Britons.
[D] The government failed to take immediate actions of creating fire-break around the infected livestock.
2. The new policy is different from the policy in 2001 in the following aspects except_____
[A] the piles of animals will not be slaughtered as in 2001.
[B] animals near the infected herb will be injected with vaccine.
[C] a belt of quarantine with vaccinated animals will be erected.
[D] it is paying more attention to prevention of the outbreak of the epidemic.
3．Only a few countries have all of their animals injected with vaccines because of the following reason except_____
[A] it is unnecessary to vaccinate all the animals in counties in which there are little chances of infecting foot-and-mouth.
[B] the cost of vaccines against all types of the virus causing the disease is very high.
[C] vaccinated animals are less welcomed by importing countries.
[D] the vaccine cost will be rising as types of virus causing the disease are increasing.
4．Though vaccinated animals were free from the foot-and-mouth in Britain and Netherlands in 2001, they were still slaughtered because_____
[A] they may be more likely to infect the virus than the healthy ones.
[B] the exporting restrictions were too strict to let these animals pass the custom.
[C] the farmers were afraid of being deprived of the exporting right.
[D] the government wanted to regain the former status of exporting animals.
5． The outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease may be a result of the following situations except_____
[A] animals being wrongly or incompletely injected with vaccination.
[B] importing animals from the countries with the foot-and-mouth-disease.
[C] leak of the virus during the research experimentation.
[D] malicious actions by some people with particular purpose.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了应对英国口蹄疫的一些情况。第一段讲述了英国2001年发生口蹄疫后采取的措施效果不佳；第二段讲述现在应对口蹄疫的新方法；第三段讲述口蹄疫带来的危害；第四段、第五段讲述注射疫苗方法存在的问题；第六、七段讲述研制疫苗过程中的病毒泄漏可能导致疫情。
词汇注释：
searing adj. 灼热的 draconian adj. 严峻的
cull v. 剔除 revulsion n. 巨变
quarantine n. 隔离 stamp out 根除
contagious adj. 传染性的 saliva n. 唾液
mucus n. 粘液 faeces .n. 粪便
droplet n. 小滴 endemic adj. 地方性的
难句突破：
One reason is cost: the disease is caused by a virus with seven main types and tens of sub-types, with a targeted vaccine needed for each strain and shots repeated, perhaps as often as twice a year.
[主体句式] One reason is cost: the disease is caused by a virus .
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，a virus 后面with引导的短语是做定语，with a targeted vaccine…是做前面types and sub-types的定语。
[句子译文] 其原因之一就是成本：口蹄疫由一种病毒引发，该病毒有三个种类和十几个次种类，每个重复出现的种类有对应的疫苗，通常两年重复出现一次。
Not even eternal vigilance on imports can keep a country free of foot-and-mouth disease: the latest outbreak was apparently caused by a breach of bio-security at the Pirbright laboratory complex in Surrey, where government researchers keep the live virus for vaccine research and Merial, an American animal-health company, manufactures vaccine for export.
[主体句式] Not even eternal vigilance can keep a country free of…: the latest outbreak was caused by…
[结构分析]这是一个复杂句，where 引导的定语从句用来修饰前面的Surrey；where引导的定语从句是一个并列句构成的，government researchers keep … and Merial manufactures…
[句子译文] 对进口产品保持警觉也不能保证一个国家免于口蹄疫，最近的一次疫情爆发显然是由于Surrey的Pirbright实验室复合体生物安全出现了问题，其中政府研究者保存了活的病毒以供疫苗研究，而美国动物健康公司Merial则制造疫苗以供出口。
题目分析：
1. Which one of the following statements is Not true of the foot-and-mouth disease in Briton in 2001?
1. 关于英国2001年口蹄疫的情况,下列哪项陈述是错误的?
[A] The disease had never been effectively controlled throughout the event.
[A] 该疾病在整个事件中从来没有得到有效的控制。
[B] The policy of slaughtering animals to stop the disease spread proved to be a failure.
[B] 屠宰动物来阻止疾病传播的策略最终失败了。
[C] The slaughtering policy was arousing discontent among the public in Britons.
[C] 处理该疾病的策略在英国公众中间引起了不满。
[D] The government failed to take immediate actions of creating fire-break around the infected livestock.
[D] 政府没有采取迅速的措施隔离染病的动物
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。据第一段，该疾病最终被消灭了，但是代价是巨大的，但不管如何，疾病被控制住了。因此A选项的表述是错误的，而该选项是正确的。B选项，第一段提到这种政策不是很有效，因此可以说是失败了。C选项，第一段提到了这种政策没有效果，因此引起了更大范围的反感；D选项，文章第一段指出政府没有及时给染病的动物打预防针。因此，A选项为正确答案。
2. The new policy is different from the policy in 2001 in the following aspects except_____
2. 新的举措和2001年的政策的不同之处在于下列除_____外的其他地方。
[A] the piles of animals will not be slaughtered.
[A] 牧群不再被屠杀
[B] animals near the infected herb will be injected with vaccine.
[B] 染病牧群附近的动物都注射了疫苗
[C] a belt of quarantine with vaccinated animals will be erected.
[C] 依靠注射疫苗的动物形成一条隔离带
[D] it is paying more attention to prevention of the outbreak of the epidemic.
[D] 更加注重防御该流行病的爆发
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第二段，新的举措主要是将染疫牧群旁边的动物注射疫苗，形成隔离带。A, 第二段提到了染病牧群还是会被屠宰掉，因此不是不同之处。B、C、D都是关于利用疫苗来进行防御的，符合题意。因此，答案为A选项。
3．Only a few countries have all of their animals injected with vaccines because of the following reason except_____
3. 只有少数一些国家将所有的动物都注射了疫苗，这是因为除了_____以外的原因。
[A] it is unnecessary to vaccinate all the animals in counties in which there are little chances of infecting foot-and-mouth.
[A] 在那些很少有机会感染口蹄疫的国家不需要将所有的动物都注射疫苗
[B] the cost of vaccines against all types of the virus causing the disease is very high.
[B] 要预防口蹄疫病毒所有种类的疫苗成本是很高的
[C] vaccinated animals are less welcomed by importing countries.
[C] 注射了疫苗的动物不再为进口国家所接受
[D] the vaccine cost will be rising as types of virus causing the disease are increasing.
[D] 随着导致口蹄疫病毒种类的增加，预防疫苗的成本也增加了
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第四段，口蹄疫有一定的地方性，某些频繁暴发的地区就要给所有的动物注射疫苗，其他的地方就不一定了。A选项, 虽然文章没有明显地提到这一点，但是可以推理得到该结论；B、C选项第四段有提及；D选项，第四段没有提到这一点，只是提到由于病毒种类多，疫苗成本也高。因此，答案为D选项。
4.Though vaccinated animals were free from the foot-and-mouth in Britain and Netherlands in 2001, they were still slaughtered because_____
4．2001年在英国和荷兰虽然被注射了疫苗的动物没有感染口蹄疫，但还是被屠宰了，这是因为_____
[A] they may be more likely to infect the virus than the healthy ones.
[A] 它们比健康的动物更容易感染疾病。
[B] the exporting restrictions were too strict to let these animals pass the custom.
[B] 出口限制过于严厉，这些动物都通不过海关。
[C] the farmers were afraid of being deprived of the exporting right.
[C] 农场主害怕被剥夺了出口的权利。
[D] the government wanted to regain the former status of exporting animals.
[D] 政府想要重新获得出口动物的先前的地位。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]推理题。根据第五段，尽管牲畜很健康，还是被屠宰掉一边与农场主可以尽快无限制地出口动物，结合上稳，英国政府和荷兰政府的措施，可以推断出这样做是政府还怕被挤出国外的市场，试图恢复以前的出口地位。答案D最为符合题意。
5． The outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease may be a result of the following situations except_____
5. 以下面除____外的情况可能导致口蹄疫的爆发。
[A] animals being wrongly or incompletely injected with vaccination.
[A] 动物被错误地、或者没有完全地注射了疫苗
[B] importing animals from the countries with the foot-and-mouth-disease.
[B] 从其他有口蹄疫疫情的国家进口动物
[C] leak of the virus during the research experimentation.
[C] 在研究试验中病毒泄漏
[D] maliciously leaking virus intended by some people with particular purpose.
[D] 一些人怀着某种特殊目的恶意泄漏病毒
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第六段第七段，出现口蹄疫疫情可能是在研制疫苗时发生病毒泄露导致，可能是无意的，也可能是有意为之，因此，C、D选项的因素会导致口蹄疫。前面又提到进口受到严格限制，以避免传染口蹄疫，可见这也是一个途径，B选项的表述符合这个情况。而A选项中，动物被注射了疫苗后应该是免疫了，而不是导致口蹄疫，因此，改选项是正确选项。
参考译文：
英国2001年口蹄疫情给人留下的最差记忆就是，为了阻止疫情蔓延，大批的动物都被屠宰了。如果该疾病因而得以迅速控制，那么如此严厉的政策或许可以为人们所接受。但该政策没有什么效果——口蹄疫被根除前，共屠宰了600万牛、羊和猪——这引起了广大民众的反感和政府的重新思考。
在2001年，如果某个动物被认为是染上了口蹄疫，那么其所在牧群就会被杀掉，而且还会设立了隔离区。但是这一次，除非疾病被迅速根除，否则附近的动物也要进行预防接种，从而来建立一个“防御区”来阻止疾病的传播。政府已经预订了30万支疫苗，如果兽医宣布仅仅用屠宰一种手段不是很有效的话，人们就可以对牲畜们进行预防接种了。
人类几乎从来不会染上口蹄疫，而且这种病很少会导致偶蹄类动物死亡。但是动物产肉产奶都会因此下降，经济收益的形势就变得很严峻。而且口蹄疫是高传染性的，染病的牲畜会制造病毒，使其数量增加，并通过唾液、粘液、奶液、粪便，甚至他们滴下来的口水传播。
即便如此，只有在那些口蹄疫只是地方性传播范围的一些国家，比如拉丁美洲的一些地区才会给所有的动物都注射疫苗。其原因之一就是成本：口蹄疫由一种病毒引发，该病毒有三个种类和十几个次种类，每个重复出现的种类有对应的疫苗，通常两年重复出现一次。还有就是注射疫苗会影响动物出口。没有发生口蹄疫情的地区不愿意进口打了疫苗的动物，甚至也不愿意进口打过疫苗的肉类，因为害怕肉中可能带上了疾病。
由于害怕被挤出国际市场，英国政府2001年在疫苗上进行了包裹脚。但同年荷兰暴发的涉及26家农场的口蹄疫情中，只用了一个月时间为20万头动物注射了疫苗，使得疫情受到了控制。尽管牲畜都很健康，但还是必须被屠宰掉以便于农场主可以尽快无限制地出口产品。
对进口产品保持警觉也不能保证一个国家免于口蹄疫，最近的一次疫情爆发显然是由于Surrey的Pirbright实验室复合体生物安全出现了问题，其中政府研究者保存了活的病毒以供疫苗研究，而美国动物健康公司Merial则制造疫苗以供出口。无论是偶然还是有预谋的人类行动都可能是原因之一。
讽刺的是，避开疫苗接种的一个原因是虽然接种提供了应对疾病暴发最好的办法，但是制造疫苗的能力本身就是件危险的事情。一些没有这种疾病国家的早期口蹄疫就是由实验室泄漏引起的。1970年Pirbright隔离设备泄漏就很幸运地被遏制住了。
TEXT TWO
“OH DEAR! Oh dear! I shall be too late!” So muttered the White Rabbit just before he plunged into Wonderland, with Alice in pursuit. Similar utterances have been escaping the lips of European physicists, as it was confirmed last week that their own subterranean Wonderland, a new machine called the Large Hadron Collider, will not now begin work until May 2008. This delay may enable their American rivals to scoop them by finding the Higgs boson—predicted 43 years ago by Peter Higgs of Edinburgh University to be the reason why matter has mass, but not yet actually discovered.
The Large Hadron Collider is a 27km-long circular accelerator that is being built at CERN, the European particle-physics laboratory near Geneva, specifically to look for the Higgs boson. When it eventually starts work, it will be the world's most powerful particle collider. It will also be the most expensive, having cost SFr10 billion ($8 billion) to build. The laboratory had hoped it would be ready in 2005, but the schedule has slipped repeatedly.
The most recent delay came at the end of March, with the dramatic failure of a magnet assembly that had been supplied by CERN's American counterpart, the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) near Chicago. This device was one of four designed to focus beams of particles before they collide in the experimental areas. Admittedly, it had been placed under extreme conditions when it failed, but such forces are to be expected from time to time when the machine is running normally. The magnets have yet to be fixed, although physicists think they know how to do it.
Other, smaller hitches have compounded the problem. The collider has been built in eight sections, each of which must be cooled to temperatures only just above absolute zero. This is because the magnets used to accelerate the particles to the high energies needed for particle physics rely on the phenomenon of superconductivity to work—and superconductivity, in turn, needs extremely low temperatures. Unfortunately, the first of the eight sections took far longer to chill than had been expected.
If, as the other seven sections are cooled, further problems emerge, the start date will have to be put back still further. It takes a month to cool each section, and a month to warm each one back up to normal temperatures again. If it took, say, a month to fix any problems identified as a section cooled, each cycle would postpone the start date by three months.
To accelerate progress (as well as particles), CERN's management decided last week to cancel an engineering run scheduled for November. Instead of beginning slowly with some safe-but-dull low-energy collisions, the machine's first run will accelerate its particles to high energies straight away.
Such haste may be wise, for rumours are circulating that physicists working at the Tevatron, which is based at Fermilab and is currently the world's most powerful collider, have been seeing hints of the Higgs boson. Finding it would virtually guarantee the discoverer a Nobel prize—shared jointly, no doubt, with Dr Higgs. Hence the rush, as hundreds of physicists head down the rabbit hole, seeking their own adventures in Wonderland.
1. The sentences in Alice in Wonderland are cited in the first paragraph in order to _____
[A] illustrate that the new machine European physicists have invented is full of wonder.
[B] describe the mood of the European physicists facing the delay of the Large Hadron Collider
[C] tell people that the European physicists will put off the presentation of their new machine.
[D] reflect the public’s eagerness in using the Large Hadron Collider.
2. The word “scoop” (Line 6, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
[A] forestall.
[B] defeat.
[C] surpass.
[D] vanquish.
3．Which one of the following statements is TRUE of Peter Higgs’ contribution in this field?
[A] It was him who initiated the idea that there existed such a boson to make matter have mass.
[B] He made the famous estimate that human beings would find out such a boson in the future.
[C] He claimed with convincing evidence that America would outrun Europe in discovering the Higgs boson.
[D] It was him who first discovered the boson which makes matter have mass.
4. The schedule of the Large Hadron Collider has slipped repeatedly because of the following reason except_____
[A] the device of focusing beams of particles was having a screw loose.
[B] it took longer to cool down the superconductivity so that the collider could work normally.
[C] it took a very long period to make eight sections cool down or regain temperature.
[D] there happened a dramatic failure of a magnet assembly which was not beyond expectation
5. CERN’S management decided to have the machine’s first run accelerate its particles straight away because_____
[A] they are afraid that American researchers will get to see the Higgs boson ahead of them.
[B] the safe-but-dull low-energy collision was too old fashioned.
[C] they wanted to dispel the rumours that physicists at the Tevatron have been seeing hints of the Higgs boson.
[D] they wanted to have a try of the new way of accelerating particles.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了欧洲物理学家在推出“大强子碰撞器”机器时的一些延迟情况。第一段讲述了大强子碰撞器的总体情况；第二、三、四段讲述具体引起延误的一系列问题；第五段讲述CERN管理层为加速进程采取的行动；第六段是对该行动的评价。
词汇注释：
subterranean adj. 地下的 hadron n. 强子
boson n. 破色子
难句突破:
Similar utterances have been escaping the lips of European physicists, as it was confirmed last week that their own subterranean Wonderland, a new machine called the Large Hadron Collider, will not now begin work until May 2008.
[主体句式] Similar utterances have been escaping the lips of…, as it was confirmed that…
[结构分析]这是一个复杂句。As引导的是原因状语从句；其中a new machine called …是前面Wonderland的同位语。
[句子译文] 相同的句子也出现在欧洲物理学家的嘴边，因为上个星期他们也证实了自己的地下奇幻世界——一种叫做“大强子碰撞器”的新机器——将推迟到2008年5月份投入使用。这个推迟可能会他们的美国对手抢先发现西格斯介子的玻色子。
（2）Such haste may be wise, for rumours are circulating that physicists working at the Tevatron, which is based at Fermilab and is currently the world's most powerful collider, have been seeing hints of the Higgs boson.
[主体句式]Such haste may be wise, for rumours are circulating that physicists have benn…
[结构分析] 这是一个复杂句。that 引导的是同位语从句，修饰前面的rumours; which 引导的定语从句是用来修是Tevatron的。
[句子译文] 这样的速度可能是明智的，因为现在有谣言说在Tevatron工作的物理学家已经看到了西格斯玻色子的迹象，Tevatron是位于Fermilab的目前世界上最强有力的碰撞器。
题目分析：
1. The sentences in Alice in Wonderland are cited in the first paragraph in order to _____
1. 第一段引用了《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》中的句子是为了_____
[A] illustrate that the new machine European physicists have invented is full of wonder.
[A] 说明欧洲物理学家发明的新机器充满了奇异。
[B] describe the mood of the European physicists facing the delay of the Large Hadron Collider.
[B] 描写欧洲物理学家在“大强子碰撞器”延误推出的心情。
[C] tell people that the European physicists will put off the presentation of their new machine.
[C] 告诉人们欧洲物理学家将要推迟展示其新机器。
[D] reflect the public’s eagerness in using the Large Hadron Collider.
[D] 反映了公众想要使用“大强子碰撞器”的急切心情。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第一段，所引用的句子表明是“太晚了”，联系到物理学家要推迟推出新机器，可以看出这只是反映他们推迟了这个项目。因此，答案为C选项。
2. The word “scoop” (Line 6, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
2. “scoop” (第一段第六行)最有可能的意思为_____
[A] forestall.
[A] 先于…行动。
[B] defeat.
[B] 击败。
[C] surpass.
[C] 超越。
[D] vanquish.
[D] 征服。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，美国的对手先发现西格斯介子的玻色子，就应该会抢在欧洲人前面，因此，答案为A选项。
3．Which one of the following statements is TRUE of Peter Higgs’ contribution in this field?
3. 关于Peter Higgs在该领域内的贡献，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] It was him who initiated the idea that there existed such a boson to make matter have mass.
[A] 正是他首先提出这里存在着一种玻色子，令物质有质量。
[B] He made the famous estimate that human beings would find out such a boson in the future.
[B] 他作出了人类在未来可以找到这种玻色子的著名预言。
[C] He claimed with convincing evidence that America would outrun Europe in discovering the Higgs boson.
[C] 他以令人信服的信息声称美国将先于欧洲发现Higgs玻色子。
[D] It was him who first discovered the boson which makes matter have mass.
[D] 正是他首先发现了令物质拥有质量的玻色子。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第一段最后一句“This delay may enable their American rivals to scoop them by finding the Higgs boson—predicted 43 years ago by Peter Higgs of Edinburgh University to be the reason why matter has mass, but not yet actually discovered”，Peter Higgs只是预言玻色子是事物为什么有质量的原因，因此答案A为正确选项。
4. The schedule of the Large Hadron Collider has slipped repeatedly because of the following reason except_____
4．“大强子碰撞器”的计划日程不断推后是因为出下列_____外的其他原因。
[A] the device of focusing beams of particles was having a screw loose.
[A] 聚焦粒子束的装置出现了问题
[B] it took longer to cool down the superconductivity so that the collider could work normally.
[B] 需要比想象中更长时间才能把超导电性冷却下来，这样碰撞器材可以正常工作
[C] it took a very long period to make eight sections cool down or regain temperature.
[C] 需要很长的时间来让八个部分冷却下来或恢复温度
[D] there happened a dramatic failure of a magnet assembly which was not beyond expectation
[D] 磁铁组出现了严重的问题，这并不是意料之外的
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据文章第三段、第四段和第五段有关计划日程不断推后的原因，第三段提到了磁铁组出了问题，这是用来聚焦粒子束的四个装置之一， A、D选项的表述是这个原因；第四段和第五段提到了需要将八个部分冷却下来需要很长时间， C选项符合这点，B选项本身提法有问题，并不是超导电性需要冷却下来，而是超导电性需要低温，转而需要其他的部分冷却。因此，B选项是正确答案。
5. CERN’S management decided to have the machine’s first run accelerate its particles straight away because_____
5. CERN管理层决定第一次运行时将粒子直接加速，这是因为_____
[A] they are afraid that American researchers will get to see the Higgs boson ahead of them.
[A] 他们担心美国研究者会在他们之前看到西格斯介子的玻色子。
[B] the safe-but-dull low-energy collision was too old fashioned.
[B] 安全但很迟钝的低能量碰撞太老套了。
[C] they wanted to dispel the rumours that physicists at the Tevatron have been seeing hints of the Higgs boson.
[C] 他们想要打消说Tevatron的物理学家已经看到西格斯介子的玻色子的谣言。
[D] they wanted to have a try of the new way of accelerating particles.
[D] 他们想要尝试新的加速粒子的方法。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第六段，为了加速进程才做出了这样的决定，结合第七段，说有传闻说Tevatron工作的物理学家已经看到了西格斯玻色子的迹象，欧洲还是怕美国超前，因此选择了这样的策略。因此正确答案为A选项。
参考译文：
“噢！噢！我可能太晚了！” 白兔在陷入奇幻世界中这样咕哝着，爱丽丝在后面跟着它。相同的句子也出现在欧洲物理学家的嘴边，因为上个星期他们也证实了自己的地下奇幻世界——一种叫做“大强子碰撞器”的新机器——将推迟到2008年5月份投入使用。这个推迟可能会他们的美国对手抢先发现西格斯介子的玻色子。爱丁堡大学的Peter Higgs在43年前就预言玻色子将是事物为什么有质量的原因，但是目前还没有真正发现这种玻色子。
大强子碰撞器是一个27公里长的环形粒子加速器，在日内瓦附近的欧洲粒子物理实验室CERN建成，目的就是为了寻找西格斯玻色子。最后在加速期开始工作时，它将成为世界上最强大的粒子碰撞器，也会成为世界上最昂贵的碰撞器，价值100亿瑞士法郎（80亿美元）。实验室本来希望可以在2005年就可以准备就绪，但其日程却不断推迟。
最近的一次推迟发生在三月底，是因为CERN美国部门在芝加哥附近的菲尔米国家加速器实验室提供的磁铁组出现了巨大的问题。该设备是在他们在实验区域内碰撞之前聚焦粒子束的四个装置之一。无可否认，出问题是由于一些极端的条件，但是机器运行正常时这种情况也会发生。磁体还没有修好，尽管物理学家已经知道应该如何处理了。
其他更小的故障使得问题更为复杂。八个部分都安装了加速器，每个都必须被冷却到一定温度，只比绝对零度高一点。这是因为用来加速粒子到高能量的磁铁依靠超导电性来工作，而超导电性需要极度的低温。不幸的是，八个部分的第一个就用了比预想要多得多的时间来冷却。
如果其余的七个部分却被冷却了，那么会出现更多的问题，开始使用机器的日期就会继续延迟。冷却每个部分大约要用一个月，而将其加温至原来的正常温度又需要一个月。如果每一个部分冷却下来都需要用一个月来检查问题的话，那么每一轮都会将开工日期缩短三个月。
为了加速进程（也为了加速粒子），CERN管理层上周决定取消11月份的工程运行计划。这使得机器不再通过一些安全但是迟钝的低能量碰撞来慢慢开始，而是立即将其粒子加速到高能量。
这样的速度可能是明智的，因为现在有谣言说在Tevatron工作的物理学家已经看到了西格斯玻色子的迹象，Tevatron是位于Fermilab的目前世界上最强有力的碰撞器。发现该玻色子的人一定会获得诺贝尔奖，当然会与西格斯博士一起分享。因此，随着成百上千的物理学家来兔子洞寻找奇幻世界的冒险，便出现了蜂拥而入的景象。
TEXT THREE
Whatever else, Airbus cannot be accused of failing to put on a brave face at this week's Paris Air Show, held every two years. Louis Gallois is the troubled European airframe-maker's third chief executive within 12 months. But still he declared: “I can tell you with full confidence that Airbus is back and fully back.” Supporting his confident public message was an extraordinary flow of orders and commitments for over 600 aircraft accumulated in time for the show by the firm's super-salesman, John Leahy.
Although it is heading for a second successive loss—last year it plunged ?572m ($718m) into the red—Airbus is undoubtedly in better shape than it was 12 months ago when wiring problems delayed the A380 and the weak dollar exposed the firm's bloated cost base. It has begun the “Power8” recovery plan, intended to save ?2 billion annually by cutting 10,000 jobs and auctioning off six factories to partners. And the giant A380 will begin commercial service with Singapore Airlines in the autumn, although being two years late.
In the contest between the twin-engined wide-body Boeing 787 and the A350 XWB, Mr Gallois struggles to be as positive. The 787 is already a sales phenomenon, with over 630 firm orders even before the plane's roll-out next month. The airlines are excited by its revolutionary use of a composite material called carbon-reinforced plastic (CRP). Five years behind the 787, which will enter service next year, the A350 contains a similar share of composite material, but is based on a less advanced structural design that involves hanging CRP panels on a titanium frame. Boeing acknowledges that the A350 may be as light as the 787, but argues that it will be a less pleasant plane to fly in and a more difficult one to maintain.
Mr Gallois admits that following Boeing's approach would have been too expensive and risky for Airbus. At the same time Mr Gallois bemoaned the advantage his rival has in government-supported research and development. Boeing, he claims, receives about $800m a year—ten times as much as Airbus. Earlier in the week, during meetings with ministers representing the four Airbus partners (France, Germany, Britain and Spain), he asked them to fund half the company's planned ?600m-a-year investment in research and technology. He is not hopeful.
But for the moment what matters most for Airbus is that the market stays strong and that it gets to grips with its costs. This may require going further in imitating Boeing's risk-sharing partner (RSP) model than Airbus seems willing to contemplate. According to some estimates, about 80% of the work on the 787 is outsourced to RSPs, saving Boeing both precious development time and working capital.
What this week has shown is that for all the success of the 787 and the mistakes of Airbus, the competitive duopoly of the past decade is still firmly in place. But will things stay that way? That depends partly on whether Airbus really has learnt its lessons and partly on who else wants to get into the game. Boeing reckons that in 20 years, 36% of the market will be in the Asia-Pacific region. For the time being, the Chinese, the Indians and others are happy to be partners and customers. But that could change.
1． How can Louis Gallois be confident that Airbus is “fully back”?
[A] Because under his leadership there is a sign that the company will soon stop losing money.
[B] Because Airbus put on a good show in Paris in which it received a large number of orders.
[C] Because Airbus launches its recovery plan that would surely bring a great amount of profit.
[D] Because the company is in better situation as it succeeded in slowing down the annual loss.
2． How does Boeing feel about the coming A350 by Airbus?
[A] Critical
[B] Indifferent
[C] Optimistic
[D] Supportive
3．According to Mr Gallois, how can Airbus catch up with Boeing?
[A] By mastering advanced technology that can compete with or excel Boeing.
[B] By receiving more financial and other kinds of support from the partner governments.
[C] By adopting the RSP model so as to cut costs and improve the efficiency of its working process.
[D] By reducing cost through its recovery plan and relevant policies.
4． What is Boeing’s strategy of cutting cost?
[A] It oursources a large portion of work to its partners.
[B] It invests in technology research and development.
[C] It receives much support from the government.
[D] It expands production by looking for more orders.
5． By “But will things stay that way?” (Line 2, Paragraph 6), the author means _______
[A] Airbus might make more mistakes.
[B] the markets in Asia-Pacific region might shrink.
[C] the competitive duopoly by Boeing and Airbus might change.
[D] Chinese and Indians might become the two companies’ strong competitors.
篇章剖析：
本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了欧洲空中汽车公司在和美国波音公司的竞争中遇到的麻烦和困难。第一段通过巴黎航空展和空客首席执行官的态度来引出话题；第二段描述了空中客车现在面临的具体困境；第三段则刻画了空客在和波音公司之间的竞争中处于下风；第四、五段简要分析了空客不敌波音的一些原因；第六段总结说明了两家公司仍然处于竞争垄断市场的局面。
词汇注释：
successive 继承的, 连续的 composite合成的, 复合的
plunge投入, 跳进, 陷入 titanium [化]钛
bloat（使）膨胀, 肿起 bemoan 哀叹
auction拍卖 outsource外包
roll-out出场，推出 duopoly两家卖主垄断市场(的局面)
难句突破:
Although it is heading for a second successive loss—last year it plunged ?572m ($718m) into the red—Airbus is undoubtedly in better shape than it was 12 months ago when wiring problems delayed the A380 and the weak dollar exposed the firm's bloated cost base.
[主体句式] Although it is heading for…, Airbus is undoubtedly in better shape than …
[结构分析] 本句是一个转折句，由两个部分组成。第一个部分是although引导的从句，而两个破折号之间的内容是对前面句子的补充说明；第二个破折号后面的内容是这个句子的主句，其中这个句子中又包含了一个以when引导的时间状语从句。
[句子译文] 尽管空中客车今年会连续第二年亏损—去年该公司的赤字为5.72亿欧元（折合7.18亿美元）—空中客车毫无疑问比12个月前的情况好得多，那个时候由于配线问题导致了A380延迟推出，同时疲软的美元凸现了公司的高成本问题。
2 Five years behind the 787, which will enter service next year, the A350 contains a similar share of composite material, but is based on a less advanced structural design that involves hanging CRP panels on a titanium frame.
[主体句式] The A350 contains a similar share of composite material.
[结构分析] 本句是简单句。开头的两个短语“Five years behind the 787”和“which will enter service next year”都是用来形容A350的，放在前面增加了句子的难度。后面but引导一个转折句，句中包含了一个定语从句，以that引导，来修饰design。
[句子译文] 将于明年开始服务的A350比波音787晚了五年，它拥有一种类似的合成材料，但是这种材料所基于的技术不如波音787先进，即把CRP板挂在钛框架上。
题目分析：
1． How can Louis Gallois be confident that Airbus is “fully back”?
1．Louis Gallois先生为什么对空中客车“完全地回来了”如此有信心？
[A] Because under his leadership there is a sign that the company will soon cease its financial problem.
[A] 因为在他的领导下，有迹象表明该公司很快就不会再有财政上的问题了。
[B] Because Airbus put on a good show in Paris in which it received a large number of orders as well as worldwide fame that outshines Boeing.
[B] 因为空中客车在巴黎的展出非常成功，赢得了很多的订单，同时也在全世界赢得了比波音公司更好的声誉。
[C] Because Airbus launches its recovery plan that would surely bring a great amount of profit in the foreseeable future.
[C] 因为空中客车实施了一项新的，这一定会在可见的未来给公司带来巨大的利润。
[D] Because the company is in better situation as it succeeded in slowing down the annual loss.
[D] 因为该公司成功地减少了年度亏损，现在处于一个较好的状况。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理判断题。文章第二段第一句话说明“Although it is heading for a second successive loss—last year it plunged ?572m ($718m) into the red—Airbus is undoubtedly in better shape than it was 12 months ago when wiring problems delayed the A380 and the weak dollar exposed the firm's bloated cost base”，即空中客车公司该年的年度亏损小于去年，公司的状况开始变好，因此D选项正确。A选项错误的原因是，并没有迹象显示公司将会停止亏损。B选项错误的原因在于，尽管文章第一段指出空客在巴黎航空展上表现不错，但是订单的增加并不是从航空展上得到的，同时关于名誉的表述也是没有根据的。C选项错误的原因文中第二段提到的公司恢复计划能够节约成本，并没有提到会带来很大利润。
2． How does Boeing feel about the coming A350 by Airbus?
2．波音公司对于空中客车即将进入市场的A350飞机是怎么看待的？
[A] Critical
[A] 批评的
[B] Indifferent
[B] 无所谓的
[C] Optimistic
[C] 乐观的
[D] Supportive
[D] 支持的
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 情感态度题。文章第三段最后一句指出“Boeing acknowledges that the A350 may be as light as the 787, but argues that it will be a less pleasant plane to fly in and a more difficult one to maintain”，波音公司认为A350可能跟波音787一样轻，但是却不如波音787舒适，而且前者比后者更难维修，这说明波音公司并不看好空客即将推出的A350，或者说，波音公司是带着吹毛求疵的态度看待A350机型的性能，认为其不仅不够完美，而且不及波音787的各项优点。
3．According to Mr Gallois, how can Airbus catch up with Boeing?
3．Gallois先生认为空中客车如何才能赶上波音？
[A] By mastering advanced technology that can compete with or even far excel Boeing.
[A] 通过掌握能够与波音匹敌甚至远远超越对方的先进技术
[B] By receiving more financial and other kinds of support from the partner governments.
[B] 通过从与该公司合作的政府中拿到更多的财政支持和其他支持
[C] By adopting the RSP model so as to cut costs and improve the efficiency of its working process.
[C] 通过采用RSP模式以便于降低成本、改进工作流程的效率
[D] By reducing cost through its recovery plan and relevant policies on cutting employees immensely.
[D] 通过恢复计划和相关的大幅裁员政策来降低成本
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第四段中，加洛瓦感叹“Boeing, he claims, receives about $800m a year—ten times as much as Airbus”，即波音公司每年从政府得到的研发支持和资金是空客的10倍，充足的政府支持是波音能够一直保持行业领先地位的重要因素。因此加洛瓦西望与空客合作的四个国家的政府也能够增加对空客的投资，从而以增强其竞争力。
4． What is Boeing’s strategy of cutting cost?
4．波音公司降低成本的战略是怎么样的？
[A] It outsources a large portion of work to its partners.
[A] 公司把很大一部分工作外包给了合作方。
[B] It invests heavily in its technology research and development.
[B] 公司在技术研发上下了很大的投资。
[C] It receives much support from the government after much effort of negotiations.
[C] 在进行了艰苦的谈判之后，公司从政府得到了很多的支持。
[D] It expands its production by looking for more orders from its competitors’ clients.
[D] 公司通过从其竞争者的客户那里寻找更多的订单来扩大生产
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。本题的问题关键是空客如何降低成本，而文章第五段介绍了波音公司通过RSP模式将许多工作外包给合作伙伴，从而节约了工作资金，降低了成本，因此答案为A选项。B和C选项都是波音保持强劲发展势头的原因，但是不是降低成本的原因。D选项则属于无中生有，在文章中没有根据。
5． By “But will things stay that way?” (Line 2, Paragraph 6), the author means _______
第六段第二行的“But will things stay that way?”的意思是_______
[A] Airbus might make more mistakes if it neglects its other competitors.
[A] 如果空中客车公司忽视其他的竞争者，就可能会犯更多的错误。
[B] the markets in Asia-Pacific region might shrink if Airbus merely focuses on its competition with Boeing.
[B] 如果空中客车公司仅仅注重与波音公司的竞争，那么其在亚洲太平洋地区的市场可能会缩小。
[C] the competitive duopoly by Boeing and Airbus might change.
[C] 波音和空中客车之间的垄断竞争局面可能会改变。
[D] Chinese and Indians might become the two companies’ strong competitors in the near future.
[D] 中国和印度的公司在不久的将来可能会变成这两家公司的有力竞争者。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理判断题。在“But will things stay that way?”这句话之前，文章表明这两家公司仍然处于竞争垄断市场的局面，后文又继续说明了有可能导致这种局面有所变化的一些因素。这句话处在中间的衔接位置，说明了作者认为对于这种状况不一定能够长期持续下去。
参考译文
无论如何，我们不能说空中客车在这周举办的两年一度的巴黎航空展表现不佳。Louis Gallois是这个遇到麻烦的欧洲飞机制造商12个月内的第三任首席执行官。但是他声称：“我可以充满信心地告诉你们，空中客车回来了，完全地回来了。”他之所以发表如此充满信心的讲话，是因为该公司的超级销售员John Leahy在航展前及时地拉到了600多架飞机的大规模订单和合同承诺。
尽管空中客车今年会连续第二年亏损—去年该公司的赤字为5.72亿欧元（折合7.18亿美元）—空中客车毫无疑问比12个月前的情况好得多，那个时候由于配线问题导致了A380延迟推出，同时疲软的美元凸现了公司的高成本问题。现在公司实施了“Power8”恢复计划，目的在于通过裁员1万人、并把6个工厂拍卖给合作伙伴等措施，从而每年节约20亿欧元。新加坡航空公司将在今年秋天首先把巨型的A380用于商业服务，这比原计划推迟了两年。
在空客A350 XWB和双引擎宽体的波音787的竞争中，Gallois先生力图保持积极的姿态。波音787销售已经十分成功，该机型在下个月正式出场之前就已经收到了超过630架的订单。这款机型革命性地使用了一种叫做碳增强塑料（CRP）的合成材料，这使得航空公司都非常振奋。将于明年开始投入使用的A350比波音787晚了五年，它拥有一种类似的合成材料，但是这种材料所基于的技术不如波音787先进，即把CRP板挂在钛框架上。波音承认A350有可能和787 一样轻，但同时指出坐在A350上可能不是非常舒适，且这款机型比较难操作。
Gallois承认紧跟波音的步子对空客来说成本昂贵且风险很大。同时，Gallois也感叹其对手拥有政府的研发支持。他声称波音每年得到的资金为8亿美元，这是空客的10倍。本周早先时候，在与空客的四家合作者（法国、德国、英国和西班牙）的部长会谈中，他要求后者为公司每年提供6亿欧元的资金用于技术研发。但是希望并不大。
目前对于空中客车来说，最重要的是市场保持强劲，而且公司要处理其成本的问题。这可能要求空客进一步去模仿波音的风险分担伙伴（RSP）模型，尽管这也许超出了空客预期。根据一些预测数据，波音787约80%的工作外包给了RSP，这给波音节约了宝贵的研发时间和工作资金。
本周的一系列事件告诉我们，尽管波音787取得了巨大的成功而空客犯下了一些错误，但这两家竞争公司的垄断地位依旧岿然不动。可是这种情况会一直持续下去吗？这一部分取决于空客是否真的吸取了教训，一部分取决于是否还有别的公司愿意加入这场游戏。波音估计在20年后，36%的市场在亚太地区。目前，中国人、印度人等都非常愿意成为合作伙伴和客户。但是这种局面也是会改变的。
TEXT FOUR
The humble but industrious ant has long served as a metaphor for the economic virtues of simplicity, parsimony and diligence. But in the case of weaver ants in Africa, this description may be more than just a metaphor. According to Paul van Mele of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research and his colleagues, African mango farmers could increase their harvests by as much as two-thirds with the help of these doughty insects.
Mangoes in Africa, as elsewhere, often fall prey to fruit flies, which destroy about 40% of the continent's crop. In fact, fruit flies are so common in African mangoes that America has banned their import altogether, to protect its own orchards. African farmers, meanwhile, have few practical means to defend their fruit. Chemical pesticides are expensive. And even for those who can afford them they are not that effective since, by the time a farmer spots an infestation, it is too late to spray. Added to that, spraying tall trees is a much more complicated and unhealthy business than treating low-growing fruit and vegetables.
Agricultural scientists have also looked at controlling fruit flies with parasitic wasps. But the most common ones kill off only about one fly in 20, leaving plenty of survivors to go on the rampage. Lethal traps baited with fly-attracting pheromones are another option. But they, too, are expensive. Moreover, all these methods require farmers to detect the presence of fruit flies, and to identify them as the main threat to their crop—no mean feat when most of the action is taking place in dense, leafy canopies ten metres off the ground. Instead, most farmers simply harvest their fruit early, when it is not yet fully ripe. This makes it less vulnerable to the flies, but also less valuable.
Farmers whose trees are teeming with weaver ants, however, do not need to bother with any of this. In a survey of several orchards in Benin, Dr van Mele and his colleagues found an average of less than one fruit-fly pupa in each batch of 30 mangoes from trees where weaver ants were abundant, but an average of 77 pupae in batches from trees without weaver ants. The weaver ants, it turns out, are very thorough about hunting down and eating fruit flies, as well as a host of other pests. The only drawback is the ants' painful bite, which can be avoided by harvesting fruit with poles, rather than climbing trees.
Weaver ants have been used for pest control in China and other Asian countries for centuries. The practice has also been adopted in Australia. But Dr van Mele argues that it is particularly suited to Africa since weaver ants are endemic to the mango-growing regions of the continent, and little training or capital is needed to put them to work. All you need do is locate a suitable nest and run string from it to the trees you wish to protect. The ants will then quickly find their way to the target. Teaching a group of farmers in Burkina Faso to use weaver ants in this way took just a day. Those farmers no longer use pesticides to control fruit flies, and so are able to market their mangoes as organic to eager European consumers, vastly increasing their income. The ants, so to speak, are on the march.
1. For weaver ants in Africa, the description of the economic virtues of ant is more than just a metaphor because_____
[A] the weaver ants could really bring out economic benefits for the fruit farmers.
[B] the weaver ants are really economical and diligent in killing the fruit flies.
[C] the weaver ants are in fact have the economic virtues.
[D] the weaver ants are not a typical metaphor for the economic virtues.
2．The word “an infestation” (Line 6, Paragraph 2) most probably means _____
[A] a pest.
[B] an infection.
[C] an invasion.
[D] an aggression.
3. The method of using chemical pesticide is not practical to defend the African farmers’ fruit because of the following reasons except _____
[A] the cost of using chemical pesticide is too high for most of the farmers in Africa.
[B] the chemical pesticide is not so effective in killing the fruit pests.
[C] it is hard to decide a best change of spraying the chemical pesticide with most efficiency.
[D] it requires special technique to spray tall tress with chemical pesticide.
4． Reaping the fruit too early is not a good way to deal with the fruit flies because _____
[A] the fruit will be less welcomed in the market given its lack of ripeness.
[B] the fruit will be of wore taste and thus of much less value.
[C] the fruit becomes less vulnerable to the fruit flies.
[D] the fruit will still be affected by the flies even after they are harvested.
5．Dr van Mele argues that weaver ants are particularly suited to Africa because of the following reasons except _____
[A] weaver ants are prevalent in the mango-growing regions in Africa.
[B] the cost of employing weaver ants is low.
[C] it is easy to grasp the method of using the weaver ants.
[D] it requires simple training to make the weaver ants work.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章主要讲述了织网蚂蚁是应对水果飞虫的最佳方法。第一段讲述织网蚂蚁的作用；第二、三段讲述目前应对飞虫的一些方法效果不佳；第四段讲述织网蚂蚁杀死飞虫的效果；第五段讲述织网蚂蚁适合于在非洲使用。
词汇注释：
parsimony n. 节俭 doughty adj. 勇敢的
infestation n. 群袭 pheromone n. 信息苏
canopies n. 帐篷
难句突破：
And even for those who can afford them they are not that effective since, by the time a farmer spots an infestation, it is too late to spray.
[主体句式]And even for those…they are not that effective since it is…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，who 引导的是定语从句修饰those，since引导的是句子的原因状语从句。
[句子译文] 化学农药非常昂贵，即使有些人可以支付得起，农药也不是那么有效，因为等到农民发现了害虫群袭时再去喷药已经为时过晚了。
Moreover, all these methods require farmers to detect the presence of fruit flies, and to identify them as the main threat to their crop—no mean feat when most of the action is taking place in dense, leafy canopies ten metres off the ground.
[主体句式] All these methods require farmers to detect …and to identify… ---- no mean feat when…
[结构分析]这是一个复合句，when引导的是时间状语从句。
[句子译文] 而且，所有这些方法都要求农民先发现水果飞虫出现，还要确定它们是自己作物的主要威胁，而且在离地面十米高的树叶帐篷中采取措施可是一个大动作。
题目分析：
1. For weaver ants in Africa, the description of the economic virtues of ant is more than just a metaphor because_____
1. 对于非洲的纺织蚂蚁来说，关于蚂蚁的经济性描述不仅仅只是个比喻，因为_____
[A] the weaver ants could really bring out economic benefits for the fruit farmers.
[A] 纺织蚂蚁可以为种植水果的农民带来经济收益。
[B] the weaver ants are really economical and diligent in killing the fruit flies.
[B] 纺织蚂蚁非常节约，而且在杀死水果飞虫方面是很勤快的。
[C] the weaver ants are in fact have the economic virtues.
[C] 纺织蚂蚁实际上拥有经济优点。
[D] the weaver ants are not a typical representative for the economic virtues.
[D] 纺织蚂蚁并不是经济优点的典型代表。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第一段，蚂蚁是勤俭的象征，但是这种描述不仅仅是个比喻，接着说非洲芒果农民有了这些昆虫帮助提到了收成，可以看出是因为蚂蚁确实带来了经济收益，这就不仅仅是个比喻了，而是实际了。因此，选项A最为符合题意。
2．The word “an infestation” (Line 6, Paragraph 2) most probably means _____
2．“an infestation” (第二段第六行)最有可能的意思是_____
[A] a pest.
[A] 群袭。
[B] an infection.
[B] 感染。
[C] an invasion.
[C] 侵略。
[D] an aggression.
[D] 侵略。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据第二段“And even for those who can afford them they are not that effective since, by the time a farmer spots an infestation, it is too late to spray”，可见如果等到农民发现了害虫群袭，再去喷药已经晚了。而B选项的意思是传染，C、D选项的意思都是侵略，文章中的意思要比这两个更强烈一些。因此，答案为A选项。
3. The method of using chemical pesticide is not practical to defend the African farmers’ fruit because of the following reasons except _____
3. 使用化学农药保护非洲农民的水果因此下列除_____外的其他原因。
[A] the cost of using chemical pesticide is too high for most of the farmers in Africa.
[A] 使用化学农药对于大部分非洲农民来说成本过高
[B] the chemical pesticide is not so effective in killing the fruit pests.
[B] 化学农药在杀死水果飞虫方面不是那么有效
[C] it is hard to decide a best chance of spraying the chemical pesticide with most efficiency.
[C] 要决定高效喷洒农药的最好时机很难
[D] it requires special technique to spray tall tress with chemical pesticide.
[D] 喷洒农药到高的树上需要特殊的技巧
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 根据第三段，喷洒农药比较昂贵，而且要等到农民发现了害虫袭击再去喷药就过于晚了，在这就是往高树上喷洒农药需要一定技艺, A、C、D选项符合这些描述。而B选项，农药不那么有效是因为在农民发现了害虫群袭再去喷药已经晚了，并不是农药本身在杀死飞虫方面没有效果。因此，答案为B选项。
4． Reaping the fruit too early is not a good way to deal with the fruit flies because _____
4．过早收水果并不是对付水果飞虫的好方法，这是因为_____
[A] the fruit will be less welcomed in the market given its lack of ripeness.
[A] 这些水果由于不够成熟因此在市场上也并不那么受欢迎。
[B] the fruit will be of worse taste and thus of much less value.
[B] 这些水果的味道会大大下降，因此价值也大大下降。
[C] the fruit becomes less vulnerable to the fruit flies.
[C] 这些水果不太容易受到飞虫的袭击。
[D] the fruit will still be affected by the flies even after they are harvested.
[D] 这些水果即使在收割后仍然还是会受到飞虫的影响。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第四段，因为水果还没有完全成熟就早早收了，虽然免于飞虫危害，但是其本身的价值也低了。因此，答案为A选项。B选项是错误的，虽然文章提到了这些水果的价值大大降低，但是没有谈及其味道的问题。C选项不是题干的原因，而是结果。而D选项与文章意思相反，因为过早收割水果正是为了减少飞虫的影响。
5．Dr van Mele argues that weaver ants are particularly suited to Africa because of the following reasons except _____
5. Van Mele博士认为织网蚂蚁特别适合非洲是因为除了_____外的下列原因。
[A] weaver ants are prevalent in the mango-growing regions in Africa
[A] 织网蚂蚁在非洲芒果种植地区非常多
[B] the cost of employing weaver ants is low.
[B] 织网蚂蚁的成本很低
[C] it is easy to grasp the method of using the weaver ants.
[C] 掌握使用织网蚂蚁的方法很容易
[D] it requires simple training to make the weaver ants work.
[D] 要让织网蚂蚁工作只需要简单的训练
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第六段中提到这种方法特别适用于非洲，因为其一这种蚂蚁多，其二使用方法简单，其三成本低。因此，选项A、B、C是这方面的原因。而D选项指的是要训练织网蚂蚁。
参考译文：
谦虚而又勤勉的蚂蚁一直以来都是经济意义上简易、节俭和勤奋的象征。但是对于非洲的织网蚂蚁来说，这种描述就不仅仅是个比喻了。据国际农业研究咨询组织的Paul van Mele和其同事看来，非洲芒果农民有了这些勇敢昆虫的帮助，可以使得收成提高2/3。
就像在别的地方一样，非洲的芒果也会受到水果飞虫的影响，这种飞虫可能会损害陆地上40% 的谷物。实际上，水果飞虫在非洲芒果生产中如此常见，以至于美国干脆禁止进口非洲芒果，以此来保护自己的果园。同时非洲的农民没有什么实际的措施来保护自己的水果。化学农药非常昂贵，即使有些人可以支付得起，农药也不是那么有效，因为等到农民发现了害虫群袭时再去喷药已经为时过晚了。除此之外，相比那些较低的果树和蔬菜，给高树喷药是非常复杂的，也很不健康。
蔬菜科学家也在考虑用寄生黄蜂来控制水果飞虫。但是最普通的黄蜂也只能消灭1/20的飞虫，大部分的残余飞虫依旧肆虐。另外一个方法是吸引飞虫的信息素构成的致命陷阱，但也非常昂贵。而且，所有这些方法都要求农民先发现水果飞虫出现，还要确定它们是自己作物的主要威胁，而且在离地面十米高的树叶帐篷中采取措施可是一个大动作。大多数农民只是在水果还没完全成熟时就早早地收割水果，这样就不会那么容易地受到飞虫的袭击，但是其价值也因此有所降低。
但是，有织网蚂蚁的树就没有这样的问题了。在对贝宁湾几个果园的调查中，van Mele博士及其同事发现只要有大量的织网蚂蚁，那么在每30棵芒果树上就只有不到一只水果飞虫的蛹,而没有织网蚂蚁的树上平均有77个蛹。这种织网蚂蚁能够彻底地捕食水果飞虫和其他害虫。仅有的缺点就是蚂蚁的咬痛，但农民可以使用长杆来收获水果而不用爬上树去，以避免这一问题。
织网蚂蚁还被用在中国和其他亚洲国家来控制害虫。澳大利亚也采取了类似的措施。但是van Mele博士认为这种方法特别适用于非洲，因为对于非洲大陆种植芒果的区域来说，织网蚂蚁是有地方性的，也不需要什么训练或资金就可以让它们工作。你所需要做的就是放置一个合适的巢，从它到你希望保护的树之间拉根绳子。蚂蚁很快就会找到通往目标的途径。向布基纳法索的一群农民教授这种方法只需要一天就够了。这些农民从而可以不再使用农药控制水果害虫，而且可以将完整的芒果销售给那些高需求的欧洲消费者，从而增加的收入。如此说来，这些蚂蚁正在征程中。
TEXT ONE
Pier 17 in downtown Manhattan is not the most likely destination for theatre-goers. But here on the East River, among the wailing seagulls, frying fish and tourists, is an enchanting offer of entertainment. Spiegelworld is back in town for its second summer, with two spicy cabaret shows of dance, music, acrobatics and burlesque. Called “Absinthe” and “La Vie”, the shows are staged in the anachronistic opulence of a spiegeltent (Flemish for “tent of mirrors”).
Nobody seems to know how many of these European pavilions are left but most people agree that there are fewer than 20. Built by hand without nails, spiegeltents are beautiful assemblies of teak, velvet, stained glass and bevelled mirrors, created originally in Belgium in the early 20th century as mobile dance halls. Only two families in Belgium and the Netherlands still know how to make them, producing one every five or ten years or so, says Vallejo Gantner, one of the show's producers and a long-time spiegeltent aficionado. “But you know it when you walk into an old one. They have a special boutique quality.”
This one, which dates from the 1920s and has a painted art-nouveau fa?ade, lends continental glamour to the pier. It holds about 350 people on wooden chairs and banquettes around a modest, circular stage. And it is this intimacy, this proximity to the performers, that gives these shows their special feel. Erotic contortionists, balletic hand-balancers and bawdy jugglers emanate a sweaty, tangible humanity. Many of them, Mr Gantner explains, have left larger circus troupes, such as Cirque du Soleil, in order to make eye-contact with their audience. The simplicity of the staging gives their performances a gritty authenticity.
Once in a while, a family on a children's outing is fooled by Spiegelworld's festive red-and-blue tent spires. Make no mistake: the shows are for adults. “La Vie”, created by Les 7 Doigts de la Main, a Montreal-based troupe, laces an array of artfully sexy circus acts with the premise that everyone is dead and in purgatory, travelling on “a flight to hell that never quite gets there”. Wearing what looks like a straitjacket, a contortionist moves in a highly unsettling way to a recording of “Crazy”, crooned by Patsy Cline. The show closes with a steamy pas de deux between the devilish master of ceremonies and the evening's lip-curling seductress.
“Absinthe” is a more explicit grab-bag of stripping, cross-dressing and intrigue, without a unifying theme. The show's strongest moments come from the acrobats, all of whom carry a powerful sexual charge. Two women sway with suggestive grace on the trapeze. An aerialist in black trousers, his sculpted chest glistening, pulls and twists himself up two hanging straps to the lusty music of “Jealous Guy”, sung by a transvestite diva.
Sexy but not tawdry. Despite colourful language and a brief moment of unnecessary male nudity in “La Vie”, the setting is too elegant and the talent too astonishing for that. It's a bit of risqué fun that has been warmly received by New Yorkers, many of whom have grown tired of the wholesome, tourist-friendly fare of Broadway. Last summer “Absinthe” ran for two months to sell-out crowds; this year's two-show programme is for three months until the end of September.
1． According to the passage, Spiegelworld is probably _____
[A] a series shows of dance, music, acrobatics and burlesque with boutique quality
[B] a mobile dance hall of long history as well as exquisite decoration
[C] a troupe performing certain programmes for the public.
[D] a traditional form of entertainment derived from some ancient European countries.
2．By mentioning that “Pier 17 in downtown Manhattan is not the most likely destination for theatre-goers”, the author wants to _____
[A] imply that theatre-goers are paying much attention to the environment of performance.
[B] show that Pier 17 is not a place for a formal performance of the theatre.
[C] prove that the shows in Spiegeltent are very attractive
[D] tell us the status of the place where the shows of “Absinthe” and “La Vie” are presented.
3．The performances staged in the spiegeltents are different from the other ones mainly in that _____
[A] they are on show in the pier rather than in the theatre.
[B] the seats are arranged around the stage so that the audience can watch the performers closely.
[C] they are of a sweaty, tangible humanity and a like of enticing simplicity.
[D] it is much easier for their performers to make eye-contact with their audience.
4．In the fourth paragraph, the author gives a detailed description of “La Vie” in order to _____
[A] imply that Spiegelworld is characterized by suggestive sexy scenes and is mainly oriented to the adults.
[B] showcase the fact that the performance is sexually attractive, but far from tawdry.
[C] demonstrate the profound meaning conveyed by the surface of the performance.
[D] give a general impression of the specific performance and illustrate that people should not be deluded by the representation.
5．Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the performances staged in spiegeltents?
[A] Only two families in Belgium and the Netherlands know how to give such performances.
[B] The performances are characteristic of erotic shows.
[C] The performances are always given with an explicit motif.
[D] The performances are mainly given to the mass rather than the elite.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章主要讲述了一种传统演出团队的表演。第一段讲述Spiegelworld在曼哈顿区17码头表演；第二段讲述了该演出场地“镜子帐篷”；第三段讲述这种表演的特色；第四、五段具体讲述两种表演的风格；第六段讲述这种演出广受欢迎。
词汇注释：
wail v. 哀号 cabaret n.酒店的歌舞表演
absinthe n. 苦艾酒 anachronistic adj. 不合时代的
teak n. 柚木 bevel vi. 成斜角
aficionado n. 狂热爱好者 contortionist n. 柔术演员
gritty adj. 坚忍不拔的 purgatory n. 炼狱
straitjacket n. 紧身衣 devilish adj.恶魔般的
grab-bag n. 混杂 trapeze n. 吊秋千
aerialist n. 高空杂技师 transvestite n 易装癖者
diva n.女主角
难句突破：
Only two families in Belgium and the Netherlands still know how to make them, producing one every five or ten years or so, says Vallejo Gantner, one of the show's producers and a long-time spiegeltent aficionado.
[主体句式] Only two families in Belgium and the Netherlands still know … says Vallejo Gantner.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，前面整体的句子是做says的宾语从句；producing…现在分词结构充当宾语从句的伴随状语。
[句子译文] 该演出的出品人之一的spiegeltent铁杆迷Vallejo Gantner说只有在比利时和荷兰的两个家族知道怎么来组装这种帐篷，而且他们每隔五年或十年才生产一个。
（2） “La Vie”, created by Les 7 Doigts de la Main, a Montreal-based troupe, laces an array of artfully sexy circus acts with the premise that everyone is dead and in purgatory, travelling on “a flight to hell that never quite gets there”.
[主体句式] “La Vie” laces an array of… with the premise that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，that 引导的定语从句用来修饰前面的premise, 而该从句中travlleing on…是做主与everyone的伴随状语。
[句子译文] “生活”是由蒙特利尔的马戏团“7个手指”创造，有一系列性感的杂技演出，演出假定每个人都已死去，在“通往地狱的航行”中行进，没有终点。
题目分析：
1． According to the passage, Spiegelworld is probably _____
1．根据这篇文章，Spiegelworld可能是_____
[A] a series shows of dance, music, acrobatics and burlesque with boutique quality.
[A] 舞蹈、音乐、杂技和滑稽剧的一系列质量上乘的演出。
[B] a mobile dance hall of long history as well as exquisite decoration.
[B] 可以表演节目并有着精致装饰的一个流动舞厅。
[C] a troupe performing certain programmes for the public.
[C] 为公众演出一定节目的剧团。
[D] a traditional form of entertainment derived from some ancient European countries.
[D]一种来自一些欧洲古老国家的传统娱乐形式。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。本题需要结合全文来看，Spiegelworld是在spiegeltent表演节目的一个团体。例如文章第一段就指出“Spiegelworld is back in town for its second summer, with two spicy cabaret shows of dance, music, acrobatics and burlesque. Called “Absinthe” and “La Vie”, the shows are staged in the anachronistic opulence of a spiegeltent (Flemish for “tent of mirrors”)”。因此，选项C最为符合题意。
2．By mentioning that “Pier 17 in downtown Manhattan is not the most likely destination for theatre-goers”, the author wants to _____
2．通过提及“曼哈顿区的17号码头不像是常去剧院的人最有可能取得目的地”，作者想要_____
[A] imply that theatre-goers are paying much attention to the environment of performance.
[A] 暗示经常到剧院的人非常看重表演的环境。
[B] show that Pier 17 is not a place for a formal performance of the theatre.
[B] 显示17号码头不是剧院正式演出的一个地方。
[C] prove that the shows in Spiegeltent are very attractive.
[C] 证实了Spiegeltent里的演出非常吸引人。
[D] tell us the status of the place where the shows of “Absinthe” and “La Vie” are presented.
[D] 告诉我们“苦艾酒” 和“生活”表演的地方的情况。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第一段“Pier 17 in downtown Manhattan is not the most likely destination for theatre-goers. But here on the East River, among the wailing seagulls, frying fish and tourists, is an enchanting offer of entertainment”，可见虽然17号码头不是逛剧院的人常去之地，但是Spiegelworld却受到了热情的欢迎，因此其演出应该是非常吸引人的。答案为C选项。
3．The performances staged in the spiegeltents are different from the other ones mainly in that _____
3．在spiegeltents上演的演出和其他演出的不同之处在于_____
[A] they are on show in the pier rather than in the theatre.
[A] 他们在码头而不是在剧院演出。
[B] the seats are arranged around the stage so that the audience can watch the performers closely.
[B] 座位安排在舞台周围，观众可以近距离地看到表演者。
[C] they are of a sweaty, tangible humanity and a like of enticing simplicity.
[C] 他们有一种可以看得到的人文主义和那种吸引人的简洁。
[D] it is much easier for their performers to make eye-contact with their audience.
[D] 演出者能够更加容易地与观众进行眼神交流。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第三段“Many of them, Mr Gantner explains, have left larger circus troupes, such as Cirque du Soleil, in order to make eye-contact with their audience. The simplicity of the staging gives their performances a gritty authenticity”，正是因为和表演者的亲密接触使得这种演出有了特别的感觉，选项B最为符合题意。
4．In the fourth paragraph, the author gives a detailed description of “La Vie” in order to _____
4．根据第四段，作者详细地描述了“生活” 是为了_____
[A] imply that Spiegelworld is characterized by suggestive sexy scenes and is mainly oriented to the adults.
[A] 说明Spiegelworld以一些有性暗示的情景为特色，实际上是面向成年人的。
[B] showcase the fact that the performance is sexually attractive, but far from tawdry.
[B] 说明演出非常性感、吸引人，但是却不俗 艳。
[C] demonstrate the profound meaning conveyed by the surface of the performance.
[C] 显示这种演出表面下蕴含着的深刻蕴意。
[D] give a general impression of the specific performance and illustrate that people should not be deluded by the representation.
[D] 显示了一些具体演出的情况，说明人们不应当被表面所迷惑。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第四段详细描述了“生活”演出，表现出其蕴含的深层意思，就是炼狱的过程，而且在这段一开始就提出这些演出是为成人所准备的。那可以推出还是有一定的深意的。因此，选项C最为符合题意。A、B和D选项都不是文章要说明的问题。
5．Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the performances staged in spiegeltents?
5. 关于spiegeltents中上演的演出，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] Only two families in Belgium and the Netherlands know how to give such performances.
[A] 只有比利时和荷兰的两个家庭知道怎样表演这样的节目。
[B] The performances are characteristic of erotic shows.
[B] 这些演出以色情演出为特色。
[C] The performances are always given with an explicit motif.
[C] 这些演出经常有一个明确的主题。
[D] The performances are mainly given to the mass rather than the elite.
[D] 这些演出主要是给大众而非精英看的。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。A选项，第二段提到这两个家庭知道怎样做这种帐篷，该陈述错误；B选项，根据最后一段，这些表演虽然色情但不俗气，因此不是以这个为特色的；C选项，根据第五段，“苦艾酒”没有明确主题。D选项，根据最后一段，演出两个月都是给大众看的。因此，D选项为正确答案。
参考译文：
曼哈顿区17码头不是经常上剧院的人最有可能造访的地方。但是在东河那啼鸣的海鸥、炸鱼和旅游者间，是一场迷人的娱乐盛戏。Spiegelworld今年夏天再度来到曼哈顿，将献上两台火辣的歌舞、音乐、杂技和滑稽表演。这些演出被称为“苦艾酒” 和“生活”，在spiegeltent（佛兰德语，意为“镜子帐篷”）中的古老舞台上演。
好像没有人知道欧洲的这种帐篷存留了下来，但是大多数人都认为这种帐篷现存不超过20个。Spiegeltent用钉子手工制成，是由柚木、天鹅绒、彩色玻璃和斜面镜子组成的美丽合成品，在20世纪初刚出现时作为流动的舞蹈厅。该演出的出品人之一的spiegeltent铁杆迷Vallejo Gantner说只有在比利时和荷兰的两个家族知道怎么来组装这种帐篷，而且他们每隔五年或十年才生产一个。“你一走进一个老帐篷就会明白，它有一种特别的品质。”
现在的这顶帐篷源于20世纪20年代，其外表描画着艺术画，为码头带来了陆地的光辉。中等圆形场地中的木椅和软长椅上可以容纳约350个人。正是因为与表演者的亲密接触使得这种演出有了特别的感觉。性感的柔术演员、芭蕾舞的手部平衡演员以及俗气的变戏法演员都散发出一种真实的人性光芒。Gantner先生解释说，他们许多人已经离开了大型马戏团，比如“太阳圆环”，其目的就是为了能与观众进行眼神交流。而舞台设置的简洁使得演出多了一份真实的感觉。
曾经有一个家庭的孩子们在外出旅行时被Spiegelworld红蓝色的帐篷尖顶迷惑住了。不错，这些演出就是为成人而准备的。“生活”是由蒙特利尔的马戏团“7个手指”创造，有一系列性感的杂技演出，演出假定每个人都已死去，在“通往地狱的航行”中行进，没有终点。Patsy Cline低声说，柔术演员穿着紧身衣，在非常高的地方做出“疯狂”的动作。演出结尾是恶魔和晚会上弯嘴唇的迷人女子之间的双人舞。
“苦艾酒”则是更加明显的脱衣舞、交叉换衣和密谋的混杂表演，没有统一的主题。演出最精彩的时刻就是那些杂技演员的性感表演。两个女人在吊秋千上摇摆。穿着黑裤子的高空杂技师那雕塑般的胸膛发着光，拉住两根悬挂的带子，伴随着的是“妒忌的小伙子”这样的音乐、由易装癖女主角演唱。
虽然性感但却不俗气。虽然“生活”有着缤纷的语言，也有短短的一段不必要的男性裸体演出，但是其舞台布置是雅致的，演出者是富有天赋的。这种趣味已经受到纽约人的热情欢迎，许多人都厌倦了百老汇那些宏大、针对旅行者的演出。去年夏天，“苦艾酒”整整两个月的票都一售而空，而今年的两场演出更是长达三个月，直到九月底结束。
TEXT TWO
Sex is a mystery—and not just to those who indulge in it. By combining her genes with a male's, a female halves her genetic contribution to her offspring, and subsequent generations see it halved again and again. On top of that, the need for each individual to have two parents means the population can grow only half as rapidly as it otherwise might. Why, therefore, bother with the whole messy business in the first place?
Julia Jones of the University of Wales, Bangor, and her colleagues may soon have the answer to that question. They have found a species of crayfish that follows the logic of asexuality and does, indeed, clone itself. Though Dr Jones did not actually discover this species, she was the person who identified it in the wild—in Madagascar. Her interviews suggest it was imported in about 2003, by people working on a road bypassing Antananarivo, the country's capital. As a result of this accidental import, the stage is set for an unplanned evolutionary experiment. Brute mathematics predict the new species, known as the marbled crayfish, will outcompete the locals. Those who ponder the purpose of sex, though, think the newcomer will eventually face its come-uppance.
The reason, according to those ponderers, is that the genetic diversity promoted by sex is a protection against disease. An asexual female who clones herself ten times is like someone who buys ten raffle tickets, each with the same number. A female who reproduces sexually gets only five tickets for her effort, but they are all different. This, however, is a raffle that the female wants to lose. That is because the prize is premature death for her descendants at the hands of an infection particularly adapted to the winning number—or, rather, the losing combination of genes. If this explanation is right, the marbled crayfish will do very well for an indeterminate period, and will then suddenly vanish.
At the moment, those who work in the paddy fields outside Antananarivo are enjoying the upward part of the trajectory. They are selling marbled crayfish by the condensed-milk-tin load along all the main roads from the city. And the rest of the country is likely to follow suit soon, as the crustacean now appears to be striking out from its bridgehead.
A group of experts has gathered in Antananarivo to draw up a list of questions that need researching. One of their concerns is that the marbled crayfish's sexual cousins have caused havoc elsewhere. The red swamp crayfish, for example, has tucked into the paddy fields of the Iberian peninsula with gusto, eating rice seedlings and burrowing into the banks of drainage channels, causing them to collapse. The enthusiasm that many Malagasy seem to have for spreading their new and fecund friends around the country, to provide an additional “crop”, may thus backfire.
Another worry is that the red swamp invader has helped unleash a deadly fungal disease on native crayfish populations around Europe—a plague to which it is, itself, resistant. That bodes ill for Madagascar's local species. If the theoreticians are correct, a plague will be exactly what gets rid of the newcomer, but it could also spread to the natives, reducing their numbers as well. Until then, however, the researchers can look forward to an experiment involving many a tasty barbecue.
1. The import of the marble crayfish leads to an unplanned evolutionary experiment because _____
[A] the reproduction model of the new species is totally different from the other existing species.
[B] the new species was originally living in the wild in Madagascar which is different from the new environment.
[C] the new species has never been identified before Dr. Jones’ research.
[D] the new species will threat the existence of the other species.
2．Towards the marbled crayfish, those who ponder the purpose of the sex hold the view that _____
[A] the marbled crayfish will outnumber the locals finally.
[B] the marbled crayfish will die out after they exist for a period of time.
[C] the marbled crayfish will have a lot of problems in the future .
[D] the marbled crayfish will get the upper hand eventually.
3．Reproduction is compared to buying raffle tickets in order to illustrate that _____
[A] the asexual reproduction is of high risk.
[B] the sexual reproduction promote the genetic diversity.
[C] the sexual reproduction is of more evolutionary advantage than the asexual reproduction.
[D] the asexual reproduction is no better than the sexual reproduction.
4．At present , the marbled crayfish in Antananarivo_____
[A] is living in the upward part of the trajectory outside Antananarivo.
[B] is enjoying promising market prospect in the city of Antananarivo.
[C] is shrinking in quantity due to the spread of their cousin crayfish.
[D] is spreading from Antananarivo to the rest of the country being packed with condensed milk.
5．Which one of the following statement is TRUE of the red swamp crayfish?
[A] The red swamp crayfish is a subtype of the marbled crayfish.
[C] Malagasy originally planned to grow the red swamp crayfish to increase the crop output.
[B] The red swamp crayfish carries the virus of a deadly fungal disease.
[D] There is no doubt that the red swamp will get rid of the local species eventually.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了关于性别作用的一项研究。第一段提出了问题；第二段讲述Julia Jones及其同事的一项研究来揭秘性别的作用；第三段讲述对该研究的一些解释；第四段讲述目前研究对象大理石龙虾被兜售的情况；第五、六段讲述对红色龙虾的担忧。
词汇注释：
trajectory n. 轨道。 crustacean n. 甲壳虫
gusto n. 趣味，口味 burrow v. 挖掘
bode v. 预示
难句突破：
The red swamp crayfish, for example, has tucked into the paddy fields of the Iberian peninsula with gusto, eating rice seedlings and burrowing into the banks of drainage channels, causing them to collapse.
[主体句式] The red swamp crayfish has tucked into….
[结构分析]这是一个简单句，后面的现在分词结构作为主句的伴随状语。
[句子译文] 沼泽地的红色龙虾已经藏到了伊比利亚岛的谷地中，吃大米的种子，挖下水道管直至管子最终断裂。
If the theoreticians are correct, a plague will be exactly what gets rid of the newcomer, but it could also spread to the natives, reducing their numbers as well.
[主体句式] If the thereticians are correct, a plague will…, but it could…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，前面分句中if 引导的是条件状语从句，后面分句中现在分词作伴随状语。
[句子译文] 如果这些理论家是正确的话，那么瘟疫就是消灭这些新来客的原因，但是也可能扩展到本地的物种中、从而也会减少它们的数量。
题目分析：
1. The import of the marble crayfish leads to an unplanned evolutionary experiment because _____
1. 大理石龙虾会引发没有预料到的进化实验，这是因为_____
[A] the reproduction model of the new species is totally different from the other existing species.
[A] 新物种的繁殖模式和其他现存品种的模式完全不同。
[B] the new species was originally living in the wild in Madagascar which is different from the new environment.
[B] 新物种最开始生活在马达加斯加的野外，这种环境和新环境截然不同。
[C] the new species has never been identified before Dr. Jones’ research.
[C] 在以前Jones教授以前从未发现过这种新物种。
[D] the new species will threat the existence of the other species.
[D] 新物种会威胁到其它物种的生存。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第二段“They have found a species of crayfish that follows the logic of asexuality and does, indeed, clone itself.”，这个物种主要是因为其繁殖方式跟以前的任何物种都不相同，是无性繁殖，因此和其他现存品种的模式完全不同。选项A最为符合。B和D选项在文章中都没有对应的内容。而C选项具有一定的迷惑性，文章中指出“Though Dr Jones did not actually discover this species, she was the person who identified it in the wild—in Madagascar”，说明她不是第一个发现这个物种的人。
2．Towards the marbled crayfish, those who ponder the purpose of the sex hold the view that _____
2．那些思考性别目的的人对于大理石龙虾的看法是_____
[A] the marbled crayfish will outnumber the locals finally.
[A] 大理石龙虾最后会超过本地龙虾的数量。
[B] the marbled crayfish will die out after they exist for a period of time.
[B] 大理石龙虾在生存了一段时间后会灭绝。
[C] the marbled crayfish will have a lot of problems in the future.
[C] 大理石龙虾未来会有许多问题。
D] the marbled crayfish will get the upper hand eventually.
[D] 大理石龙虾最终会取得优势。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。根据第二段，这些思考研究性别作用的人认为新物种最终需要面对自己的未来，而前面提到的是数学上认为新物种最终会超过老物种的数量是和他们的想法相反的。因此，他们认为大理石龙虾未来可能会有许多问题。选项C符合题意。
3．Reproduction is compared to buying raffle tickets in order to illustrate that _____
3．繁殖被比喻为买彩票，这样是为了说明_____
[A] the asexual reproduction is of high risk.
[A] 无性繁殖存在高风险。
[B] the sexual reproduction promote the genetic diversity.
[B] 有性生殖会促进基因的多样性。
[C] the sexual reproduction is of more evolutionary advantage than the asexual reproduction.
[C] 有性繁殖比无性繁殖在进化意义上来说具有更大的优势。
[D] the asexual reproduction is no better than the sexual reproduction.
[D] 无性生殖和有性生殖差不多。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推力题。根据第四段“An asexual female who clones herself ten times is like someone who buys ten raffle tickets, each with the same number. A female who reproduces sexually gets only five tickets for her effort, but they are all different. This, however, is a raffle that the female wants to lose”，提到彩票是为了说明遗传的多样性会减少风险几率，而无性繁殖就存在高风险，因此，选项A是正确答案。其他几项都与文章无关，尤其是C选项看似符合常识，但是选择时必须以文章的内容为依据。
4．At present , the marbled crayfish in Antananarivo_____
4．目前，在Antananarivo的大理石龙虾_____
[A] is living in the upward part of the trajectory outside Antananarivo.
[A] 生活在Antananarivo轨道的上面部分。
[B] is enjoying promising market prospect in the city of Antananarivo.
[B] 会有很好的市场前景。
[C] is shrinking in quantity due to the spread of their cousin crayfish.
[C] 由于他们的近亲龙虾的广泛繁殖，大理石龙虾的数量在减少。
[D] is spreading from Antananarivo to the rest of the country being packed with condensed milk.
[D] 与炼乳一起包装从Antananarivo扩展到这个国家的其余地区。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第五段，最开始一句话说“At the moment, those who work in the paddy fields outside Antananarivo are enjoying the upward part of the trajectory”，其实是说他们现在销量不错，随着Antananarivo市这种情况的出现，其他地方也会这样，因此，答案为B选项。A和C选项都没有依据，是对文章的误读。D选项的“condensed milk”有一定的迷惑性，但是要注意第五段提到的是“condensed milk tin”，是完全不一样的，与炼乳并没有关系。
5．Which one of the following statement is TRUE of the red swamp crayfish?
5关于红色龙虾，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] The red swamp crayfish is a subtype of the marbled crayfish.
[A] 红色龙虾是大理石龙虾的一种。
[B] The red swamp crayfish carries the virus of a deadly fungal disease.
[B] 红色龙虾带有一种致命的真菌疾病。
[C] Malagasy originally planned to grow the red swamp crayfish to increase the crop output.
[C]马达加斯加最开始计划培育龙虾来增加作物收成。
[D] There is no doubt that the red swamp will get rid of the local species eventually.
[D] 毫无疑问，红色龙虾最终会消灭其他的本地品种。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 根据第六段，红色龙虾是大理石龙虾的有性生殖兄弟，因此并不是大理石龙虾的一种，A选项是错误的。B选项，第七段提到红色龙虾入侵帮助一种致命的菌类疾病入侵，那么可以推测应该是它本携带有这样的病毒；C选项, 第六段提到的是加引号的粮食，不是真正的作物；D选项，第七段提到红色龙虾会减少，但不一定消灭。因此，B选项为正确答案。
参考译文：
性是个谜，这不仅仅对于那些研究者来说是这样。通过将自己的基因和一个男性的基因结合，妇女就可以将自己一半的基因传给孩子，而其后代又会见证自己基因的不断二分。在最上端，每个人需要父母两人才能出生意味着人口只能以减半的速度来繁衍。那么，为什么要从一开始就要处理这些杂乱的问题呢？
班戈区威尔士大学的Julia Jones及其同事可能很快就能给出答案了。他们发现了一种无性繁殖的龙虾，这种龙虾实际上可以克隆自己。事实上Jones博士并不是第一个发现这个物种的人，她是第一个在马达加斯加岛荒野中认出来该物种的。她在采访中说明该物种是2003年左右由经过国家首都安塔那那利佛大路的人带进来的。这种意外的进入为一个事先没有计划的实验做好了伏笔。残忍的数学预言这种被称为大理石龙虾的新物种可能会超出本地龙虾的数量。但是，那些思考性别目的的人认为新物种最终要面对自己的将来。
这些研究者认为，原因在于性别促进了的遗传多样性，是防止疾病的一种保护措施。可以克隆自己十倍的无性物种就好像买了十注彩票，每张彩票都有同一个数字。有性物种的雌性通过自己的努力只拿到五注彩票，但都是不同的数字。但这却是雌性想要丢掉的彩票，因为奖品就是她的后代在感染疾病后会夭折，或者是没有基因组合。如果这种解释是正确的话，大理石龙虾会在不确定的时期内做得非常好，然后就突然消失了。
目前在安塔那那利佛外谷田工作的人们享受着这其中的好处。他们使用压缩牛奶罐沿着城市的主路来售卖大理石龙虾。甲壳虫现在好像要伸出其桥头堡来，这个国家的其它地方很快也会效仿。
一些专家集合在安塔那那利佛，他们列出了一系列需要研究的问题。其中一个备受关注的一个问题就是大理石龙虾那些有性生殖的同类可能会在别的地方引起大破坏。沼泽地的红色龙虾已经藏到了伊比利亚岛的谷地中，吃大米的种子，挖下水道管直至管子最终断裂。马达加斯加人希望自己的新朋友能散布到整个国家，从而提供一种新的“粮食”，这种热情却因此可能事与愿违。
另外一个担忧就是红虾入侵者会帮助一种致命的菌类疾病入侵欧洲本地龙虾，这种瘟疫本身是有抵抗力的。这预示着马达加斯加的本土物种会染上这种疾病。如果这些理论家是正确的话，那么瘟疫就是消灭这些新来客的原因，但是也可能扩展到本地的物种中、从而也会减少它们的数量。但是到那时，研究者期望能够有一种包括了很多美味烧烤的实验。
TEXT THREE
It is a curious irony that Europe, which often takes a dim view of market forces, lets them rip in sport, while America, usually the world's most enthusiastic exponent of commerce and its consequences for society, has all sorts of arrangements in place to mitigate its effects on the nation's favourite pastimes. But these days, the American model is gaining adherents in Europe. Sports ministers in many countries are arguing that football needs to be exempted from competition law in order to allow governing bodies to equalise the resources of clubs without risking prosecution. The European Commission's strategy paper on sport, published on July 11th, ignored those calls; but the pressure will not go away.
Professional sport differs from other businesses in one important respect. Rival teams need each other to produce a sellable product: a match. In most businesses co-operation between rivals would attract the ire of antitrust authorities. But in sport, an element of collusion is unavoidable. The balance between collusion and individualism is a hard one to strike, but has been managed reasonably well by Europe's trustbusters. The collective selling of television rights, now the main source of income for football's elite, has usually been sanctioned by the European Commission's antitrust arm. Joint marketing is defensible, because sports contests are by their nature a collaboration.
Egalitarians quibble that the bulk of the money ends up with rich well-supported clubs. The English Premier League, for instance, collectively sells its television rights and splits the proceeds between clubs. But a club's share partly depends on how many of its games are broadcast and how high it finishes in the league, so Chelsea and Manchester United get a bigger slice. The worry is that the continued dominance of national championships by a few clubs will drive away supporters.
In the United States the baseball, basketball, hockey and American football leagues try to mitigate the effects of competition and inequality through revenue- and talent-sharing agreements, such as “the draft” (baseball even has a specific exemption from antitrust law). But it is not clear that this is either necessary or desirable. Measures to increase equality within a league take the edge off competition—and therefore, presumably, off the terror that drives sportsmen to excellence.
There is more to sport than watching too well-matched teams vie for supremacy. Professional basketball in America has lost some of its shine since one of Michael Jordan's many retirements ended the Chicago Bulls' dominance of the sport. The lesson from this and from golf's popularity since the emergence of Tiger Woods is that sporting prowess matters more to fans than strict competitive balance.
European football has never been a balanced affair. The very first professional league championship in 1889 was a cakewalk for Preston North End, which went through a 22-game season without losing a match (it won in 1890 too, though never since). Championships in Portugal, Greece, the Netherlands and Scotland are nearly always won by just two or three clubs. Leagues in bigger countries are scarcely less open. Manchester United has won nine out of 15 league titles since the English Premier League was set up in 1992. None of this has impeded the global popularity of football, which has done far better as an export industry than America's more equal sports.
1. The word “mitigate” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) most probably means _____
[A] moderate.
[B] enforce.
[C] release.
[D] meditate.
2． In the field of sport, a change or tendency is taking place gradually in Europe that ______
[A] the government begins to make use of market forces to influence sport.
[B] the government intend to sanction relevant football laws so that all clubs can share resources equally.
[C] the factors of both cooperation and collision are better managed in the sport field.
[D] it becomes widely expected that sport could be independent of the market forces.
3. Professional sport differs from other businesses in the following aspects except_____
[A] it is exempted from the influence of antirust authorities.
[B] collusion in sport is not counted as a kind of trust.
[C] joint marketing could defend sport from being influenced by antitrust laws.
[D] the European Commission support the coalition in sport.
4. Towards the pursue for the equality within a league, the author’s attitude is that_____
[A] Europe should not be too eager to take more measures for the sake of increasing equality within a league.
[B] it is unnecessary to mitigate the effects of competition and inequality.
[C] it is somewhat intricate whether this is necessary or desirable to seek competitive balance.
[D] too much stress on the equality within a league will reduce the sport prowess.
5.From the cases described in the last paragraph, it can be inferred that _____
[A] European football is characterized by all sorts of many inequalities.
[B] it is impossible to get the absolute competition balance within a league.
[C] the charm of sport itself is more important than competition balance within a league.
[D] there is no need for Europe to imitate the American model since the latter is commercially unsuccessful in practice
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了欧洲和美国体育中市场力量的作用。第一段讲述欧洲的体育界发生了一些变化；第二段讲述体育和其他商业在合作方面的不同；第三段讲述平等主义者的意见；第四段讲述美国体育界减少不平等的措施；第五段讲述体育竞争要比平等更为重要；第六段讲述欧洲足球的相关情况。
词汇注释：
mitigate v. 减轻 pastimes n. 消遣
ire n. 愤怒 quibble v. 诡辩
难句突破:
(1) It is a curious irony that Europe, which often takes a dim view of market forces, lets them rip in sport, while America, usually the world's most enthusiastic exponent of commerce and its consequences for society, has all sorts of arrangements in place to mitigate its effects on the nation's favourite pastimes.
[主体句式] It is a curious irony that Europe lets them rip while America has all sorts of …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，which 引导的是定语从句，用来修饰Europe; while 引导的是时间状语从句；在该时间状语从句中，usually the world’s…是前面America的同位语。
[参考译文] 这是一个很讽刺的现象：欧洲对于市场力量不屑一顾，但是却在体育上任其发挥作用，而美国虽然是全世界对商业最热情的支持者，且美国社会本身就是商业发展的结果，但这个国家却采取了各种措施来减少这个国家最受欢迎的消遣运动的影响。
(2)The collective selling of television rights, now the main source of income for football's elite, has usually been sanctioned by the European Commission's antitrust arm.
[主体句式] The collective selling of television rights has usually been…
[结构分析]这是一个简单局，now the main source of… 是主语的同位语。
[参考译文] 电视转播权是足球精英最主要的收入来源，集体出售电视转播权已经获得欧洲委员会反托拉斯部门的批准。
题目分析：
1. The word “mitigate” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) most probably means _____
“mitigate” (第一段第四行) 最有可能的意思是_____
[A] moderate.
[A] 减少。
[B] enforce.
[B] 加强。
[C] release.
[C] 释放。
[D] mediate.
[D] 协调。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据第一段“It is a curious irony that Europe, which often takes a dim view of market forces, lets them rip in sport, while America, usually the world's most enthusiastic exponent of commerce and its consequences for society, has all sorts of arrangements in place to mitigate its effects on the nation's favourite pastimes”，欧洲虽然不重视市场力量，但是却在体育上让市场发挥作用，而美国正相反，那就是采取措施减少国家对体育的影响。因此，答案为A选项。
2． In the field of sport, a change or tendency is taking place gradually in Europe that ______
2. 在体育领域，欧洲一个正在逐渐发生的变化是_____
[A] the government begins to make use of market forces to influence sport.
[A] 政府开始使用市场力量来影响运动。
[B] the governments intend to sanction relevant football laws so that all clubs can share resources equally.
[B] 政府计划批准相关的足球法规，以便于所有的俱乐部都可以平等地分享资源。
[C] the factors of both cooperation and collision are getting better managed in the sport field.
[C] 在体育领域，合作和冲突得到了更好的管理。
[D] it becomes widely expected that sport could be independent of the market forces.
[D] 更多的人们希望体育可以不受市场力量的影响。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。从第一段可以看出，最近美国模式在欧洲也赢得了支持者，美国模式就是国家不过多干涉体育，那么选项中D符合题意。A和B选项都是与这个意思相违背。C选项的表述与题干所谈论的趋势无关。
3. Professional sport differs from other businesses in the following aspects except_____
2. 专业运动和其他商业在下列除_____之外的方面是不同的。
[A] it is exempted from the influence of antirust authorities.
[A] 专业运动免于反托拉斯机构的影响
[B] collusion in sport is not counted as a kind of trust.
[B] 体育的联合不是一种托拉斯
[C] joint marketing could defend sport from being influenced by antitrust laws.
[C] 联合市场可以使得运动免于被托拉斯法律影响
[D] the European Commission support the coalition in sport.
[D] 欧洲委员会支持运动的联合
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第二段，专业体育不同于其它商业的地方主要在于联合是不会被当作托拉斯的，A、B、D在该段都可以找到，但是C选项关于法律方面的情况却没有提及，因此答案为C选项。
4. Towards the pursuit for the equality within a league, the author’s attitude is that_____
3．作者对于联队中寻求平等的看法是_____
[A] Europe should not be too eager to take more measures for the sake of increasing equality within a league.
[A] 欧洲不应当急于采取更多的措施来增加联队中的平等。
[B] it is unnecessary to mitigate the effects of competition and inequality.
[B] 不需要减少竞争和不平等的影响。
[C] it is somewhat intricate whether this is necessary or desirable to seek competitive balance.
[C] 寻求竞争平衡是否必要还是一个复杂的问题。
[D] too much stress on the equality within a league will reduce the sport prowess.
[D] 联队中过于强调平等会减少运动的魅力。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 态度题。作者对于联队中寻求平等的看法，第五段虽然提到这个是否必要还不很清楚，但这只是总体的看法，并非作者的看法。从后面两段中可以看出作者赞成维持竞争。因此，选项B符合题意。A选项具有较强的迷惑性，该选项从推理上来说有可能是正确的，但是文章却并没有明确提及。
5.From the cases described in the last paragraph, it can be inferred that _____
5. 从最后一段描述的案例中可以推出_____
[A] European football is characterized by all sorts of inequalities.
[A] 欧洲足球的特点就是存在许多的不平等。
[B] it is indeed of little value to maintain absolute competition balance within a league.
[B] 在一个联队内部保持绝对的竞争平衡几乎是没有价值的。
[C] the charm of sport itself is more important than competition balance within a league.
[C] 运动本身的魅力要比联队中的竞争平衡更加重要。
[D] there is no need for Europe to imitate the American model since the latter is commercially unsuccessful in practice
[D] 欧洲没有必要模仿美国模式，因为后者在商业上并不成功。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。最后一段中的几个案例都是联队内部不平衡的例子，最后提到这些都不能阻止足球受欢迎的程度。可以看出，选项中C最为符合题意。D选项有较强的干扰性，最后一段说明的主要问题是欧洲没有必要模仿美国模式，但主要原因不是因为美国模式在商业上不成功，而是因为欧洲模式本身就非常成功。A选项说明的是一个事实，但却不是作者行文的主要目的。B选项的表述也是没有文章依据的。
参考译文：
这是一个很讽刺的现象：欧洲对于市场力量不屑一顾，但是却在体育上任其发挥作用，而美国虽然是全世界对商业最热情的支持者，且美国社会本身就是商业发展的结果，但这个国家却采取了各种措施来减少这个国家最受欢迎的消遣运动的影响。但是最近美国模式在欧洲也赢得了支持者。许多国家的体育部长认为足球需要免于竞争法的限制，这样让政府机构不用冒被起诉的危险就可以平衡俱乐部的资源。欧洲委员会于7月11日发表的体育战略，对这些呼吁置之不理，但是这种压力却不会消失。
专业体育与其他商业在一个重要的方面是不同的，即作为对手的两个球队需要对方来创造可出售的产品——比赛。在大多数的商业活动中，对手间的合作会招致反托拉斯机构的反感。但是在体育界，联合因素是不可避免的。团队与个人之间的平衡是很难把握的，但是欧洲联邦反托拉斯检察官们却处理得很好。电视转播权是足球精英最主要的收入来源，集体出售电视转播权已经获得欧洲委员会反托拉斯部门的批准。联合商业是有正当理由的，因为体育比赛本身就是一种联合。
平等主义者认为大量的金钱最后只是产生了广受支持的俱乐部。比如英国第一联队共同出售了电视转播权，俱乐部之间瓜分收益。但是每个俱乐部的份额一部分看有多少节目转播、也要看在同盟中最后地位如何，因此切尔西和曼彻斯特联队获得了较大的份额。现在的担忧就是一些俱乐部持续控制着国家锦标赛，这样可能会赶走那些支持者。
在美国，棒球、篮球、曲棍球以及美国足球联队都试图通过收入和才能共享协议、如 “草稿”（棒球甚至有免于反托拉斯法律限制的特别权利）以减少竞争和不平等的影响。但是这是否必要或值得还不很清楚。在联队之间增加平等的措施减少了竞争，因此也减少了让运动员不断使使自身完美的恐惧。
体育界不仅仅意味着观看不相上下的队伍争夺第一。自从Michael Jordon退役从而终结芝加哥公牛队的霸主地位后，美国职业篮球已经失去了其原有的光辉。自从Jordon以及Tiger Woods出现后导致高尔夫的流行说明体育的魅力对于体育迷来说要比严格的竞争性平衡要重要得多。
欧洲足球从来都不是平衡的。1889年第一个职业联盟锦标赛的冠军就是普雷斯顿北方的表演赛，它在22个赛季中没有输掉任何一场（1890年也取得了胜利，尽管自此后再没有取胜过。）葡萄牙、希腊、荷兰和苏格兰的锦标赛也经常是两三个俱乐部独占鳌头。大国的联队开放程度也差不多。曼联自从英国于1992年成立第一联赛后就赢得了15次联赛的9次冠军。这些都没有阻止足球在全球的受欢迎程度，作为一种出口产业，它要比美国更为平等的体育做得更好。
TEXT FOUR
Infertility is normally seen as a private matter. If a couple are infertile and wish they were not, that is sad. But there is understandable resistance in many countries to the idea that treatments intended to deal with this sadness—known collectively as assisted reproductive technologies, or ARTs—should be paid for out of public funds. Such funds are scarce, and infertility is not a life-threatening condition.
However, two papers presented to the “State of the ART” conference held earlier this month in Lyon argue that in Europe, at least, there may be a public interest in promoting ARTs after all. The low fertility rate in many of that continent's more developed countries means their populations are ageing and shrinking. If governments want to change this, ARTs—most significantly in-vitro fertilisation (IVF)—could offer at least part of a way to do so.
As the conference heard, IVF does seem to be keeping up the numbers in at least one country. Tina Jensen of the University of Southern Denmark has just finished a study of more than 700,000 Danish women. She found that young women in Denmark have a significantly lower natural conception rate than in past decades. That is partly, but not entirely, because they are having their children later in life. The rest of the cause is unknown, though reduced sperm quality in men may be a factor. Whatever the cause, she also found that the effect has been almost completely compensated for by an increasing use of ARTs. Denmark's native population is more or less stable, but some 3.9% of babies born there in 2003 were the result of IVF. The comparable figure for another northern European country, Britain, was 1.5%.
Without IVF, then, the number of Danes would be shrinking fast. That it is not may have something to do with the fact that in Denmark the taxpayer will cover up to six cycles of IVF treatment. In Britain, by contrast, couples are supposed to be entitled to three cycles. In practice, many of the local trusts that dish the money out do not pay for any cycles at all. Jonathan Grant, the head of the Cambridge branch of the Rand Corporation (an American think-tank), believes this is shortsighted. His paper showed that if Britain supported IVF at the Danish level then its birth rate would probably increase by about 10,000 a year.
The cost of offering six cycles to couples (and doing so in practice, rather than just in theory) would be an extra ￡250m-430m a year. That is not trivial, but Dr Grant reckons it is cheaper than other ways of boosting the birth rate. Some countries, for example, have tried to bribe women into having more children by increasing child benefits. According to his calculations, raising such benefits costs between ￡50,000 and ￡100,000 a year for each additional birth procured. Ten thousand extra births each year would thus cost between ￡500m and ￡1 billion.
There are, of course, some disadvantages to promoting IVF. In particular, women who use it tend to be older than those who conceive naturally, and that can lead to congenital problems in their children. But if the countries of Europe do wish to keep their populations up, making IVF more widely available might be a good way of doing so.
1．According to the text, the public’s opinion on the infertility treatments is that _____
[A] the treatments should be paid for out of public funds.
[B] the treatments are not so compulsory as they consume the limited public funds.
[C] the treatments are not necessarily only paid for out of public funds.
[D] the public is not obliged to pay for such treatments of no urgent nature.
2．According to the study conducted by Tina Jensen, which one of the following statements is true?
[A] ARTs have reversed the tendency of population decreasing in Denmark.
[B] Danes’s problem of low natural conception has been completely counterbalanced by the widely use of ARTs.
[C] The population of Denmark is not decreasing after the adoption of ARTs.
[D] IVF has played an essential role in Denmark in terms of keeping up the number of population.
3．From the paper of Dr Grant, it can be inferred that ______
[A] the cost of offering six cycles of IVF to couples is not high at all.
[B] IVF treatment is an economical way of solving population shrinking.
[C] Britain does not promote adopting IVF to boost the birth rate.
[D] encouraging women to bear more babies by bonus is not so efficient to solve the problem of population shrinking.
4．The word “congenital” (Line 2, Paragraph 6) most probably means _____
[A] innate.
[B] instinctive.
[C] cerebral.
[D] acquired.
5．According to the passage, the author’s attitude towards promoting in-vitro fertilization can be said to be _____
[A] supportive.
[B] opposing.
[C] ambiguous.
[D] objective.
篇章剖析:
这篇文章介绍了辅助生育技术应当由公众基金支付这一问题。第一段讲述了目前对该问题公众的看法；第二、三段讲述“辅助生育技术现状”会议有两个报告赞成政府支持“辅助生育技术”；第四、五段讲述丹麦实施这种措施的效果；第六段讲述辅助生育技术要比另外的方法成本低；第七段讲述玻璃体授精的一些缺点。
词汇注释：
congenital adj. 先天的
难句突破：
But there is understandable resistance in many countries to the idea that treatments intended to deal with this sadness—known collectively as assisted reproductive technologies, or ARTs—should be paid for out of public funds.
[主体句式] But there is understandable resisitance to the idea that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，that引导的是idea的同位语从句，该同位语从句中，过去分词结构known as…作treatments的定语。
[句子译文] 但是许多国家反对使用公众基金来支付不育问题的治疗方法（辅助生育技术），这是合情合理的。
However, two papers presented to the “State of the ART” conference held earlier this month in Lyon argue that in Europe, at least, there may be a public interest in promoting ARTs after all.
[主体句式] However, two papers argue that …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，held earlier…分词结构修饰前面的two papers，that 引导的是宾语从句。
[句子译文] 但是，本月初在里昂举行的“辅助生育技术现状”会议上，有两个报告认为至少是在欧洲，公众可能有兴趣到促进辅助生育技术。
题目分析：
1．According to the text, the public’s opinion on the infertility treatments is that _____
1．根据这篇文章，公众对于治疗不育问题的看法是_____
[A] the treatments should be paid for out of public funds.
[A] 治疗应该由公众基金来支付。
[B] the treatments are not so compulsory as they consume the limited public funds.
[B] 治疗并不是义务性的，因为其消耗了有限的公共基金。
[C] the treatments are not necessarily only paid for out of public funds.
[C] 治疗并不一定只要公众基金来支付。
[D] the public is not obliged to pay for such treatments of no urgent nature.
[D] 公众没有义务为这种不具有紧急性质的治疗支付费用。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据文章第一段“But there is understandable resistance in many countries to the idea that treatments intended to deal with this sadness—known collectively as assisted reproductive technologies, or ARTs—should be paid for out of public funds. Such funds are scarce, and infertility is not a life-threatening condition”，可见许多国家反对用公众基金来支付治疗不育的费用。A选项的表述显然不符合题意。而C选项的表述不如B选项确切。而D选项的表述过于绝对，不能反映总体公众意见。因此，选项中B最为符合。
2．According to the study conducted by Tina Jensen, which one of the following statements is true?
2．根据Tina的研究，下列哪个陈述是不正确的？
[A] ARTs have reversed the tendency of population decreasing in Denmark.
[A] 辅助生育技术扭转了丹麦人口减少的趋势。
[B] Danes’ problem of low natural conception has been completely counterbalanced by the widely use of ARTs.
[B] 丹麦人自然受孕率低的问题已经完全倍玻璃体受精的广泛使用抵消了。
[C] The population of Denmark is not decreasing after the adoption of ARTs.
[C] 丹麦人口在使用辅助生育技术后没有再减少了。
[D] IVF has played an essential role in Denmark in terms of keeping up the number of population.
[D] 玻璃体受精为帮助丹麦保证人口数量起到了重要的作用。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] B。根据第四段，没有玻璃体受惊，丹麦人口就会减少的更快，那么可以看出现在丹麦人口仍在减少，但是速度放缓。因此，A、C选项是错误的。D选项第四段提到了丹麦人口是稳定的。因此，答案为D选项。B选项有一定的干扰性，文章第三段指出“Whatever the cause, she also found that the effect has been almost completely compensated for by an increasing use of ARTs”，与该选项的意思接近，但是文章用了一个almost，与completely意思上有出入。
3．From the paper of Dr Grant, it can be inferred that ______
3．从Grant的报告中可以推导出_____
[A] the cost of offering six cycles of IVF to couples is not high at all.
[A] 玻璃体受精七个疗程的费用根本不高。
[B] IVF treatment is an economical way of solving population shrinking.
[B] 玻璃体受精不是解决人口减少的经济的方法。
[C] Britain does not promote adopting IVF to boost the birth rate.
[C] 英国没有采用玻璃体受精来提高出生率。
[D] encouraging women to bear more babies by bonus is not so efficient to solve the problem of population shrinking.
[D] 通过奖金鼓励妇女多生孩子不是解决人口减少的有效方法。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第六段的金钱数据对比可以看出，玻璃体受精方法要比其他方法要经济，因此，选项中A符合题意。
4．The word “congenital” (Line 2, Paragraph 6) most probably means _____
4. “congenital” (第六段第二行)最有可能的意思是_____
[A] innate.
[A] 天生的。
[B] instinctive.
[B] 本能的。
[C] cerebral.
[C] 大脑的。
[D] acquired.
[D] 后天的。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，这个方法可能会让女性衰老很快，也会让孩子出现一些先天性的问题。选项中A最为符合题意。
5．According to the passage, the author’s attitude towards promoting in-vitro fertilization can be said to be _____
5．根据这篇文章，作者对于促进玻璃体生殖的态度可以说是_____
[A] supportive.
[A] 支持的。
[B] opposing.
[B] 反对的。
[C] ambiguous.
[C] 模棱两可的。
[D] objective.
[D] 客观的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 态度题。从文章中作者举的例子和分析可以看出，这个方法虽然有一定的缺点，但是对于解决目前欧洲人口减少的问题还是有积极的作用的，因此是支持的，答案为A选项。
参考译文：
不育一般被看作是很私密的事情。如果一对夫妇不能生育却又不希望能够生育，这就很可悲了。但是许多国家反对使用公众基金来支付不育问题的治疗方法（辅助生育技术），这是合情合理的。公众基金本来就很少，而不育也不是什么可以威胁到生命的问题。
但是，本月初在里昂举行的“辅助生育技术现状”会议上，有两个报告认为至少是在欧洲，公众可能有兴趣到促进辅助生育技术。欧洲许多发达国家的低生育率意味着其人口正在老化和减少。如果政府想改变这种情况，辅助生育技术（最重要的是玻璃体授精）至少可以在某种程度上提供一个出路。
正如该会议上所提到的，玻璃体授精起码可以在一个国家内提高人口数量。南丹麦大学的Tina Jensen刚刚结束了涉及70万丹麦妇女的一项研究。她发现现在的丹麦年轻女性比过去几十年中的自然受精率降低了许多，这部分是因为她们生育孩子的年龄推后了，但其余的原因还不清楚，尽管男性精子质量下降也可能是一个因素。不管是什么原因，她还发现使用玻璃体授精后，这种情况可以完全得到缓解。丹麦本土的人口是稳定的，但是2003年出生的婴儿中3.9%是通过玻璃体授精出生的结果。相应的，另外一个欧洲北部国家英国的比率为1.5%。
如果没有玻璃体授精技术，丹麦人口就会更快地缩减。这是由于在丹麦，纳税人要支付六个周期的玻璃体授精治疗费用。而在英国，夫妇本人需要支付3个周期的费用。实际上，许多本地的信托公司都不支付任何的周期，但却从中赚取金钱。兰德公司（一家美国智囊公司）剑桥分部的老板Jonathan Grant认为这是目光短浅的做法。他的研究报告表明如果英国人支持玻璃体授精的程度与丹麦人一样的话，该国每年多出生的婴儿可以增加大约一万。
而给与夫妇免费的六个周期（实际进行而非理论上的）会使政府一年多支付两亿五千万到四亿三千万英镑。这不是个小数目，但是Grant博士认为这要比其他提高出生率的方法要廉价。比如一些国家通过提高儿童福利来奖励那些多生育的妇女。根据他的估测，如此一来每增加一个孩子的话，每年要增加5万到10万英镑的支出。每年多出生一亿万个孩子的话，就需要5亿到10亿英镑。
当然，促进玻璃体授精也有一些弊端。使用这个方法的妇女要比那些自然受孕的女性衰老得更快，也会让孩子有一些先天性的问题。但是如果欧洲国家希望使本国人口增长的话，普及玻璃体授精可能是个好方法。
TEXT ONE
William Illiam Morris (the wallpaper designer, rather than the carmaker) suggested that nothing should have a place that is not known to be useful or believed to be beautiful. Opals, though, might be both. A group of researchers from the University of Southampton, in England, and the German Plastics Institute in Darmstadt, led by Jeremy Baumberg, have discovered how to create a plastic with the gemstone's iridescent properties. Their invention could be used to make a sparkling substitute for paint, banknotes that are hard to counterfeit and chemical sensors that can act as visible sell-by dates.
Opals get their milky sheen and rainbow sparkle from the way light is scattered by the tiny crystals that form them. These crystals are stacked in what is known as a face-centred cubic structure. This means that the constituent atoms are arranged in a lattice of cubes, with one extra atom sitting at the centre of each cube's six faces. Light entering this lattice gets bounced around in ways that generate colour by reinforcing the peaks of some wavelengths and cancelling out those of others.
For many years researchers have been trying to develop a synthetic material with the same light-scattering properties as an opal, by etching patterns into various materials. That approach has failed. Instead, Dr Baumberg has built his opalescent material from scratch. He and his team grew tiny polystyrene spheres until they were some 200 nanometres across, before hardening them with a blast of heat. They then coated the spheres with a sticky polymer before heating them again. As the mixture was baked, the spheres moved naturally into a face-centred cubic structure.
The result is a flexible film of crystals with opalescent properties that can be used to coat malleable surfaces, producing attractive iridescent hues. The size of the spheres can be tailored to scatter particular wavelengths of light—a useful property for security applications in which it is important that materials can be identified precisely. Moreover, when the film is warped, the spaces between the crystals change—and the colours produced change with them. These two properties make opalescent film an obvious material for currency. Banknotes containing it would produce distinctive colours when stretched, unlike counterfeits made from other materials.
To use the film to detect food spoilage, Dr Baumberg proposes adding a sprinkle of carbon particles even smaller than the polystyrene spheres. These would nestle in the spaces between the spheres and cause the material to scatter light from even more angles, making it yet more iridescent. This arrangement could be “tuned” to react to specific toxic chemicals. Food packaging made from such a material would thus change colour as the rot set in.
Such packaging need not be expensive. The polymer spheres and carbon particles arrange themselves spontaneously into the correct crystal structure when encouraged by a little heat, so manufacturing opalescent film should be easy. Indeed Merck, a German chemical company that was a partner in the research, has already produced rolls of the stuff a metre wide and 100 metres long. Perfect for wallpaper.
1．Which one of the following statement is NOT true of the opals according to the passage?
[A] For years, scientists’ endeavor of imitating opals’ unique characteristics has reached to nil.
[B] Opals could be brilliant mainly because they have some kind of iridescent properties.
[C] Opals could be brilliant because they have tiny crystals which could scatter light.
[D] Opals could be used to make a sparkling substitute for paint.
2．The opalescent material that Dr Baumberg and his team have developed model itself on _____
[A] the face-centred cubic structure of the opals.
[B] the light scattering properties of the opals.
[C] the tiny polystyrene spheres of the opals.
[D] the flexible film of crystals of the opals.
3．The flexible film of crystals Dr Baumberg has finally got is an ideal material for currency because _____
[A] it can be used to coat malleable surfaces so that the currency could have iridescent hues.
[B] the colour change as the film is bent so that the currency could be identified precisely.
[C] different colours could be produced as the film could be tailored to scatter particular wavelengths of light.
[D] certain colours could be made as the currency is distended so that it is easy to distinguish.
4．The logic that food spoilage could be detected by use of the film is that _____
[A] the carbon particles Dr Baumberg adds into the film could react to specific toxic chemicals.
[B] the polystyrene spheres could scatter light from more angeles.
[C] carbon particles positioned among the spheres could be adjusted to be sensitive to addled materials.
[D] carbon particles added into the polystyrene spheres could make the film more iridescent.
5．The film of crystals with opalescent properties can be used to make the following materials except_____
[A] paint.
[B] banknote.
[C] chemical sensors.
[D] wallpaper.
篇章剖析:
这篇文章讲述了人们利用蛋白石宝石闪光特性的情况。第一段是总体的论述；第二段讲述蛋白石发光的原理；第三、四段讲述Baumberg博士根据该原理研制了弹性的晶体薄膜；第五、六段讲述弹性晶体薄膜的作用。
词汇注释：
opal n. 蛋白石，猫眼石 sheen n. 光泽
synthetic adj. 合成的 polystyrene n. 聚苯乙烯
polymer n. 聚合体 iridescent adj. 闪光的
malleable adj. 有延展性的 spoilage n. 腐败
难句突破：
A group of researchers from the University of Southampton, in England, and the German Plastics Institute in Darmstadt, led by Jeremy Baumberg, have discovered how to create a plastic with the gemstone's iridescent properties.
[主体句式] A group of researchers have discovered …
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，led by…过去分词结构是前面researchers的定语
[句子译文] 英国南安普敦大学的一群研究者和Jeremy Baumberg领导的位于达姆施塔特的德国塑料研究所发现了如何用宝石闪光的特性来制造一种塑料。
(2) Light entering this lattice gets bounced around in ways that generate colour by reinforcing the peaks of some wavelengths and cancelling out those of others.
[主体句式] Light gets bounced around in ways that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，that引导的定语从句用来修饰ways.
[句子译文] 进入该格子的光线反弹回来，通过加强了一些波长的波峰和减少了其他的波峰长度来产生出颜色。
题目分析：
1．Which one of the following statement is NOT true of the opals according to the passage?
根据这篇文章，下列哪个陈述是不正确的?
[A] For years, scientists’ endeavor of imitating opals’ unique characteristics has reached nil.
[A] 多年来，科学家们试图模仿蛋白石特性的努力都没有取得任何成就。
[B] Opals could be brilliant mainly because they have some kind of iridescent properties.
[B] 蛋白石闪光的主要是因为有一种闪光的成分。
[C] Opals could be brilliant because they have tiny crystals which could scatter light.
[C] 蛋白石闪光是因为有小的水晶颗粒可以反射光。
[D] Opals could be used to make a sparkling substitute for paint.
[D] 蛋白石可以用于制造一种替代涂料的闪光替代品。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第三段，“For many years researchers have been trying to develop a synthetic material with the same light-scattering properties as an opal, by etching patterns into various materials. That approach has failed”，因此A选项是正确的，其中nil的意思是“零”。B选项对应于文章第一段，也提到了宝石闪光成分存在使得它可以闪光。C选项，第二段提到了这一点。D选项，第一段提到是发明的塑料可以用于制作油漆的闪光替代品，而不是蛋白石本身。因此，答案为A选项。
2．The opalescent material that Dr Baumberg and his team have developed model itself on _____
2． Baumberg博士和他的小组自己研制出的乳白色物质是以____为原型的。
[A] the face-centred cubic structure of the opals
[A] 蛋白石面部中心的立方结构
[B] the light scattering properties of the opals.
[B] 蛋白石光泽发散的特性
[C] the tiny polystyrene spheres of the opals.
[C] 蛋白石聚苯乙烯球体
[D] the flexible film of crystals of the opals.
[D] 蛋白石晶体的弹性薄膜
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第二和三段都提到了“the face-centred cubic structure”，尤其是文章第三段最后指出“As the mixture was baked, the spheres moved naturally into a face-centred cubic structure”，即这种乳白色的物质是许多聚苯乙烯球体加热后形成了面部中心的立方结构，从而可以闪光。因此，是模仿了面部中心的立方体结构。答案为A选项。
3．The flexible film of crystals Dr Baumberg has finally got is an ideal material for currency because _____
3．Baumberg博士最后的弹性警惕薄膜是理想的制作钞票的物质，因为_____
[A] it can be used to coat malleable surfaces so that the currency could have iridescent hues.
[A] 这种物质可以用来做有延展性表面，这样钞票就可以有特别的光波了。
[B] the colour change as the film is bent so that the currency could be identified precisely.
[B] 薄膜弯曲后颜色会改变，这样钞票就可以精确地辨认出来。
[C] different colours could be produced as the film could be tailored to scatter particular wavelengths of light.
[C] 薄膜可以量身定做来反射各种不同的光波，从而产生不同的颜色。
[D] certain colours could be made as the currency is distended so that it is easy to distinguish.
[D] 随着钞票被伸展，可以产生一定的颜色从而容易辨别。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第四段，这种物质可以用于制作钞票一是因为球体的尺寸可以裁减来发散出特别的光波，而是因为薄膜弯曲的话可以产生不同的颜色。选项中B最为符合。
4．The logic that food spoilage could be detected by use of the film is that _____
4．食品腐败可以使用这种薄膜来发现，这背后的原理是_____
[A] the carbon particles Dr Baumberg adds into the film could react to specific toxic chemicals.
[A] Baumberg加在薄膜中的碳颗粒可以对一定的有毒化学物质产生反应。
[B] the polystyrene spheres could scatter light from more angeles.
[B] 聚苯乙烯球体可以从不同的角度来反射光。
[C] carbon particles positioned among the spheres could be adjusted to be sensitive to addled materials.
[C] 在球体中间的碳颗粒可以调节，从而对腐败的物质产生反应。
[D] carbon particles added into the polystyrene spheres could make the film more iridescent.
[D] 可以在聚苯乙烯球体中加入碳颗粒，从而使薄膜更加发光。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。 根据第五段，加入碳颗粒可以市的物质从更多角度发光，通过调节可以对特殊的有毒化学物质作出反应，因此选项C为正确答案。
5．The film of crystals with opalescent properties can be used to make the following materials except_____
5．有闪光物质的晶体薄膜可以用来做除____以外的其他物品。
[A] paint.
[A] 涂料
[B] banknote.
[B] 钞票
[C] chemical sensors.
[C] 化学感应物质
[D] wallpaper.
[D] 墙纸。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第一段，这种薄膜可以用来做涂料的替代品、钞票、化学感应物质，最后一段提到可以做墙纸。因此，选项A的表述是错误的，是正确答案。
参考译文：
William Illiam Morris（壁纸设计人而非汽车制造商）认为任何东西都不是是没有用或者是不美的。尽管蛋白石是既有用又漂亮。英国南安普敦大学的一群研究者和Jeremy Baumberg领导的位于达姆施塔特的德国塑料研究所发现了如何用宝石闪光的特性来制造一种塑料。他们的发明可以用于制作油漆的闪光替代品，难以仿造的钞票、以及就像销售日期那么清晰可见的化学仿形器。
蛋白石因为其光线受到水晶的发射呈现乳白色和五彩的光泽。这些水晶堆积在以平面中心的立方结构中。这就意味着组成原子呈方块的格子排列，另外一个原子位于每个方块六面的中心。进入该格子的光线反弹回来，通过加强了一些波长的波峰和减少了其他的波峰长度来产生出颜色。
很多年来，研究者一直想要研发一种合成物质，通过在不同的物质中雕刻形状来使其拥有和蛋白石一样的光泽发散功能。这种方法却失败了。而Baumberg博士从无到有地创造了自己的乳白色物质。他和他的小组培养了许多小的聚苯乙烯球体，直至它们长到了200微米，然后用热风来硬化。接着他们用一种粘性的聚合体来粘在球体外面，然后再次加热。随着混合体的加热，球体自然成为了以平面为中心的立方结构。
最后得到的就是有弹性的晶体薄膜，它带有蛋白石的成分，可以作为延展性的表面，发出好看的光泽。球体的尺寸可以进行裁减来发散出特别的光波——这个特点对于安检来说很重要，因为任何物质都可以被精确地辨认出来。而且，如果薄膜弯曲的话，晶体之间的空间会发生变化，产生的颜色也随之改变。这两种成分使得乳白色薄膜成为钞票的显性物质。含有该物质的钞票通过伸展可以产生出特别的颜色，这是用其它材料制作的假钞所不具备的。
如果用该薄膜来检查食品腐败，Baumberg建议加入一些甚至可以比聚苯乙烯的球体更小的碳颗粒。这些颗粒可以藏在球体间的空间里，使得物质从更多的角度发散光，从而显得更加光亮。也可以用这种方法来应对特殊的有毒化学物质。用该物质生产的食品包装可以随着腐烂的开始而产生颜色的变化。
这样的包装不需要太昂贵。只要加入一点聚合体球体和碳颗粒就可以自然地安排成正确的晶体结构，因此生产光亮的薄膜就很容易了。实际上一家德国化学公司Merck是该研究的合作者，现在已经生产出了一米宽、100米长的薄膜。这对于壁纸来说是非常理想的。
TEXT TWO
News reports suggested that the result was in doubt right up to the end, but Rupert Murdoch's admirers were certain that he would prevail. So when Mr Murdoch's News Corporation offered in April to buy Dow Jones, the owner of the Wall Street Journal, he was already pretty sure that the reply, which eventually came in the early hours of August 1st, would be yes—and it was.
Mr Murdoch has played a difficult hand brilliantly. He read the internal politics of the sprawling Bancroft clan, which owns a controlling stake in Dow Jones, perfectly—perhaps better than he reads his own family. His $5 billion offer was just high enough to swing the intergenerational politics of the Bancrofts his way, by enticing enough of the younger members of the clan to put money before the continuation of the family's long stewardship of the company. And when some members of the family tried to get Mr Murdoch to raise his offer, his refusal to do so and his threat to walk away were convincing enough to get them to agree to his original offer. He also agreed to various measures to safeguard the Wall Street Journal's editorial independence that were just sufficient to salve enough Bancroft consciences, without meaningfully inhibiting his ability to do as he pleases.
The timing of the offer was equally astute, coming after the family had realised that the company faced huge strategic problems, but before the new chief executive they appointed last year had had time to show he could solve them, and so enable Dow Jones to prosper as an independent business. Arguably, Mr Murdoch's eventual triumph was guaranteed from the moment Dow Jones's board admitted that a merger might be the best strategy for the firm, and started to negotiate.
The biggest risk to Mr Murdoch was that another buyer, more acceptable to the family, would appear. But his generous offer scared off potential private-equity bidders. Mr Murdoch's only real worry was that there might be a serious counterbid from the two firms with most to lose from his acquisition of Dow Jones: Pearson, which owns the Financial Times, and General Electric (GE), which owns CNBC, a business-news channel. With Mr Murdoch's backing the Wall Street Journal will surely prove a much tougher rival to the Financial Times, and Dow Jones's resources might enable News Corporation's new business-TV channel, due to be launched in October, to do serious damage to CNBC. Yet despite rumours of a joint Pearson-GE bid, no such offer materialised.
Mr Murdoch has, however, paid a high price for Dow Jones—at least $1 billion, and perhaps $2 billion, more than appears justified by the fundamentals of the business—so News Corporation's shareholders may come to regard his victory as pyrrhic. No doubt Mr Murdoch's tougher management will squeeze out some cost savings. But his plans to generate strong growth, by expanding the Wall Street Journal and linking it with his other online and broadcast properties, do not seem terribly convincing. Which is why some News Corporation shareholders suspect that they are just excuses, and that Mr Murdoch has put his long-standing desire to own one of the world's great newspapers before any serious consideration of value for money.
1. Mr Murdoch could successfully purchased Dow Jones at his offer because of the following reasons except_____
[A] he had the situations of the Bancroft family conflicts at his fingertips.
[B] his $5 billion offer far exceeded other bidders and was difficult to be refused.
[C] he promised that the editors would be entitled to a large degree of freedom.
[D] he would not interfere with the internal issues as he pleases.
2．The word “inhibiting” (Line 11, Paragraph 2) most probably means _____
[A] giving full swing to.
[B] reducing.
[C] restraining.
[D] depriving.
3．The problems Dow Jones were facing when Mr Murdoch decided to buy it were the following ones except _____
[A] there was divergence between different generations of the Bancrosft family.
[B] the board had some difficulties in making strategic decisions.
[C] the new chief executive was not allowed sufficient time to demonstrate his capability of managing the company.
[D] the Bancroft came to the awareness that the company was already trapped into severe problems.
4．Pearson and General Electric will probably impede Mr Murdoch’s purchase of Dow Jones because _____
[A] acquisition of Dow Jones would bring any bidder great profit in the future.
[B] Dow Jones would be more competitive after the purchase to threat their business.
[C] their joint bid would turn out to be more acceptable to the Banroft family than Mr. Murdoch.
[D] they were the most powerful rivals of Mr. Murdoch’s media corporation.
5．Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Mr Murdoch’s offer for Dow Jones?
[A] News Corporation’s shareholders think Mr Murdoch’s offer was not so reasonable.
[B] News Corporation’s shareholders suspect that his offer was only a start of a ambitious plan.
[C] Mr Murdoch will make up his loss in the offer by reducing the cost of running Dow Jones.
[D] Mr Murdoch’s offer was higher than what the business had expected.
篇章剖析:
这篇文章讲述了Murdoch先生收购道·琼斯公司的情况。第一段讲述了一些对Murdoch先生收购道·琼斯公司的看法；第二、三段讲述他收购的技巧；第四段讲述了这起收购面临的困难；第五段讲述了股票持有人的看法。
词汇注释：
salve v. 缓解，减轻 inhibit v. 抑制，约束
astute adj. 机敏的
难句突破：
(1) So when Mr Murdoch's News Corporation offered in April to buy Dow Jones, the owner of the Wall Street Journal, he was already pretty sure that the reply, which eventually came in the early hours of August 1st, would be yes—and it was.
[主体句式] So when Mr Murdoch’s News Corporation offered to…, he was already sure that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，when 引导的是句子的时间状语从句；that 引导的是宾语从句，在该从句中which引导的是定语从句用来修饰前面的replay。
[句子译文] 因此，当Murdoch先生的新闻集团四月份开始收购《华尔街杂志》的主家道·琼斯时，他已经确定答复会是肯定的，而事实也正是如此，他于8月1号的早上得到了这个答复。
(2) He also agreed to various measures to safeguard the Wall Street Journal's editorial independence that were just sufficient to salve enough Bancroft consciences, without meaningfully inhibiting his ability to do as he pleases.
[主体句式] He also agreed … to safeguared…, without inhibiting…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，that 引导的定语从句用来修饰independence, 后面的分词结构作为句子的伴随状语。
[句子译文] 他也同意采取各种措施来保证《华尔街杂志》编辑的独立性，这些措施足以缓解Bancroft在道德上的不安，同时也不会约束他想做任何事的能力。
题目分析：
1. Mr Murdoch could successfully purchased Dow Jones at his offer because of the following reasons except_____
1. Murdoch 先生可以成功地以他的出价收购道·琼斯因为除了____外的原因。
[A] he had the situations of the Bancroft family conflicts at his fingertips.
[A] 他完全掌握了Bancroft家族的内部斗争
[B] his $5 billion offer far exceeded other bidders and was difficult to be refused.
[B] 他50亿美元的出价比其他的出价者要高，很难被拒绝
[C] he promised that the editors would be entitled to a large degree of freedom.
[C] 他承诺让编辑能享有很大的自由
[D] he would not interfere with the internal issues as he pleases.
[D] 他不会按自己的喜好来插手内部事情
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。从文章第一段可以看出，他之所以能成功收购有几个原因，掌握了内部情况，出价高，保证编辑的独立性，A、B、C选项是正确的；D选项的错误在于文章第一段提到了他也可以随心所欲地插手内部事情。
2．The word “inhibiting” (Line 11, Paragraph 2) most probably means _____
2. “inhibiting”(第二段第十一行) 最有可能的意思是_____
[A] giving full swing to.
[A] 放任自流。
[B] reducing.
[B] 减少。
[C] restraining.
[C] 遏制。
[D] depriving.
[D] 剥夺。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文“He also agreed to various measures to safeguard the Wall Street Journal's editorial independence that were just sufficient to salve enough Bancroft consciences, without meaningfully inhibiting his ability to do as he pleases”，虽然Murdoch先生同意给予编辑自由，但是他不会约束他自己随心所欲地权利。因此，选项中C最为符合。
3．The problems Dow Jones were facing when Mr Murdoch decided to buy it were the following ones except _____
3．Murdoch先生决定要收购道·琼斯时，道·琼斯所面临的问题不是_____
[A] there was divergence between different generations of the Bancroft family.
[A] Bancroft家族不同代之间的成员存在分歧。
[B] the board had some difficulties in making strategic decisions.
[B] 董事会下决策时面临很多困难。
[C] the new chief executive was not allowed sufficient time to demonstrate his capability of managing the company.
[C] 新的首席执行官没有得到足够的时间来展示他管理公司的能力。
[D] the Bancroft came to the awareness that the company was already trapped into severe problems.
[D] Bancroft家族意识到公司已经陷入了严重的问题中。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章提到了公司面临的一些问题，其中文章第二段提到“He read the internal politics of the sprawling Bancroft clan, which owns a controlling stake in Dow Jones, perfectly—perhaps better than he reads his own family”，对应于A选项。第三段谈到“The timing of the offer was equally astute, coming after the family had realised that the company faced huge strategic problems, but before the new chief executive they appointed last year had had time to show he could solve them, and so enable Dow Jones to prosper as an independent business”，分别对应于C和D选项。而B选项并不是公司面临的重大问题，因此是正确答案。
4．Pearson and General Electric will probably impede Mr. Murdoch’s purchase of Dow Jones because _____
4．Pearson 和通用电气可能会阻碍Murdoch先生收购道·琼斯，因为_____
[A] acquisition of Dow Jones would bring any bidder great profit in the future.
[A] 收购道·琼斯可以为任何出价人带来巨大的利润。
[B] Dow Jones would be more competitive after the purchase to threat their business.
[B] 道·琼斯在被收购后会更有竞争力，威胁到他们的商业。
[C] their joint bid would turn out to be more acceptable to the Bancroft family than Mr. Murdoch.
[C] 比起Murdoch先生来说，Bancroft 家族更加受欢迎。
[D] they were the most powerful rivals of Mr. Murdoch’s media corporation.
[D] 他们是道·琼斯最为有力的对手。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第四段，是因为道琼斯被收购后会更具竞争力，从而威胁到他们的生意，所以他们才阻挠收购，因此，答案为B选项。C选项具有一定的干扰性，但是文章倒数第二段最后一句话指出“Yet despite rumours of a joint Pearson-GE bid, no such offer materialised”，也就是说尽管有传闻说Pearson和通用会联合竞价，但是实际上还没有这样做，因此他们的竞价是否更好是不得而知的。
5．Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Mr Murdoch’s offer for Dow Jones?
5．关于Murdoch先生给道·琼斯的出价，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] News Corporation’s shareholders think Mr Murdoch’s offer was not so reasonable.
[A] 新公司的股票持有人认为Murdoch先生的出价不那么合理。
[B] News Corporation’s shareholders suspect that his offer was only a start of an ambitious plan.
[B] 新公司的股票持有人怀疑他的出价只是更加有野心的计划的开始而已。
[C] Mr Murdoch will make up his loss in the offer by reducing the cost of running Dow Jones.
[C] Murdoch先生会减少运营道·琼斯的费用来弥补自己的损失。
[D] Mr Murdoch’s offer was higher than what the business had expected.
[D] Murdoch先生的出价要比公司预想的要高。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据最后一段，股票持有人认为他出价过高，因此怀疑是个借口，后面有更大的野心，那么B选项是正确的。A选项，文中并未说是不合理的；C选项，通过严格管理来降低成本；D选项在文中没有提到。因此，B选项为正确答案。
参考译文：
新闻报道认为到问题的结果还是个未知数，但是Rupert Murdoch的景仰者却坚信他会获胜。因此，当Murdoch先生的新闻集团四月份开始收购《华尔街杂志》的主家道·琼斯时，他已经确定答复会是肯定的，而事实也正是如此，他于8月1号的早上得到了这个答复。
Murdoch先生很成功地完成了一项艰难的任务。他研究了复杂的Bancroft家族的内部政治，该家族在道·琼斯拥有绝对的股票，而Murdoch对其了解的程度不亚于对自己家族的了解。他出的50亿美元高价已经足够将Bancrofts的两代政治都玩弄于股掌之中。在公司的长期财务管理员续任之前，他引诱家族中年轻的成员把钱放到了重要位置。而当家族的某些成员要Murdoch先生提高出价时，他会有力地拒绝并威胁要放弃收购，使他们同意他最初的出价。他也同意采取各种措施来保证《华尔街杂志》编辑的独立性，这些措施足以缓解Bancroft在道德上的不安，同时也不会约束他想做任何事的能力。
Murdoch对收购时间的选择也颇具技巧，正好是在该家族意识到自己面临着巨大的决策问题之后，而在他们去年指定的新任首席执行官有时间来显示自己可以解决这些问题、让道·琼斯作为一个独立的企业兴盛起来之前。当道·琼斯董事会承认合并可能是对公司最好的战略时，Murdoch才最终确保了他的胜利，谈判也是从那时开始的。
Murdoch先生最大的风险就是可能会有另外一个该家族比较喜欢的买家出现。但是他的高出价吓跑了私募基金的出价者。Murdoch先生唯一的担忧就是有两家因他收购道·琼斯而蒙受巨大损失的公司会来出家拆台，它们分别是拥有《金融时报》的Pearson公司和拥有商业新闻频道CNBC的通用电气公司。有Murdoch先生做后台，《华尔街时报》肯定会成为《金融时报》强有力的竞争对手，而道·琼斯的资源也可以让新闻集团于10月份开播的新闻商业电视频道对CNBC造成巨大的威胁。尽管有传闻说Pearson和通用会联合竞价，但是实际上他并没有这么做。
但是Murdoch先生已经给道·琼斯支付了昂贵的价格，至少有10亿美元，也可能是20亿美元，这比该行业基本认可的价格要高得多。因此新闻公司的股票所有人会认为Murdoch的胜利是付出了昂贵代价的。毫无疑问Murdoch先生的严格管理会降低一些成本，但是扩张《华尔街杂志》、并将其与自己其他网上和广播实体结合起来，这种加速发展的计划并不是很让人信服。这也就是为什么一些新闻公司的股票持有人怀疑这些只是借口而已，Murdoch先生长的远计划是要拥有世界上最大的新闻报纸，在这方面他要比金钱看重得多。
TEXT THREE
Psychologists have known for a long time that economists are wrong. Most economists—at least, those of the classical persuasion—believe that any financial gain, however small, is worth having. But psychologists know this is not true. They know because of the ultimatum game, the outcome of which is often the rejection of free money.
In this game, one player divides a pot of money between himself and another. The other then chooses whether to accept the offer. If he rejects it, neither player benefits. And despite the instincts of classical economics, a stingy offer (one that is less than about a quarter of the total) is, indeed, usually rejected. The question is, why?
One explanation of the rejectionist strategy is that human psychology is adapted for repeated interactions rather than one-off trades. In this case, taking a tough, if self-sacrificial, line at the beginning pays dividends in future rounds of the game. Rejecting a stingy offer in a one-off game is thus just a single move in a larger strategy. And indeed, when one-off ultimatum games are played by trained economists, who know all this, they do tend to accept stingy offers more often than other people would. But even they have their limits. To throw some light on why those limits exist, Terence Burnham of Harvard University recently gathered a group of students of microeconomics and asked them to play the ultimatum game. All of the students he recruited were men.
Dr Burnham's research budget ran to a bunch of $40 games. When there are many rounds in the ultimatum game, players learn to split the money more or less equally. But Dr Burnham was interested in a game of only one round. In this game, which the players knew in advance was final and could thus not affect future outcomes, proposers could choose only between offering the other player $25 (ie, more than half the total) or $5. Responders could accept or reject the offer as usual. Those results recorded, Dr Burnham took saliva samples from all the students and compared the testosterone levels assessed from those samples with decisions made in the one-round game
As he describes in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, the responders who rejected a low final offer had an average testosterone level more than 50% higher than the average of those who accepted. Five of the seven men with the highest testosterone levels in the study rejected a $5 ultimate offer but only one of the 19 others made the same decision.
What Dr Burnham's result supports is a much deeper rejection of the tenets of classical economics than one based on a slight mis-evolution of negotiating skills. It backs the idea that what people really strive for is relative rather than absolute prosperity. They would rather accept less themselves than see a rival get ahead. That is likely to be particularly true in individuals with high testosterone levels, since that hormone is correlated with social dominance in many species.
Economists often refer to this sort of behaviour as irrational. In fact, it is not. It is simply, as it were, differently rational. The things that money can buy are merely means to an end—social status—that brings desirable reproductive opportunities. If another route brings that status more directly, money is irrelevant.
1．According to the passage, psychologists are different from economist in that _____
[A] they think any financial gain is worthless if it could not guarantee the ultimatum game.
[B] they understands how economist are wrong by proving trivial financial gain could be ignored.
[C] they believe that it is necessary to reject some trivial gains to get bigger ones.
[D] they have known for a long time that from the perspective of psychology, financial gains are not worth pursuing
2．In the second paragraph, the sentence “In this case, taking a tough, if self-sacrificial, line at the beginning pays dividends in future rounds of the game.” means that _____
[A] taking an uncompromising attitude at the beginning will lose more in the future rounds of the game.
[B] people who are not so calculating at the beginning will get good returns in the end.
[C] people who are selfless will get more in the end.
[D] taking a tough line at the beginning will pay more cost in the future game.
3.The result of Dr Burnham’s study in the one-round game players shows that _____
[A] men with high testosterone levels are usually more motivated to reject by the low offer.
[B] the fact testosterone is closely connected with social dominance proves people could hardly seeing a rival go ahead.
[C] men with high testosterone are more likely to reject the tenets of classical economics.
[D] men with high testosterone pay more attention to the relative gains.
4.The point Dr Burham has concluded from his study is that _____
[A] money is irrelevant when people seek for reproductive opportunities.
[B] people prefer non-financial ways to fulfill their purpose of gain social status.
[C] what people really strive for is relative rather than absolute prosperity.
[D] the definition of rationality is different between the fields of economics and psychology.
5.Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the behavior of rejecting a low offer mentioned in the passage?
[A] This kind of behaviour is irrational as a matter of fact.
[B] This kind of behavior pays more attention to the social status rather than money.
[C] This kind of behavior could bring desirable reproductive opportunities.
[D] This kind of behavior is ration from a long view.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了心理学家对于经济原则的看法。第一段讲述心理学家认为经济学家的观点是错误的；第二、三、四段、第五段讲述Burnham博士所作的研究；第六段讲述Burnham博士得出的结论；第七段是对这一结论的概括。
词汇注释：
stingy adj. 小气的 saliva n. 唾液，口水
难句突破：
In this case, taking a tough, if self-sacrificial, line at the beginning pays dividends in future rounds of the game.
[主体句式] Taking a tough line pays dividends…
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，主语由现在分词结构构成。
[句子译文] 在这个事情上，如果自我牺牲，从一开始就采取强硬姿态会在未来几轮游戏中获得额外的资金。
In this game, which the players knew in advance was final and could thus not affect future outcomes, proposers could choose only between offering the other player $25 (ie, more than half the total) or $5.
[主体句式] In this game, proposers could choose …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，which引导的定语从句用来修饰game。
[句子译文] 在这个游戏中，玩家事先就知道这一轮是最后的结局，因此不会有影响未来的结果，分钱者只能选择给其他玩家25美元（也就是说多于全部金额的一半）或者是5美元。
题目分析：
1．According to the passage, psychologists are different from economist in that _____
1. 根据这篇文章，心理学家和经济学家的不同之处在于_____
[A] they think any financial gain is worthless if it could not guarantee the ultimatum game.
[A] 他们认为任何经济利润如果不能保证最后获胜就是没有用的。
[B] they understand how economists are wrong by proving trivial financial gain could be ignored.
[B] 通过证明小的经济利润可以被忽略，他们认为经济学家们是错误的。
[C] they believe that it is necessary to reject some trivial gains to get bigger ones.
[C] 他们相信有必要拒绝一些小的利润来获取大的利润。
[D] they have known for a long time that from the perspective of psychology, financial gains are not worth pursuing.
[D] 他们知道长久以来，从心理学的角度来看，经济利润是不值得去追求的。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第一段，心理学家和经济学家的分歧在于心理学家看到的是最终的结果，而经济学家注重的是切实的利润，心理学家认为并不是所有的小利益都要去追求，可以舍小取大。因此，选项C是正确的。A选项显然是错误的，B选项prove这个词不准确，而D选项的错误在于不是“financial gains are not worth pursuing”，不值得追求的是“little financial gains”。
2．In the second paragraph, the sentence “In this case, taking a tough, if self-sacrificial, line at the beginning pays dividends in future rounds of the game.” means that _____
2. 在第二段，“在这个事情上，如果自我牺牲的话，从一开始就采取粗略的估算会在未来几轮游戏中支付额外的资金”，这句话的意思是_____
[A] taking an uncompromising attitude at the beginning will lose more in the future rounds of the game.
[A] 从一开始就采取强硬的态度会在未来几轮的游戏中失去得更多。
[B] people who are not so calculating at the beginning will get good returns in the end.
[B] 那些从一开始就不是很计较的人最后可以获得好的收益。
[C] people who are selfless will get more in the end.
[C] 无私的人最终会得到更多。
[D] taking a tough line at the beginning will pay more cost in the future game.
[D] 从一开始就粗略估算会在未来的游戏中付出更大的代价。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据上下文可以推断出这句话的意思，下文提到如果拒绝小气的出价会是更大策略中的一步；那么可以推断这句话的意思就是从一开始不要贪得所有的大小利益，而是要有长远的眼光，这样才能取得更大的收益。选项中D最为符合。
3.The result of Dr Burnham’s study in the one-round game players shows that _____
3．Burnham博士对于一轮游戏研究的结果表明了_____
[A] men with high testosterone levels are usually more motivated by the low offer.
[A] 睾丸激素高的人更加有拒绝低报酬的动机。
[B] the fact testosterone is closely connected with social dominance proves people could hardly seeing a rival go ahead.
[B] 睾丸激素和社会优势有着密切的联系，这一事实证明了人们不能容忍看到对手领先。
[C] men with high testosterone are more likely to reject the tenets of classical economics.
[C] 有较高睾丸激素的人更趋向于拒绝传统经济法则。
[D] men with high testosterone pay more attention to the relative gains.
[D] 有较高睾丸激素的人更注重相关联的利润。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据Burnham博士的研究结果是拒绝低价出价的回应者的睾丸激素水平要比那些接受的人高出50%，那么可以说明这些人更注重相关联的利润而不是眼前的利益。答案为D选项。
4.The point Dr Burham has concluded from his study is that _____
4．Burham博士从他的研究中得出来的论点是_____
[A] money is irrelevant when people seek for reproductive opportunities.
[A] 当人们寻求再生机会时，金钱就是无关紧要的了。
[B] people prefer non-financial ways to fulfill their purpose of gaining social status.
[B] 人们更倾向于用非金钱的方式来实现他们取得社会地位的目标。
[C] what people really strive for is relative rather than absolute prosperity.
[C] 人们真正追求的是相对财富，而不是绝对财富。
[D] the definition of rationality is different between the fields of economics and psychology.
[D] 经济学和心理学对于理性的定义是不一样的。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第五段中提到了Burnham博士最终的支持的结论是更深的对传统经济原则的拒绝，是人们真正追求的是相对的财富而不是绝对的财富。因此，选项中C最为符合。选项A和B具有一定的误导性，文章最后一句话指出“If another route brings that status more directly, money is irrelevant”，即“如果另外一条路可以更为直接地导致这种情形，金钱就是不相关的”，而两个选项都是误读。D选项也对应于文章的最后一段，“Economists often refer to this sort of behaviour as irrational. In fact, it is not. It is simply, as it were, differently rational”，确实两种理性是不同的，但是文章没有明确指出其定义在两个学科中是完全不同的。
5.Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the behavior of rejecting a low offer mentioned in the passage?
5．关于文章中提到的拒绝低出价的行为，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] This kind of behaviour is irrational as a matter of fact.
[A] 这种行为实际上是不理智的。
[B] This kind of behavior pays more attention to the social status rather than money.
[B] 这种行为更注重社会地位而不是金钱。
[C] This kind of behavior could bring desirable reproductive opportunities.
[C] 这种行为可以带来期望的再产出机会。
[D] This kind of behavior is ration from a long view.
[D] 这种行为从长远来看是理智的。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。最后一段提到，这种行为经济学家认为是不理智的，而实际上是一种理智的行为，心理学家从更高更深的层面来看，金钱只是达到目的的一种手段而且，而为了达到一定的目的拒绝眼前小的利益是理智的行为。因此，选项中D是正确的。
参考译文：
长期以来心理学家认为经济学家是错误的。大多数经济学家、至少那些有着传统信念的人认为任何经济利润、不管其有多小都值得拥有。但是心理学家认为这不是真的，他们知道这一点是因为终极游戏的结果总是人们拒绝免费的金钱。
在这场游戏中，一个玩家将一盆钱分给自己和另外一个人。另外这个人接着选择是否接受，如果他拒绝接受，那么两个玩家就都不能受益。虽然传统经济学认为人在本能上会接受这笔钱，小气的出价（另一个人得到少于总数1/4的钱）实际上经常被拒绝。问题就是，为什么会这样？
对于拒绝者策略的一个解释为人类的心理更习惯重复的交互作用，而不是一次性的交易。在这个事情上，如果自我牺牲，从一开始就采取强硬姿态会在未来几轮游戏中获得额外的资金。因此在一次性的游戏中拒绝小气的出价是一个更大计划中的一步。实际上，当有经验的经济学家玩一次性的终极游戏时，他们确实比一般人更倾向于接受小气的出价。但是他们也有一定的局限。为了弄清楚为什么存在这些局限，哈佛大学的Terence Burnham近来组织了一群微观经济学的学生，让他们玩这种终极游戏。他选择的所有学生都是男性。
Burnham博士的研究资金被投入到一系列40美元的游戏中。在这种终极游戏中有许多回合，玩家学习更加平等地分配金钱。但是Burnham博士只对那些只玩一轮的游戏感兴趣。在这个游戏中，玩家事先就知道这一轮是最后的结局，因此不会有影响未来的结果，分钱者只能选择给其他玩家25美元（也就是说多于全部金额的一半）或者是5美元。回应者一般可以接受或拒绝该出价。这些结果都记录在案，Burnham博士从学生那里搜集了唾液的样本，并将这些样本中的睾丸激素和一轮游戏中的决策进行对比。
他在《皇家社会学报》中描述道，拒绝低价出价的回应者的睾丸激素水平要比那些接受的人高出50%。睾丸激素最高的七个人中有五个拒绝了5美元的最后出价，而其他的19个里人只有1个做出了相同的决定。
Burnham博士最终的结论不是关于谈判技巧的轻微错误发展，而是更深层的对传统经济原则的拒绝。事实支持这个观点，人们真正追求的是相对财富而非绝对财富。他们宁可自己拿得更少，而不愿看到对手多拿。那些有高睾丸激素水平的人更是这样，因为该激素和许多物种的社会优势有关。
经济学家经常认为这种行动是不理智的。实际上这是理智的，只是不同的理智而已。金钱可以买到的只是达到某个目的的方法而已，如社会地位，达到目的便给人们带来他们想要的不断再生的机会。如果有另外一条路可以更为直接地达到目的，金钱就是不相关的。
TEXT FOUR
Launching people into space may make headlines but it does little useful science. So when George Bush redirected America's space agency, NASA, away from scientific research and towards a manned return to the moon in 2004, many scientists were disappointed. Now the agency has finally offered some small morsels of comfort in the form of four projects that could accompany efforts for a lunar return.
The most exciting of these is the plan for a radio telescope that could be placed on the far side of the moon. Such a device would look back at the early universe to the time when large-scale structures such as galaxies and stars formed. A lunar-based radio telescope would be able to detect long wavelengths that cannot be sensed on Earth because they are absorbed by the outermost layers of the planet's atmosphere. Moreover by pointing the telescope away from the din of shorter-wavelength radio waves that are used for communication on Earth, astrophysicists would be able to see the early universe in unprecedented detail.
Finding alien life might also be possible with such a telescope. It would be able to map the magnetic fields of stars and exoplanets (planets that circle stars outside the solar system). It is the magnetic field of the Earth that protects its inhabitants from being bombarded by high-energy particles from space that would otherwise leave the planet sterile. Detecting a magnetic field surrounding an Earth-like exoplanet would prove a promising sign for finding extraterrestrial life.
The proposal, led by Joseph Lazio, of the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC, is to create an array of three arms arranged in a Y-shape, each of which would be 500 metres long and contain 16 antennae. Each arm would be made of a plastic film that could be rolled out onto the surface of the moon, either by robots or by astronauts.
A second project, headed by Michael Collier, of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, would examine how the solar wind—a stream of charged particles ejected from the sun—interacts with the tenuous lunar atmosphere close to the moon's surface. Such bombardment produces low-energy X-rays that would be detected on the surface of the moon.
The third and fourth projects are similar both to each other and to earlier ventures dropped on the moon by the Apollo and the Soviet Luna missions in the late 1960s and 1970s. Some 35 years on, reflectors placed on the lunar surface are still used by scientists interested in geophysics and geodesy (for example, how the moon's gravitational field shifts over time). Most of the reflectors are clustered close to the lunar equator. The proposals, led by Stephen Merkowitz, also of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre, and Douglas Currie, of the University of Maryland, are to sprinkle some more sophisticated versions over more of the moon's surface.
Such efforts may attract little attention compared with the launch of the space shuttle Endeavour this week. Nevertheless, when NASA argues that putting people into space inspires young people to study science, it is precisely these endeavours that it wishes to encourage.
1．George Bush redirected NASA away from scientific research because_____
[A] he thought scientific research is useless in the long term.
[B] he thought launching people into space was not the first priority.
[C] he thought NASA should manage its own business.
[D] he thought research was not so practical.
2．Which one of the following statements is TURE of the radio telescope?
[A] The radio telescope could look back at the structures of galaxies and stars when they were firstly formed.
[B] The device would be interfering with shorter-wavelength radio waves used for communication on Earth.
[C] The device could protect long wavelength from being absorbed by the outermost layers of the planet’s atmosphere.
[D] The device could have unique functions mainly because of the position it would be adjusted.
3．The radio telescope might also be useful in searching for extraterrestrial beings in that_____
[A] it could let the astrophysicists examine all the planets in unprecedented detail.
[B] it could find out the magnetic field which could protect beings from being attacked by space particles.
[C] it could detect any star and exoplanet surrounding the Earth.
[D] it could search out the promising sign for finding extraterrestrial life.
4．The word “tenuous” (Line 3, Paragraph 5) most probably means_____
[A] slender.
[B] dilute.
[C] flimsy.
[D] thick.
5．The third and fourth projects are different from earlier ventures dropped on the moon in the following aspects except_____
[A] the position of the reflectors remains on the lunar surface.
[B] more advanced applications will be adopted for research.
[C] the scope of reflectors will be expanded on the lunar equator.
[D] more surface of the moon will be covered.
篇章剖析:
这篇文章讲述了美国重新规划的太空四个项目。第一段讲述乔治·布什重新规划了美国太空机构的任务；第二、三段是第一个项目——无线电天文望远镜计划；第四、五段分别讲述了其余三个项目；第六段讲述了宇航局对这些项目的看法。
词汇注释：
morsel n. 少量 din n. 度，定（德国工业标准感光片感光度单位 ）
astrophysicist n. 天体物理学家 extraterrestrial adj. 地球外的
tenuous adj. 稀薄的 geodesy n. 测地学
sprinkle v. 喷洒
难句突破：
So when George Bush redirected America's space agency, NASA, away from scientific research and towards a manned return to the moon in 2004, many scientists were disappointed.
[主体句式] So when George Bush redirected… away from… and towards… , many scientists were …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，前面when引导的是时间状语从句。
[句子译文] 因此，乔治·布什重新规划了美国太空机构——国际航空和宇宙航行局的任务，从科学研究转为2004年有人驾驶飞船返回月球，许多科学家都感到失望。
A second project, headed by Michael Collier, of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, would examine how the solar wind—a stream of charged particles ejected from the sun—interacts with the tenuous lunar atmosphere close to the moon's surface.
[主体句式] A second project would examine …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，how引导的是宾语从句；headed…分词结构修饰前面的project.
[句子译文] 第二个项目是美国国家宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心的Michael Collier主持的，要检查太阳风（太阳喷射出的一个粒子流）和微薄的月球大气层如何互相作用。
题目分析：
1．George Bush redirected NASA away from scientific research because_____
1．乔治·布什让美国宇航局转离研究是因为_____
[A] he thought scientific research is useless in the long term.
[A] 他认为科学研究从长远来看是没用的。
[B] he thought launching people into space was not the first priority.
[B] 他认为将人类送往太空不是第一要务。
[C] he thought NASA should manage its own business.
[C] 他认为宇航局应该管好自己的事情。
[D] he thought research was not so practical.
[D] 他认为研究不是那么实用。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第一段，将人类送往太空没有多少用处，因此，乔治·布什重新规划了宇航局的任务。选项中D最为符合题意。
2．Which one of the following statements is TURE of the radio telescope?
2．关于无线电望远镜，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] The radio telescope could look back at the structures of galaxies and stars when they were firstly formed.
[A] 无线电望远镜可以回溯看到银河系和行星形成时的结构。
[B] The device would be interfering with shorter-wavelength radio waves used for communication on Earth.
[B] 该装置会干扰地球上用于通讯的短波无线电波。
[C] The device could protect long wavelength from being absorbed by the outermost layers of the planet’s atmosphere.
[C] 该装置可以保护长波不会被星球最外面的大气层吸收。
[D] The device could have unique functions mainly because of the position it would be adjusted.
[D] 该装置有特殊的功能，主要是因为它未来要调节到的位置。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第二段，A选项，是回溯看到星体形成时的宇宙的情况，而不是它们的结构；B选项，没有提到是否干扰；C选项，并不是保护，而是因为它所处的位置可以探测到没有被大气层吸收的波长；D选项，提到了望远镜安装到离无线电波很远的地方，这样才可以看到早期宇宙的情况。因此，答案为D选项。
3．The radio telescope might also be useful in searching for extraterrestrial beings in that_____
3．无线电望远镜也可以用于搜索外星生物，因为_____
[A] it could let the astrophysicists examine all the planets in unprecedented detail.
[A] 它可以使得天体物理学家非常精细地视察所有的行星。
[B] it could find out the magnetic field which could protect beings from being attacked by space particles.
[B] 它可以发现保护生物不受太空颗粒的碰撞攻击的磁场。
[C] it could detect any star and exoplanet surrounding the Earth.
[C] 它可以探测到地球周围任何的行星和外行星。
[D] it could search out the promising sign for finding extraterrestrial life.
[D] 它可以发现寻找外星生物的迹象。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第三段，该装置可以用来搜索外星生物，是因为它可以探测到行星和外行星的磁场，磁场的存在就表明有可能有生物的存在。因此答案为B。
4．The word “tenuous” (Line 3, Paragraph 5) most probably means_____.
4．“tenuous”(第五段第三行) 最有可能的意思为_____
[A] slender.
[A] 微薄的。
[B] dilute.
[B] 稀薄的。
[C] flimsy.
[C] 薄的。
[D] thick.
[D] 厚的。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，月球大气层应该是稀薄的，在四个选项中，B最为符合这个意思，是正确答案。
5．The third and fourth projects are different from earlier ventures dropped on the moon in the following aspects except_____
5．第三个和第四个项目和早期探月冒险不同之处为除____的以下几点。
[A] the position of the reflectors remains on the lunar surface.
[A] 反射器在月球表面的位置是没有变化的
[B] more advanced applications will be adopted for research.
[B] 更加先进的设备将会用于研究
[C] the scope of reflectors will be expanded on the lunar equator.
[C] 反射器的范围会在月球赤道上方延伸
[D] more surface of the moon will be covered.
[D] 月球上更多的表面将会被覆盖
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第六段中提到了不同之处，最后一句表明更加复杂的设备用于更多的地方，因此B、D是正确的，而C也提到了范围会变大。A选项是相同点，因此答案为A选项。
参考译文：
把人送入太空也许能成为头条新闻，但是对科学研究却没有甚大帮助。因此，当George Bush在2004年要求美国宇航局将重点从科学研究转移到载人回归月球时，很多科学家都备感失望。现在，美国宇航局为回归月球计划增加了四项科研项目，总算给大家带来了些许安慰。
这些项目中最激动人心的是一种可以安装在月球背面的无线电天文望远镜。通过这种望远镜，人们可以了解到从宇宙早期至大规模天体结构如星云和恒星形成的时期。安装在月球上的无线电天文望远镜可以探测到那些无法在地球表面被检测到的长波，因为这些长波都被地球大气层的最外层吸收了。此外，天体物理学家们使该望远镜远离地球上频繁的用于通信的较短波长无线电波，从而能够史无前例地细致观察早期的宇宙。
使用这台望远镜也许还可以寻找外星生物。因为它能够描绘出恒星和太阳系外行星（太阳系之外围绕恒星运动的行星）的磁场图。正是由于地球磁场的保护，地球上居住着的生物才能幸免于来自太空中高能量粒子的袭击，否则这个星球就会变成一片不毛之地。如果能够检测到某个太阳系外行星也像地球一样被磁场包围，就有希望找到地球以外的生命。该计划由美国华盛顿特区海军研究实验室的Joseph Lazio领导，目标是创造出一个以三臂状构成Y字形的天线阵，其中每只臂长500米，含16根天线，用塑料薄膜制成，以便由机器人或宇航员平铺在月球表面。
第二项计划的负责人是美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心的Michael Collier，该计划将研究太阳风——太阳喷发出的一束带电粒子流——如何与月球表面附近稀薄的大气相互作用。这种作用产生的低能量X射线可以在月球表面被探测到。第三和第四项计划彼此相似，并与早前于20世纪60年代末和70年代进行的阿波罗计划和前苏联的登月计划也大同小异。现在那些放置于月球表面的反射器已差不多工作了35年，且仍然为那些对地球物理学和测地学（如研究月球引力场如何随时间而变化）感兴趣的科学家们服务着。大多数反射器都安装在靠近月球赤道的地方。这两项计划的主管人是美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心的Stephen Merkowitz以及马里兰大学的Douglas Currie，其目标是在月球上更大范围布置一些尖端反射器。
与本周发射的奋进号航天飞机相比，这些月球计划可能不会引起多大关注，但是，当美国宇航局极力主张载人航天可以激励年轻人学习科学时，为月球计划而“奋进”的精神也正是它所要鼓舞的。
TEXT ONE
Most cells are transparent—in other words, they are not very good at reflecting or absorbing light. To look at them under a microscope thus requires trickery. Many of these tricks kill the cells, and even those that keep them alive look only at slices through each cell, rather than seeing the whole thing in three dimensions.
Michael Feld, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his colleagues, think they can change that. They have invented a way to look at cells that are still alive. Moreover, they can do so in three dimensions. Their method is called tomographic phase microscopy, and it is reported in this week's Nature Methods. Instead of relying on absorbed or reflected light, Dr Feld's technique celebrates transparency by looking at light that gets through unaltered. It does so by measuring a property called the refractive index.
This index measures the speed of light in a material. (Light zips along at the actual “speed of light”, faster than which nothing can go, only when it is travelling through a vacuum.) The different components of a cell, though transparent, have different refractive indices. Dr Feld and his team therefore set out to map what these differences are, with a view to using them to distinguish between cellular components.
To measure the refractive indices of different parts of a cell they use a technique called interferometry, which involves splitting a beam of light in two. One half, known as the object beam, passes through the cell; the other is directed along a different path and acts as a reference. The length of the reference path is such that if no sample is present, the two daughter beams will be as perfectly in phase when they meet as they were when they were separated. The crests and the troughs of their waves will reinforce each other, and the result will be brightness. The more that the light passing through the sample is slowed down, however, the more the two beams will be out of phase. Crest will fall on trough, and the result will be darkness. It is this phase shift that gives Dr Feld's new form of microscopy its name.
A single pair of beams does not, however, produce a useful image. To do that requires scanning the object beam through the target about a hundred different ways. From the refractive index of each path it is possible—with the application of some suitably crunchy computing power—to produce a three-dimensional image.
To test his idea, Dr Feld looked at cervical-cancer cells. If you identify this cancer early, the patient will probably survive. Miss it, and she will die. Dr Feld wondered if the changes that occur during cancer would show up using his new method. They did, in a part of the cell called the nucleolus. This is the place where the components of protein factories are made. Since cancer cells grow rapidly, and thus have a high demand for proteins, it was a likely place to expect changes.
Dr Feld also has plans to use beams of different colours, since each colour has a slightly different refractive index in a given material. That would provide extra data for the computer to chew on, and probably result in better pictures. With enough pictures, Dr Feld's technique may make biology as transparent as the cells it studies.
1．Tomographic phase microscopy is different from the other tricks that look at cells in that_____
[A] the light that gets through the cells is unaltered in tomographic phase microscopy.
[B] it does not require the trickery to kill cells.
[C] it is not dependent on absorbed or reflected light.
[D] it could see all the components of the cells from three dimensions.
2. Which one of the following statements is True of the speed of light in materials?
[A] Light runs the fastest when it is passes through transparent materials in the real world
[B] The speed of light can only be precisely measured when the light is traveling in vacuum
[C] The speed of light in any material is slower than the actual “speed of light”.
[D] The speed of light shifts when the light travel through different cells.
3．The result of darkness in the technique of interferometry implies that_____
[A] there is no light passing through the sample.
[B] the refractive index of the sample is very great.
[C] the speed of the light passing through the sample is very slow.
[D] the two daughter beams weaken each other.
4．Dr Feld’s method could be applied into identifying cancer early by _____
[A] detecting changes of refractive indices in the components of protein factories.
[B] finding out the changes of the refractive indices in some parts of the cervical-cancer cells.
[C] examining the changes of the refractive indices in the nucleolus.
[D] identifying the changes of the refractive indices in part of the nucleolus of the cancer cells.
5．The best title of the passages could be _____
[A] Image of the Transparent Cells.
[B] New Technique of Celebrating Transparency.
[C] Refractive Indices of the Transparent Cells.
[D] New Method of Detecting Cancer Cells.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了观察透明活细胞的新方法。第一段讲述过去观察方法的问题；第二段讲述新方法X线断层阶段显微镜方法的大致情况；第三、四、五段讲述该方法具体的情况；第六段讲述Feld博士研究的方法可以探测癌症细胞；第七段讲述Feld 博士使用不同颜色光束来得到更好的图像。
词汇注释：
tomographic adj. X线断层的 interferometry n. 干涉测量
crunchy adj. 松脆的 cervical adj. 子宫的
nucleolus n. 核仁
难句突破：
(1) Dr Feld and his team therefore set out to map what these differences are, with a view to using them to distinguish between cellular components.
[主体句式] Dr Feld and his team set out to…, with a view to…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，what 引导的是宾语从句；with a view to…是句子的状语。
[句子译文] Feld博士及其小组因此开始寻找这些不同，希望可以通过不同的折射率来辨析细胞的成分。
(2)To measure the refractive indices of different parts of a cell they use a technique called interferometry, which involves splitting a beam of light in two.
[主体句式] To measure…they use a technique …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，which 引导的定语从句用来修饰前面的interferometry。To不定式结构是目的状语。
[句子译文] 为了估测某一细胞不同组成部分的折射率，他们使用了一种将一束光线一分为二的干涉测量方法。
题目分析：
1．Tomographic phase microscopy is different from the other tricks that look at cells in that_____
1．X线断层阶段显微镜方法和其他观察细胞的方法不同之处在于_____
[A] the light that gets through the cells is unaltered in tomographic phase microscopy.
[A] 穿过细胞的光在X线断层阶段显微镜方法中是没有改变的。
[B] it does not require the trickery to kill cells.
[B] 它不要求要那些杀掉细胞的小伎俩。
[C] it is not dependent on absorbed or reflected light.
[C]它不依靠吸收或反射的光。
[D] it could see all the components of the cells from three dimensions.
[D] 它可以从三个方位上看到细胞的所有组成成分。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第一段和第二段，该显微镜方法可以观察活细胞，但是之前的一些方法也可以看活细胞，因此并不是不同之处；A选项，这点第二段提到的是一些光穿过时没有改变，不代表所有的都没改变；C选项，第二段提到没有依靠吸收或反射的光；D选项选项的这点文章中没有提到。因此，答案为C选项。
2. Which one of the following statements is True of the speed of light in materials?
2. 关于光在物质中的传播速度，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] Light runs the fastest when it is passes through transparent materials.
[A] 光在穿过透明物体时的速度是最快的。
[B] The speed of light can only be precisely measured when the light is traveling in vacuum.
[B] 光速只有在真空状态下才能够被准确测量。
[C] The speed of light in any material is slower than the actual “speed of light”.
[C] 任何物质中光的速度都比真正的光速慢。
[D] The speed of light shifts when the light travel through different cells.
[D] 光穿过不同的细胞时光速也会变化。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第三段，光在真空中速度最快，而真实世界中真空也存在，因此A选项都是错误的。B选项的错误则是在于，虽然其表述正确，但是却与题干要求讨论的“光在物质中的传播速度”无关。C选项，文章也提到了这点，没有别的物体别光速快的。D选项，光通过不同的细胞折射率不同。因此，答案为C选项。
3．The result of darkness in the technique of interferometry implies that_____
3．干涉测量法中，黑暗的结果表示_____
[A] there is no light passing through the sample.
[A] 没有光通过样品。
[B] the refractive index of the sample is very great.
[B] 样品的折射率很大。
[C] the speed of the light passing through the sample is very slow.
[C] 通过样品的光速很慢。
[D] the two daughter beams weaken each other.
[D] 两个子光束互相削弱。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第四段，当通过物体的光的速度减慢很多，就和外面的光束异相程度很大，波峰波谷相抵消，从而是黑暗的。因此，选项D最为符合。
4．Dr Feld’s method could be applied into identifying cancer early by _____
4．Feld博士的方法可以运用到早期发现癌症，通过_____
[A] detecting changes of refractive indices in the components of protein factories.
[A] 探测蛋白质工厂组成部分折射率的变化。
[B] finding out the changes of the refractive indices in some parts of the cervical-cancer cells.
[B] 发现部分子宫癌细胞中折射率的变化。
[C] examining the changes of the refractive indices in the nucleolus.
[C] 探索核仁细胞中折射率的变化。
[D] identifying the changes of the refractive indices in part of the nucleolus of the cancer cells.
[D] 找出部分癌症细胞内核中折射率的变化。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 根据第六段“They did, in a part of the cell called the nucleolus. This is the place where the components of protein factories are made. Since cancer cells grow rapidly, and thus have a high demand for proteins, it was a likely place to expect changes”，可见Feld博士是在核仁细胞中发现了这种变化，因为癌症细胞生长需要蛋白质，而这个细胞是蛋白质工厂生产的地方，因此，如果有变化应该可以体现在核仁细胞中。答案为D选项。
5．The best title of the passages could be _____
5．这篇文章最好的题目是_____
[A] Image of the Transparent Cells.
[A] 透明细胞的样子。
[B] New Technique of Celebrating Transparency.
[B] 研究透明的新技术。
[C] Refractive Indices of the Transparent Cells.
[C] 透明细胞的折射率。
[D] New Method of Detecting Cancer Cells.
[D] 发现癌细胞的新方法。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 主旨题。这篇文章主要讲述了研究细胞折射率的新方法，运用这种新方法可以做许多研究，如细胞的样子和癌细胞。因此，答案为B选项。
参考译文：
大多数的细胞都是透明的，也就是说，他们没有很强的反射或吸收光的能力强。因此，要在显微镜下看到它们就需要一定的技巧了。许多技巧都会杀死这些细胞，而那些能保证它们存活的技巧使人们看到细胞的切片，而不是从三维立体的角度来观察细胞。
麻省理工大学的Michael Feld 及其同事认为他们可以改变这一点。他们发明了观察活细胞的方法，而且还可以从三维立体观察到。他们的方法叫做X线断层阶段显微镜方法，于本周刊登在《自然方法》上。Feld博士不是通过那些吸收或反射的光、而是利用了细胞的透明来观察穿过后细胞没有改变的光。该方法是通过测量折射率来实现的。
折射率测量光在某种物质中的速度。（光只有通过真空时才以真正的“光速”来快速移动，没有别的物体比它更快了）细胞的不同成分虽然是透明的，但是却有不同的折射率。Feld博士及其小组因此开始寻找这些不同，希望可以通过不同的折射率来辨析细胞的成分。
为了估测某一细胞不同组成部分的折射率，他们使用了一种将一束光线一分为二的干涉测量方法，其中一半叫做物体光束，能穿过细胞；另外一半则沿着不同的路线前进，作为参照。参照路线的长度一定，如果没有物体，那么这两个光束就会同相，与它们分开时的情况一样。两束光的波峰和波谷会互相加强，结果就是非常明亮的光。通过物体的光度减慢越多，两个光束异相的程度就越大。此时，波峰会落到波谷，最终结果就是黑暗。正是因为相的变化，Feld博士的新显微镜方法才有了自己的名称。
但是单对光束不会创造出有用的图像来。图像的生成需要将物体光束以一百种不同的方式来通过物体并进行扫描。从每条路的折射率来看，通过运用一些适当的计算力量，就有可能可以生成三维图像。
为了检测这种想法，Feld博士研究了子宫癌细胞。越早辨认出该细胞，病人存货的几率就越大。如果忽略了该细胞，病人就会死亡。Feld博士想知道使用自己的新方法是不能发现癌症期间的一些变化。他们在一种名为核仁的细胞中发现了这种变化。这种细胞是生产蛋白质工厂。因为癌症细胞生长过于迅速、需要大量的蛋白质，因此这里是发生改变最有可能的地方。
Feld 博士还计划使用不同颜色的光束，因为每种颜色的光束在某一物质中都有略微不同的折射率。这就为计算机运行提供了更多的数据，而且可能会有更好的图像。有了足够多的图像，Feld 博士的技术就可以让生物学变得透明起来，就像他研究的那些透明细胞一样。
TEXT TWO
For a Nobel laureate, the molecular biologist Max Perutz made a lot of mistakes. His science was strewn with assertions that were not supported by the sparse evidence he had gathered. No matter. He was eventually right about the important things—and gentleman enough to concede his errors.
With bloody-minded persistence, Perutz mastered the painstaking task of analysing images of haemoglobin, the component of blood that carries oxygen. This was no mean feat: a molecule of haemoglobin consists of thousands of atoms and, at the time, only simple structures of tens of atoms had been mapped. It was for this work that Perutz was awarded the Nobel prize in chemistry in 1962. But his triumphal announcement of the correct structure of haemoglobin was by no means his first solution to the problem: he had previously claimed all sorts of unlikely arrangements, backing down each time a colleague spotted a fatal flaw.
Even when he did finally hold the secret to why blood supports life, he did not piece together the evidence to produce the ultimate result. Indeed, Perutz was furious when a junior researcher saw how the final piece fitted and could not resist popping it into its slot, completing what Perutz viewed as his jigsaw puzzle. Nevertheless, it was Perutz who had gathered all the pieces and who ensured, in the end, that they were correctly assembled.
Perutz was long the outsider. Of Jewish descent, he was a lapsed Catholic by religion. He left his native Austria in 1936, two years before Hitler annexed it. The outbreak of war saw him expelled to Canada as an enemy alien. On returning to Cambridge, he was not welcomed by his college. It was only after he won the Nobel prize that he felt accepted as an Englishman, despite having been naturalised as a British subject 20 years earlier.
As a scientist, too, Perutz was always on the fringe. His field of endeavour, X-ray crystallography, was neither physics nor maths nor chemistry nor biology but a combination of these. As often happens to researchers working in interdisciplinary areas of science, his progress was impeded by an establishment that sought to promote existing subjects. He lived from grant to grant, each lasting a matter of months. Nevertheless, he managed to establish the unit in which James Watson and Francis Crick elucidated the double helix structure of DNA. A decade later, a whole institute was established under him.
Georgina Ferry's biography captures not only the scientific advances made by Perutz but also his curious personal qualities. A skinny, sickly and, for much of his life, skint individual, Perutz is an unlikely hero. He was demanding—his diet required him to eat black bananas, even in February—and he was unselfconscious in ensuring that his elaborate needs were met. He was also naive in insisting that scientific reasoning would trump political thought and religious teaching.
Ms Ferry portrays his foibles sympathetically. Perutz used to complain that, although he was famous, few people knew what it was he had achieved. By combining scientific with personal anecdotes, her book goes a good way towards redressing that balance.
1．Max Perutz won the Nobel prize though he made a lot of mistakes because_____
[A] his important contribution outweighed those marginal mistakes.
[B] he made assertions not based by the sparse evidence he had gathered.
[C] he could always reach the correct conclusion in the end.
[D] he was brave enough to admit his mistakes and strived for improvement.
2．Which one of the following statements is TURE of Perutz’s task of analyzing structure of haemoglobin?
[A] Perutz successfully worked out the structures of all the different arrangements of atoms of haemoglobin.
[B] It is not Perutz who had first provided an answer to the correct structure of haemoglobin.
[C] It is in fact Perutz’s colleague who had sorted out the solution to the problem of haemoglobin’s structure.
[D] Perutz had worked diligently on the divergences between himself and his colleague in analyzing structure of haemoglobin.
3．Perutz was very angry with the junior researcher who popped the final piece into its slot because_____
[A] the researcher asserted that what Perutz viewed was only jigsaw puzzle.
[B] the researcher pointed out that Perutz did not piece together the evidence to prove the final result.
[C] the researcher passed off the secret to why blood supports life as his own idea.
[D] the researcher pieced together the evidence to work out the final result.
4.Perutz’s progress was interrupted by an establishment because _____
[A] the subject he studied did not belong to any of the conventional disciplines.
[B] his study threatened existing subjects by promoting interdisciplinary areas of science.
[C] that establishment prevented him from receiving adequate and long-term funds.
[D] he was diverted to the cause of setting up a brand new institute.
5．The word “redressing” (Line 3, Paragraph 7) most probably means _____
[A] remedying.
[B] rectifying.
[C] re-adjusting.
[D] reversing.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了诺贝尔奖获得者分子生物学家Max Perutz的研究特点。第一段讲述Max Perutz研究特点；第二段讲述他分析血红蛋白从而取得诺贝尔奖化学奖；第三段讲述分析血红蛋白时出现的一个小插曲；第四段讲述他的一些个人经历；第五段讲述他研究课题性质给他带来的阻碍；第六、七段讲述他的妻子为他撰写的传记。
词汇注释：
molecular n. 分子的 haemoglobin n. 血红蛋白
feat n. 壮举 jigsaw puzzle n. 智力七巧板游戏
annex n. 统治 crystallography n. 结晶学
helix n. 螺旋 skint adj. 穷光蛋的，身无分文的
unselfconscious adj. 自然的 foible n. 癖好
难句突破：
(1) But his triumphal announcement of the correct structure of haemoglobin was by no means his first solution to the problem: he had previously claimed all sorts of unlikely arrangements, backing down each time a colleague spotted a fatal flaw.
[主体句式] But his triumphals announcement was by no means his first solution…: he had claimed …
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句；后面分句中，现在分词结构作句子的伴随状语。
[句子译文] 但是血红蛋白正确的结构并不是他原来解决该问题的首选方案，他之前曾经作出各种各样的不可能的安排，每次都因为某个同事指出了致命的错误而放弃其主张。
(2) Indeed, Perutz was furious when a junior researcher saw how the final piece fitted and could not resist popping it into its slot, completing what Perutz viewed as his jigsaw puzzle.
[主体句式] Perutz was furious when…, completing…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，when引导的是时间状语从句；该时间状语从句中how…引导的是宾语从句；compeleting…这个分词结构是时间状语从句中的伴随状语。
[句子译文] 实际上，一个资历较小的研究者发现最后的证据一致并禁不住将该证据放入合适的地方，从而完成了Perutz认为是他自己的成果时，Perutz便勃然大怒。
题目分析：
1．Max Perutz won the Nobel prize though he made a lot of mistakes because_____
1．Max Perutz尽管出了许多错但是还是赢得了诺贝尔奖，因为_____
[A] him important contribution outweighed those marginal mistakes.
[A] 他的重要贡献远远超出了那些边缘性的错误。
[B] he guaranteed some decisive factors were correct.
[B] 他保证一些有决策性的因素是正确的。
[C] he could always reach the correct conclusion in the end.
[C] 他可以最后得出正确的结论。
[D] he was brave enough to admit his mistakes and strived for improvement.
[D] 他勇于承认自己的错误，并争取改进。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第一段，尽管Perutz出了不少错，但都是小错，大事情上没有出错，最终才赢得了诺贝尔奖。因此，答案为C选项。A选项看似正确，但错在“marginal mistakes”这个提法，在文章中没有出现。小错可能也是一些关系核心的问题，而不是边缘性的。而B和D选项并不是他获得诺贝尔奖的根本原因。
2．Which one of the following statements is TURE of Perutz’s task of analyzing structure of haemoglobin?
2．关于Perutz分析血红蛋白结构，哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] Perutz successfully worked out the different arrangements of the structures of all the atoms of haemoglobin.
[A] Perutz成功地发现了所有血红蛋白原子结构的不同组成。
[B] It is not Perutz who had first provided an answer to the correct structure of haemoglobin.
[B] 并不是Perutz最先提供了血红蛋白的正确结构。
[C] It is in fact Perutz’s colleague who had sorted out the solution to the problem of haemoglobin’s structure.
[C] 是Perutz的同事发现了解决血红蛋白结构问题的方法。
[D] Perutz had worked diligently on the divergences between himself and his colleague in analyzing structure of haemoglobin.
[D] Perutz在分析血红蛋白时和他的同事有许多分歧，他就这些分歧进行了很勤奋的研究工作。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。A选项，第二段中提到了正是因为这个原因才获得了诺贝尔奖。 B选项，血红蛋白完整的结构是由他提供的；C选项，第三段中是他的同事把一些材料总结起来得到了结论，但是之前Perutz已经得到了结论；D选项，Perutz接受了同事的建议，所以并不是存在许多分歧。因此A选项为正确答案。
3．Perutz was very angry with the junior researcher who popped the final piece into its slot because_____
3．Perutz对于将最后证据放入合适地方的那个低级研究院大发雷霆，因为_____
[A] the researcher asserted that what Perutz viewed was only jigsaw puzzle.
[A] 该研究者宣称Perutz看到的只是拼图。
[B] the researcher pointed out that Perutz did not piece together the evidence to prove the final result.
[B] 该研究者指出了Perutz并没有将证据结合起来证明最后的结论。
[C] the researcher passed off the secret to why blood supports life as his own idea.
[C] 该研究者将为什么血液可以支持生命的答案归为自己的观点。
[D] the researcher pieced together the evidence to work out the final result.
[D] 该研究者将证据结合在一起得到了最终的结果。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 根据第三段，这个同事是发现最后的证据一致，忍不住将证据方放在合适的地方，得出了最后的结论，其实Perutz早已得出了这个结论，因此，他非常生气。 D选项符合这个意思。
4.Perutz’s progress was interrupted by an establishment because _____
4. Perutz的进步受到一个机构的阻挠，因为_____
[A] the subject he studied did not belong to any of the conventional disciplines.
[A] 他的研究题目并不属于任何传统学科的范畴。
[B] his study threatened existing subjects by promoting interdisciplinary areas of science
[B]他的研究主在推动跨学科领域的发展，因而威胁到了目前存在的学科。
[C] that establishment prevented him from receiving adequate and long-term funds.
[C] 现有机制使他很难得到充足和长期的资金。
[D] he was diverted to the cause of setting up a brand new institute.
[D] 他的注意力转移到了建立一个新学科的事业上。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第五段，他研究的领域是边缘学科，是新的学科，所以提倡研究现有学科的机构就阻挠他的进展。因此，A选项最为符合题意。B选项是干扰选项，看似有道理，但是文章从没有提到了“威胁到了目前存在的学科”的说法。C选项在文章有所提及，但不是题干的主要原因。D选项的说法不正确，因为他的研究领域一直是跨学科的新兴领域，因而不存在注意力转移的问题。
5．The word “redressing” (Line 3, Paragraph 7) most probably means _____
5．“redressing” (第七段第三行) 最有可能的意思是_____
[A] remedying.
[A] 补偿。
[B] rectifying.
[B] 纠正。
[C] re-adjusting.
[C] 重调。
[D] reversing.
[D] 颠倒。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]猜词题。根据上下文“Ms Ferry portrays his foibles sympathetically. Perutz used to complain that, although he was famous, few people knew what it was he had achieved. By combining scientific with personal anecdotes, her book goes a good way towards redressing that balance”，支出Perutz过去抱怨说虽然自己名气很大，但是很少有人知道他所作出的成就是什么，所以现在这本书将科学和个人轶事结合在一起，就调整了这种平衡，因此，答案为C选项。
参考译文：
作为一个诺贝尔奖获得者，分子生物学家Max Perutz可出了不少错。他的一些科学论断都不能被他搜集的那些零星证据所支持。但这都没关系，他在一些重要方面都是正确的，而且也很绅士地承认自己的错误。
尽管困难重重，但Max Perutz还是一直主持分析血红蛋白的形状，血红蛋白是血液中带有氧的成分。这可不是个一般的壮举；血红蛋白的一个分子就包括有成千上万个原子，而只有几十个原子的简单结构被绘制出来了。正是因为这项工作，Perutz于1962年被授予诺贝尔化学奖。但是血红蛋白正确的结构并不是他原来解决该问题的首选方案，他之前曾经作出各种各样的不可能的安排，每次都因为某个同事指出了致命的错误而放弃其主张。
甚至当他最后已经掌握了血液为什么能够维持生命的奥秘时，他也没有将这些证据都综合起来以得出最后的结论。实际上，一个资历较小的研究者发现最后的证据一致并禁不住将该证据放入合适的地方，从而完成了Perutz认为是他自己的成果时，Perutz便勃然大怒。但是，正是Perutz搜集了所有的证据，最后也确定它们都放到了正确的位置。
Perutz一直被视为一个外人。他有着犹太人的血统，是个离经叛道的天主教徒。他在1936年即希特勒占领奥地利的两年前离开了自己的祖国。战争爆发后，他被当成异族敌人而被驱逐到加拿大。回到剑桥后，他却没有受到学校的欢迎。后来直到他获得了诺贝尔奖以后，他才感觉是被接受为一个英国人，尽管20年前他已经移民成为一名英国人。
Perutz作为一名科学家也一直处在边缘地位。他自己的研究领域X射线结晶学既不是物理、也不是数学、化学或生物，而是这些科学的混合。正如发生在那些交叉科学领域研究者身上的情况一样，他的成就受到一股致力于促进现有学科发展的力量的阻挠。他的资助基金不断从一个转到另一个，每个都持续不了几个月。但是他竭力建立起了自己的单位，James Watson 和Francis Crick就是在这里阐释了DNA双螺旋结构的。十年后，他成立了一个完整的研究所。
GeorginaFerry的传记不仅记录了Perutz在科学上的成就，还记载了他的古怪个性。Perutz一生大部分时间都是消瘦、苍白的穷光蛋，他根本不像个英雄。他过分要求自己，他的食谱只允许他吃黑香蕉，甚至在二月也得如此，他在确保自己复杂的要求都能够满足时甚者不会意识到这些要求有多么高。他也非常天真，坚持认为科学的推理要优于政治思想和宗教指导。
Ferry夫人富有感情地描述他的怪癖。Perutz过去抱怨说虽然自己名气很大，但是很少有人知道他所作出的成就是什么。Ferry夫人的书将科学与个人轶事结合在一起，从而调整了这种平衡。
TEXT THREE
Laden with hefty backpacks, French children filed back to school this week amid fresh agonising about the education system. Given its reputation for rigour and secular egalitarianism, and its well-regarded baccalauréat exam, this is surprising. What do the French think is wrong?
Quite a lot, to judge from a 30-page “letter to teachers” just sent by President Nicolas Sarkozy. Too many school drop-outs; not enough respect or authority in the classroom (pupils, he says, should stand up when the teacher enters); too little value placed on the teaching profession; too little art and sport in the curriculum; too much passive rote-learning; and too much “theory and abstraction”. France, the president concludes, needs “to rebuild the foundations” of its education system.
The criticisms touch all levels. A government-commissioned report reveals that two in five pupils leave primary school with “serious learning gaps” in basic reading, writing and arithmetic. One in five finish secondary school with no qualification at all. Even the baccalauréat is under attack. This year's pass rate of 83% is up from just over 60% in the early 1960s. “The bac is worth absolutely nothing,” asserts Jean-Robert Pitte, president of the Sorbonne-University of Paris IV.
The bac is not under review, but other changes have begun. Xavier Darcos, the education minister, has loosened school-catchment rules, to allow children from poor areas to get places in good schools elsewhere. He has set up an after-hours service for lower secondary schools, to supervise homework and keep kids off the streets. Mr Sarkozy has established a commission under Michel Rocard, a former prime minister and yet another of his recruits from the left, to look into the teaching profession—and perhaps to soften up the unions before less palatable changes.
Some hard questions remain. France's rigorous system suits able pupils: half of all 15-year-olds match the standards in writing, maths and science of the very best performers in the rich-country OECD. But schools fail the weakest. The bottom 15% of French 15-year-olds rank among the OECD's worst. The main cure for struggling pupils is redoublement, the repeat of a school year. By the age of 15, 38% of French pupils have repeated a year, more than in any other OECD country. Yet an official report suggests that redoublement has no noticeable effect on a child's progress.
Mr Darcos told Le Parisien this week that he “believed very little in the efficiency of redoublement”. But it is unclear what he would put in its place. He plans to trim teacher numbers. He hints at more streaming of pupils by ability, so that children can stay with their age group, but the unions are hostile. Mr Sarkozy suggests another answer: less abstract teaching, which might engage less academic pupils. Mr Sarkozy will find it hard to translate his ambitious ideas into concrete plans. His wish-list for the curriculum is daunting: more art and sport, but also more “civic education”, comparative religion, “general culture”, trips to the theatre, walks in the forest, visits to businesses. Yet French 15-year-olds already spend an average of 1,042 hours a year in the classroom—150 more than German pupils, and 282 more than English ones.
1．The president of the Sorbonne-University of Paris IV thinks the bac is worth nothing because_____
[A] The pass rate of baccalaureat is too low now given the quality of the present education.
[B] There exists serious problem in the education of baccalaureat period.
[C] Students can easily get the baccalaureat at present.
[D] The advance of society requires people to be equipped with higher degree.
2. The word “palatable ” (Line 7, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
[A] radical.
[B] moderate.
[C] demanding.
[D] acceptable.
3. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of France’s education system compared to other OECD countries?
[A] It has the highest rate of redoublement than that of the other OECD countries.
[B] It pays more attention to the academic education than that of the other OECD countries.
[C] It gives students more equal opportunity to achieve education than that of the other OECD countries.
[D] It results in students’ being more polarized than that of the other OECD countries in terms of academic performance.
4. From the ideas of Mr Sarkozy to reform the education system, it can be inferred that he is_____
[A] a leftist.
[B] a rightist.
[C] an idealist.
[D] a reformist.
5. The best title of the passage could be _____
[A] The Reform of Education in France.
[B] New Policy on Education by New President.
[C] Mr Sarkozy, the Reformist in Education.
[D] The Future of France’s Education.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了法国新任总统萨克奇上任后对法国教育体系采取的一些措施。第一段讲述孩子们对学校反感的情况；第二段讲述总统提出的意见；第三段讲述一个研究报告对教育系统提出的批评；第四段讲述目前采取的一些变革；第五段讲述法国教育存在的棘手问题；第六段讲述一些可能采取的措施。
词汇注释：
hefty adj. 沉重的 agonising adj. 烦恼的，苦闷的
secular adj. 长期的 rigour n. 严格
egalitarianism n. 平等主义 baccalauréat n. 毕业班
catchment n. 蓄水量 palatable adj. 愉快的
难句突破：
(1) Mr Sarkozy has established a commission under Michel Rocard, a former prime minister and yet another of his recruits from the left, to look into the teaching profession—and perhaps to soften up the unions before less palatable changes.
[主体句式] Mr. Sarkozy has established a commissioin to look into…
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，a former priminister and yet…是Michel Rocard的同位语。
[句子译文] Sarcozy先生建立了一个委员会，由前总理现在仍担任其左派幕僚的Michel Rocard负责，主要审查教师行业，也是为了在推进其他更严厉的变革之前软化工会。
(2) He hints at more streaming of pupils by ability, so that children can stay with their age group, but the unions are hostile.
[主体句式] He hints at… so that, but…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句；前面分局中带有一个目的状语从句。
[句子译文] 提到可能会根据学生的能力来编班，这样学生就可以和他们一个年龄层的同学呆在一起，但是工会却表示反对。
题目分析：
1．The president of the Sorbonne-University of Paris IV thinks the bac is worth nothing because_____
1. 巴黎第四大学校长认为学士学位一文不值是因为_____
[A] The pass rate of baccalaureat is too low now given the quality of the present education.
[A] 根据目前教育的质量来看学士学位的通过率太低了。
[B] There exists serious problem in the education of baccalaureat period.
[B] 在学士学位教育阶段存在严重的问题。
[C] Students can easily get the baccalaureat at present.
[C] 学生们目前可以轻松地通过学士学位考试。
[D] The advance of society requires people to be equipped with higher degree.
[D] 社会的进步需要人们有更高的学位。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第三段最后提到“This year's pass rate of 83% is up from just over 60% in the early 1960s. “The bac is worth absolutely nothing,” asserts Jean-Robert Pitte, president of the Sorbonne-University of Paris IV”，也就是说今年的毕业率比前60年代提高了许多，因此校长认为学士学位太容易通过了，因为含金量不高了。选项C符合题意。
2. The word “palatable ” (Line 7, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
2. “palatable” (第四段第七行) 最有可能的意思是_____
[A] radical.
[A] 激进的。
[B] moderate.
[B] 温和的。
[C] demanding.
[C] 苛求的。
[D] acceptable.
[D] 可接受的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，Michel Rocard是个左派，风格比较激进，而前面的一些措施好像比较温和，那么可以推断后面的措施可能要激进些，因此，选项B最为符合。
3. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of France’s education system compared to other OECD countries?
3. 关于法国的教育体系与其他OECD国家的比较，下列哪个陈述是错误的？
[A] It has the highest rate of redoublement than that of the other OECD countries.
[A] 比其他OECD国家教育体系有最高的复读率。
[B] It pays more attention to the academic education than that of the other OECD countries.
[B] 比其他OECD国家教育体系更关注学术教育。
[C] It gives students more equal opportunity to achieve education than that of the other OECD countries.
[C] 比其他OECD国家教育体系对待学生平等。
[D] It results in students’ being more polarized than that of the other OECD countries in terms of acdemic performance.
[D] 使得学生比其他OECD国家教育体系在学术表现的层面上更两极分化。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。A选项, 这点从第五段提到的严格还有第一段提到的都可以得出这个结论；B选项，根据最后一段，学生们在教室中花费的时间可以推出来这点；C选项，这点文章没有谈到过；D选项，从第五段可以看出这一点来。因此，C选项为正确答案。
4. From the ideas of Mr Sarkozy to reform the education system, it can be inferred that he is_____
4.从萨克奇对改革教育体系提出的意见中，可以看出他是一个_____
[A] a leftist.
[A] 左派。
[B] a rightist.
[B] 右派。
[C] an idealist.
[C] 理想主义者。
[D] a reformist.
[D] 改革者。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。从萨克奇的意见来看，他的意见对教育体系改革动作比较大，令人惊叹，因此属于比较激进，A选项最为符合这一点。其中D选项是一个较大的迷惑选项，因为文章谈到了很多萨克奇的改革措施，所以容易认为他就是一个改革家。但是一个人是否改革家不是从一个方面体现出来的，因为文章中只谈论教育系统的改革、不能反映出来他是否是一个“改革家”，因此该选项错误。
5. The best title of the passage could be _____
5. 这篇文章的最佳题目为_____
[A] The Reform of Education in France.
[A] 法国的教育改革。
[B] New Policy on Education by New President.
[B] 新总统的新教育举措。
[C] Mr Sarkozy, the Reformist in Education.
[C] 萨克奇先生，教育的改革家。
[D] The Future of France’s Education.
[D] 法国教育的未来。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]主旨题。本文主要讲述了在萨克奇总统上台后，法国教育系统所发生的一些变化。因此，B选项最为符合这个意思。
参考译文：
本周，法国的孩子们背着沉重的书包、带着对教育体系的新苦恼又回到了学校。法国教育以其严格、平等以及非常重视学士学位考试而闻名，因此孩子们有这样的反应就很奇怪了。那么法国人觉得哪儿出问题了呢？
很多地方都有问题，这是Nicholas Sarcozy总统刚刚递交的长达30页的“致老师书”里表达出的意见。有太多辍学的学生；教堂中没有尊重和威信（他称学生在老师进教室前应该起立）；教师职业评价不够；课程安排上艺术和体育的内容太少；有太多死记硬背的教学；太多的“理论和抽象”。总统最后的结论是，法国需要“重新建立” 其教育体系基础。
这些批评几乎涉及了各个层次。政府进行的一项研究表明，每五个学生中就有两名因为在基础读写和算术方面学习差距过大而放弃了小学学习。每五个学生中就有一个中学毕业后没有取得毕业证书。甚至连学士学位也受到了抨击。毕业率从20世纪60年代早期的60%上升到了现在的83%。“学士学位一文不值，” 巴黎第四大学校长Jean-Robert Pitte这样说。
学士学位目前不在考虑之列，但是其他的一些变化已经开始了。教育部长Xavier Darcos放宽了学校入学规则，允许贫穷地区的孩子可以到其他地方的好学校上学。他为初中设立了课后服务，监督学生做家庭作业，不让他们一下课就在街上乱逛。Sarcozy先生建立了一个委员会，由前总理现在仍担任其左派幕僚的Michel Rocard负责，主要审查教师行业，也是为了在推进其他更严厉的变革之前软化工会。
但是还有更多棘手的问题。法国严格的教育只适合哪些好学生：所有15岁的青少年只有一半达到了读写、数学和科学课程标准，该标准是富裕国家OECD最优秀学生的标准。但是学校忽略了最差的学生。法国15岁青少年最差的15%学生是OECD国家中最差的。对于这些学生的主要解决方法就是复读，即重新读一年。法国38%的学生在15岁前都曾复读过，这要比其他OECD国家都高很多。但是官方的一个报告却指出复读对学生的提高没有显著的作用。
Darcos先生本周告诉Le Parisien，他“认为复读几乎没有什么成效”。但是至于他要用什么样的方法来取代还不清楚。他计划减少教师的数量。他提到可能会根据学生的能力来编班，这样学生就可以和他们一个年龄层的同学呆在一起，但是工会却表示反对。Sarcozy建议采取另外一种办法：减少理论教学，这可能会吸引那些非学院派的学生。Sarcozy先生发现要将自己的宏图大志转化为具体的计划难度很大。他对于课程的希望让人害怕：要有更多的艺术和体育课，但也要有更多的“公民教育”、比较宗教学、“普通文化”、到剧院参观、在森林散布、到公司参观。但是法国15岁的青少年每年在教室的时间已经有1042小时了，这比德国学生多了150小时，比英国学生多了282个小时。
TEXT FOUR
It's normal for your muscles to lose tone when you sleep—that's why people in meetings nod off so amusingly. But in as many as 10 percent of middle-aged and older adults, the throat muscles relax so much that the airway repeatedly closes up, a condition that can be deadly, as it turns out. According to a study published this week in the New England Journal of Medicine, obstructive sleep apnea sharply increases the risk of stroke or death.
People with sleep apnea often don't realize they have it, since they don't remember waking up again and again, gasping for breath. Often, it's a bed partner who hears the choking and "industrial-strength snoring," says Klar Yaggi, a sleep specialist at Yale who led the study. He and his colleagues followed two groups of patients who were tested for sleep apnea (defined as stopping breathing five or more times per hour). Some had the condition; some didn't. During the 3? years or so that they were studied, the people with sleep apnea were about twice as likely to have a stroke or die.
No one really knows why, although the explanation could have to do with the spikes of adrenaline that course through the body when breathing stops, increasing blood pressure, or with repeated plunges in the level of oxygen in the blood. This study didn't look at whether treatment—sleeping with a contraption that continuously blows air into the mouth—lowers risk. But losing weight will improve sleep apnea. And patients who use the machine get much more rest, Yaggi says, which should help them avoid one of the other major dangers of sleep apnea: car accidents.
Another study in the same issue of the New England Journal looked at how well the continuous air treatment works for people with central sleep apnea, a different disorder altogether. In both forms of sleep apnea, you stop breathing periodically. But in central sleep apnea, the problem is not an obstructed airway but that the brain fails to send out the command to breathe. The disorder is usually caused by congestive heart failure, in which the heart doesn't pump as well as it should and fluid collects in the chest. Researchers think that providing a continuous air flow during sleep might help drive water out of the lungs and make breathing more regular.
The treatment did help people with central sleep apnea in some ways: Their hearts worked better, they didn't stop breathing as often, they didn't have adrenaline surges, and they were able to exercise more. "That's the good news," says Douglas Bradley, a pulmonologist at the University of Toronto and author of the article. "The bad news is that we didn't improve survival."
The treated patients weren't any less likely to die in the follow-up period than those who were not given the treatment. While Bradley suspects a larger study would prove a lower risk of dying, he says the benefits shown in this study aren't significant enough to recommend using the treatment routinely in people with central sleep apnea.
1.The air contraption should help patients avoid car accidents because_____
[A] it could improve sleep quality of patients.
[B] it could increase the level of oxygen in the patients’ blood.
[C] it could lower the risk of the occurrence of sleep apnea.
[D] it could both help the patient to get more sleep and lost weight
2. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Yaggi’s study?
[A] The study proves that the machine could help the patients avoid car accidents.
[B] The study verifies that losing weight could lowers risk of sleep apnea.
[C] The study did not provide a definite answer to the cause of sleep apnea.
[D] The study argues that people with sleep apnea have more risks of death.
3 Which one of the following is the common characteristic sleep apnea and central sleep apnea have in common?
[A] Both of them belong to the category of periodical disorder in breathing.
[B] Both of them are still hard for patients to survive from.
[C] Both of them share the same cause that is rooted in the brain system.
[D] Both of them could be effectively dealt with by the new treatment
4. The study conducted by Douglas Bradley proves the following except_____
[A] The air treatment works positively in improving.
[B] The central apnea is caused by congestive heart failure.
[C] The air treatment could help the brain to work better.
[D] The death risk is strongly suppressed by the application of air treatment.
5 Bradley thinks the treatment could not be used routinely in people with central sleep apnea because_____
[A] The study they have carried out is not authoritative enough.
[B] The air treatment proves to have no improvement on survival.
[C] The study they have carried out is not large enough.
[D] The treatment needs further verification.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了睡觉时呼吸突然暂停这种疾病的有关情况。第一段讲述了该疾病有很大的危险性；第二、三段讲述关于该疾病的一项研究；第四、五段讲述另外一项研究报告；第六段讲述目前还存在的许多问题。
词汇注释：
apnea n. 呼吸暂停
spike n. 神经元的内部与外部之间局部电位差所表示的一种局部化信号
adrenaline n. 肾上腺素 plunge n. 下落
contraption n. 装置 congestive adj. 先天的
难句突破：
But in as many as 10 percent of middle-aged and older adults, the throat muscles relax so much that the airway repeatedly closes up, a condition that can be deadly, as it turns out.
[主体句式] But in…, the throat muscles relax so much that…
[结构分析] 但是中年或稍微年长的人中间有10%的喉咙肌肉会过于放松，以至于气流通道会反复关闭，这种情况被证明是会致命的。
[句子译文] 但是中年或稍微年长的人中间有10%他们的喉咙肌肉会过于放松，以至于气流通道会反复关闭，这个情况被证明是可以致命的
No one really knows why, although the explanation could have to do with the spikes of adrenaline that course through the body when breathing stops, increasing blood pressure, or with repeated plunges in the level of oxygen in the blood.
[主体句式] No one really knows why, although the explanation could have to do with…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句；后面分句结构比较复杂，that 引导的定语从句用来修饰spikes, when…作从句中的状语。
[句子译文] 没有人知道这是为什么，虽然可能与肾上腺素的神经元局部电位差有关系，呼吸停止时该电位差通过身体，增加血压；或者是与血液中氧反复降低有关。
题目分析：
1.The air contraption should help patients avoid car accidents because_____
1.空气装置可以帮助病人避免车祸，因为_____
[A] it could improve sleep quality of patients.
[A] 它可以提高病人的睡眠质量。
[B] it could increase the level of oxygen in the patients’ blood.
[B]它可以增加病人血液中氧的含量。
[C] it could lower the risk of the occurrence of sleep apnea.
[C] 它可以降低呼吸暂停发生的风险。
[D] it could both help the patient to get more sleep and lost weight.
[D] 它可以帮助病人睡得更好并减少体重。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。根据第三段最后一句话，“And patients who use the machine get much more rest, Yaggi says, which should help them avoid one of the other major dangers of sleep apnea: car accidents”，是因为空气装置提高了病人的睡眠质量才使得病人可以集中精力开车，从而避免车祸发生。因此，答案为A选项。
2. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Yaggi’s study?
2. 关于Yaggi的研究，下列哪个陈述是错误的？
[A] The study proves that the machine could help the patients avoid car accidents.
[A] 该研究证明了这种设备可以帮助病人避免车祸。
[B] The study verifies that losing weight could lowers risk of sleep apnea.
[B] 该研究证明了减肥可以降低睡觉呼吸暂时停止的风险。
[C] The study did not provide a definite answer to the cause of sleep apnea.
[C] 研究没有为睡觉呼吸暂时停止给出肯定的原因。
[D] The study argues that people with sleep apnea have more risks of death.
[D]研究证明了有睡觉呼吸暂时停止的人更容易有死亡的风险。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 细节题。A 选项，根据第三段，Yaggi只是提到因为该机器能使病人得到更多的休息，因此休息充分了就可以减少疲劳驾驶出车祸的几率，但该研究并没有去专门论证这一点；B选项，第三段提到了这点；C选项，第三段提到了虽然有可能是肾上腺素的原因，但是还是不确定；D选项，第二段就提到了这一点，也是该研究主要证明的结果。因此，A选项 为正确答案。
3 Which one of the following is NOT the characteristic sleep apnea and central sleep apnea have in common?
3.以下选项哪个不是睡眠呼吸暂停和中央睡眠呼吸暂停共同的特点？
[A] Both of them belong to the category of periodical disorder in breathing.
[A] 它们都属于一种间歇性呼吸不正常现象。
[B] Both of them are still hard for patients to survive from.
[B] 两种病人都很难存活下来
[C] Both of them share the same cause that is rooted in the brain system.
[C] 它们的根本原因都与脑部系统有关。
[D] Both of them could be effectively dealt with by the new treatment.
[D] 它们都可以通过新疗法得到有效的治疗。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。主要信息在文章第四、五段。A对应于第四段的“In both forms of sleep apnea, you stop breathing periodically”，因此该选项正确。B对应的是第五段的“The bad news is that we didn't improve survival”，可见也是正确的。D选项也是正确的，从文中我们可以发现两种睡眠呼吸暂停在新疗法的治疗下都得到了很好的效果。而C选项对应于第四段的“But in central sleep apnea, the problem is not an obstructed airway but that the brain fails to send out the command to breathe”，这是中央睡眠呼吸暂停独有的特点，不是二者共享的。
4. The study conducted by Douglas Bradley proves the following except_____.
4．Douglas Bradley的研究证明了除_____之外的其他陈述。
[A] The air treatment works positively in improving sleep apnea.
[A] 空气疗法可以改善睡眠呼吸暂停。
[B] The central apnea is caused by congestive heart failure.
[B] 中央睡眠呼吸暂停是由先天性心脏病引起的。
[C] The air treatment could help people’s brain with cenral sleep apnea to work better.
[C] 空气疗法有助于那些患有中央睡眠呼吸暂停的人的大脑更好地工作。
[D] The death risk is strongly suppressed by the application of air treatment
[D] 空气疗法有效地降低了死亡的风险。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。A选项，第五段提到空气疗法在某些方面有助于睡眠呼吸暂停的患者，因此该陈述正确。B选项，第四段提到了这一点，但这是对中央呼吸暂停的一种解释，并不是该研究所要证实的结果，因为第四段一开始就提到该研究是为了检测空气疗法的疗效；C选项，第四段提到了空气疗法将水排出肺部，这样心脏就能正常工作，大脑就能得到供血，会工作得更好；D选项，第五段提到了这一点。
5. Bradley thinks the treatment could not be used routinely in people with central sleep apnea because_____
Bradley认为该疗法不能被常规用于治疗有中央睡眠呼吸暂停的患者是因为_____
[A] The study they have carried out is not authoritative enough.
[A] 他们进行的研究还不够权威。
[B] The air treatment prove to have no improvement on survival.
[B] 空气疗法对存活率没有什么改善。
[C] The study they have carried out is not large enough.
[C] 他们所作的研究还不够大。
[D] The treatment needs further verification.
[D] 空气疗法需要进一步的确认。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章最后一段提到，是因为该研究所展现的空气疗法的优点还不足够，如果试验大一些也许会证明有更多的优点，因此，可以看出主要是该疗法还需要进一步的确认。因此D选项是正确答案。
参考译文：
睡觉的时候肌肉失去伸缩性是很正常的，这也是人为什么开会时会打瞌睡的道理。但是中年或稍微年长的人中间有10%的喉咙肌肉会过于放松，以至于气流通道会反复关闭，这种情况被证明是会致命的。本周《新英格兰医学期刊》上刊登的一项研究表明，睡觉时呼吸突然受阻暂停会增加中风或死亡的危险。
睡觉时呼吸会暂停的人们根本意识不到自己有这种情况，因为他们不记得自己一遍又一遍地醒来喘气了。经常是同床的人听到了呼吸不畅的声音，或是“大声的打鼾”，该研究的领头人耶鲁大学睡眠专家Klar Yaggi这样说。他和同事一起跟踪研究了两组睡觉呼吸暂停的病人（呼吸暂停的标准就是每个小时呼吸停止五次以上）。有些人才这样的情况，而有些人却没有。大约3年半的研究中，睡觉时呼吸暂停的人中风或死亡的几率大约是正常人的两倍。
没有人知道这是为什么，虽然可能与肾上腺素的神经元局部电位差有关系，呼吸停止时该电位差通过身体，增加血压；或者是与血液中氧反复降低有关。该研究并没有涉及是否通过治疗（睡觉时使用一种装置不停将空气吹到嘴里）能降低这种危险。但是治疗确实有助于改善睡眠时呼吸暂停的情况。Yaggi说使用该装置的病人可以得到更多的休息，这可以使他们避免睡眠呼吸暂停带来的另一个主要危险——交通事故。
刊登在该期刊同期的另外一个研究则关注持续的空气疗法对于有中央睡眠呼吸暂停的人们有什么样的效果——中央睡眠呼吸暂停是另外一种完全不同的疾病。这两种睡眠呼吸暂停的患者都会间歇地停止呼吸。但是中央睡眠呼吸暂停问题不是呼吸到受阻，而是大脑不再发出呼吸的命令。该疾病一般是由于先天性心脏病引发，由于心脏不能正常抽吸，于是体液都聚集在腹腔中。研究这认为睡眠中提供连续的气流有助于将水排出肺部，使得呼吸更为均匀。
但是该疗法确实有助于中央睡眠呼吸暂停的患者。他们的心脏可以工作得更好，呼吸停止不再那么频繁，肾上腺素也没有增加，他们因此可以做更多的活动。“这是个好消息，”多伦多大学呼吸专家Douglas Bradley即该文章的作者说，“但是坏消息就是我们却不能解决存活问题。”
在以后的时间中，接受治疗患者的死亡几率与那些没有接受治疗患者的几率是差不多的。Bradley猜测可能更大规模的研究能证明治疗会减少死亡的风险，但是该研究所显示的结果还不足以可以建议让那些患有中央睡眠呼吸暂停的病人接受常规的治疗。
TEXT ONE
When honey bees began to desert their hives recently, never to return, it threw apiarists into a panic. What appeared to be perfectly healthy adult bees would flee their queen, the young and their foodstores. Instead of ransacking the empty hive, other bees would avoid it like the plague. Yet there was nothing obviously wrong. Researchers have now identified the first tangible clue in the mystery—a relatively new virus.
Colony collapse disorder became widespread in America in the winter of 2006-07, when about a quarter of the nation's beekeepers were affected, each losing between 30% and 90% of their winged workers. Bees are valued not so much for their honey, which is worth some $200m a year in America, but for their work in pollinating crops. This brings the economy some $15 billion a year, as apiarists move their hives to land producing fruit, vegetables and nuts.
Finding exactly why colonies collapse has been taxing the minds of both federal and university scientists. There have been few bodies on which to conduct autopsies. Those adult bees that have been found dead near an abandoned hive have been riddled with almost every bee disease known to man. Now a report by Diana Cox-Foster of Pennsylvania State University and her colleagues, published in the September 6th issue of Science, points the finger at the Israeli acute paralysis virus. The lurgy in question was, the researchers suggest, imported from Australia.
Because many factors could be acting together to cause bee colonies to collapse, Dr Cox-Foster and her colleagues decided to examine everything they could find within the empty hives. They collected samples from infected hives and compared them not only with samples from apparently healthy hives but also with an analysis of royal jelly—a bee secretion fed to the larvae—from China, which has not been affected by the mystery disorder. From their samples, the researchers extracted RNA—a chemical that carries and helps to decode genetic information. Their analysis revealed the presence of various bacteria, fungi and viruses that were lurking in the hives and the royal jelly. They then looked to see whether there was anything in the abandoned hives that was not found elsewhere.
What they found was a virus first identified in 2004 in the Middle East. Bees infected with Israeli acute paralysis virus shiver, their bodies become frozen and they die. But the virus itself cannot be the sole cause of colony collapse disorder. For a start, all the hives infected with it were also infested with a second nasty, the Kashmiri bee virus. Yet this virus was also present in many of the apparently healthy hives. Intriguingly, there was also a virus that the researchers were unable to classify. They suspect it may be a new lineage of the Kashmiri bee virus, but it could be something completely novel. This second virus was also found only in the abandoned hives.
The researchers reckon that the reason why so many honey bees are dying is down to a combination of factors that are found only, so far, in America. The Israeli acute paralysis virus may have had such a devastating effect there because of the presence of a parasite called the varroa mite. This parasite weakens the immune systems of bees, making the consequences of an infection more likely to be fatal. Tellingly, bees in Australia have not been infected by the parasite.
1. When honey bees desert their hives, the other bees will usually _____
[A] stay far away from the empty hives because they are useless.
[B] flee their queen, the young and their food stores away and steal the hives.
[C] throw apiarists into a panic by plaguing the empty hives.
[D] plunder the empty hives and take possession of all that is worth anything.
2．When the bee colony collapse disorder became rampant in America, _____
[A] the workers of the nation’s beekeepers resigned from the beekeeping factory.
[B] the apiarists moved their hives to land producing fruit, vegetables and nuts.
[C] the crops could not grow to maturity as before short of effective pollination.
[D] and each apiarist suffered a loss of $200m to $1b a year as well as most of their workers.
3．It has been a headache to find out why bee colonies collapse because of the following reasons except_____
[A] RNA experiment shows an intricate connection between the dead bees with their Chinese counterparts.
[B] dead bees near a deserted hive are found to carry too many diseases.
[C] there were almost no samples for scientists to do research on the dead bees.
[D] the scientists could not identify exactly which disease was the main factor that causes the colonies collapse.
4．Which one of the following statements is NOT TURE of the experiment carried out by Dr Cox-Foster and her colleagues?
[A] They collected samples not only from infected hives, but also from healthy hives and royal jelly.
[B] They sorted out a chemical that provides relevant information from the genetic perspective
[C] The research points out that an Israeli virus is the main cause of the collapse disorder since the virus was found in the hives and the royal jelly
[D] They found that there were all kinds of viruses in the royal jelly which were also present in the infected hives.
5．According to the researchers, so many honey bees are dying probably because of the following reasons except_____
[A] the bees were affected with Israeli acute paralysis virus which was fatal to them.
[B] the hives were infected with a combination of the viruses that lead to massive deaths of the bees.
[C] an unidentified virus which may be a new lineage of the Kashmiri bee virus or a new virus causes the disaster.
[D] the varroa mite is believed to worsen the conditions of the infected bees and leave them more vulnerable to deadly disease.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了目前美国发生的蜜蜂离开蜂房的灾害性情况。第一段讲述这种情况可能和某种病毒有关；第二段讲述过去蜂房倒塌的情况；第三、四、五段和第六段讲述针对该情况的一项研究。
词汇注释：
apiarist n. 养蜂家 ransack v. 四处搜索
pollinate v. 对…授粉 autopsy n. 分析
lurgy n. 疾病 fungi n.真菌
难句突破：
(1) Colony collapse disorder became widespread in America in the winter of 2006-07, when about a quarter of the nation's beekeepers were affected, each losing between 30% and 90% of their winged workers.
[主体句式] Colony collapse disorder became widespread when about a quarter of … were affected.
[结构分析]这是一个复合句，when引导的是句子的时间状语从句，each losing…现在分词结构作时间状语从句的伴随状语。
[句子译文] 2006年至2007年的冬天，蜂房倒塌在美国随处可见，全国四分之一的养蜂人都遭受了损失，每个人都失去了30%到90%的工蜂。
(2)They collected samples from infected hives and compared them not only with samples from apparently healthy hives but also with an analysis of royal jelly—a bee secretion fed to the larvae—from China, which has not been affected by the mystery disorder.
[主体句式] They collected samples and compared them not only with… but also with….
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，which引导的定语从句用来修饰前面的lavae。
[句子译文] 他们从受到感染的蜂巢中搜集了一些样品，不仅将其与正常健康的蜂巢样品作比较，而且和中国蜂王浆（喂养幼虫的蜜蜂分泌物）进行分析比较，这种蜂王浆没有受到这种奇怪的侵害。
题目分析：
1. When honey bees desert their hives, the other bees will usually _____
1. 蜜蜂抛弃了自己的蜂巢时，其他的蜜蜂一般会_____
[A] stay far away from the empty hives because they are useless.
[A] 远离空巢，因为这些空巢没有用。
[B] flee their queen, the young and their food stores and steal the hives.
[B] 离开它们的蚁后、幼蚁和食物储藏地并偷窃他们的蜂巢。
[C] throw apiarists into a panic by plaguing the empty hives.
[C] 给空巢带来瘟疫，将养蜂家置于恐慌。
[D] plunder the empty hives and take possession of all that is worth anything.
[D] 掠夺空巢并占有其中有价值的任何东西。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第一段“Instead of ransacking the empty hive, other bees would avoid it like the plague”，可见其他的蜜蜂没有去掠夺空的蜂房，反而像躲避瘟疫一样，说明了在一般情况下，它们都是要洗劫空巢的。显然只有选项D为正确答案。
2．When the bee colony collapse disorder became rampant in America, _____
2. 蜜蜂王国崩溃在美国变各处普遍发生的时候，_____
[A] the workers of the nation’s beekeepers resigned from the beekeeping factory.
[A] 养蜂人的工人都从养蜂场辞职了。
[B] the apiarists moved their hives to land producing fruit, vegetables and nuts.
[B] 养蜂人将自己的蜂房移到产水果、蔬菜和坚果的地方。
[C] the crops could not grow to maturity as before short of effective pollination.
[C] 由于缺乏有效的受精，作物不能像以前那么长成熟了。
[D] each apiarist suffered a loss of $200m to $1b year as well as most of their workers.
[D] 养蜂人每年要损失两亿至十亿美元、并失去大部分的工人。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 根据第二段的分析“Bees are valued not so much for their honey, which is worth some $200m a year in America, but for their work in pollinating crops. This brings the economy some $15 billion a year, as apiarists move their hives to land producing fruit, vegetables and nuts”，可见蜜蜂的真正价值在于可以给谷物授粉，如果蜜蜂王国崩溃，那么谷物不能授粉，也就不能正常生长成熟了，因此只有选项C符合题意。
3．It has been a headache to find out why bee colonies collapse because of the following reasons except_____
3．要找出为什么蜜蜂王国崩溃的原因是个头疼的事情，因为除_____外的其他原因。
[A] RNA experiment shows an intricate connection between the dead bees and their Chinese counterparts.
[A] 核糖核酸试验显示了在死亡的蜜蜂和他们在中国的远亲之前有一种复杂的联系
[B] dead bees near a deserted hive are found to carry too many diseases.
[B] 在空巢附近的死蜜蜂带有太多的疾病
[C] there were almost no samples for scientists to do research on the dead bees.
[C] 几乎没有样品可以供科学家研究死亡的蜜蜂
[D] the scientists could not identify exactly which disease was the main factor that causes the colonies collapse.
[D] 科学家不能精确地辨别出到底是哪个因素导致了蜜蜂王国的崩溃
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 根据第三段，蜜蜂王国崩溃，一方面是由于没有蜜蜂可供研究，而那些死蜂身上疾病太多，无法辨别是哪个引起的。因此，B、C、D都是原因，其中B选项的对应信息是“Those adult bees that have been found dead near an abandoned hive have been riddled with almost every bee disease known to man”，B选项对应的信息是“There have been few bodies on which to conduct autopsies”，D选项对应于“Finding exactly why colonies collapse has been taxing the minds of both federal and university scientists”。A选项的对应信息在第五段，从中我们可以发现比较的是“中国蜂王浆”，而且也没有提到什么“intricate connection”，因此该选项表述与文章不符，是正确答案。
4．Which one of the following statements is NOT TURE of the experiment carried out by Dr Cox-Foster and her colleagues?
4．关于Cox-Foster博士和其同事进行的试验，下列哪个陈述是错误的？
[A] They collected samples not only from infected hives, but also from healthy hives and royal jelly.
[A] 他们不仅从染病的蜂巢搜集样品，也从健康的蜂巢和蜂王浆中搜集。
[B] They sorted out a chemical that provides relevant information from the genetic perspective
[B] 他们挑选了一种能从基因角度提供有用信息的化学物质。
[C] The research points out that an Israeli virus is the major cause of the collapse disorder since the virus was found in the hives and the royal jelly
[C] 研究指出一种以色列病毒是蜂房崩溃的主因，因为他们在蜂房和蜂王浆中都发现了这种病毒。
[D] They found that there were all kinds of viruses in the royal jelly which were also present in the infected hives.
[D] 他们在蜂王浆中发现的各种病毒在染病的蜂巢中也存在。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第四段和第五段，首先根据A选项显然是正确的，“They collected samples from infected hives and compared them not only with samples from apparently healthy hives but also with an analysis of royal jelly”。B选项有一定的难度，其实这种“a chemical that provides relevant information from the genetic perspective”就是在第四段中提到的RNA，即核糖核酸。D选项是正确的，对应信息在文章第四段的“Their analysis revealed the presence of various bacteria, fungi and viruses that were lurking in the hives and the royal jelly”。C选项的表述是不正确的，因为文章第五段指出了几种病毒，但是没有说明哪一种病毒是主因，因此答案为C选项。
5．According to the researchers, so many honey bees are dying probably because of the following reasons except_____
5．根据研究者们，这么多的蜜蜂都死了可能是因为除了____外的其他原因。
[A] the bees were affected with Israeli acute paralysis virus which was fatal to them.
[A] 蜜蜂感染了致命以色列急性麻痹病毒
[B] the hives were infected with a combination of viruses that leads to massive deaths of the bees.
[B] 蜂巢感染了一组病毒，导致了它们的大批死亡
[C] an unidentified virus which may be a new lineage of the Kashmiri bee virus or a new virus causes the disaster.
[C] 一种无法识别的病毒可能是克什米尔蜜蜂病毒的新变种或是一种全新的病毒导致了灾难的发生
[D] the varroa mite is believed to worsen the conditions of the infected bees and leave them more vulnerable to deadly diseases.
[D] 人们认为varroa mite使得染病的蜜蜂情况变得更糟糕，使他们更加容易受到治病疾病的侵袭
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]根据第六段，蜜蜂王国崩溃的主要原因一是因为可能染上以色列急性麻痹病毒，二是感染了新病毒，三是varroa mite的寄生虫使得感染病毒的蜜蜂更容易死亡。B选项不是导致该情况发生的原因，因为健康蜜蜂体内也存在这样的病毒。
参考译文：
当蜜蜂开始离开自己的蜂房、再也不回来的时候。这让养蜂人陷入了恐慌。那些壮年的蜜蜂离开了蜂皇、幼蜂和它们的食物储藏地。其它密封也没有去占领那些空的蜂房，反而像避瘟疫一样地避开。尽管表面上看起来没什么大的问题，研究者们现在找到了这个谜团的第一丝线索——一种比较新的病毒。
2006年至2007年的冬天，蜂房倒塌在美国随处可见，全国四分之一的养蜂人都遭受了损失，每个人都失去了30%到90%的工蜂。蜜蜂的高价值并不在于其生产的蜂蜜（在美国一年为2亿美元），而是因为它们可以给谷物授粉。养蜂人将蜂巢移到生长水果、蔬菜和坚果的地方，每年因此带来的收入为150亿美元。
这些帝国瓦解的原因一直让联邦和大学的科学家们头疼，因为没有多少蜜蜂可供研究。而在被遗弃蜂巢旁死去的成年蜜蜂几乎得过所有人类知道的蜜蜂可能得的病。宾西法尼亚州立大学的Diana Cox-Foster及其同事发表的一篇报道（发表于9月6号的《科学》杂志）将矛头指向了以色列急性麻痹病毒。研究者认为，这种疾病是从澳大利亚传入的。
因为许多因素可能共同导致蜜蜂王国的崩溃，Cox-Foster博士及其同事决定把他们在空巢中找到的所有东西都检查一遍。他们从受到感染的蜂巢中搜集了一些样品，不仅将其与正常健康的蜂巢样品作比较，而且和中国蜂王浆（喂养幼虫的蜜蜂分泌物）进行分析比较，这种蜂王浆没有受到这种奇怪的侵害。研究者从取样中提取了RNA，这是携带并帮助解读遗传信息的化学物质。他们的分析发现了许多细菌、真菌和病毒都潜伏在蜂巢和蜂王浆里。接着他们调查被遗弃的蜂巢中是否还有别的什么东西在其它地方是没有的。
他们发现的是一种2004年在中东首次确认的病毒。染上以色列急性麻痹病毒的蜜峰会颤抖，进而身体变僵硬，最后死去。但是病毒本身不可能是蜜蜂王国瓦解的唯一原因。最开始，所有感染该病毒的蜂巢也染有第二种病毒——克什米尔蜜蜂病毒。但是这种病毒在许多健康的蜜蜂体内也存在。奇怪的是，还有一种病毒研究者们不能辨别。他们怀疑这可能是克什米尔病毒的新变种，但是也可能是完全新型的病毒。第二种病毒在被抛弃的蜂巢中也能找到。
研究者承认为什么如此多蜜蜂死去的原因是一系列因素综合作用的结果，到目前为止只在美国出现。以色列急性麻痹病毒有可能因为一种名为varroa mite的寄生虫的存在而得到了摧毁性的效果。这种寄生虫减弱了蜜蜂的免疫系统，使得感染疾病的蜜蜂更容易是死亡。据说，澳大利亚的蜜蜂就没有受到这种寄生虫的侵害。
TEXT TWO
Once upon a time, the only ideologically acceptable explanations of mental differences between men and women were cultural. Any biologist who dared to suggest in public that perhaps evolution might work differently on the sexes, and that this might perhaps result in some underlying neurological inequalities, was likely to get tarred and feathered. Today, by contrast, biology tends to be an explanation of first resort in matters sexual. So it is salutary to come across an experiment which shows that a newly discovered difference which fits easily, at first sight, into the biological-determinism camp, actually does not belong there at all.
Writing in Psychological Science, a team led by Ian Spence of the University of Toronto describes a test performed on people's ability to spot unusual objects that appear in their field of vision. Success at spatial tasks like this often differs between the sexes (men are better at remembering and locating general landmarks; women are better at remembering and locating food), so the researchers were not surprised to discover a discrepancy between the two. The test asked people to identify an “odd man out” object in a briefly displayed field of two dozen otherwise identical objects. Men had a 68% success rate. Women had a 55% success rate.
Had they left it at that, Dr Spence and his colleagues might have concluded that they had uncovered yet another evolved difference between the sexes, come up with a “Just So” story to explain it in terms of division of labour on the African Savannah, and moved on. However, they did not leave it at that. Instead, they asked some of their volunteers to spend ten hours playing an action-packed, shoot-'em-up video game, called “Medal of Honour: Pacific Assault”. As a control, other volunteers were asked to play a decidedly non-action-packed puzzle game, called “Ballance”, for a similar time. Both sets were then asked to do the odd-man-out test again.
Among the Ballancers, there was no change in the ability to pick out the unusual. Among those who had played “Medal of Honour”, both sexes improved their performances. That is not surprising, given the different natures of the games. However, the improvement in the women was greater than the improvement in the men—so much so that there was no longer a significant difference between the two. Moreover, that absence of difference was long-lived. When the volunteers were tested again after five months, both the improvement and the lack of difference between the sexes remained. Though it is too early to be sure, it looks likely that the change in spatial acuity—and the abolition of any sex difference in that acuity—induced by playing “Medal of Honour” is permanent.
That has several implications. One is that playing violent computer games can have beneficial effects. Another is that the games might provide a way of rapidly improving spatial ability in people such as drivers and soldiers. And a third is that although genes are important, upbringing matters, too. In this instance, exactly which bit of upbringing remains unclear. Perhaps it has to do with the different games that boys and girls play. But without further research, that suggestion is as much of a “Just So” story as those tales from the savannah.
1．The “odd man out” object in the experiment of Ian Spence refers to _____
[A] a weird man.
[B] the different object.
[C] an ugly guy.
[D] something separated from others.
2. In Ian Spence’s experiment, the fact that men had higher success rate of identifying the “odd man out ”object proves that _____
[A] the biological-determinism is universal because men are better at remembering general landmarks than women.
[B] the cultural conclusion that women are of no difference with men in terms of judging objects.
[C] it is an accepted conclusion that men have higher success rate at spatial tasks than women.
[D] the biological discovery that men are genetically more intelligent than women.
3．The word “control ”(Line 6, Paragraph 3) most probably means _____
[A] contrast.
[B] regulation.
[C] monitor.
[D] manipulation.
4. Which one of the following case is NOT TURE of game player’s performances of identifying the “odd man out” object?
[A] There was no difference between men and women in identifying the “odd man out” object after playing the violent game.
[B] Women exceeds men at picking out the unusual object than men after playing the violent game.
[C] Men were the same as women at picking out the unusual object after playing “Balance”
[D] Women were more greatly improved in identifying the “odd man out” object after playing “Medal of Honour”.
5．From the game experiment by Ian Spence, the following conclusions can be drawn that_____
[A] violent games should be widely promoted to improve people’s ability of remembering and locating general landmarks.
[B] the reason that boys have better spatial ability is mainly because they play much more violent games.
[C] genes in determining the spatial ability can be changed by acquired practice.
[D] playing violent games could change people’s congenital ability.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了关于男女性别差异的一项研究。第一段讲述过去和当前生物学对男女性别差异的看法；第二、三、四、五段讲述多伦多大学的Ian Spence关于男女性别差异及其原因所作的一个试验。
词汇注释：
neurological adj. 神经学上的 salutary adj. 有益的
Savannah n. 大草原 acuity n. 敏度
难句突破：
(1) So it is salutary to come across an experiment which shows that a newly discovered difference which fits easily, at first sight, into the biological-determinism camp, actually does not belong there at all.
[主体句式] So it is salutary to come across an experiment…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句 , 前面which 引导的定语从句用来修饰experiment, 后面which引导的定语从句修饰difference。
[句子译文] 因此，当一项试验发明发现的一种差异第一眼看来和绝对论阵营一致、而实际上并非如此时，这是值得庆贺的。
(2)Had they left it at that, Dr Spence and his colleagues might have concluded that they had uncovered yet another evolved difference between the sexes, come up with a “Just So” story to explain it in terms of division of labour on the African savannah, and moved on.
[主体句式] Had they left it, Dr Spence and his colleagues might have concluded that, come up with …, and moved on.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，that 引导的是宾语从句，在该宾语从句中有三个并列的动词作句子谓语。
[句子译文] 如果实验到此为止，那么Spence博士和他的同事就可以得出结论，认为他们发现了性别之间另外一种差别，用一个“也就是如此”的故事来解释非洲大草原上的劳动分工，然后继续。。
题目分析：
1．The “odd man out” object in the experiment of Ian Spence refers to _____
1. 在Ian Spence的实验中，“孤立的物体” 指的是_____
[A] a weird man.
[A] 奇怪的人。
[B] the different object.
[B] 不同的物体。
[C] an ugly guy.
[C] 丑陋的人。
[D] something separated from others.
[D] 单个的物体。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据实验的内容“The test asked people to identify an “odd man out” object in a briefly displayed field of two dozen otherwise identical objects”，是要求试验者找出和其他物体不同的物体，第一段提到了要找出unusual object, 因此，选项A为正确答案。
2. In Ian Spence’s experiment, the fact that men had higher success rate of identifying the “odd man out ” object proves that _____
2. 在Ian Spence的实验中，男性在辨认异物方面有更高的成功率说明了_____
[A] the biological-determinism is universal because men are better at remembering general landmarks than women.
[A] 生物决定论是普适的，因为男性在记忆地标这一方面比女性要强。
[B] the conclusion that women are of no difference with men in terms of judging objects.
[B] 女人在判断物体方面与男人没有区别的结论。
[C] it is an accepted conclusion that men have higher success rate at spatial tasks than women.
[C] 一个已经被接受的结论，即男性比女性在空间任务完成方面有更高的成功率。
[D] the biological discovery that men are genetically more intelligent than women.
[D] 男性比女性更聪明的生物学发现。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第二段，A、C选项的表述是已有的结论，“men are better at remembering and locating general landmarks; women are better at remembering and locating food”从辨认异物能力来看男性判断事物能力也优于女性。D选项文章中没有提及，而且其表述显然也是错误的。文章第三、四段在描述试验结果是，指出了“Had they left it at that, Dr Spence and his colleagues might have concluded that they had uncovered yet another evolved difference between the sexes”，但是“Among the Ballancers, there was no change in the ability to pick out the unusual. Among those who had played “Medal of Honour”, both sexes improved their performances”可见男女差别几乎是不大的，因此答案为B选项。
3．The word “control ”(Line 6, Paragraph 3) most probably means _____
3．“control” (第三段第六行) 最有可能的意思是_____
[A] contrast.
[A] 对比。
[B] regulation.
[B] 规范。
[C] monitor.
[C] 监控。
[D] manipulation.
[D] 操纵。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据上下文“As a control, other volunteers were asked to play a decidedly non-action-packed puzzle game, called “Ballance”, for a similar time”，这两个游戏是两种不同的游戏，作者这样做是为了形成有一个控制组与那一组进行参照和对比，因此选项A选项为正确答案
4. Which one of the following case is NOT TURE of game player’s performances of identifying the “odd man out” object?
4. 关于游戏玩家辨认异物的表现，下列哪项陈述是错误的？
[A] There was no difference between men and women in identifying the “odd man out” object after playing the violent game.
[A] 玩完暴力游戏后，男性和女性在辨认异物方面没什么差别。
[B] Women exceeded men at picking out the unusual object than men after playing the violent game.
[B] 女性在玩完暴力游戏后，比男性选出异物的能力更强。
[C] Men were the same as women at picking out the unusual object after playing “Balance”
[C] 玩完暴力游戏后，男性和女性在挑拣出异物的能力是相同的。
[D] Women were more greatly improved in identifying the “odd man out” object after playing “Medal of Honour” than men.
[D] 女性在玩完“勇气勋章”游戏后辨别异物的能力增强的程度比男性要高。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第四段“Among the Ballancers, there was no change in the ability to pick out the unusual. Among those who had played “Medal of Honour”, both sexes improved their performances”以及“However, the improvement in the women was greater than the improvement in the men—so much so that there was no longer a significant difference between the two”，即玩完暴力游戏后，女性跟男性辨认异物的能力差不多，她们提高程度多，因此，选项中B是错误的。
5．From the game experiment by Ian Spence, the following conclusions can be drawn that_____
5．从Ian Spence的游戏试验中，可以得出以下结论 ___
[A] violent games should be widely promoted to improve people’s ability of remembering and locating general landmarks.
[A]应该大力普及暴力游戏，从而提高人们记忆和确定大路标的能力。
[B] the reason that boys have better spatial ability is mainly because they play much more violent games.
[B] 男孩方位感比较强是因为他们玩更多暴力游戏的结果。
[C] genes in determining the spatial ability can be changed by acquired practice.
[C] 决定方位能力的基因可以通过后天习得来改变。
[D] playing violent games could change people’s congenital ability.
[D] 玩暴力游戏可以改变人们的先天能力。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。C选项，基因不能发生改变，而是能力发生了改变，因此该选项是正确的。A选项显然不正确，因为文章中没有提到“violent games should be widely promoted”。Ｂ选项也文章最后一段中有所暗示，“Perhaps it has to do with the different games that boys and girls play”，但这只是一个猜测，不是定论。D选项更是明显错误的结论。因此正确答案为C选项。
参考译文：
过去，关于男性和女性之间思想存在差别唯一可以为人接受的解释就是文化。敢于在公共场合宣称进化在男女身上起不同的作用, 并称这可能导致了神经方面的不平等，这样的人可能会受到重罚。现在情况正好相反，当今生物学可能成为了性别方面差异的解释。因此，当一项试验发明发现的一种差异第一眼看来和绝对论阵营一致、而实际上并非如此时，这是值得庆贺的。
《心理科学》上报道，多伦多大学的Ian Spence领导的一个小组进行了一项实验，旨在研究人们发现视野中出现的的异物的能力。男性和女性完成这种空间实验的表现往往有差别 （男性在记忆和确定路标方面表现更优；女性在记忆和找出食物方位方面表现更好），因此研究者发现了性别之间的差异。该实验要求人们在24个相同物体的展示台上辨认出“孤立的物体”。男性的正确率为68%，而女性正确率为55%。
如果实验到此为止，那么Spence博士和他的同事就可以得出结论，认为他们发现了性别之间另外一种差别，用一个“也就是如此”的故事来解释非洲大草原上的劳动分工，然后继续。但是，他们却没有这样做。他们让一些志愿者花十个小时玩一种叫做“荣誉勋章：太平洋攻击”的捆绑行动射杀游戏。参照组的志愿者玩一种名为“平衡”的非捆绑行动的拼图游戏。然后再让两组人一起再做“孤立物体 ”试验。
“平衡”游戏的玩家前后表现没有什么变化。而“荣誉勋章”的玩家中，无论男性还是女性的表现都有所改善。这一点都不奇怪，因为游戏性质有别。但是，女性能力的增强幅度要比男性的幅度大，以至于最后两者之间已经没有明显的差别了。而且，这种差异的消失一直都会存在。五个月后志愿者又进行了一次测试时，玩家的能力进步与性别之间的无差别还保持不变。尽管现在下结论还为时尚早，但是因为“荣誉勋章”游戏引起的空间敏度差别，以及该敏度上男女差别的消失是一直不变的。
这个结论有几个意义。其中一个意义是玩暴力电脑游戏会有一些比较好的效果。另外一个意义为该游戏可以提供一种快速提高人们（如司机和士兵）能力的方法。第三个意义是，虽然基因很重要，但是后天的培养也很重要。在这个例子中，具体是哪些后天因素引起了能力的改变还不明确。也许这与男孩、女孩玩的不同游戏有关。由于没有进一步的研究，这种建议也只是“仅此而已”的故事罢了，这和大草原上的那些故事并没有两样。
TEXT THREE
The dinosaurs fell victim to an asteroid smashing into the Earth, but people have no plans to allow such a calamity to befall them. For the past decade or so, astronomers have been watching the skies to identify dangerous flying objects. One lump of rock, called Apophis, the Greek name for an Egyptian god of destruction, alarmed astronomers when it was first spotted in 2004. They now think it is extremely unlikely to hit the planet. Even so, a private company has just unveiled plans to visit it, in case Apophis does decide to pop in on Earth sometime soon.
The reason for the trip is that the orbits of asteroids are difficult to predict. Apophis is expected to sweep close enough to the Earth in 2029 to pass below the altitude of communications satellites. Depending on its exact path, it could pass through what is known as a keyhole—a narrow range of orbits—that would deflect it and cause it to crash into the planet when it comes round again exactly seven years later.
Hence the bid to launch a probe by Astrium, a spacecraft subsidiary of EADS, a European aerospace and defence giant. It would study the way in which Apophis is drifting because of the effects of sunlight and that would enable astronomers to plot its course more accurately. The probe would also map the details of Apophis's surface and determine its thermal properties, which would help identify the composition of the asteroid. Such information could prove invaluable if it became necessary to nudge the projectile from its path.
The idea is to launch the mission, called Apex, in 2013 and for it to rendezvous with the asteroid in January 2014. The probe would spend three years stalking Apophis so that, if it did appear to be heading towards the keyhole, action could be taken to divert it well before 2029. Improbable though astronomers think this particular impact may be, it would be good to know more about nearby asteroids so that when one does threaten to strike, its route can be changed. Apophis is some 350 metres across, considerably larger than the object that is thought to have flattened 2,000 square kilometres of Siberian forest as it vaporised in the atmosphere above Tunguska in 1908.
Smashing such an object to smithereens, a technique championed by Hollywood films, would be silly because the Earth would be pelted with lots of smaller bits of debris that could prove just as destructive, particularly near a city. Better to knock it off course or tow it away using the gravitational attraction of a spacecraft sent to divert it. The success of this approach would depend not only on the path the asteroid is expected to take, but also on how the material that forms it is bound together.
Astrium's plans have been submitted to the Planetary Society, a group of space enthusiasts that has stumped up $50,000 in prize money to inspire interest in a mission to Apophis. Given that the actual cost for such a mission would be more like $50m, both the American space agency, NASA, and its European counterpart are taking a close interest. It is they, after all, who would be footing most of the bill.
1. Apophis would probably hit on the earth when _____
[A] it pass through a narrow range of orbits which are equivalent of a keyhole.
[B] it is forced to deviate from its original course when passing through the keyhole.
[C] it passes below the altitude of communications satellites because of earth’s gravitation.
[D] it comes round the earth seven years later.
2．The word “stalking” (Line 2, Paragraph 4) most probably means _____
[A] investigating.
[B] tracking.
[C] approaching.
[D] foregoing.
3．Which one of the following statements is TURE of the case of the object in 1908?
[A] The object threatened but failed to destroy 2,000 square kilometers of Siberian forest.
[B] The object dissolved in the air because it was too small to hit upon the earth.
[C] The object turned out to be Apophis which visited the Earth seven years ago.
[D] The route of the object was thought by scientists to be impossible to head towards the Earth.
4．The technique of smashing the object to smithereens would be silly because _____
[A] it is only a fictitious technique that people created for Hollywood films.
[B] the smithereens may smash result in fatal damage to human habitats.
[C] lots of dangerous debris would fly around the earth under the gravitational atrraction.
[D] the asteroid would change its orbit and pose threat to the Earth when the object is smashed.
5. Astrium’s plans would be sponsored by _____
[A] the Planetary Society which is supported by NASA.
[B] the American and European space agencies.
[C] space enthusiasts who donate prize money.
[D] a private company called Astrium.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了人们关于预防行星撞击地球的一些情况和采取的措施。第一段讲述天文学家对行星Apophis的了解；第二段讲述一家私人公司为什么要开展追踪该行星的行动Astrium计划；第三、四段讲述该行动的一些情况；第五段讲述要采取的方法；第六段讲述Astrium计划现在已经上报给相关部门。
词汇注释：
asteroid n. 小行星 keyhole n.锁眼
nudge v. 轻推 projectile n. 射弹
stalk v. 追踪 pelt v. 猛落
难句突破：
Depending on its exact path, it could pass through what is known as a keyhole—a narrow range of orbits—that would deflect it and cause it to crash into the planet when it comes round again exactly seven years later.
[主体句式] It could pass through …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，前面的现代分词结构是作为句子的状语；what引导的是宾语从句，that 引导的定语从句用来修饰keyhole；该定语从句中，when引导的时间状语从句。
[句子译文] 从它的路线来看，七年后再次返回时它可能要经过一个小洞——狭窄的轨道区，这会导致这颗小行星偏离轨道，然后撞击地球。
(2)The probe would spend three years stalking Apophis so that, if it did appear to be heading towards the keyhole, action could be taken to divert it well before 2029.
[主体句式] The probe would spend three years… so that …action coule …
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，在后面的分句中，if 引导的是条件状语从句。
[句子译文] 该研究将用三年时间来追踪Apophis，如果它确实朝小洞进发，那么就展开行动在2029年前让它改变方向。
题目分析：
1. Apophis would probably hit on the earth when _____
1. Apophis可能会在_____的时候撞击地球。
[A] it pass through a narrow range of orbits which are equivalent of a keyhole.
[A] 通过锁眼大小的狭窄轨道区
[B] it is forced to deviate from its original course when passing through the keyhole.
[B] 通过小洞而被迫改变自己原来的路线
[C] it passes below the altitude of communications satellites because of Earth’s gravitation.
[C] 由于地球的重力而在通讯卫星高度以下的地方通过
[D] it comes round the earth seven years later.
[D] 7年后环绕地球
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第一段和第二段，撞击地球需要满足几个条件，在七年后返回时经过小轨道区时改变自己的路线，从而撞击地球。选项中B最为符合。
2．The word “stalking” (Line 2, Paragraph 4) most probably means _____
2．“stalking” (第四段第二行) 最有可能的意思是_____
[A] investigating.
[A] 研究。
[B] tracking.
[B] 追踪。
[C] approaching.
[C] 接近。
[D] foregoing.
[D] 居先。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文“The probe would spend three years stalking Apophis so that, if it did appear to be heading towards the keyhole, action could be taken to divert it well before 2029”，该研究用三年的时间主要是追踪该星体，随时注意其路线变化，选项中B最为符合。
3．Which one of the following statements is TURE of the case of the object in 1908?
3. 关于1908年的星体事件，下列那个陈述是正确的？
[A] The object threatened but failed to destroy 2,000 square kilometers of Siberian forest.
[A] 该星体有可能摧毁2000平方公里的西伯利亚森林，但最后没有发生。
[B] The object dissolved in the air because it was too small to hit upon the earth.
[B] 由于太小无法撞击地球，该星体在空中就消融了。
[C] The object turned out to be Apophis which visited the Earth seven years ago.
[C] 该星体就是七年前访问过地球的Apophis。
[D] The route of the object was thought by scientists to be impossible to head towards the Earth.
[D] 科学家认为该星体不可能撞击。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第四段“Apophis is some 350 metres across, considerably larger than the object that is thought to have flattened 2,000 square kilometres of Siberian forest as it vaporised in the atmosphere above Tunguska in 1908”，该星体本来要摧毁西伯利亚森林，但在这之前在空中蒸发了，所以选择A选项。B选项的错误在于颠倒了这个因果关系是不成立的，没有文章证据支持。C选项显然是错误的，因此该星体并不是Apophis。D选项的结论则过于绝对，也没有文章的内容与之对应。
4．The technique of smashing the object to smithereens would be silly because _____
4. 将星体击为碎片的技术是很愚蠢的，因为_____
[A] it is only a fictitious technique that people created for Hollywood films.
[A] 这只是人们专门为好莱坞电影设计的一种虚拟技术。
[B] the smithereens may result in fatal damage to human habitats.
[B] 这些碎片可能会撞击到地球上，给人类聚居地带来毁灭性灾难。
[C] lots of dangerous debris would fly around the earth under the gravitational attraction.
[C] 许多危险的碎片可能在重力的作用下在地球周围飞行。
[D] the asteroid would change its orbit and pose threat to the Earth when the object is smashed.
[D] 该星体在摧毁后小行星会改变自己的路线并给地球带来威胁。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第五段“Smashing such an object to smithereens, a technique championed by Hollywood films, would be silly because the Earth would be pelted with lots of smaller bits of debris that could prove just as destructive, particularly near a city”，这样的想法很愚蠢，因为小碎片飞落到地球上同样会撞击地球，产生摧毁性效果。因此，B选项最为符合题意。
5. Astrium’s plans would be sponsored by _____
5．Astrium的计划可能会得到____的资助。
[A] the Planetary Society which is supported by NASA.
[A] 由美国宇航局支持的行星学会
[B] the American and European space agencies.
[B] 美国和欧洲太空机构
[C] space enthusiasts who donate prize money.
[C] 捐钱的航空爱好者们
[D] a private company called Astrium.
[D] 一家名叫Astrium的私人公司
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据最后一段“Given that the actual cost for such a mission would be more like $50m, both the American space agency, NASA, and its European counterpart are taking a close interest. It is they, after all, who would be footing most of the bill”，支付大部分费用的将是美国空间局、宇航局和欧洲相关部门，因此B选项是正确答案。
参考译文：
恐龙因为一颗小行星撞击到了地球而灭绝了，不过人类可不会让这种灾难降临到他们身上。过去的几十年中，天文学家一直在观测天空，以辨明危险的飞行物。其中有一块巨石叫做Apophis, 这是个希腊名字，指的是埃及破坏之神。这块巨石于2004年被天文学家勘测到，引起了他们的警觉。目前他们认为Apophis不太可能撞击地球。即使有这样的论断，一家私人公司已经公开发表了要访问这颗小行星的计划，以防止它哪天忽然要撞击地球。
展开这次行动是因为小行星的运行轨道很难预测。Apophis可能于2029年非常接近地球，比通讯卫星离地球还要近。从它的路线来看，七年后再次返回时它可能要经过一个小洞——狭窄的轨道区，这会导致这颗小行星偏离轨道，然后撞击地球。
正因为如此，欧洲一家航空和防卫巨头EADs的一个太空船子公司Astrium才决定要进行一次探索。它将研究Apophis因太阳效应而漂浮的路线，这可以让天文学家更为精确地计算它的路线。该研究也会找出Apophis表面的详细信息，确定其热量成分，这有助于判定该行星的组成。如果这样的信息对于改变其路径非常有用的话，那就是很宝贵的信息了。
目前的计划就是在2013年发动Apex行动，于2014年与这颗小行星相会。该研究将用三年时间来追踪Apophis，如果它确实朝小洞进发，那么就展开行动在2029年前让它改变方向。尽管天文学家认为这颗小行星不太可能撞击地球，但是如果能更好地了解地球附近的行星，从而在其可能要撞击地球改变将其航线，这样做还是很好的。Apophis直径约为350米，要比本来可能夷平2000平方公里的西伯利亚森林的那个星体更大，该星体1908年在通古斯卡河上空蒸发了。
将这样的物体击为碎片，这是好莱坞电影才有的特技，这种想法很傻，因为这些小碎片飞落到地球上同样有毁灭性的后果，尤其在城市附近落下的话。最好让其改变航线或者利用太空飞船的万有引力来将它拖走。这种方法要取得成功，不仅要看行星的运行路线，还要看组成该行星的物质是如何结合在一起的。
Astrium计划已经交到行星学会，该学会由一群宇宙狂热者组成，他们设立了五万美金的奖励来激励人们对Apophis行动的兴趣。因为这样的行动实际花费是五亿多美元，因此美国空间局、国家航空和宇宙航行局以及欧洲的相关部门都非常关注，因为他们得支付大部分的费用。
TEXT FOUR
Walk along the River Warnow, in northern Germany, and you may be lucky enough to spot a SeaFalcon, a sleek, white machine with two propellers, two wings and a distinctly un-birdlike tail. It looks like an aircraft. Which is what it is. Except, it isn't. It is a ship—at least in the eyes of the International Marine Organisation, which regulates such things. That matters, because ships are much more lightly regulated than aircraft.
The SeaFalcon is really a ground-effect vehicle. It flies only over water and only two metres above that water. This means the air beneath its wings is compressed, giving it additional lift. In effect, it is floating on a cushion of air. That makes it far cheaper to run than a plane of equivalent size, while the fact that it is flying means it is far faster—at 80-100 knots—than a ship of any size. Its designer, Dieter Puls, thus hopes it will fill a niche for the rapid transport of people and light goods in parts of the world where land and sea exist in similar proportions.
The theory of ground-effect vehicles goes back to the 1920s, when Carl Wieselsberger, a German physicist, described how the ground effect works. There was then a period of silence, followed by a false start. In the 1960s the Soviet armed forces thought that ground-effect vehicles would be ideal for shifting heavy kit around places like the Black Sea. Their prototypes did fly, but were never deployed in earnest—and their jet engines consumed huge amounts of fuel.
This did, however, prove that the idea worked. And two German engineers, Mr Puls and Hanno Fischer, have taken it up and made it work by using modern, composite materials for the airframes, and propellers rather than jets for propulsion. One reason the Soviet design was so thirsty is that the power needed to lift a ground-effect vehicle is far greater than that needed to sustain it in level flight. The Soviet design used heavy jet engines to deliver the power needed for take-off. But the SeaFalcon uses a hydrofoil to lift itself out of the water, and Airfish 8 uses what Mr Fischer calls a hoverwing—a system of pipes that takes air which has passed through the propeller and blasts it out under the craft during take-off.
The next stage is to begin production in earnest—and that seems to be about to happen. Mr Puls says he has signed a deal with an Indonesian firm for an initial order of ten, while both he and Mr Fischer are in discussions with Wigetworks, a Singaporean company, with a view to starting production next year. South-East Asia, with its plethora of islands and high rate of economic growth is just the sort of place where ground-effect vehicles should do well.
But a note of caution is needed. For another sort of ground-effect vehicle was also expected to do well and ended up going nowhere. The hovercraft differed from the vehicles designed by Messrs Puls and Fischer in that it relied on creating its own cushion of air, rather than having one provided naturally. That meant it could go on land as well as sea—which was thought at the time to be a winning combination. Sadly, it was not. Hovercraft have almost disappeared. But then, in the eyes of the regulators, they counted as aircraft.
According to the first paragraph, which one of the following statements is TURE of the SeaFalcon?
[A] SeaFalcon looks like an aircraft and is a kind of aircraft as a matter of fact.
[B] SeaFalcon is not defined as a ship by the IMO because it is lighter than an aircraft.
[C] SeaFalcon is both regarded as an aircraft because of its external form and a ship because of its fun_ction.
[D] SeaFalcon is made with the appearance of a ship in order to avoid the regulation of IMO.
The SeaFalcon is different from the real aircraft in that_____
[A] the device of air cushion is deployed in the SeaFalcon to provide the power for lift.
[B] the SeaFalcon is far cheaper and smaller than an aircraft.
[C] the SeaFalcon could only fly a few meters above the water.
[D] the SeaFalcon adopt a kind of engine that is essentially different from an aircraft.
3．The prototypes made by the Soviet armed forces in 1960s was a false start probably because _____
[A] the principle of the effect-ground vehicles was not deployed in earnest.
[B] the prototypes led to scientists believing that such vehicle would never work.
[C] the prototype was not an ideal vehicle to shift heavy kit in the Black Sea.
[D] the prototype was made more like a jet rather than a ship.
4. The design made by Mr Puls and Hanno Fischer proved to be a successful case because of the following reasons that ____
[A] the power needed for level flight was much smaller than a ground-effect vehicle.
[B] the vehicles designed by them were already well accepted by the commercial circle.
[C] learn from the Soviet lesson and did not adopt the jet engine in the design, but used hydrofoil instead.
[D] it has already won immense support from South-eastern Asian countries which were eager for such vehicles.
5．Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the hovercraft?
[A] It was generally believed that to be able to go on land as well as sea was a great advantage of a hovercraft.
[B] The hovercraft was in fact a ground-effect vehicle rather than an aircraft.
[C] The special characteristics of the hovercraft were the actual reason attributing to its disappearance.
[D] The hovercraft proved to be a failure mainly because of its power system.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了一种气垫车“海鹰”。第一段讲述了“海鹰”的大概情况；第二段讲述了海鹰的飞行原理；第三、四段讲述了人们研究气垫车的历史；第四段讲述了Puls先生目前与一些国家已经签订了合同；第五段讲述对这种新事物还是应该存在谨慎的态度。
词汇注释：
sleek adj. 圆滑的 propeller n. 螺旋桨
propulsion n. 推进力 hydrofoil n. 水翼
plethora n. 过多
难句突破：
And two German engineers, Mr Puls and Hanno Fischer, have taken it up and made it work by using modern, composite materials for the airframes, and propellers rather than jets for propulsion.
[主体句式] And two German engineers have taken it up and made it …
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句。Mr Puls and Hanno Fischer是主语的同位语，后面by using…for… and … for …是方式状语。
[句子译文] 两位德国工程师Dieter Puls和Hanno Fischer接手了这项工作，他们使用现代复合材料制造机身，用螺旋推进器而不是喷气机作为推动力。
Mr Puls says he has signed a deal with an Indonesian firm for an initial order of ten, while both he and Mr Fischer are in discussions with Wigetworks, a Singaporean company, with a view to starting production next year.
[主体句式] Mr Puls says he has signed …while both he and Mr Fischer are in discussions with… with a view to…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，在后面的分句中with a view…做句子的状语。
[句子译文] Puls先生说他已经和一家印尼公司签订了合同，首期制造十架飞机，而他和Fischer先生都在和新加坡公司Wigetworks商谈，可能明年会投入生产。
题目分析：
1．According to the first paragraph, which one of the following statements is TURE of the SeaFalcon?
1．根据第一段，哪个陈述是关于海鹰正确的描述？
[A] SeaFalcon looks like an aircraft and is a kind of aircraft as a matter of fact.
[A] 海鹰看起来像飞机，实际上是一种飞机。
[B] SeaFalcon is not defined as a ship by the IMO because it is lighter than an aircraft.
[B]国际航海组织没有把海鹰定义为船，因此它比飞机轻。
[C] SeaFalcon is both regarded as an aircraft because of its external form and a ship because of its fun_ction.
[C] 海鹰因其外形而被认为是飞机，因其作用而被认为是船。
[D] SeaFalcon is made with the appearance of a ship in order to avoid the regulation of IMO.
[D] 海鹰的外形像船是为了避免国际航海组织的条款限制。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 根据第一段，有一句话是它看起来像艘飞机，也确实如此。A选项是正确的，而C选项显然不正确，海鹰没有同时被认为是飞机和船。B选项的错误是对文章第一段最后一句话的误解，“That matters, because ships are much more lightly regulated than aircraft”即“这至关重要，因为船要比飞机受到的约束少很多”，这里lightly不是“轻”的意思，而是“少”的意思。D选项也是错误的，海鹰外形像飞机而不是像船。因此答案为A选项。
２．The SeaFalcon is different from the real aircraft in that_____
２．海鹰和真正的飞机不同的地方在于_____
[A] the device of air cushion is deployed in the SeaFalcon to provide the power for lift.
[A] 海鹰采用了气垫装置来给起飞提供能量。
[B] the SeaFalcon is far cheaper and smaller than an aircraft.
[B] 海鹰比飞机要便宜很多、也小很多。
[C] the SeaFalcon could only fly a few meters above the water.
[C] 海鹰只能在水上几米的高度飞行。
[D] the SeaFalcon adopt a kind of engine that is essentially different from an aircraft.
[D]海鹰采用了一种与飞机不同的引擎。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第二段“his means the air beneath its wings is compressed, giving it additional lift. In effect, it is floating on a cushion of air”，海鹰和飞机不同之处在于用气垫来提供升力；B选项海鹰的价格在文章中没有提到。C选项也显然不是最重要的区别。D选项，文章没提到这一点。因此，答案为A选项。
3．The prototypes made by the Soviet armed forces in 1960s was a false start probably because _____
3. 苏联武装力量在60年代制造的原型是个错误的开头，因为_____
[A] the principle of the ground-effect vehicles was not deployed in earnest.
[A] 没有真正地运用气垫车的原理。
[B] the prototypes led to scientists believing such vehicle would never work.
[B] 原型是科学家们相信这样的交通工具不能通行。
[C] the prototype was not an ideal vehicle to shift heavy kit in the Black Sea.
[C] 原型不是黑海地区运输重物理想的工具。
[D] the prototype was made more like a jet rather than a ship.
[D] 原型更像是飞机而不是船。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 根据第三段“Their prototypes did fly, but were never deployed in earnest—and their jet engines consumed huge amounts of fuel”，之所以错误是因为他们的喷射引擎需要消耗大量燃料，没有用气垫原理。因此，答案为A选项。
4. The design made by Mr Puls and Hanno Fischer proved to be a successful case because of the following reasons except_____
4．Mr Puls and Hanno Fischer的设计是个成功案例，因为以下除了____外的原因。
[A] the power needed for level flight was much smaller than a ground-effect vehicle.
[A] 用来进行水平飞行的动力比地面交通工具要小得多
[B] the vehicles designed by them were already well accepted by the commercial circle.
[B] 他们设计的车已经得到了商业界的广泛接受
[C] learn from the Soviet lesson and did not adopt the jet engine in the design, but used hydrofoil instead.
[C] 学习了苏联的教训，在设计中没有采用飞机引擎，而是使用了水翼
[D] it has already won immense support from South-eastern Asian countries which were eager for such vehicles.
[D] 它已经赢得了东南亚国家的广泛支持，这些国家迫切需要这种交通工具
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。A选项在文中没有相关内容的介绍。B选项明显错误，原文没有提到是否得到了商业界的接收。C选项对应于文章第四段“The Soviet design used heavy jet engines to deliver the power needed for take-off. But the SeaFalcon uses a hydrofoil to lift itself out of the water, and Airfish 8 uses what Mr Fischer calls a hoverwing—a system of pipes that takes air which has passed through the propeller and blasts it out under the craft during take-off”，因而是正确的。D选项有较强的干扰性，文章第五段最后一句话指出“South-East Asia, with its plethora of islands and high rate of economic growth is just the sort of place where ground-effect vehicles should do well”，但这并不是说明这种交通工具已经赢得了广泛支持，因此该选项错误。
5．Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the hovercraft?
5．下列哪个陈述是关于气垫车的正确描述？
[A] It was generally believed that to be able to go on land as well as sea was a great advantage of a hovercraft.
[A] 人们普遍认为能够在陆地和海上运行是气垫车的一个巨大优势。
[B] The hovercraft was in fact a ground-effect vehicle rather than an aircraft.
[B] 气垫车实际上是气垫运输工具而不是飞机。
[C] The special characteristics of the hovercraft were the actual reason attributing to its disappearance.
[C] 气垫车的特性是其消失的真正原因。
[D] The hovercraft proved to be a failure mainly because of its power system.
[D] 气垫车失败的主要原因在于其动力系统。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 根据最后一段，A选项是正确的，其对应信息为“That meant it could go on land as well as sea—which was thought at the time to be a winning combination”。B，气垫车实际上是飞机，因此该选项错误。C和D选项错误是因为文章并没有谈到气垫车消失的原因。因此，A选项为正确答案。
参考译文：
沿着德国北部的Warnow河散步，如果幸运的话你就能看到“海鹰”，这是一种圆圆的白色机器，有两个螺旋桨，两个机翼和一个不像鸟类尾巴的机尾。它看起来像飞机，也确实是飞机。除此之外，它并不是飞机，而是一艘船，至少国际航海组织是这样认为的，该组织负责下达此类规定。这种界定是至关重要的，因为船要比飞机受到的约束少很多。
“海鹰”是一种气垫车，只会在水面上飞行且只能高出水面两米。这就意味着其机翼下是压缩空气，从而提供了额外的升力。实际上，它是在气垫上漂浮的。这样比运行同等大小的飞机省钱得多。其设计者Dieter Puls因此希望可以为人们的快速行动提供一个特殊的空间，在那些陆地和海洋面积相仿的地区运送货物。
制造气垫车的理念要回溯到上个世纪20年代，德国物理学家Carl Wieselsberger描述了气垫的原理。接着是一段沉寂期，后来又是一个错误的开始。60年代，苏联军队认为气垫车可以用在黑海附近区域运输沉重的工具。他们制造的模型也确实可以飞行，但是却没有进行真正的部署，此外他们的喷射引擎需要消耗大量的燃料。
但这却说明这个主意是可行的。两位德国工程师Dieter Puls和Hanno Fischer接手了这项工作，他们使用现代复合材料制造机身，用螺旋推进器而不是喷气机作为推动力。苏联的模型耗燃料如此之大的的一个原因是用来拉升气垫车的动力要比维持其水平飞行的动力更大。苏联设计使用了重喷气引擎来传输起飞需要的动力，但是海鹰使用了水翼来将自己拉出海面，飞鱼8使用的是一种被Fischer先生称做盘旋翼的导管系统，该系统吸取通过推进器的空气，在起飞时将其喷出。
下一个步骤就是真正来制造这种气垫车了，这好像马上就会成为可能。Puls先生说他已经和一家印尼公司签订了合同，首期制造十架飞机，而他和Fischer先生都在和新加坡公司Wigetworks商谈，可能明年会投入生产。东南亚因为岛屿众多，且经济增长速度很快，正是气垫车发挥作用的好地方。
但还是需要谨慎一些，因为有另外一种气垫车运行良好，但是最后却失败了。气垫船和Puls 及Fischer先生设计的气垫车的不同之处在于依靠前者自有的气垫而不是自然的气垫。这意味着它可以在陆地行使，也可以在海上行驶，当时认为是双赢的组合。令人沮丧的是，结果却不是这样。这种气垫船几乎已经消失了。而在当时管理者的眼里，它们是飞机。
TEXT ONE
Although it symbolises a bright idea, the traditional incandescent light bulb is a dud. It wastes huge amounts of electricity, radiating 95% of the energy it consumes as heat rather than light. Its life is also relatively short, culminating in a dull pop as its filament fractures. Now a team of researchers has devised a light bulb that is not only much more energy-efficient—it is also expected to last longer than the devices into which it is inserted. Moreover, the lamp could be used for rear-projection televisions as well as general illumination.
The trick to a longer life, for light bulbs at least, is to ensure that the lamp has no electrodes. Although electrodes are undeniably convenient for plugging bulbs directly into the lighting system, they are also the main reason why lamps fail. The electrodes wear out. They can react chemically with the gas inside the light bulb, making it grow dimmer. They are also difficult to seal into the structure of the bulb, making the rupture of these seals another potential source of failure.
Scientists working for Ceravision, a company based in Milton Keynes, in Britain, have designed a new form of lamp that eliminates the need for electrodes. Their device uses microwaves to transform electricity into light. It consists of a relatively small lump of aluminium oxide into which a hole has been bored. When the aluminium oxide is bombarded with microwaves generated from the same sort of device that powers a microwave oven, a concentrated electric field is created inside the void.
If a cylindrical capsule containing a suitable gas is inserted into the hole, the atoms of the gas become ionised. As electrons accelerate in the electric field, they gain energy that they pass on to the atoms and molecules of the gas as they collide with them, creating a glowing plasma. The resulting light is bright, and the process is energy-efficient. Indeed, whereas traditional light bulbs emit just 5% of their energy as light, and fluorescent tubes about 15%, the Ceravision lamp has an efficiency greater than 50%.
Because the lamp has no filament, the scientists who developed it think it will last for thousands of hours of use—in other words, for decades. Moreover, the light it generates comes from what is almost a single point, which means that the bulbs can be used in projectors and televisions. Because of this, the light is much more directional and the lamp could thus prove more efficient than bulbs that scatter light in all directions. Its long life would make the new light ideal for buildings in which the architecture makes changing light bulbs complicated and expensive. The lamps' small size makes them comparable to light-emitting diodes but the new lamp generates much brighter light than those semiconductor devices do. A single microwave generator can be used to power several lamps.
Another environmental advantage of the new design is that it does not need mercury, a highly toxic metal found in most of the bulbs used today, including energy-saving fluorescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes and the high-pressure bulbs used in projectors. And Ceravision also reckons it should be cheap to make. With lighting accounting for some 20% of electricity use worldwide, switching to a more efficient system could both save energy and reduce emissions of climate-changing greenhouse gases.
1．The fun_ction of electrodes in the traditional lamp is to _____
[A] transform electricity into light through chemical reaction with the gas inside the bulb.
[B] seal the rupture of the structure of the bulb so as to prevent potential failure.
[C] connect the glass housing with the lighting device.
[D] seal the bulbs into the lighting system to ensure that the bulb’s normal fun_ction.
2. Which one of the following statements is TURE of the design principle of the new lamp?
[A] No electricity is conducted into the lamp from outside.
[B] The energy is created by the collision of the electrons and atoms and molecules of the gas.
[C] The light is created by the ionized atoms of the gas.
[D] The electricity is created as the atoms of the gas are ionized.
3．The new type of lamp can be energy-efficient because of the following reason except_____
[A] the light it generates focuses on one direction indeed of scatter light.
[B] the light it generates is more concentrated.
[C] only microwave acts as the power supplier for the lamp.
[D] the light it generates is more bright.
4. The new light is ideal for some special buildings mentioned in the passage because_____
[A] the new light bulbs are not so complicated nor expensive.
[B] the new light bulbs are more advantageous than the semiconductor devices.
[C] the new light bulbs can last for a much longer time.
[D] the new light bulbs makes light changing easier and cheaper.
5. Which one of the following is NOT the advantage of this new lamp?
[A] It is environment friendly.
[B] It can be made at a lower cost.
[C] It is safer for people.
[D] It is multi-purpose.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了一种新发明的灯泡。第一段讲述白炽灯的缺点和新灯泡的优点；第二段讲述白炽灯泡不耐用的原因；第三段讲述一家英国公司发明的新灯泡；第四段讲述这种新灯泡的原理；第五、六段讲述新灯泡的优点。
词汇注释：
incandescent adj. 白炽的 dud n. （口语）不中用的东西
filament n. 灯丝 electrode n. 电极
ionise v. 电离 plasma n. 等离子体
diode n. 二极管 toxic adj.中毒的，有毒的
难句突破：
When the aluminium oxide is bombarded with microwaves generated from the same sort of device that powers a microwave oven, a concentrated electric field is created inside the void.
[主体句式]When the aluminium oxide is bombarded with…, a concentrated electric field is …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，when引导的是时间状语从句，该从句中，that 引导的是定语从句用来修饰device。
[句子译文] 当氧化铝在真空中被微波撞击时（产生该微波的装置和微波炉是一样的），就形成了一个密集电场。
As electrons accelerate in the electric field, they gain energy that they pass on to the atoms and molecules of the gas as they collide with them, creating a glowing plasma.
[主体句式] As electrons accelerate …, they gain energy… as they collide…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，as引导的是时间状语从句；主句中that引导的是定语从句用来修饰energy, as引导的时间状语从句，creating…现在分词结构做状语。
[句子译文] 随着电场中电子运动的加速，电子与气体的原子和分子结合之后，把传递到原子和分子上的能量聚集起来，制造出一片光亮的等离子体。
题目分析：
1．The fun_ction of electrodes in the traditional lamp is to _____
1．传统灯中的电极的作用是_____
[A] transform electricity into light through chemical reaction with the gas inside the bulb.
[A] 利用灯泡中的气体，通过化学反应将电转换成光。
[B] seal the rupture of the structure of the bulb so as to prevent potential failure.
[B] 封住灯泡结构中的裂缝以便于预防可能出现的失败现象。
[C] connect the glass housing with the lighting device.
[C] 将玻璃外表和发光设备联系起来。
[D] seal the bulbs into the lighting system to ensure the bulb’s normal fun_ction.
[D] 将灯泡封入发光系统以保证灯泡的正常功能。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第二段“Although electrodes are undeniably convenient for plugging bulbs directly into the lighting system, they are also the main reason why lamps fail”，电极的作用是将灯泡和发光系统联系起来。因此答案为B选项。
2. Which one of the following statements is TURE of the design principle of the new lamp?
2．关于新灯泡的设计原理，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] No electricity is conducted into the lamp from outside.
[A] 电流不是从外部引入电灯的。
[B] The energy is created by the collision of the electrons and atoms and molecules of the gas.
[B] 能量是通过气体中的电子、原子和分子的碰撞产生的。
[C] The light is created by the ionized atoms of the gas.
[C] 光是靠气体电离化的原子产生的。
[D] The electricity is created as the atoms of the gas are ionized.
[D] 电是在气体原子电离化时产生的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第四段“As electrons accelerate in the electric field, they gain energy that they pass on to the atoms and molecules of the gas as they collide with them, creating a glowing plasma”，新灯泡没有电流从外面引入，而是电子和气体原子、分子结合产生的。因此，选项A符合题意。
3．The new type of lamp can be energy-efficient because of the following reason except_____
3．新灯泡是节能的因为除____外的其他原因。
[A] the light it generates focuses on one direction instead of scatter light.
[A] 它产生的光来自一个点而不是分散的光
[B] the light it generates is more concentrated.
[B] 它产生的光很聚合
[C] only microwave acts as the power supplier for the lamp.
[C] 只有微波作为其能量供应来源
[D] the light it generates is more bright.
[D] 产生的光更加明亮
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。根据第五段，之所以节能是因为灯光更定向，产生的光很聚合，也很明亮，但一个微波发生器就可以提供能量了。而A选项的表述只是意味着可以用于放映机和电视。因此，只有A选项是不正确的理由。
4. The new light is ideal for some special buildings mentioned in the passage because_____
4. 新灯泡是一些文中提到的特殊建筑的理想设施，因为_____
[A] the new light bulbs are not so complicated nor expensive.
[A] 新灯泡简单而且廉价。
[B] the new light bulbs are more advantageous than the semiconductor devices.
[B] 新灯泡比那些半导体装置具有更大的优势。
[C] the new light bulbs can last for a much longer time.
[C] 新灯泡可以持续用很长时间。
[D] the new light bulbs makes light changing easier and cheaper.
[D] 新灯泡可以使得换灯更简单且廉价。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第六段“Its long life would make the new light ideal for buildings in which the architecture makes changing light bulbs complicated and expensive”，因为一些建筑物设计很特别，所以更换灯泡复杂且昂贵，这种灯泡寿命长，不用经常更换，因此适用于这种建筑。选项中D符合题意。
5. Which one of the following is NOT the advantage of this new lamp?
5. 下列哪个不是新灯泡的优点？
[A] It is environment friendly.
[A] 新灯泡环保。
[B] It can be made at a lower cost.
[B] 新灯泡成本低。
[C] It is safer for people.
[C] 新灯泡很安全。
[D] It is multi-purpose.
[D] 新灯泡是多功能的。
[答案]Ｄ
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 根据最后一段“Another environmental advantage of the new design is that it does not need mercury, a highly toxic metal found in most of the bulbs used today, including energy-saving fluorescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes and the high-pressure bulbs used in projectors”，可见因为不需要水银，所以环保而且安全；其造价很低。而D选项没有说明，因此答案为D。
参考译文：
虽然传统的白炽灯泡一直被认为是个伟大的发明，但它其实是不中用的东西。白炽灯浪费了大部分的电，将95%的能量都转化为热而不是光，其寿命也相对较短，随着灯丝断裂，啪的一声灯泡也走到了终点。目前一群研究人员已经发明出一种灯泡，不仅节能，而且比灯泡装置的寿命更长。而且，该灯泡既可用于背投电视，也可用于全面照明。
长寿的秘诀，至少对于灯泡来说，就是保证灯泡没有电极。虽然不可否认电极可以很方便地将灯泡连接到发光系统，但是这同时也是灯泡为什么坏掉的主要原因：是因为电极用完了。电极会与灯泡里面的气体产生化学反应，这样灯泡就变暗了。将电极与灯泡的组织焊死也非常困难，而这些焊接的裂缝正是灯泡坏掉的另外一个潜在原因。
Ceravision是一家位于英国米林基那斯的公司，其科学家设计出一种新式的电灯，可以不用电极。他们的这个装置使用微波来将电转化为光。该装置包括一块较小的氧化铝，在上面有一个洞。当氧化铝在真空中被微波撞击时（产生该微波的装置和微波炉是一样的），就形成了一个密集电场。
如果把包着适当气体的圆柱形封壳塞入洞中，气体的原子就会被电离。随着电场中电子运动的加速，电子与气体的原子和分子结合之后，把传递到原子和分子上的能量聚集起来，制造出一片光亮的等离子体。其产生的光是非常明亮的，而过程也很节能。实际上，传统的电灯只将5%的能量转化为光，荧光灯泡的比率为15%，而Ceravision电灯的能耗比率要大于50%。
因为这种电灯没有灯丝，所以研制该电灯的科学家认为其使用寿命可达几万个小时，换句话说，可以用几十年。而且，这种电灯产生的灯光是从一点发出的，这就意味着灯泡可以用在放映机和电视上。同时因为这个原因，这种灯泡的灯光更为定向，比散射的灯泡要更加节能。有些建筑师设计的建筑物比较特别，更换灯泡非常复杂且昂贵，而使用这种这种寿命较长的灯泡就比较理想了。这种灯泡体积较小，可以与二极管相媲美，但其发出的光要比半导体装置的光更为明亮。单一个微波发生器就可以为几个灯泡提供能量。
这种新灯泡另外的一个环保优点就是不需要水银，而水银一种高毒性的液体，今天我们使用的大部分灯泡中都有这种液体，包括节能的荧光灯、荧光管和用在投影机上的高压灯。Ceravision承认新灯泡的造价也很低廉。全世界20%的电力消耗都用于照明，因此使用更为高效的系统不仅可以节约能源，而且可以减少导致温室效应的气体排放。
TEXT TWO
For its supporters, the idea of growing single-celled algae on exhaust gas piped from power stations is the ultimate in recycling. For its detractors, it is a mere pipe dream. Whoever turns out to be right, though, it is an intriguing idea: instead of releasing the carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels into the atmosphere, why not recapture it by photosynthesis? The result could then be turned into biodiesel (since many species of algae store their food reserves as oil), or even simply dried and fed back into the power station. Of course, if it were really that easy, someone would have done it already. But although no one has yet commercialised the technology, several groups are trying.
One of them is GS CleanTech, which has developed a bioreactor based on a patent held by a group of scientists at the Ohio Coal Research Centre, at the University of Ohio. The GS CleanTech bioreactor uses a parabolic mirror to funnel sunlight into fibre-optic cables that carry the light to acrylic “glow plates” inside the reactor. These diffuse the light over vertical sheets of polyester that form the platform on which the algae grow. Eventually the polyester is unable to support the weight of the algae, and they fall off into a collection duct positioned underneath.
GreenFuel Technologies, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, has a different approach. Its reactor is composed of a series of clear tubes, each with a second, opaque tube nested inside. This arrangement makes it possible to bubble the exhaust gas down through the outer compartment and then bubble it back up through the opaque middle. The bubbling gas causes turbulence and circulates the algae around the reactor. The constant shift between light and darkness as the algal cells circulate increases the amount of carbon that they fix, probably by promoting chemical reactions that occur naturally only at night.
A preliminary test of GreenFuel's reactor design, which was performed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's campus power plant, suggested that it can remove 75% of the carbon dioxide from a power station's exhaust. A more serious test is now being carried out by Arizona Public Service, that state's power utility, at its Redhawk plant. Another test is planned in Louisiana.
GreenFuel claims that over the course of a year, a hectare (2.5 acres) of its reactors should be able to produce 30,000 litres (8,000 American gallons) of oil, which could be used as biodiesel, and enough carbohydrates to be fermented into 9,000 litres of ethanol, which can be used as a substitute for petrol.
There is, of course, no free lunch. As Rob Carlson of the University of Washington points out, if money is to be made selling products made from exhaust gas, then that gas goes from being waste matter to being a valuable resource. Far from giving it away, power companies might even start charging for it. That would, indeed, be a reversal of fortune.
1．The word “intriguing” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
[A] challenging.
[B] promising.
[C] complicated.
[D] alluring.
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the bioreactor developed by GS CleanTech? [A] No exhaust gas is used in this bioreactor.
[B] The “glow plates” are used to conduct the sunlight.
[C] Sunlight comes into the fibre-optic cables through holes in the parabolic mirror.
[D] Photosynthesis is carried out by the algae in the collection duct.
3．The collection duct positioned underneath is used to_____
[A] hold the vertical sheets of polyester that fall off.
[B] substitute the platform on which the algae grows.
[C] obtain the overweight algae.
[D] take the place of polyester after light is diffused on it.
4. The approach developed by the GreenFuel Technologies is different from that by GS CleanTech in that_____
[A] there is no photosynthesis in the reactor of GreenFuel Technologies.
[B] the light used for photosynthesis is produced by the reactor itself.
[C] the algal cells fix carbon in the process.
[D] the exhaust gas acts as the motive force.
5．The reactors of GreenFuel could produce the following fuels except_____
[A] biodiesel.
[B] ethanol.
[C] alcohol.
[D] fossil fuel.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了绿色燃料的生产情况。第一段讲述了人们希望可以利用光合作用来生成燃料；第二、三段讲述有两家公司都在生产绿色燃料，但是使用了技术不同；第四、五段讲述绿色燃料开发使用的地点和规模；第六段讲述将来电力公司可能会对绿色燃料实行收费。
词汇注释：
detractor n. 恶意批评者 pipe dream 白日梦
biodiesel n. 生物燃料 parabolic mirror n. 抛物柱面镜
acrylic adj. 丙烯酸的 duct n. 管
carbohydrate n. 碳水化合物 ferment v. 发酵
ethanol n. 乙醇; 酒精
难句突破：
(1) The constant shift between light and darkness as the algal cells circulate increases the amount of carbon that they fix, probably by promoting chemical reactions that occur naturally only at night.
[主体句式] The constant shift as the algal cells circulate increases …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，as引导的是时间状语从句，that引导的是定语从句修饰carbon， by promoting…作方式状语。
[句子译文] 随着藻类的运动，光亮和黑暗交替出现，把碳固定住并不断增加其数量，这可能是通过促成只在晚上进行的化学反应而产生的。
(2) A preliminary test of GreenFuel's reactor design, which was performed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's campus power plant, suggested that it can remove 75% of the carbon dioxide from a power station's exhaust.
[主体句式] A preliminary test suggested that …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，which引导的是design的定语从句；that引导的是宾语从句。
[句子译文] 绿色燃料公司称该设计的最初试验是在麻省理工大学校园的发电厂里进行的，该实验证明可以将发电厂排出废气的75%清除掉。
题目分析：
1．The word “intriguing” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
1．“intriguing” （第一段第三行）最有可能的意思是_____
[A] challenging.
[A] 引起挑战兴趣的。
[B] promising.
[B] 有希望的。
[C] complicated.
[C] 复杂的。
[D] alluring.
[D] 迷人的。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文“Whoever turns out to be right, though, it is an intriguing idea: instead of releasing the carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels into the atmosphere, why not recapture it by photosynthesis”，尽管有支持者和反对者，但是可见这个主意还是非常吸引人的，令人向往的，因此选项中D最为符合。
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the bioreactor developed by GS CleanTech?
2. 关于GS CleanTech研发的生物反应器，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] No exhaust gas is used in this bioreactor.
[A] 生物反应器中没有使用废气。
[B] The “glow plates” are used to conduct the sunlight.
[B] “白炽盘”被用于传导阳光。
[C] Sunlight comes into the fibre-optic cables through holes in the parabolic mirror.
[C] 阳光通过抛物柱面镜的洞进入到纤维光缆中。
[D] Photosynthesis is carried out by the algae in the collection duct.
[D] 光合作用是在收容器中进行的。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第二段，A选项，没有废气就不能进行光合作用；B选项，白炽盘是用来漫射光的，因此也是用来传导光的；C选项，阳光是通过柱面镜的反射进入到纤维光缆中，而不是抛物柱面镜的洞；D选项，光合作用在聚酯片上进行的。因此，答案为B选项。
3．The collection duct positioned underneath is used to_____.
3. 在下面安装的收容器是用来_____。
[A] hold the vertical sheets of polyester that fall off
[A] 接住掉下来的垂直聚酯片的
[B] substitute the platform on which the algae grows
[B] 代替供藻类生长的平台
[C] obtain the overweight algae
[C] 接住那些过重的藻类
[D] take the place of polyester after light is diffused on it
[D] 在光被稀释后代替聚酯片。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第二段“These diffuse the light over vertical sheets of polyester that form the platform on which the algae grow. Eventually the polyester is unable to support the weight of the algae, and they fall off into a collection duct positioned underneath”，这个收容器是用来接住那些经过光合作用后掉下来的藻类的，其中“unable to support the weight of the algae”说明藻类开始变得过重，因此C选项为正确答案。
4. The approach developed by the GreenFuel Technologies is different from that by GS CleanTech in that_____
4. 绿色燃料技术公司的方法和GS 清洁技术的方法不同之处在于_____
[A] there is no photosynthesis in the reactor of GreenFuel Technologies.
[A] 在绿色燃料技术公司的反应器中没有光合作用。
[B] the light used for photosynthesis is produced by the reactor itself.
[B] 用于光合作用的光是由反应器自己产生的。
[C] the algal cells fix carbon in the process.
[C] 藻类细胞将碳固定了下来。
[D] the exhaust gas acts as the motive force.
[D] 废气作为动力。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第三段，绿色燃料公司是使用了废气作为让藻类活动的动力，而与清洁技术相同的是在这个过程中也有光合作用，光也来自外部，也有碳固定下来。因此，不同之处就是D选项。
5．The reactors of GreenFuel could produce the following fuels except_____
5. 绿色燃料的反应器可以制造除____外的其他燃料。
[A] biodiesel.
[A] 生物燃料
[B] ethanol.
[B] 乙醇
[C] alcohol.
[C] 酒精
[D] fossil fuel.
[D] 化石燃料
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 细节题。根据倒数第二段“GreenFuel claims that over the course of a year, a hectare (2.5 acres) of its reactors should be able to produce 30,000 litres (8,000 American gallons) of oil, which could be used as biodiesel, and enough carbohydrates to be fermented into 9,000 litres of ethanol, which can be used as a substitute for petrol”，反应器只可以制造酒精作为石油的替代品，不能制造石油。因此，D是正确答案。
参考译文：
对于支持者来说，用发电厂废气来养殖单细胞藻类是个能实现循环利用这个终极目标的办法。而那些反对者认为，这只是个白日梦而已。不管最后谁是正确的，这个主意确实很吸引人，如果燃料燃烧后产生的二氧化碳排放到空气中，那么为什么不用光合作用来将其消耗掉呢？其生成物可以转化为生物燃料（因为许多藻类都以石油的形式储存食物），或只需脱水后再送回发电厂。当然，如果真的有这么简单，早就会有人这么做了。不过，尽管还没有人将这项技术商业化，有一些公司已经开始试验了。
GS清洁技术就是这样的一家公司，它利用俄亥俄大学俄亥俄州煤炭研究中心科学家们的一项专利而研制出一种生物反应器。该反应器用一个抛物柱面镜将阳光射到纤维光缆上，光缆把将阳光传到反应器里面的丙烯酸“白炽盘”上。这就将光漫射到垂直的聚酯片上，而聚酯片是藻类生长的平台。最后聚酯不能支持藻类的重量了，就会落到安在下面的管子里。
绿色燃料技术公司的总部设在马萨诸塞的剑桥，该公司采用了另外一种技术。它的反应器由一系列干净的管子构成，每个官子里面都有另外一个不透明的管子。这种安置方法可以使沿着外层下来的废气起泡，然后再通过不透明的中间层向上起泡。起泡的气体引起紊乱，使得藻类在反应器内活动。随着藻类的运动，光亮和黑暗交替出现，把碳固定住并不断增加其数量，这可能是通过促成只在晚上进行的化学反应而产生的。
绿色燃料公司称该设计的最初试验是在麻省理工大学校园的发电厂里进行的，该实验证明可以将发电厂排出废气的75%清除掉。亚利桑那公共服务部门目前正在红鹰工厂进行一项更为重要的试验——国家公共电力。此外路易斯安那州也在计划进行一个试验。
绿色燃料公司声称在一年中，一公顷（2.5英亩）的反应堆应该可以产出三万升（八千美国加仑）的石油，可以用作生物燃料，还能产生足够的碳水化合物并通过发酵生成九千升的乙醇，作为石油的替代品。
当然，世上没有免费的午餐。正如华盛顿大学的Rob Carlson指出的，如果废气制造的产品可以出售盈利的话，那么废气就会从一种废品变成一种宝贵的资源。电力公司不仅不会排放出去，而且可能会收费。这样实际上是财富的逆转。
TEXT THREE
It is quite a feat to be invisible while occupying substantial buildings in central London flanking the Royal Academy of Arts. But that's just what the Linnean Society, the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Geological Society of London, the Society of Antiquaries of London and the Royal Astronomical Society managed to do for nearly a century. Then, in 2004, Her Majesty's Government not only noticed but also questioned their right to remain at Burlington House, as the complex is called. To the Learned Societies this may have seemed a bitter irony. In 1857, the government of a previous queen had built Burlington House expressly to house them all. Reverence for such institutions, along with the value of real estate, was not what it had been in Victoria's day. But their terms of occupancy remained unchanged.
When they moved into Burlington House, only the Royal Academy, run by supposedly impractical artists, asked for a lease. It was given 999 years at a peppercorn rent. The Societies and their allegedly hard-headed scientist members, were leaseless and rent-free. As decades passed, keeping a low profile must have seemed a sensible idea. Indeed, by 1920, some fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London (SAL), thought it essential. When a 1919 Act of Parliament made it illegal to bar women from such societies merely because of their gender, a committee of SAL fellows pressed for immediate action: women must be invited to become fellows at once. This was not in order to right previous wrongs. It was to avoid criticism and with it the risk that people might notice that no rent was being paid. The danger averted, heads stayed below the parapet.
But danger reappeared in 2004. With the reputed aim of clarifying SAL's presence at Burlington House, the government brought a suit against it. Rumour swept through intellectual London that, in fact, the government wanted to turf the Societies out—or to get a full market rent, which would have amounted to much the same thing. Alarmed feathers from five aviaries of rare birds went flying.
Now, three years later, feathers are smooth. Indeed, cooing can be heard occasionally from Burlington House. Compromises reached with the government have given the Learned Societies security of tenure at affordable rents. In return, the Societies have begun introducing themselves to one another and to the public.
They have created a “cultural campus” in the courtyard to share scholarship and conviviality—and reflect their new appreciation that there is strength in numbers. Earlier this year, the Linnean Society announced it was producing a digital archive of its priceless collections of specimens, manuscripts and letters of the world famous Swedish naturalist, Carl Linnaeus, on this the 300th anniversary of his birth.
The SAL, also 300 this year, is celebrating with a nine-month series of lectures. On November 8th at Harvard, home to many of SAL's 100 American-based fellows, Felipe Fernández-Armesto tackles “Don Francisco's nose-piece: forming new empires in Renaissance America”. The biggest birthday event is an exhibition of 150 of SAL's treasures at the Royal Academy from September 15th to December 2nd. Among these treasures is an oil on oak portrait of Queen Mary I painted by Hans Eworth in 1554 and a glowing 12th-century enamel casket designed to hold the remains of Thomas Becket. How good that invisibility is a thing of the past.
1．Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the societies in Victoria’ day?
[A] They enjoyed the highest reverence and value of real estate in Victoria’s day.
[B] They enjoyed the best privilege when Burlington House was built up.
[C] They enjoyed special reward by the Queen of really substantial and grand houses.
[D] They enjoyed most privileges in Queen Victoria’s reign, much more than today.
2. Questioning the societies’ right to remain at Burlington House seems a bitter irony to the societies because_____
[A] they were not asked to pay any rent when they were first awarded the houses.
[B] the presence privilege was initially endowed by the royal monarch.
[C] they are not exempt from public attention given their maintenance of low profile.
[D] they have been cautious about keeping their invisibility for nearly a century.
3. “peppercorn rent” (Line 3, Paragraph 2) most probably means _____
[A] free rent.
[B] leaseless rent.
[C] token rent.
[D] rent in kind.
4. The author mentioned the feathers in Burlington House in order to _____
[A] show how great was the influence of the government.
[B] make a simile to describe the reactions of societies.
[C] make a metaphor to express the internal anxiety of the societies.
[D] add more elements of drama satire to his description.
5. “invisibility is a thing of the past” means_____
[A] people could see those treasures of the past in the societies.
[B] the societies could present themselves before public now.
[C] the societies need not avoid the public notice any more.
[D] the societies could present the treasures of the past now.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了伦敦一些学会占据大量建筑物的情况以及目前的解决方案。第一段讲述学会是如何得到这些建筑物的；第二段讲述这些学会为了避免房产被收走，一直低调行事；第三段讲述2004年的一次法律事件将学会免费拥有皇家房产的事情曝光；第四、五、六段讲述目前解决这种事端采取的方法。
词汇注释：
flank v. 在…的侧面 peppercorn rent n. 空有其名的租金parapet n. 低墙 turf v. 驱逐
aviary n 大型鸟舍 conviviality n. 欢乐
enamel n. 瓷釉
难句突破：
When a 1919 Act of Parliament made it illegal to bar women from such societies merely because of their gender, a committee of SAL fellows pressed for immediate action: women must be invited to become fellows at once.
[主体句式] When a 1919 Act of Parliament made it…, a committee of SAL fellows…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，when引导的是句子的时间状语。
[句子译文] 1919年议会法案规定如果仅仅因为性别原因而将女性排除在这些学会之外就构成违法，伦敦古文物学会的一个委员会马上就采取了行动，邀请女性加入学会。
Rumour swept through intellectual London that, in fact, the government wanted to turf the Societies out—or to get a full market rent, which would have amounted to much the same thing.
[主体句式] Rumour swept through… that …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，that…引导的是主语的同位语从句，which引导的是定语从句用来修饰前面的两个不定式结构。
[句子译文] 伦敦学术界谣言四传，说政府实际上是想要将学会驱逐出去，或者是索要市场租金，这其实都是一回事。
题目分析：
1．Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the societies in Victoria’ day?
1．关于维多利亚时代的学会，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] They enjoyed the highest reverence and value of real estate in Victoria’s day.
[A] 它们享受着最高的尊敬和高价值的地产。
[B] They enjoyed the best privilege when Burlington House was built up.
[B] 伯灵顿宫建立的时候它们享有最高的特权。
[C] They enjoyed special reward by the queen of really substantial and grand houses
[C]女王给了他们宏伟的房子以作为特殊的奖励。
[D] They enjoyed most privilege in Queen Victoria’s reign, much more than today
[D] 它们在维多利亚时代比之前的女王在任期间享受的特权少。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第一段“In 1857, the government of a previous queen had built Burlington House expressly to house them all”，可见只有C选项是正确的。A和B选项的“highest reverence”和“the best privilege”都不确切。而D选项也是错误的，因为文章没有进行比较。
2. Questioning the societies’ right to remain at Burlington House seems a bitter irony to the societies because_____
2．质问这些学会驻扎在伯灵顿宫的权利好像是一个讽刺，因为_____
[A] they were not asked to pay any rent when they were first awarded the houses.
[A] 他们已开始得到这些房子的时候没有被要求付房租。
[B] the presence privilege was initially endowed by the royal monarch.
[B] 存在的权利最开始时是皇室君主赋予的。
[C] they are not exempt from public attention give their maintenance of low profile.
[C] 他们保持低调，但却没有躲过民众的注意。
[D] they have been cautious about keeping their invisibility for nearly a century.
[D] 它们在将近一个世纪的时间里很小心地保持着自己的隐秘性。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析 ] 推理题。根据第二段，因为最开始是维多利亚女王前任女王赋予他们进驻的权利，而现在又是另一个女王怀疑他们的权利，这看起来是个讽刺。因此，B选项为正确答案，其中“royal monarch”指的正是女王。
3. “peppercorn rent” (Line 3, Paragraph 2) most probably means _____
2. “peppercorn rent”(第二段第三行)最有可能的意思是_____
[A] free rent.
[A] 免费的出租。
[B] leaseless rent.
[B] 没有租约的出租。
[C] token rent.
[C] 象征性的出租。
[D] rent in kind(实物地租).
[D] 实物出租。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第三段“It was given 999 years at a peppercorn rent. The Societies and their allegedly hard-headed scientist members, were leaseless and rent-free”，说明当时的出租并不是实质性的出租，只是一种象征性的租约而已。答案中C是正确答案。
4. The author mentioned the feathers in Burlington House in order to _____
3. 作者提到伯灵顿宫中的鸟类是为了_____
[A] show how great was the influence of the government.
[A]表现政府的力量是多么大。
[B] make a simile to describe the reactions of societies.
[B]用来比喻学会的反应。
[C] make a metaphor to express the internal anxiety of the societies.
[C]用来比喻社会的内在焦虑。
[D] add more elements of drama and satire to his description.
[D] 给他的描述增加更多的喜剧和讽刺的成分。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第四段提到“Now, three years later, feathers are smooth. Indeed, cooing can be heard occasionally from Burlington House”， 根据第四段和第五段，从“五个稀有品种鸟舍”来看，其实比喻的就是五个学会，因此，答案为B选项。
5. “invisibility is a thing of the past” means_____
4. “看不见是个历史了”，这句话的意思是_____
[A] people could see those treasures of the past in the societies.
[A] 人们可以看到学会中过去的珍品。
[B] the societies could present themselves before public now.
[B] 学会将它们自己展示在公众面前。
[C] the societies need not avoid the public notice any more.
[C] 学会不需要再去躲避公众的注意了。
[D] the societies could present the treasures of the past now.
[D] 学会现在可以展示过去的珍品了。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第七段，主要描述了这些学会开展了一系列的活动，不用再在公众面前遮遮掩掩了。因此，答案为B选项。
参考译文：
位于伦敦中心的皇家艺术学院旁边有大量的建筑物，但却又不那么引人注意，这可是个技巧。但是Linnean学会、皇家化学学会、伦敦地理学会、伦敦古文物学会和皇家天文学学会在过去一个世纪里成功地做到了这一点。直到2004年，女王内阁注意到了它们的存在，而且随着情况的复杂化，人们开始质疑这些学会是否有权利驻扎在伯灵顿宫。对于这些学术学会来说，这看起来像是个极大的讽刺。1837年，前任女王政府为这些协会专门建造了伯灵顿宫。给与这些学会以如此的尊敬，并赠予如此有价值的地产，这在维多利亚时期是少见的。而这些房产的占有权一直没有更改过。
当学会们搬进伯灵顿宫的时候，只有由不切实际的艺术家们建立的皇家学院要求签立租约。当时签订了999年的象征性租期。而其他学会那些无情的科学家们既没有签订租约，也没有缴纳租金。几十年过去之后，保持低调是比较理智的主意。实际上，1920年之前，伦敦古文物学会的一些成员就认为必须这样做。1919年议会法案规定如果仅仅因为性别原因而将女性排除在这些学会之外就构成违法，伦敦古文物学会的一个委员会马上就采取了行动，邀请女性加入学会。这并不是要纠正以往的错误，而是为了避免引起批评，从而引发公众注意到他们没有为房产付租金。危险得以转移，而领导们可以继续在矮墙下度日了。
但是2004年又出现了危险，为了澄清伦敦古文物学会在伯灵顿宫驻扎的问题，政府提起了诉讼。伦敦学术界谣言四传，说政府实际上是想要将学会驱逐出去，或者是索要市场租金，这其实都是一回事。五个稀有品种鸟舍那些鸟类的羽毛纷纷飘了起来。
现在三年过去了，羽毛平静了下来。实际上，伯灵顿宫经常能听到它们咕咕的叫声。学会们与政府达成了协议，只需要付一定的租金就能拥有使用期限保证。作为报答，学会们要互相交流，并将自己介绍给公众。
学会们在院子里建立了“文化园”，用于分享知识和欢乐，也表达了它们对于成员增加感到高兴。今年早些时候，Linnean学会宣布在世界著名的瑞典自然学家Carl Linnaeus诞辰300周年之际，将保存的珍贵标本、手稿和信件做成电子档案。
而古文物学会今年也是300周年的诞辰，学会举办了9个月的系列讲座来进行庆祝。哈佛大学是伦敦古文物学会100多个美国成员的总部，在1 1月8日Felipe Fernández-Armesto进行了“Don Francisco的换镜旋座：成立新的复兴美国帝国”。规模最大的周年庆祝是从9月15日到11月2日在皇家艺术学会展出了150件伦敦古文物学会的珍品。在这些珍品当中有Hans Eworth1554年创作的 玛丽一世橡木肖像的油画，还有装Thomas Becket的遗体的12世纪瓷釉棺材。遮遮掩掩已经成为过去，这是多好的一件事情啊。
TEXT FOUR
Numbers get a bad press. Almost alone of the academic disciplines, mathematics is one where expressions of ignorance are more of a boast than a shameful admission (imagine admitting at a dinner party that you can't read). Yet numbers are more important than ever. They are the language of most of science and much of government, two forces that do much to shape people's lives. They are the nervous system of any modern country, marshalled in support of arguments over everything from defence to which diseases should be treated.
Happily for the number-shy, help is at hand. A book about numbers and how to interpret them doesn't sound like interesting bedtime reading. Yet in the hands of Michael Blastland and Andrew Dilnot, respectively producer and presenter of “More or Less”, a BBC radio programme on the subject, that is what it becomes.
The chapters proceed from simple concepts to more complicated ones, starting with the simplest of all: working out how big a number is. That is harder than you might think. The British government's promise to spend ￡300m ($600m) over five years on child-care looks impressive at first glance. Only after working through the calculations does one realise that it amounts to only ￡1.15 a week for every family.
The authors avoid a hectoring tone. Their prose is light-hearted and never condescending. Amusing (or occasionally frightening) examples make theoretical arguments instantly accessible. The authors point out that most people have a higher-than-average number of feet (it takes only a single man with one foot to bring the average below two). Incomes are the other way around: thanks to a few billionaires, most people earn less than the average.
Later on, trickier and more emotive subjects are tackled. Much of the second half is taken up with the devilishly tricky business of trying to extract causation from correlation. One such issue is the so-called “cancer clusters”. A mobile-phone mast is erected in a village. Soon after, cancer rates rise to several times the national average. But masts are common, and some villages are bound to develop high cancer rates through nothing more sinister than sheer bad luck. Proving correlation is easy, but proving causation—despite how obvious the links may seem—is not. The authors make the sobering point that mortality rates for doctors vary so much that, even if he had been constantly monitored, Harold Shipman (a British doctor who murdered at least 200 patients) would have racked up a body-count of several dozen before coming to official attention.
The central problem, as the authors admit, is that numbers can often be deeply counter-intuitive. Individuals find it difficult to cope with the vast quantities of cash consumed by a modern nation state, and everyday rules of thumb can sometimes lead to utterly wrong conclusions. That is what makes this book so valuable: it provides a reliable guide to a treacherous subject, giving its readers the mental ammunition to make sense of official claims. That it manages to make them laugh at the same time is a rare and welcome feat.
1. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of status quo of mathematics?
[A] One is cracking oneself up when expressing ignorance of mathematics.
[B] Mathematics is only discipline to tolerate the shame of knowing nothing about numbers.
[C] The shame of admitting that you can not read at a dinner party is paramount of admitting that you do not know about mathematics.
[D] Expression of ignorance in mathematics is a boast not only in the academic disciplines but also in other fields.
2. The style of “More or Less” by Michael Blastland and Andrew Dilnot can be described as_____.
[A] detailed and accessible
[B] technical and illuminating
[C] professional and inviting
[D] theoretical and humorous
3. The author of the article uses the example of average number of feet and average income to demonstrate that _____.
[A] to correctly understand the meaning of numbers is sometimes very tricky
[B] people can understand better about statistical data by comparing them with most common phenomenon
[C] the book helps people learn about the secret of numbers through interesting and daily examples
[D] the way of calculating average income is the opposite to that of calculating the average number of feet
4.Some villages develop high cancer rates through sheer bad luck other than masts because_____.
[A] they could not sense any link between these two phenomena.
[B] they can only find some vague correlation between them without solid evidence
[C] there are not enough proofs to demonstrate that mast could raise cancer rate.
[D] they could not deduce a reasonable relation of the cause and effect on the concerning issues
5. According to the authors of “More or Less”, the main point they want to demonstrate is that_____.
[A] numbers are very difficult to understand
[B] numbers could be cheating in most occasions.
[C] numbers can subtly sensed by intuition.
[D] numbers could shape people’s minds into more reasonable.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章主要讲述了Michael Blastland 和Andrew Dilnot撰写的一本有关数学的书。第一段讲述人们对数学的认识和数学的作用；第二段讲述他们的这本书可以扭转人们的习惯看法。第三、四、五段讲述了该书的内容和特点。第六段讲述了该书的重点。
词汇注释：
marshal v. 配置，汇集 hector v. 虚张声势
condescend v. 屈就 devilishly adv. 过分地
难句突破：
(1) They are the nervous system of any modern country, marshalled in support of arguments over everything from defence to which diseases should be treated.
[主体句式] They are the nervous system…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，marshalled …分词结构用来修饰system； which引导的是宾语从句。
[句子译文] 数字还是任何一个现代国家的神经系统，可以支持各种各样的论点，包括从国防事务到哪种疾病需要治疗等各种议题。
(2) The authors make the sobering point that mortality rates for doctors vary so much that, even if he had been constantly monitored, Harold Shipman (a British doctor who murdered at least 200 patients) would have racked up a body-count of several dozen before coming to official attention.
[主体句式] The authors make the sobering point that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。That引导的是the sobering point的同位语从句，在该从句中，even if 引导的是状语从句。
[句子译文] 作者清楚地指出由于医生手上病人的死亡率差异很大，即使Harold Shipman（一名英国医生，曾杀死至少200名病人）一直受到监视，他还是会在杀死了几十个病人后才会引起官方的注意。
题目分析：
1. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of status quo of mathematics?
1．关于数学的现状，下列哪项陈述是正确的？
[A] One is cracking oneself up when expressing ignorance of mathematics.
[A] 一个人如果表示自己不懂数学时，他其实是在炫耀自己。
[B] Mathematics is the only discipline to tolerate the shame of knowing nothing about numbers.
[B] 数学是惟一一个容忍人们对数字无知的学科。
[C] The shame of admitting that you can not read at a dinner party is paramount of admitting that you do not know about mathematics.
[C] 在晚宴上承认自己不认字和承认自己不懂数学是一样的。
[D] Expression of ignorance in mathematics is a boast not only in the academic disciplines but also in other fields.
[D] 说明自己不懂数学，不仅在学术界、同时在其他领域都是一种炫耀。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第一段“Numbers get a bad press. Almost alone of the academic disciplines, mathematics is one where expressions of ignorance are more of a boast than a shameful admission (imagine admitting at a dinner party that you can't read)”，除了在专业学术领域外，说自己不懂数学更多的是自夸，而不是丢脸的事情。因此，选项种A符合题意。
2. The style of “More or Less” by Michael Blastland and Andrew Dilnot can be described as_____.
2．Michaels Blastland和Andrew Dilnot 《或多或少》的风格可以被描述为是_____。
[A] detailed and accessible
[A] 具体和可理解的
[B] technical and illuminating
[B] 技术的和有启发性的
[C] professional and inviting
[C] 专业而且有趣的
[D] theoretical and humorous
[D] 理论而且降格的
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。根据第四段“The authors avoid a hectoring tone. Their prose is light-hearted and never condescending. Amusing (or occasionally frightening) examples make theoretical arguments instantly accessible”以及最后一段的最后一句话“That it manages to make them laugh at the same time is a rare and welcome feat”，两位作者避免用虚张声势的口吻，文字平易近人，但不降格，还有一定的理论性，而且比较有趣。选项中C最为符合。
3. The author of the article uses the example of average number of feet and average income to demonstrate that _____.
3．文章作者用脚的平均数目和平均收入作为例子来说明____-。
[A] to correctly understand the meaning of numbers is sometimes very tricky
[A] 有时候正确理解数字的含义是很需要技巧的。
[B] people can understand better about statistical data by comparing them with most common phenomenon
[B] 人们通过与日常现象比较就能够更好地理解统计数据。
[C] the book helps people learn about the secret of numbers through interesting and daily examples
[C] 这本书帮助一些人通过有趣且日常的例子学到了关于数字的秘密。
[D] the way of calculating average income is the opposite to that of calculating the average number of feet
[D] 计算平均收入的方法与计算脚的平均数目的方法是相反的。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。这个例子出现在文章的第四段，前面作者先说明了这本书的特点是“Amusing (or occasionally frightening) examples make theoretical arguments instantly accessible”，后面的例子正是用来说明这句话，因此只有C选项是正确的。D显然是错误的，而A和B选项则具有较大的干扰性。但是要注意这两个选项可以说是该书作者举例的目的，而不是文章作者用这个例子的目的，这两个不同的目的要区分开。
4. Some villages develop high cancer rates through sheer bad luck other than masts because_____.
4．一些村民通过坏运气而非天线来解释高癌症病发率，因为_____。
[A] they could not sense any link between these two phenomena
[A] 他们感觉不到这两种现象之间的关系。
[B] can only find some vague correlation between them without solid evidence
[B] 他们只找到二者之间一种模糊的关系，但缺乏足够的证据。
[C] there are not enough proofs to demonstrate that mast could raise cancer rate.
[C] 没有足够的证据可以说明天线增高了癌症病发率。
[D] they could not deduce a reasonable relation of cause and effect on the concerning issues
[D] 他们推导不出相关问题的因果关系。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题，根据第六段，这些村民只认为高的癌症发病率是坏运气的原因，因为他们看不到天线可能是导致发病的这种因果关系，而本段也是主要说这个问题，这是个例子而已。因此，答案为D选项。
5. According to the authors of “More or Less”, the main point they want to demonstrate is that_____.
5．根据《或多或少》的作者，他们想要展示的主要论点就是_____。
[A] numbers are very difficult to understand
[A] 数字很难理解。
[B] numbers could be cheating in most occasions.
[B] 数字在许多时候都具有欺骗性。
[C] numbers can subtly sensed by intuition.
[C] 数字可以依靠直觉微妙地感觉到。
[D] numbers could shape people’s minds into reasonable.
[D] 数字可以使人们变得更加理智。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据最后一段第一句话“The central problem, as the authors admit, is that numbers can often be deeply counter-intuitive”，该书重点在于数字常和人们直觉相反，有一定的表象性和欺骗性。因此，答案为B选项。
参考译文：
数字类的书籍销量往往不好。除了在专业学科领域外，承认自己不懂数学更多是一种自夸，而不是丢脸的事（设想在一次晚宴上承认自己不识字）。但是现在数字比过去重要多了，它们是众多科学学科和许多政府使用的语言，这两种力量对于人们生活的塑造至关重要。数字还是任何一个现代国家的神经系统，可以支持各种各样的论点，包括从国防事务到哪种疾病需要治疗等各种议题。
对于那些不懂数字的人来说，幸运的是帮助就在眼前。一本关于数字及如何解读数字的书听起来不像是那种有趣的枕边读物，但是在Michael Blastland 和Andrew Dilnot的手里，一切却恰恰相反。他们两个人分别是BBC电台节目“或多或少”的制作人和推荐人。
该书的章节从简单概念开始，一直讲述到复杂的概念，最开始是最简单的：算出数字有多大。这可能要比你想像的难得多。英国政府承诺5年内在儿童护理方面投入三亿英镑（六亿美元），这个数字乍一看很大，但是只有计算一下大家才能意识到这相当于每个家庭每周有1.15英镑。
两位作者没有使用那种虚张声势的口吻，他们的文字非常平易近人，但又决非降格。好玩的（有时吓人的）例子使得其理论很容易能让人理解。作者指出大多数人都比平均身高高出一点来（一个人只要矮一英尺，就能使平均身高降低两英尺）。而收入则恰恰相反，正是因为少数几个亿万富翁的存在，才使得大多数人的实际工资比平均工资要低。
往后就是一些更难、更微妙的问题了。后半本书中大部分都是关于从联系中找因果关系的问题。其中一个例子就是所谓的“癌症群”。某个村庄安了移动电话天线，很快这里的癌症发病率就高出了全国平均发病率的几倍。天线是很普通的，而且一些村民就认为高的癌症发病率只是由于坏运气的原因。证明存在某种联系非常容易，但是要证明因果关系就非常难了，虽然看起来这种联系显而易见。作者清楚地指出由于医生手上病人的死亡率差异很大，即使Harold Shipman（一名英国医生，曾杀死至少200名病人）一直受到监视，他还是会在杀死了几十个病人后才会引起官方的注意。
作者承认，该书的重点在于说明数字经常和人们直觉是相反的。人们发现很难清楚认识到现代国家消费的资金数额， 而日常的经验法则有时会得出完全错误的结论。正因为这样才使得该书看起来有很高的价值：它提供了看待微妙问题的可靠方法，让读者明白如何读懂官方的宣告。而这本书又让人哈哈大笑，这也是一种少有的、受人欢迎的技巧。
TEXT ONE
Traditional media may be declining in much of the rich world, but in poor countries it is booming. The growth in private media in developing countries has spurred much of the demand, as has new technology. That is stoking journalism training in far-flung places, in many shapes and sizes. They range from full degree programmes to the short-term specialist training offered widely across Asia, Africa and Latin America. Groups offering such courses include the BBC World Service Trust, the Reuters and Thomson Foundations, the Institute for War and Peace Reporting (IWPR) and Internews Network, a media-development charity based in America.
These days the donors are particularly interested in niches, such as investigative reporting and science writing. But that approach sometimes flops. The need for basic reporting skills is still central. Trainers stress the need for flexibility. Participants in the courses praise the results, while complaining about the lack of focus and co-ordination among some providers. Shapi Shacinda, the Reuters correspondent in Zambia and chairman of the press club in the capital, Lusaka, says that foreign-backed training in business and economic reporting has helped bring more sceptical coverage. Previously, news stories used to be taken straight from officials' statements, he says.
But governments are harder to teach. Encouraging students to probe sensitive topics may threaten their lives or livelihoods. An Iraqi journalist trained by and working with the IWPR was shot dead earlier this year. Just this week, Zambia's minister of information asserted that state-run media should not criticise the government. In Russia, an organisation founded by Internews has been closed by the authorities, who were apparently suspicious of its American backing. Rich-country governments can be a problem too. Some try to influence the “messages” that trainers deliver, for example by insisting that their diplomats talk to classes on a regular basis. The big training groups insist that they control their own content. Blurring the boundaries can be dangerous both for journalists and the programmes that support them, he notes. But others may be less choosy.
More is not always better. Quality varies wildly. Places like Bangladesh and Rwanda have been showered with training in recent years. Gratitude is mixed with the wish for better co-ordination. David Okwemba of Kenya's The Nation newspaper, who also helps train journalists, bemoans overlap between courses and providers' failure to share information.
Some courses aspire loftily to build democratic societies through a free press. The BBC trust says it aims to give a say to the common man by holding institutions—public and private—to account. Such a range of goals makes measuring results difficult. Teaching how to point a camera or write a news story may be easy compared to raising awareness of broader issues such as HIV/AIDS.
Many old news hands scoff at the notion of formal journalism education. A well-stocked and inquiring mind plus sharp penmanship are the main assets, they reckon. But even the most grizzled veterans of rich-world journalism still seem glad to earn extra money tutoring tyros in poor countries.
1. Traditional media is booming in poor countries because of the following reason except_____
[A] the private media is developing at a fast pace.
[B] the new technology provides technical foundation.
[C] there are many journalism trainings in various shapes and sizes.
[D] the demand for traditional media has been in steady increase.
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the present training in those poor countries?
[A] The trainers are paying more attention on skills of investigative reporting and science writing.
[B] The courses are mostly extensive rather than being insentive.
[C] The training puts emphasis on the flexibility of basic reporting skills.
[D] Some trainees are satisfactory with the training courses while some are complaining.
3. Shapi Shacinda think foreign-backed training in business and economic reporting has helped bring more skeptical coverage because_____
[A] there is a conservative tradition of news reporting in these countries.
[B] the foreign-backed training is skeptical about the previous news stories in these countries.
[C] there exist some problems in the concept of news report in these countries.
[D] the governments order that news stories should be taken from officials’ statements.
4. From the third paragraph, it can be inferred that Shapi Shacinda thinks_____
[A] the training is in short of teaching the tactics to deal with different government.
[B] it is still common for governments of less-developed countries to interfere with journalism.
[C] the training had better not involve itself into unnecessary disputes.
[D] the training should stress more on journalism independence from the government.
5．Towards the journalism training , the attitudes of veterans of journalism can be said to be _____
[A] critical.
[B] despicable.
[C] inconsistent.
[D] supportive.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章主要讲述了贫穷国家传统媒体培训的情况。第一段讲述了目前在贫穷国家传统媒体培训盛行；第二段讲述受训者的看法；第三段讲述这些国家新闻报道存在的问题；第四段讲述培训的质量问题；第五段讲述一些课程的目的；第五段讲述资格较老新闻记者对培训的态度。
词汇注释：
flop v. 彻底失败 bemoan v. 哀叹
scoff v. 嘲笑 penmanship n. 写作技巧
grizzled adj. 头发灰白的 tyro n. 新手
难句突破：
Shapi Shacinda, the Reuters correspondent in Zambia and chairman of the press club in the capital, Lusaka, says that foreign-backed training in business and economic reporting has helped bring more sceptical coverage.
[主体句式] Shapi Shacinda says that …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，that引导的是宾语从句。The Reuter…是主语的同位语。
[句子译文] Shapi Shacinda是路透社驻赞比亚的记者，也是赞比亚首都卢萨卡新闻局的主席，他认为外国公司提供的商业、经济新闻报道培训会使学员们学会以质疑的态度去报道新闻。
David Okwemba of Kenya's The Nation newspaper, who also helps train journalists, bemoans overlap between courses and providers' failure to share information.
[主体句式] David Okwemba bemoasn overlap…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，who引导的是定语从句修饰主语。
[句子译文] 肯尼亚报纸《国家》的David Okwemba也参与了对记者的培训，他哀叹道这些培训机构一方面提供了课程，而另一方面培训师却没能与学员共享信息。
题目分析：
1. Traditional media is booming in poor countries because of the following reason except_____
1．传统的媒体在许多贫穷国家中盛行起来，是因为除____外的其他原因。
[A] the private media is developing at a fast pace.
[A] 私人媒体以很快的速度在发展
[B] the new technology provides technical foundation.
[B] 新科技提供了技术基础
[C] there are many journalism trainings in various shapes and sizes.
[C] 有许多各种形式和规模的新闻培训
[D] the demand for traditional media has been in steady increase.
[D] 对传统媒体的需求稳定增加
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 根据第一段“Traditional media may be declining in much of the rich world, but in poor countries it is booming. The growth in private media in developing countries has spurred much of the demand, as has new technology”，因此A、B、D选项都符合该行业在贫穷国家兴盛的原因。而C选项是以上趋势发展的结果，而不是原因，因此C选项是正确答案。
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the present training in those poor countries?
2. 关于贫穷国家中目前的培训，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] The trainers are paying more attention on skills of investigative reporting and science writing.
[A] 培训者更关注调查性报告和科学写作的技巧。
[B] The courses are mostly extensive rather than being intensive.
[B] 这些课程涉及内容非常广泛，但不够集中深入。
[C] The training puts emphasis on the flexibility of basic reporting skills.
[C] 培训的重点是基础报道技巧的灵活性。
[D] Some trainees are satisfactory with the training courses while some are complaining.
[D] 一些培训者整体对培训课程满意，另一些不满意。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。B选项为正确答案，因为文中提到“The need for basic reporting skills is still central. Trainers stress the need for flexibility”以及“the lack of focus and co-ordination”，可见培训内容涉及到了基本的技巧，但是不够深入和集中。A选项错误是因为这只是培训者们的态度，而不是培训的实际情况。C错误在于“flexibility of basic reporting skills”，文中“flexibility”和“basic reporting skills”是并列的关系。D是干扰选项，对应于文章的“Trainers stress the need for flexibility. Participants in the courses praise the results, while complaining about the lack of focus and co-ordination among some providers”，可见满意和抱怨的是同一批人，不是两种人。
3. Shapi Shacinda think foreign-backed training in business and economic reporting has helped bring more skeptical coverage because_____
3．Shapi Shacinda认为外国公司提供的商业和经济报道培训使新闻报道带有更多质疑的态度，因为_____
[A] there is a conservative tradition of news reporting in these countries.
[A] 在这些国家有着保守新闻报道的传统。
B] the foreign-backed training is skeptical about the previous news stories in these countries.
[B] 这些外国支持的培训对这些国家以前的新闻报道感到怀疑。
[C] there exist some problems in the concept of news report in these countries.
[C] 这些国家在新闻报道概念上存在一些问题。
[D] the governments order that news stories should be taken from officials’ statements.
[D] 政府命令新闻报道应当从官方文件中提取出来。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第二段，因为这些报道和以前的这类报道来源和风格都不同，以前直接官方文件中提取，因此比较保守，结合第四段可以得出就是因为这种保守的传统才使得这种报道很可疑。答案为A选项。
4. From the third paragraph, it can be inferred that Shapi Shacinda thinks_____
4．从第三段可以推导出Shapi Shacinda认为____
[A] the training is in short of teaching the tactics to deal with different government.
[A] 培训缺乏教授学员们与各种政府打交道技巧的内容。
[B] it is still common for governments of less-developed countries to interfere with journalism.
[B] 发展中国家的政府干涉新闻报道仍然是非常常见的现象。
[C] the training had better not involve itself into unnecessary disputes.
[C] 培训最好不要将自己卷入不必要的纠纷中。
[D] the training should stress more on journalism independence from the government.
[D] 培训应该更加强调新闻报道应该独立于政府之外。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第三段中Shapi Shacinda认为后台是外国的商业、经济新闻报道培训会带来更为怀疑的报道，而且该段中也举了很多例子说明各国政府（包括发达国家和发展中国家）如何控制媒体和新闻报道，因此可以看出，在这些国家新闻行业仍然受到政府控制。答案为B选项。
5．Towards the journalism training , the attitudes of veterans of journalism can be said to be _____
5．对于新闻培训，新闻报道老手的态度可以说是_____
[A] critical.
[A] 批评的。
[B] despicable.
[B] 蔑视的。
[C] inconsistent.
[C] 不一致的。
[D] supportive.
[D] 支持的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据最后一段“Many old news hands scoff at the notion of formal journalism education”，他们嘲笑正是的新闻教育这个概念，因此其态度是否定和蔑视的。选项A有一定的干扰性，因为说他们的态度是critical某种程度上也是说得通的，但是不如B选项更加精确和恰当。
参考译文：
在许多富有国家，传统媒体可能已经在走下坡路了，但是在一些贫穷国家这个行业却依然兴盛。发展中国家私有媒体的增长刺激了对科技的需求。在许多地方都出现了各种形式和规模的新闻培训。在亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲既有完整的学位课程，也有短期的专家培训。提供这些课程的机构包括BBC世界服务信托公司、路透社和汤姆森基金会、战争与和平报道协会以及总部设在美国的发展慈善机构“新闻网”。
最近，参加新闻培训的学员对一些特殊领域特别感兴趣，比如研究式的报道和科学写作。但是这种方法有时却会遭到彻底失败。核心内容还应该是最基本的报道技巧。同时培训师也强调灵活的必要性。参加这些课程的学员们对还是满意的，但却抱怨一些培训师没有集中的主题，缺乏配合。Shapi Shacinda是路透社驻赞比亚的记者，也是赞比亚首都卢萨卡新闻局的主席，他认为外国公司提供的商业、经济新闻报道培训会使学员们学会以质疑的态度去报道新闻。他说以前有的报道经常是直接从官方文件中摘抄过来的。
但是要教育政府是很困难的。而鼓励学生去探究敏感话题可能威胁到他们的生命或是使他们丢掉工作。曾接受过战争与和平报道协会的培训并为此工作的一位伊拉克记者今年年初被枪杀了。就在本周，赞比亚信息大臣称国家运营的媒体不应当批评政府。在俄罗斯，由“因特新闻”创立的一个机构已经被当局关闭，显然是当局怀疑其美国背景。富裕国家的政府也可能是一个问题。一些国家试图对学员报道的“信息”施加影响，比如说这些国家会坚持让其外交官经常与各阶层的人谈话。大型培训机构坚持认为他们能够控制自己的内容。混淆界限对于记者或者支持他们的项目来说都是很危险的。但是其他人可能就不那么挑剔了。
更多并不意味着更好。其中质量有很大差异。近年来孟加拉国和卢旺达等地涌现了大量的新闻培训。人们在感激之余，又企盼这些项目能有更好的协作。肯尼亚报纸《国家》的David Okwemba也参与了对记者的培训，他哀叹道这些培训机构一方面提供了课程，而另一方面培训师却没能与学员共享信息。
一些课程希望通过自由的媒体可以建立民主社会。BBC信托认为其目标就是通过举办公共或私人机构来赋予普通民众说话的权利。这样的目标使得评价效果非常困难。与提高公众对于更为广泛的问题（如艾滋病）的意识相比，教授如何瞄准相机或者撰写一篇新闻故事更简单一些
许多新闻老手都嘲笑正式新闻教育这个理念。他们认为博学、好问的头脑加上好的写作技巧，这才是最重要的资本。但是对于在贫穷国家教授新手来取得外快这样的好事，即使是新闻界资格最老的记者也会乐于此类兼职。
TEXT TWO
Like a medieval holy man, or modern hippie, Robert Macfarlane sets out for the remote parts of the northern and western British isles, sea-sprayed islands, craggy mountains and great bog plains. He wants to experience wildness. There is not an icy pool he will not plunge into or tree he would not climb. He picks up shards of roughened granite and smooth flints and turns them in his hand. He says: “We have in many ways forgotten what the world feels like.”
A Cambridge academic, who has previously written about men's fascination with mountains, Mr Macfarlane does not forsake civilisation. On the two occasions that the elements threaten him—on the summit of Scotland's northernmost mountain and at the foot of a remote Hebridean climb—he briskly retreats. In scholarly fashion, his urge is to map, to classify and to name. He presents his travels as a “story map” (medieval forebear of the Ordnance Survey grid map) connected by incident and historical anecdote. As a narrative ruse, it is a little too cute. As, indeed, is Mr Macfarlane's beautifully worked but sometimes monotonous prose. Nonetheless, this is indeed a good book, replete with wonderful tales.
Like that of Schiehallion: a Scottish mountain so resembling an isosceles triangle that an 18th-century mapmaker used its measurements to estimate the density of the Earth. Or of W.H. Murray, a chronicler of Scotland's hills, who kept his sanity in a Nazi prison-camp by describing them on toilet paper. Or, perhaps the strangest, a metaphoric connection that Mr Macfarlane makes between the holloways of Dorset—lanes deep-trodden into its yellow sandstone—and the 16th-century recusant Catholics who skulked in the county.
Predictably, Mr Macfarlane comes to realise that every place in Britain's crowded archipelago is swamped in human history. Its empty margins have been cleansed of large populations: western Ireland by 19th-century famine and emigration; northern Scotland by 19th-century emigration and evictions. He adjusts his idea of wildness. It is not nature unsullied, but nature itself: “the sheer force of ongoing organic existence, vigorous and chaotic.”
Like many English poets, he comes to find “visions in ditches”. A lichen-encrusted hawthorn trunk appears as a “shaggy centaur's leg”. But British nature is everywhere depleted. Of 6,000 acres (2,400 hectares) of surface limestone pavement, 200 remain undefaced. Since the second world war, a quarter of a million miles (about 400,000km) of hedgerows have been erased; another 2,000 miles disappear each year.
As the climate warms, more terrible change is threatened. Scottish sea-bird colonies are already starving, as their prey heads north for colder waters. Every year, almost an acre of Essex salt-marsh, a precious flood-defence, is lost to the rising seas. England's last great beech woods, Mr Macfarlane worries, may wither in his lifetime: 50-year-old trees are showing signs of a decline typically found in trees three times as old.
There may be no hope of arresting this change. Yet Mr Macfarlane consoles himself with the thought that nature, endlessly changing, will not all die. The beech woods, too, will move north. And when people are gone, nature will remain. “The wild prefaced us, and it will outlive us.” It is a depressing hope.
1．According to the passage, Robert Macfarlane went traveling in the remote areas of Britain in order to_____
[A] make a story map similar to the Ordnance Survey grid map.
[B] combine trips to nature with academic concerns.
[C] explore the areas with no trace of human beings.
[D] release the fascination of nature that is forgotten by humans.
2. The word “forsake” (Line 2, Paragraph 2) probably mean _____
[A] dislike.
[B] abandon.
[C] detach.
[D] disconnect.
3. According to the passage, the story of Schiehallion is _____
[A] similar to those which are represented in Mr Macfarlane’s book.
[B] a fictitious one in the Ordnance Survey grid map.
[C] a historical tale adopted into Mr Macfarlane’s book.
[D] a story in the history book on 18th-century.
4. From the fact that Mr Macfarlane described a hawthorn trunk as a “shaggy centaur’s leg”, it can be inferred that_____
[A] he is a good story teller.
[B] he is a poet full of imagination.
[C] he is always indulged in fantasy.
[D] he is very romantic.
5. Towards the future of the nature, Mr Macfarlane’s attitude can be described as_____
[A] pessimistic.
[B] optimistic.
[C] ambiguous.
[D] unclear.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章主要讲述了Robert Macfarlane的探险旅行。第一段讲述了Robert Macfarlane旅行的一些基本情况；第二段讲述Macfarlane的叙述风格；第三段讲述书中具体的故事；第四、五段描述了书中的一些内容；第六段讲述目前自然发生的一些变化；第七段讲述Macfarlane对这些变化的看法。
词汇注释：
shard n. 碎片 granite n. 花岗岩
flint n. 燧石forsake v. 抛弃 ruse n. 诡计
isosceles triangle n. 等腰三角形 metaphoric adj. 隐喻性的, 比喻性的
recusant adj. 不服权威的 skulk v. 躲藏
archipelago n. 群岛 eviction n. 驱逐
lichen n. 青苔 hawthorn n 山楂
centaur n 人首马身的怪物 deface v. 损坏外观
难句突破：
Or, perhaps the strangest, a metaphoric connection that Mr Macfarlane makes between the holloways of Dorset—lanes deep-trodden into its yellow sandstone—and the 16th-century recusant Catholics who skulked in the county.
[主体句式] Or perhaps the strangest, a metaphoric connection.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，也是一个省略句，省略了is；that 引导的是定语从句修饰connection; who 引导的定语从句用来修饰Catholics。
[句子译文] 最奇怪的或许是Macfarlane将Dorset 道路——即一种深陷在黄色砂岩的小路——与16世纪不服权威的天主教徒躲藏在乡村里做了一种隐喻性的联系。
(2) England's last great beech woods, Mr Macfarlane worries, may wither in his lifetime: 50-year-old trees are showing signs of a decline typically found in trees three times as old.
[主体句式] England’s last great beech woods, Mr Macfarlane worries, may wither …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，Engliand’s last great beech wood may wither…是句子的宾语从句。
[句子译文] Macfarlane先生担心英国最后的大毛榉树森林可能会在他的有生之年消失殆尽，而仅有50年树龄的树木竟出现了本来三倍于该年龄的树上才会有的衰退迹象。
题目分析：
1．According to the passage, Robert Macfarlane went traveling in the remote areas of Britain in order to_____
1. 根据这篇文章，Robert Macfarlane 到英国最偏远的地方旅行是为了_____
A] make a story map similar to the Ordnance Survey grid map.
[A] 绘制一副和陆地测量部网络地图相似的故事图。
[B] combine trips to nature with academic concerns.
[B] 把自然之旅和学术思考结合起来。
[C] explore the areas with no trace of human beings.
[C] 勘探那些没有人类足迹的地方。
[D] release the fascination of nature that is forgotten by humans.
[D] 释放那种已经被人类遗忘的对自然的迷恋。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第一段和第二段“There is not an icy pool he will not plunge into or tree he would not climb. He picks up shards of roughened granite and smooth flints and turns them in his hand. He says: “We have in many ways forgotten what the world feels like.”和“On the two occasions that the elements threaten him—on the summit of Scotland's northernmost mountain and at the foot of a remote Hebridean climb—he briskly retreats”，可见Robert Macfarlane想要经历荒野的感觉这才是主要目的，因此，答案为C选项。
2. The word “forsake” (Line 2, Paragraph 2) probably mean _____
2．“forsake”（第二段第二行）这个词的意思可能是_____
[A] dislike.
[A] 讨厌。
[B] abandon.
[B] 遗弃。
[C] detach.
[C] 分离。
[D] disconnect.
[D] 断开。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据文章第二段，“A Cambridge academic, who has previously written about men's fascination with mountains, Mr Macfarlane does not forsake civilisation”，文章接下来谈到虽然他迷恋自然，但是却用非常精细的语言描述它（in scholarly fashion），可见他也没有因为对自然的热爱而放弃文明，因此正确答案为B选项。
3. According to the passage, the story of Schiehallion is _____
3. 根据这篇文章，Schiehallion的故事是_____
[A] similar to those which are represented in Mr Macfarlane’s book.
[A] 和Macfarlane先生书中的故事相似。
[B] a fictitious one in the Ordnance Survey grid map.
[B] 是陆地测量部王璐地图的一个虚拟部分。
[C] a historical tale adopted into Mr Macfarlane’s book.
[C] Macfarlane先生选取在他书中的一篇历史故事。
[D] a story in the history book on 18th-century.
[D] 历史书中关于18世纪的故事。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第三段和第四段过渡的部分“Nonetheless, this is indeed a good book, replete with wonderful tales”和“Like that of Schiehallion: a Scottish mountain so resembling an isosceles triangle that an 18th-century mapmaker used its measurements to estimate the density of the Earth”，首先第三段最后说他的书中有许多奇妙的故事，接着第四段就举了这样的例子，因此，答案为C选项。
4. From the fact that Mr Macfarlane described a hawthorn trunk as a “shaggy centaur’s leg”, it can be inferred that_____
4．从Macfarlane先生将一颗布满青苔的山楂树描写为“怪兽毛茸茸的腿”，可以推断出____
[A] he is a good story teller.
[A] 他是一个讲故事的好手。
[B] he is a poet full of imagination.
[B] 他是充满想象的诗人。
[C] he is always indulged in fantasy.
[C] 他经常沉浸在幻想中。
[D] he is very romantic.
[D] 他非常浪漫。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第六段提到Like many English poets, he comes to find “visions in ditches”，也就是说Macfarlane先生像诗人一样，诗人总是充满幻想，因此，C选项最为符合。B选项具有较大的干扰性，但是要注意Macfarlane先生并不是一个诗人。
5. Towards the future of the nature, Mr Macfarlane’s attitude can be described as_____
5. 对于自然的未来，Macfarlane先生的态度可以说是____
[A] pessimistic.
[A] 悲观的。
[B] optimistic.
[B] 乐观的。
[C] ambiguous.
[C] 模棱两可的。
[D] unclear.
[D] 不清楚的。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 态度题。根据最后一段“There may be no hope of arresting this change. Yet Mr Macfarlane consoles himself with the thought that nature, endlessly changing, will not all die”，从这句话中看出他的态度似乎还是有一点点乐观的，但是文章紧接着又指出“The beech woods, too, will move north. And when people are gone, nature will remain. “The wild prefaced us, and it will outlive us.””以及“It is a depressing hope”，可见只有人类消失了自然才能够恢复，可见他的态度还是相当悲观的，这在最后“depressing”这个词也可以看出。答案为A。
参考译文：
Robert Macfarlane像个生活在中世纪的神人，又像是现代嬉皮士，他奔向英国北部和西部岛屿最荒凉的地，海水泼溅着岛屿，陆地上是崎岖的大山和巨大的沼泽地。他想要经历荒野的感觉。遇到任何一个冰湖他都会投身而入，看到任何一棵树他也都会纵身跳跃。他会捡起粗糙的花岗岩碎片和平滑的碎石放在手里。他说: “我们在很多方面都忘记了世界是什么样子的了。”
作为剑桥大学的一位学者，Macfarlane之前写过人们对于山的迷恋，他并不抛弃文明。他曾经受到过两次生命威胁，一次是在苏格兰最北面的山峰上，还有一次在赫布里底群岛的山脚下，但是他都迅速地逃过了危险。他以学术派的风格来勘查、分类和命名。他将自己的旅行描述为“故事图”（陆地测量部网格地图的中世纪鼻祖），旨在把历史和偶发性事件串联起来的。作为一种叙述技法，这好像有点过于装腔作势。实际上，Macfarlane那精美但有时有些单调的文字也存在这样的问题。不过，这实际上是一本充满了奇思妙想的好书。
比如Schiehallion的故事，这座苏格兰山脉太像等腰三角形了，一位18世纪的绘图人曾用它的尺寸来测量地球的深度。W.H. Murray的故事也很有意思，他是一位苏格兰山脉的年代记编者，被关在纳粹集中营时，他通过在草纸上记录这些山脉来保持自己的心智清醒。最奇怪的或许是Macfarlane将Dorset 道路——即一种深陷在黄色砂岩的小路——与16世纪不服权威的天主教徒躲藏在乡村里做了一种隐喻性的联系。
Macfarlane先生后来意识到英国人居住的每个群岛都有人类的历史。因为西爱尔兰在19世纪的饥荒和迁徙，以及北苏格兰在19世纪的迁徙和驱逐，空旷的边远地区已经被抹去了人口繁茂的迹象。他由此改变了自己对于荒野的看法，认为荒野不是没有被玷污过的自然，而是自然本身：“使有机存在持续下去的那种有力而混乱的绝对力量。”
像许多英国诗人一样，他发现了“沟壑中的幻想”。一颗布满青苔的山楂树看起来就好像是“怪兽毛茸茸的腿”。但是英国的自然到处都呈衰败的状态。6000英亩（2400公顷）石灰石公路中只有200英亩的外观没有被损坏。二次世界大战后，100万英里的灌木树篱中有1/4（约40万公里）被清除掉了，之后每年消失2000英里。
随着气温的升高，我们受到更多可怕变化的威胁。苏格兰海鸟群已经在逐渐饿死，因为它们的猎物都到北方去寻求更冰冷的水。每年都有几乎一大片艾塞克斯的含盐沼泽地因为海平面升高而消失，而那是珍贵的洪水防堤。Macfarlane先生担心英国最后的大毛榉树森林可能会在他的有生之年消失殆尽，而仅有50年树龄的树木竟出现了本来三倍于该年龄的树上才会有的衰退迹象。
也许没有希望阻止这种变化了。但是Macfarlane先生安慰自己说，自然在永无止尽地变化着，不会死亡的。而毛榉树林也会向北移动。当人们都消失的时候，自然就会恢复了。“荒野揭开了我们的序幕，也会比我们存活时间更长。”这是多么让人压抑的希望啊。
TEXT THREE
The past few years have not been kind to Wall Street's equity analysts. Accused of helping to inflate the internet bubble, new regulations were imposed upon them after it popped. Research budgets subsequently tumbled. Fund managers are increasingly bypassing the widely distributed wares of traditional research providers, turning to specialist firms instead. Less than six months ago, Merrill Lynch's head of research complained that Wall Street analysis was being “Napsterised”, or pirated. Some big financial firms, such as Prudential, have closed their research arms. Others are pondering their future in the business. To cap it all, a recent study suggested that it was all too easy for companies to buy the loyalty of those who cover their stock. The analyst's heyday would seem to be long gone.
But times are changing again. As markets sputter, analysts are regaining some clout. American shares plummeted on August 28th partly because Merrill Lynch's Guy Moszkowski cut his rating on several banks. Another Merrill analyst had earlier caused an even bigger quake by downgrading Countrywide, a big mortgage lender. And shares in Bear Stearns leapt when Dick Bove, an analyst with Punk Ziegel, merely pondered the possibility that the broker might receive a cash infusion from a foreign investor.
One explanation for this revival of influence is that, with markets so febrile, any shift in opinion is bound to have an exaggerated effect. But there may be more to it than that. As uncertainty grows, investors seem to be placing a higher value on research than they did only months ago. There is nothing new in this, reckons Mr Bove, a 40-year veteran of the industry. He asserts that nobody cares what analysts think in the good times, when what matters is deploying your money as quickly as possible. But the tables quickly turn when markets fall, as investors seek to steady their portfolios. Mr Bove argues that the golden age for equity analysts was the long bear market of the 1960s and 1970s, when advice on how to avoid losing money was highly treasured.
Another factor is the loss of faith in “quant” funds, which trade using complex computer models. Their recent problems have pushed investors back towards “more bottom-up, fundamental analysis”, says Lara Warner, head of American research at Credit Suisse. “People suddenly want to understand what they're holding.”
Recent structural changes also play a part. Since the “Global Settlement” of 2003, which severed the links between investment banks' dealmakers and their research departments, the banks have begun to tie analysts' pay more closely to performance. Bold calls earn bigger bonuses, if they prove correct. Ideas that stand out, and are thus valuable to hedge funds seeking “alpha” (above-market) returns, are also rewarded.
The audacity of some analysts stands in contrast to the spinelessness of Moody's and Standard & Poor's, which showered complex structured products with top-notch ratings and then twiddled their thumbs until they could no longer avoid downgrading them. By growing too cosy with their paymasters in structured products—the banks that package them—the rating agencies have ended up hopelessly in knots. A bit like equity analysts during the dotcom boom, in fact.
1. According to the first paragraph, which of the following statement is true about the Wall Street’s equity analysts?
[A] Their value were severely doubted and criticized by all.
[B] They were accursed of exaggerating the values of the internet stocks.
[C] They were facing the reverse trend of their business popularity.
[D] Big firms were beginning to abandon them.
2. The result of the study mentioned in the first paragraph implies that_____
[A] the company need not Wall Strett’s equity analysis any more.
[B] the stock holders are less depandent on the equity analysts.
[C] suggestions by the Wall Street euqity analysts are worthless.
[D] shareholders are more sophisticated after the internet bubble popped.
3. The analysts are regaining their influence recently because of the following reasons except_____
[A] the investors need more suggestions on their portfolios.
[B] the market is now turning to be more tolerant of analysts’ exaggeration.
[C] the analysts are separated with the banks.
[D] the quant funds have some problems in trading.
4. Who are more likely getting high pays from the banks after the “Global Settlement”?
[A] analysts who provide bold calls on the equity.
[B] analysts who could bring good returns for the funds.
[C] analysts who could provide correct evaluations.
[D] analysts who could hedge funds.
5. The rating agencies are a bit like equity analysts during the dotcom boom in that_____
[A] they tend to inflate the value of internet stocks.
[B] they have too close association with their clients.
[C] they have not evaluated the structrued products properly.
[D] they were reluctant to downgrade their products.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了华尔街股票分析师面临的一些情况；第一段讲述了人们对股票分析师的批评；第二段讲述目前大家对股票分析师的态度又有了新改变；第三、四、五段是发生新变化的原因；第六段讲述分析师目前的特点。
词汇注释：
heyday n. 全盛期 clout n. 影响
sputter v. 发劈啪声 febrile adj. 发热的
portfolio n. 资金组合 quant n. 运用数学和相关学科的专家
难句突破：
(1) And shares in Bear Stearns leapt when Dick Bove, an analyst with Punk Ziegel, merely pondered the possibility that the broker might receive a cash infusion from a foreign investor.
[主体句式] And shares in Bear Sterns leapt when Dick Bove merely pondered the possibility…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，when引导的是句子的时间状语；在该时间状语中that 引导的是possibility的佟韦钰从句。
[句子译文] 而Punk Ziegel 的分析师Dick Bove仅仅考虑了股票经纪人有可能会接受外国投资者的融资，这就使得Bear Stearn股票出现了震荡。
(2) Mr Bove argues that the golden age for equity analysts was the long bear market of the 1960s and 1970s, when advice on how to avoid losing money was highly treasured.
[主体句式] Mr Bove argues that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，that 引导的是宾语从句；该从句中，when引导的是时间状语从句。
[句子译文] Bove先生认为股票分析师的黄金时期是上世纪60年代到70年代的长期熊市，当时那些有关如何避免资金损失的建议得到很高的评价。
题目分析：
1. According to the first paragraph, which of the following statement is true about the Wall Street’s equity analysts?
根据第一段，下列关于华尔街的股票分析家的陈述哪一项是正确的？
[A] Their value were severely doubted and criticized by all.
[A]人们严重怀疑和批评他们的价值。
[B] They were accursed of exaggerating the values of the internet stocks.
[B] 人们指责他们夸大了网络股票的价值。
[C] They were facing the reverse trend of their business popularity.
[C]他们面临着事业下滑的趋势。
[D] Big firms were beginning to abandon them.
[D]大公司开始遗弃他们。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。主要要理解 “helping to inflate the internet bubble” 的意思，“吹大了网络泡沫”，就是将网络股票估值过高。因此答案为B选项。A和D选项的表述都过于绝对，不符合文章的原文。C选项有一定的干扰性，但是要注意文章第一段最后一句话指出“The analyst's heyday would seem to be long gone”，从would seem to 可以看出这是一个虚拟语气、表示假设的状况，因此该选项错误。
2. The result of the study mentioned in the first paragraph implies that_____
2.第一段提到的研究结果暗示了_____。
[A] the company need not Wall Strett’s equity analysis any more.
[A]公司不再需要华尔街股票分析了。
[B] the stock holders are less depandent on the equity analysts.
[B]股票持有人不再依靠股票分析了。
[C] suggestions by the Wall Street euqity analysts are worthless.
[C]华尔街股票分析家的建议是毫无价值的。
[D] shareholders are more sophisticated after the internet bubble popped.
[D]股票持有人在互联网泡沫挤破后更加怀疑了。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆
[分析]推理题。第一段提到“To cap it all, a recent study suggested that it was all too easy for companies to buy the loyalty of those who cover their stock”，即研究表明公司们以前想要买到股民们的忠诚真是太简单了，那么现在股民们就不会这样了，因此，选项中D符合题意。
3. The analysts are regaining their influence recently because of the following reasons except_____
分析师们近来又恢复了影响，这是因为以下除了____外的原因。
[A] the investors need more suggestions on their portfolios.
[A]投资者需要关于他们投资组合得更多建议。
[B] the market is now turning to more tolerant of analyst’ exaggeration.
[B] 市场现在能够更加容忍这些分析师的夸张描述。
[C] the analysts are separated with the banks.
[C] 分析家和银行分离了。
[D] the quant funds have some problems in trading.
[D]理学基金在交易方面存在一些问题。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。A选项，文章第三段中提到了这点；D选项, 第四段提到了这点；C选项， 第五段提到了这点。而B对应于第三段的“One explanation for this revival of influence is that, with markets so febrile, any shift in opinion is bound to have an exaggerated effect”，即“这种影响重新恢复的原因是市场处于高热状态，任何观点的变化都会产生扩大的效果”，这与选项的表述相左。因此，答案为B选项。
4. Who are more likely getting high pays from the banks after the “Global Settlement”?
4.“全球调整”后谁可能从银行取得高工资？
[A] analysts who provide bold calls on the equity.
[A] 那些声音很大的分析师。
[B] analysts who could bring good returns for the funds.
[B] 可以为基金取得较好收益的分析师。
[C] analysts who could provide correct evaluations.
[C] 可以提供正确估值的分析师。
[D] analysts who could hedge funds.
[D] 可以套期保值基金的分析师。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第五段，那些观点正确且声音很大的分析师收益高，A只涉及一个方面；对套期保值基金有价值的的分析师的意见也可以由高回报，那么B选项是正确的。
5. The rating agencies are a bit like equity analysts during the dotcom boom in that_____
5. 评级机构和网络时代的分析师相同之处在于_____
[A] they tend to inflate the value of internet stocks.
[A]他们倾向于网络股票价值的上升。
[B] they have too close association with their clients.
[B] 他们和客户有过于亲密的关系。
[C] they have not evaluated the structrued products properly.
[C] 他们没有正确地评估产品价值。
[D] they were reluctant to downgrade their products.
[D] 他们不愿意降低自己产品的级别。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据最后一段“By growing too cosy with their paymasters in structured products—the banks that package them—the rating agencies have ended up hopelessly in knots. A bit like equity analysts during the dotcom boom, in fact”，评级机构和结构产品的发薪商过于勾结，最终不能给予产品正确评级，就和网络时代分析师过高评估股票一样，因此答案为C选项。
参考译文：
过去的几年对于华尔街的股票分析师们可不是好过的日子。他们被人们指责过分夸大了网络泡沫，因此在泡沫破灭后政府就出台了限制他们的一些法规。研究预算下降了，基金经理不再关心传统研究提供那种到处都有的服务了，而是转向了专业公司。6个月前，美林公司研发主任抱怨说华尔街的分析是“孤注一掷的”，或者说是剽窃的。一些大的金融公司如Prudential已经关闭了其研究部门。其他的也正在考虑该行业的未来会如何发展。近期的一项研究表明，公司们想要买到股民们的忠诚真是太简单了。分析师的全盛时期已经不复存在了。
但是形势又发生了变化。随着市场的回转，分析师又开始产生了一定的影响。因为美林公司的Guy Moszkowsk调低了对几家银行的评级，美国股票于8月28日大幅下跌。另外一位美林公司的分析师因为降低了大型抵押贷款公司Countrywide的评级，引发了更大的震动。而Punk Ziegel 的分析师Dick Bove仅仅考虑了股票经纪人有可能会接受外国投资者的融资，这就使得Bear Stearn股票出现了震荡。
分析师影响重新恢复的原因在于市场处于高热状态，任何观点的变化都会产生扩大的效果。但是可能还有别的原因。随着不确定性的增加，投资者现在比以前更加看重研究。该行业一位有着40年经验的Bove先生认为这不是什么新现象。他认为在经济好的时候没有人关心分析师们在想什么，那时候关键就是如何最快地部署资金。但是一旦市场砸盘，一切就都变了，投资者们就开始寻求如何将自己的资金组合稳定住。Bove先生认为股票分析师的黄金时期是上世纪60年代到70年代的长期熊市，当时那些有关如何避免资金损失的建议得到很高的评价。
另外一个因素就是人们丧失了对“理学”基金的信心，这些基金利用复杂的计算模式来进行投资。基金最近出现的问题将投资者推回到“更加至下而上的基础分析”，美国瑞士信贷研究主任Lara Warner说。“人们忽然想要知道他们手里拿的是什么了。”
最近的结构变化也起到了一定的作用。2003年的“全球调整”切断了投资银行和研究部门的联系，自此后银行开始将分析师的公司与其业绩更加紧密联系在一起。如果观点正确的话 ，声音越大赚的红包就越多。而比较突出的对那些寻求a利润（高于市场）的基金那些有价值的突出想法也受到奖励。
一些分析师的大胆与穆迪以及标准普尔指数的分析师的胆小形成了对比，后者摆出高等级的复杂结构产品，然后开始扭手指直到不得不降级。因为在结构产品中与发薪商（打包结构产品的银行）过于勾结，评级机构最终得到的都是失望。就好像在网络繁荣时代的股票分析师一样。
TEXT FOUR
Photosynthesis is the basis of life on Earth. Thermodynamics is the order and disorder in the universe. Put them together and you have the makings of a book that may re-order the way you think about the world. And that is what Oliver Morton, news editor at Nature (and who once worked for this paper), has done.
Mr Morton's thesis is that modern biology has become so focused on the movement of information, in the form of genes, that it has neglected the processes needed to move that information around: in essence, thermodynamics. People talk glibly of “using up” energy when in fact they are doing no such thing. What is actually used up is order. An energy flow drives the process, but it is disorder (or “entropy”, to use the jargon) that changes, by increasing.
A highly ordered system such as a living thing thus needs an abundant supply of negative entropy (or unentropy, or call it what you will) to maintain its internal order. That negative entropy comes from the sun and is captured by photosynthesis, which uses light to split water molecules and combines the resulting hydrogen with carbon dioxide to form sugars. The sugars are a store of negative entropy that can be used elsewhere. The waste product, conveniently for the animals of Earth, is oxygen.
The book, then, is in part a refrain in praise of photosynthesis, the Earth's energy and order currency-exchange market. It is also an entertaining history of how the subject arrived where it is today—and an illuminating insight for the non-scientist into how the magisterial pronouncements of science are every bit as much the result of sausage-making as Bismarck's description of the process of legislation.
The text is peppered with vignettes and asides that highlight science's faltering march forward on the backs of researchers, who are by turns quirky and visionary. The process of discovery is not chronological but is forever folding back on itself, revisiting half-solved problems. Mr Morton is careful to point out where progress has been impeded by hubris or tucked away in academic literature.
There is also, of course, the inevitable warning. Having perfected the energy-into-order recipe over billions of years, photosynthesis has left a great deal of waste in the Earth, as well as contributing oxygen to the atmosphere. That buried waste—coal, oil and natural gas—is what powers the industrial revolution still sweeping the Earth. By reuniting the two waste products of photosynthesis—oxygen in the air and carbon in the ground—this revolution has fuelled a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide three times higher than any previous rise that can be measured. The system—the interaction between life and its surroundings: the atmosphere, the oceans and the upper levels of the Earth's crust—has been pushed out of equilibrium.
Mr Morton argues that the way in which industrialised humanity is interfering with the homeostatic process can be undone—not by way of a single, magic bullet, but by pursuit of a number of ultimately achievable goals. The damage is done but it is, he says, reparable. Humanity had better hope he is right.
1. According to Morton’s thesis, which one of the following statements is TRUE of entropy?
[A] What matters is not energy, but entropy.
[B] It is entropy that makes an energy flow possible.
[C] As an energy flows, entropy is decreased.
[D] As an energy flows, entropy is increased.
2. A living thing needs an abundant supply of negative entropy because _____
[A] there is a lot of entropy in the ordered system.
[B] the entropy is constantly decreasing in the system.
[C] the order is constantly increasing in the system.
[D] the thermodynamic is taking effect in the system.
３．The word “refrain” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) most probably means _____
[A] deny.
[B] restrain.
[C] repetition.
[D] confirmation.
4. According to Mr Morton’s book, science can best be described as _____
[A] vision of some quirky researchers.
[B] reconsideration of problems that are partially addressed.
[C] deliberate mystery-making to the non-scientists.
[D] a process of legistration of academic literature.
5. Towards the prospect described by Mr Morton, the author’s attitude can best be described as _____
[A] positive.
[B] negative.
[C] skeptical.
[D] unclear.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了一本关于光合作用的书。第一段通过光合作用引出这本书；第二、三、四段讲述了该书的论点；第五段讲述了该书关于科学进程的思考；第六段讲述这本书的观点对高级世界的看法；第七段讲述Morton先生认为自然界所存在的问题有补救的办法。
词汇注释：
photosynthesis n. 光合作用 thermodynamics n. 热力学
entropy n. 熵 refrain n. 重复
magisterial adj. 权威的 vignette n. 小插图
quirky adj. 古怪的 tuck v. 藏起来‘
homeostatic adj. 自我平衡的。
难句突破：
Mr Morton's thesis is that modern biology has become so focused on the movement of information, in the form of genes, that it has neglected the processes needed to move that information around: in essence, thermodynamics.
[主体句式]Mr Morton’s thesis is that moder biology has become so focused on… that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，that引导的是表语从句；该从句中，有一个so…that的结构。
[句子译文] Morton先生认为现代生物学过于关注基因形式的信息活动，以至于忽视了驱动该信息运动的过程，也就是动力学。
That negative entropy comes from the sun and is captured by photosynthesis, which uses light to split water molecules and combines the resulting hydrogen with carbon dioxide to form sugars.
[主体句式] The negative entropy comes from the sun and is captured by…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，which 引导的定语从句用来修饰前面的photosynthesis。
[句子译文] 负熵来自于太阳，靠光合作用摄取，利用光将水分子分裂，将氢气和碳元素结合为糖。
题目分析：
1. According to Morton’s thesis, which one of the following statements is TRUE of entropy?
根据Morton的论文，下列哪项关于熵的陈述正确叙述？
[A] What matters is not energy, but entropy.
[A] 重要的不是能量，而是熵。
[B] It is entropy that makes an energy flow possible.
[B] 是熵使得能量可以流动。
[C] As an energy flows, entropy is decreased.
[C] 随着能量的流动，熵在减少。
[D] As an energy flows, entropy is increased.
[D] 随着能量的流动，熵在增加。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。根据第二段“People talk glibly of “using up” energy when in fact they are doing no such thing. What is actually used up is order. An energy flow drives the process, but it is disorder (or “entropy”, to use the jargon) that changes, by increasing”，也就是说，Morton先生的论文中提到人们消耗的不是能量，而是秩序，随着能量的较少，熵在增加。答案是D选项。
2. A living thing needs an abundant supply of negative entropy because _____
2. 活的生物需要充足的负熵供应，因为____
[A] there is a lot of entropy in the ordered system.
[A] 在有秩序的系统中有大量的熵。
[B] the entropy is constantly decreasing in the system.
[B] 熵在系统中不停地减少。
[C] the order is constantly increasing in the system.
[C] 秩序在系统中不断地增加。
[D] the thermodynamic is taking effect in the system.
[D] 动力学在该系统中起了作用。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第三段，生物需要大量的负熵来维持内部的秩序，因为有秩序的系统消耗能量就会产生大量的熵，需要负熵来平衡。这是动力学在起作用的结果，答案为D选项。
３．The word “refrain” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) most probably means _____
3. “refrain” (第四段第一行)最有可能的意思是_____
[A] deny.
[A] 否定。
[B] restrain.
[B] 抑制。
[C] repetition.
[C] 重复。
[D] confirmation.
[D] 确认。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。该词所在原文是“The book, then, is in part a refrain in praise of photosynthesis, the Earth's energy and order currency-exchange market”。传统上来说，我们对于光合作用的态度一直是赞扬和歌颂的，但是纵观这篇文章，该书作者的态度是有所保留甚至是相反的。首先第一段中提出“Photosynthesis is the basis of life on Earth”，一句话结合第一段的其他内容，作者似乎对这个结论有所质疑。文章第三段最后一句“The waste product, conveniently for the animals of Earth, is oxygen”，一直以来被人们称颂的光合作用所产生的氧气在这里却是“waste product”，相似的字句在第六段也有所反映“Having perfected the energy-into-order recipe over billions of years, photosynthesis has left a great deal of waste in the Earth, as well as contributing oxygen to the atmosphere. That buried waste—coal, oil and natural gas—is what powers the industrial revolution still sweeping the Earth”等，说明这本书并没有在赞扬光合作用，因此答案为B选项，“refrain”的意思是避免、制止。
4. According to Mr Morton’s book, science can best be described as _____
4.根据Morton先生的书，科学可以被描述为_____
[A] vision of some quirky researchers.
[A]一些奇特研究者的幻想。
[B] reconsideration of problems that are partially addressed.
[B] 对一些没有完全解决的问题的重新思考。
[C] deliberate mystery-making to the non-scientists.
[C]对那些不懂科学的人故弄玄虚。
[D] a process of legistration of academic literature.
[D] 对学术文献进行立法的过程。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第五段“The text is peppered with vignettes and asides that highlight science's faltering march forward on the backs of researchers, who are by turns quirky and visionary”，即科学在研究者背上一直前行，发现的过程是一直在重新思考未完全解决的问题。那么科学最好被描述为B选项。
5. Towards the prospect described by Mr Morton, the author’s attitude can best be described as _____
5.对于Murton先生描述的前景，作者的态度可以说是_____
[A] positive.
[A] 肯定的。
[B] negative.
[B] 否定的。
[C] skeptical.
[C] 怀疑的。
[D] unclear.
[D] 不清楚的。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 态度题。作者最后提到，人类希望他说的是对的。这表明他其实是抱着一种怀疑的态度，因此正确答案为C选项。
参考译文：
光合作用是地球上生命的基础，热力学是宇宙的秩序和无秩序。将它们放在一起，就可以编出一本书来，而且可能会改变你对世界的看法。《自然》的新闻编辑Oliver Morton（他以前曾供职于该公司）就做了这样的事情
Morton先生认为现代生物学过于关注基因形式的信息活动，以至于忽视了驱动该信息运动的过程，也就是动力学。人们流畅地谈论“用光”产生的能源，而事实确非如此，用光的是秩序。能量的流动驱动了过程，真正改变的是增加的无秩序（或用术语来说叫“熵”）。
因此，高度规则的系统如生物就需要大量的负熵（或者叫非熵，根据自己喜好而定）来维持内部的秩序。负熵来自于太阳，靠光合作用摄取，利用光将水分子分裂，将氢气和碳元素结合为糖。糖是储存负熵的地方，并可以用于其它地方。而为地球上动物留下的废物就是氧气，
该书在赞颂光合作用方面有所保留，光合作用是地球上能量和秩序流通转换的场所。这本书也是一部关于生物如何变成这个样子的娱乐性历史，也让不懂科学的人们认识到科学权威的声明只不过相当于香肠制作的结果或俾斯麦关于立法程序的描述。
文本中到处都有一些小插图，旁边说明了科学是如何在研究者的背上蹒跚前进的，这些研究者时而古怪，时而空想。发现的过程并不是按年代顺序排列的，但这个过程却充满了反思、 以及对未完全解决问题的重新思考。Morton先生非常谨慎地指出了那些进程受到骄傲的阻碍、或是藏匿在学术中的时刻。
这当然也是必然的警告。光合作用在过去几十亿年中把能量转为秩序的过程完美化了，但却将大量的废物留在地球上，也将大量氧气排放到空气中。埋藏的废物，如煤炭、石油和天然气都是席卷地球的工业革命的能量。将光合作用产生的这两种废物即空中的氧气和地上的碳重新结合起来，工业革命使得空气中二氧化碳的含量比以往增加了3倍。而生命及其周围环境形成的体系，如空气、海洋和地球外壳的表层已经失去了平衡。
Morton先生认为人类工业化的干预自我平衡的过程可以停止下来，不是靠简单的魔力子弹，而是靠一些列最终可以实现的目标。损害已经成事实，但是还有补救， 他这样说。人们希望他说的是对的。
TEXT ONE
If you found yourself in a cocktail bar with a Neanderthal man, what would he say? A good conversation is one of the great joys of being human, but it is not clear just how far back in the hominid lineage the ability to use language stretches. The question of when grunts and yelps turned into words and phrases is a tricky one. One way of trying to answer it is to look in the fossil record for evidence about what modern humanity's closest relatives could do.
Svante P??bo, of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, and his colleagues have done just that. Dr P??bo is an expert in extracting and interpreting the DNA of fossils. As he reports in the latest issue of Current Biology, he and his team have worked their magic on a gene called FOXP2 found in Neanderthal remains from northern Spain. The reason for picking this particular gene is that it is the only one known so far to have a direct connection with speech. In 1990, a family with an inherited speech disorder known as verbal dyspraxia drew the attention of genetics researchers. Those researchers identified a mutation in FOXP2 as the cause of the dyspraxia.
Since then FOXP2 has been the subject of intensive study. It has been linked to the production of birdsong and the ultrasonic musings of mice. It is a conservative type, not changing much from species to species. But it has undergone two changes since humans split from chimpanzees 6m years ago, and some researchers believe these changes played a crucial role in the development of speech and language.
If these changes are common to modern humans and Neanderthals, they must predate the separation of the line leading to Homo sapiens from the one leading to Homo neanderthalensis. Dr P??bo's research suggests precisely that: the FOXP2 genes from modern humans and Neanderthals are essentially the same. To the extent that the gene enables language, it enables it in both species.
There has been much speculation about Neanderthals' ability to speak. They were endowed with a hyoid bone, which anchors the tongue and allows a wide variety of movements of the larynx. Neanderthal skulls also show evidence of a large hypoglossal canal. This is the route taken by the nerves that supply the tongue. As such, it is a requisite for the exquisitely complex movements of speech. Moreover, the inner-ear structure of Homo heidelbergensis, an ancestor of Neanderthals, shows that this species was highly sensitive to the frequencies of sound that are associated with speech.
That Neanderthals also shared with moderns the single known genetic component of speech is another clue that they possessed the necessary apparatus for having a good natter. But suggestive as that is, the question remains open. FOXP2 is almost certainly not “the language gene”. Without doubt, it is involved in the control and regulation of the motions of speech, but whether it plays a role in the cognitive processes that must precede talking remains unclear—jokes about engaging brain before putting mouth in gear notwithstanding. The idea that the forebears of modern humans could talk would scupper the notion that language was the force that created modern human culture—otherwise, why would they not have built civilisations? But it would make that chat with a Neanderthal much more interesting.
1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Neanderthal men?
[A] they are derived from a branch of early Neanderthals called Homo heidelbergensis.
[B] they are existent descendant of Homo neanderthalensis.
[C] they are Homo sapiens’s closest relatives.
[D] they are officially named Homo neanderthalensis in the academic circle.
2. Svante P??bo and his team carried out a study on FOXP2 in order to_____
[A] trace the appearance and evolution of the speech ability.
[B] find out how far back in the hominid lineage the ability to use language stretches.
[C] find evidence proving the gene which controls the motion of speech.
[D] identify the crucial changes that had taken place on this gene and the consequent influence.
3. The gene of FOXP2 is regarded as a gene with a direct connection with speech because_____
[A] it was found in Neanderthal remains from northern Spain.
[B] it was found that sudden change of FOXP2 may lead to speech disorder.
[C] it was linked to the production of birdsong and the ultrasonic musings of mice.
[D] it does not change much from species to species.
4.The word “scupper” (Line 8, Paragraph 6) most probably means _____
[A] deny.
[B] defeat.
[C] demolish.
[D] destory.
5. From the findings of Dr P??bo's research it may be inferred that_____
[A] FOXP2 is the gene that enables the speech ability in both humans and Neanderthals.
[B] the fork seprating the line leading to Homo sapiens from that to Homo neanderthalensis is wrong.
[C] more important genes should be identified which control speech ability and cognitive pcrocess.
[D] the establishment of human civilization as a result of language ability might be false.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述科学家对于人类语言能力问题的新研究。第一段用生动的叙述来提出问题；第二段讲述了P??bo博士报告的主要内容；第三段讲述FOXP2的一些情况；第四段讲述对穴居人说话能力的猜测；第五段讲述目前仍然存有的疑问。
词汇注释：
hominid n 原始人类 chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩
larynx n. 喉 hypoglossal adj. 舌下神经的
natter n. 闲谈 scupper v. 破坏，摧毁
难句突破：
(1) But it has undergone two changes since humans split from chimpanzees 6m years ago, and some researchers believe these changes played a crucial role in the development of speech and language.
[主体句式] But it has undergone two changes since humans split from… and some researchers believe these changes…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，since…引导的是时间状语从句；believe后面是濒于从句。
[句子译文] 但是自从人类于600万年前由黑猩猩分离出来后，该基因已经发生了两次变化，一些研究者认为这些转变在语音和语言的发展中发挥了重要作用。
(2)0If these changes are common to modern humans and Neanderthals, they must predate the separation of the line leading to Homo sapiens from the one leading to Homo neanderthalensis.
[主体句式] If these changes are common to …, they must predate the seperation of the line… form the one…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句, if引导的是一个条件状语从句。
[句子译文] 如果现代人类和穴居人有共同的变化，那么他们就必须将智人人类和穴居人的分界线推前了。
题目分析：
1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Neanderthal men?
1.关于尼安德特人，下列哪个陈述是错误的？
[A] they are derived from a branch of early Neanderthals called Homo heidelbergensis.
[A] 他们源自早期名叫Homo heidelbergensis的穴居人。
[B] they are existent descendant of Homo neanderthalensis.
[B] 他们是智人人类现存的后代。
[C] they are Homo sapiens’s closest relatives.
[C] 他们是智人人类最近的亲属。
[D] they are officially named Homo neanderthalensis in the academic circle.
[D] 他们在学术界的官方名称是穴居人。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。A选项，根据文章四第四段“the inner-ear structure of Homo heidelbergensis, an ancestor of Neanderthals”说明Homo heidelbergensis是穴居人的祖先，而该选项混淆了二者的关系，因而 是不正确的。B选项，尼安德特人是一种原始人类，因此B是错误的。C选项，从文章的分析来看，尼安德特人和智人人类有许多共同点，可能是其最近的亲属。答案为C选项。D选项看似正确，具有较强的干扰性，但其实该说法没有在文章中提到。
2. Svante P??bo and his team carried out a study on FOXP2 in order to_____
2. Svante P??bo和其团队开展了一项关于FOXP2的研究，目的是为了_____
[A] trace the appearance and evolution of the speech ability.
[A]追寻语言能力的出现和发展。
[B] find out how far back in the hominid lineage the ability to use language stretches.
[B]找出原始人类使用语言的能力要追溯到哪里。
[C] find evidence proving the gene which controls the motion of speech.
[C]找到能证明这种基因控制着语言活动的证据。
[D] identify the crucial changes that had have taken place on this gene and the consequent influence.
[D] 找出在该基因上发生的变化以及相应的影响。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。结合第一段和第二段. 首先第一段指出“The question of when grunts and yelps turned into words and phrases is a tricky one”，即为了找出什么时候咕哝声转变成了语言和短语才进行这样研究的，之后文章主要谈论的话题就是语言能力是在什么时候出现和发展出来的。因此，正确答案为A选项。
3. The gene of FOXP2 is regarded as a gene with a direct connection with speech because_____
3.FOXP2基因被看作是和语言有直接联系的基因，因为_____
[A] it was found in Neanderthal remains from northern Spain.
[A]在西班牙北部穴居人的遗址中发现了这种基因。
[B] it was found that sudden change of FOXP2 may lead to speech disorder.
[B]人们发现FOXP2突变可能会导致语言障碍。
[C] it was linked to the production of birdsong and the ultrasonic musings of mice.
[C]该基因鸟类唱歌和老鼠超声波相关。
[D] it does not change much from species to species.
[D] 物种间该基因的变化不大。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第二段“In 1990, a family with an inherited speech disorder known as verbal dyspraxia drew the attention of genetics researchers. Those researchers identified a mutation in FOXP2 as the cause of the dyspraxia”，有着遗传性语言障碍——语言运动障碍的一个家庭引起了基因研究者的注意，而研究者认为FOXP2突变是这种语言障碍的原因，因此被紧密联系了起来。答案为B选项。
4.The word “scupper” (Line 58 Paragraph 6) most probably means _____
4. “scupper”(第六段第八行) 最有可能的意思是_____
[A] deny.
[A] 否定。
[B] defeat.
[B] 打败。
[C] demolish.
[C] 摧毁。
[D] destory.
[D] 毁坏。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，现代人类的祖先可以说话会推翻语言是现代人类文化创造的力量这样的论点，选项中A最为符合这个意思。
5. From the findings of Dr P??bo's research it can be inferred that_____
5.从P??bo博士研究的发现可以推导出_____
[A] FOXP2 is the gene that enables the speech ability in both humans and Neanderthals.
[A] FOXP2就是使人类和穴居人拥有语言能力的基因。
[B] the fork seprating the line leading to Homo sapiens from that to Homo neanderthalensis is wrong.
[B]分割智人人类和穴居人的分叉点是错误的。
[C] More important genes should be identified which control speech ability and cognitive process.
[C] 应该找出那些控制语言和认知过程的更加重要的基因。
[D] the establishment of human civilization as a result of language ability might be false.
[D]语言创造现代人类的文明这一论点是错误的。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第四段，如果现代人类和穴居人有共同的变化，那么他们就必须将智人人类和穴居人的分界线推前了。P??bo博士的研究表明了这一点：现代人类和穴居人类的FOXP2基因基本相同。可以得出分割智人人类和穴居人的分叉点是错误的。因此答案为B选项。其余的基点并不是P??bo博士研究可以推导出的。A选项错误的原因在于文章最后一段明确提出“FOXP2几乎肯定不是‘语言基因’”。C选项在文中没有相应的内容。而D选项也是错误的，因为根据最后一段“The idea that the forebears of modern humans could talk would scupper the notion that language was the force that created modern human culture—otherwise, why would they not have built civilisations”，可见这种说法不是研究的结论，而只是一个猜测而已。
参考译文：
如果有一天你在鸡尾酒吧发现旁边是一个尼安德特人，他会说些什么呢？比较好的话题就是作为人类是多么快乐的一件事啊，但是这种原始人类使用语言的能力要追溯到哪里就不清楚了。什么时候咕哝声转变成了语言和短语，这个问题很难回答。现在就有人试图从化石记录中找出证据，看看现代人类最近的祖先做了什么。
莱比锡Max Planck进化人类学研究院的Svante P??bo及其同事就进行了这种尝试。P??bo博士是提取并解读化石中DNA的专家，在最新一期的《当今生物学》中，他报告了自己带领的小组在从西班牙北部穴居人遗址中发现的一种叫FOXP2的基因，并对此进行了研究。选择这种基因是因为这是到目前唯一能确定与语言有直接关系的基因。1990年，一个有着遗传性语言障碍——语言运动障碍的家庭引起了基因研究者的注意。这些研究者认为FOXP2突变是这种语言障碍的成因。
自那之后，FOXP2成为许多研究的对象，甚至还有人将它与鸟类唱歌和老鼠超声波联系了起来。这种基因是守恒类型，物种之间的变化不大。但是自从人类于600万年前由黑猩猩分离出来后，该基因已经发生了两次变化，一些研究者认为这些转变在语音和语言的发展中发挥了重要作用。
如果现代人类和穴居人有共同的变化，那么他们就必须将智人人类和穴居人的分界线推前了。P??bo博士的研究也表明了这一点：现代人类和穴居人类的FOXP2基因基本相同。如果该基因赋予了人类语言能力，那么这两个物种应该都有这种能力。
关于穴居人的说话能力有许多猜测。他们用舌骨来支撑舌头，允许喉部有许多不同的运动。穴居人头骨也有大的舌下神经通道，这是提供给舌头神经经过的路线。同样，这也是实现说话这个复杂活动的一个必备条件。而且，穴居人祖先Homo heidelbergensis,的耳内构造表明该物种对与发音相关的声音频率有非常高的敏感性。
穴居人和现代人还拥有到目前为止已知的共同发音基因，这是能够证明他们有聊天所必要器官的另外一个线索。但是虽然情况可能如此，这还是个开放的问题。FOXP2几乎肯定不是“语言基因”。毫无疑问，该基因与控制、调节语音活动有关，但它是否在语言发生之前的认知过程中发挥了作用还是个未解之谜，尽管我们有这样的笑话，即说动嘴前要先动脑。如果现代人类的祖先能够说话，这将推翻诸如语言是创造现代人类文化的力量这样的论点，否则，祖先们怎么没有建立起文明来呢？但如果人类的祖先可以说话，那么和穴居人聊天就变得有意思多了。
TEXT TWO
Berkeley seems like a fitting place to find the godfather of the open-innovation movement basking in glory. The Californian village was, after all, at the very heart of the anti-establishment movement of the 1960s and has spawned plenty of radical thinkers. One of them, Henry Chesbrough, a business professor at the University of California at Berkeley, observes with a smile that “this is the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love.”
Mr Chesbrough's two books “Open Innovation” and “Open Business Models” have popularised the notion of looking for bright ideas outside of an organisation. As the concept of open innovation has become ever more fashionable, the corporate R&D lab has become decreasingly relevant. Most ideas don't come from there.
To see why travel to Cincinnati, Ohio—which is about as far removed culturally from Berkeley as one can get in America. The conservative mid-western city is home to P&G, historically one of the most traditional firms in America. For decades, the company that brought the world Ivory soap, Crest toothpaste and Ariel detergent had a closed innovation process, centred around its own secretive R&D operations.
No longer. P&G has radically altered the way it comes up with new ideas and products. It now welcomes and works with universities, suppliers and outside inventors. It also offers them a share in the rewards. In less than a decade, P&G has increased the proportion of new-product ideas originating from outside of the firm from less than a fifth to around half. That has boosted innovation and, says its boss, Mr Lafley, is the main reason why P&G has been able to grow at 6% a year between 2001 and 2006, tripling annual profits to $8.6 billion. The company now has a market capitalisation of over $200 billion.
IBM is another iconic firm that has jumped on the open-innovation bandwagon. The once-secretive company has done a sharp U-turn and embraced Linux, an open-source software language. IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community”, yielding hundreds of software patents to the “creative commons” rather than registering them for itself. However, it also continues to take out patents at a record pace in other areas, such as advanced materials, and in the process racks up some $1 billion a year in licensing fees.
Since an army of programmers around the world work on developing Linux essentially at no cost, IBM now has an extremely cheap and robust operating system. It makes money by providing its clients with services that support the use of Linux—and charging them for it. Using open-source software saves IBM a whopping $400m a year, according to Paul Horn, until recently the firm's head of research. The company is so committed to openness that it now carries out occasional “online jam sessions” during which tens of thousands of its employees exchange ideas in a mass form of brainstorming.
Mr Chesbrough, of course, heartily approves. He gives dozens of other examples of firms doing similar things, ranging from Clorax, a household products firm to Air Products, an industrial gases company. Mr Chesbrough reckons that “IBM and P&G have timed their shift to a high-volume open-business model very well” and that if their competitors do not do the same they will be in trouble.
1. “Summer of Love” is probably _____
[A] a religious activity celebrating the open-innovation movement.
[B] the anti-establishment movement.
[C] a movement advocating the innovation.
[D] an activity calling for open innovation.
2. According to the passage, the annual profits of P&G in 2001 was about_____
[A] $ 2.87 billion.
[B] $ 1.075 billion.
[C] $ 2.15 billion.
[D] $ 4.3 billion.
3. IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community” in that_____
[A] it embraced an open-source software language that is widely supported by the “creative commons”.
[B] it endows people inside and outside the company with the access to the software patents it owns.
[C] it encourages an extensive public involvement in the development of new software for the company.
[D] it indeed whops its cost and gains considerable profit from using Linux.
4. IBM could provide its clients with cheap operating system because_____
[A] its progrmmers around the world develop Linux essentially at no cost.
[B] it makes money by providing its client with toll services supporting the operating system instead.
[C] it could save a lot of money by using open-source software.
[D] it has shifted its R&D outside, which save a lot of money.
5. According to the last paragrph, if their competitors do not do the same they will be in trouble because_____
[A] their competitors will would lose their market share gradually which would be taken by R&D.
[B] they fail to adopt the new model of open business which would pave the way to constant business success.
[C] they do not recognize the best time to shift their backward business model.
[D] they will be sifted out by the market as a result of their conservativeness.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了开放式发明的一些情况。第一段从开放式发明运动教父的故乡引入该话题；第二段讲述开放式发明理念的流行；第三、四段讲述宝洁公司过去的研发模式和现在的发明新方式；第五、六段讲述IBM转向开源软件的情况；第七段讲述Chesbrough先生的观点。
词汇注释：
detergent n. 清洁剂 bandwagon n.流行
whopping adj. 巨大的
难句突破：
For decades, the company that brought the world Ivory soap, Crest toothpaste and Ariel detergent had a closed innovation process, centred around its own secretive R&D operations.
[主体句式] The company had a closed innovation process.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，that引导的是company的定语，centred…分词结构做前面process 的定语。
[句子译文] 几十年来，该公司为世界制造了象牙牌香皂、佳洁士牙膏和Ariel清洁剂，它拥有封闭的发明程序，以其秘密的研发部为核心。
(2) IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community”, yielding hundreds of software patents to the “creative commons” rather than registering them for itself.
[主体句式] IBM now gushes about being …
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，yielding… rather than registering…是做前面community的定语。
[句子译文] IBM现在总说自己是“开放发明社团”的一员，将大量的软件专利权给了“发明的公众”而不是由公司自己注册。
题目分析：
1. “Summer of Love” is probably _____
“爱的夏日”可能是_____
[A] a religious activity celebrating the open-innovation movement.
[A] 庆祝开放式创新运动的宗教活动。
[B] the anti-establishment movement.
[B] 反对固定的运动。
[C] a movement advocating the innovation.
[C] 号召创新的运动。
[D] an activity calling for open innovation.
[D] 提倡开放是创新的运动。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第一段“The Californian village was, after all, at the very heart of the anti-establishment movement of the 1960s and has spawned plenty of radical thinkers”，20世纪60年代发生了反对固定运动，可能爱的夏日就是这个运动的名称。因此，答案为B选项。
2. According to the passage, the annual profits of P&G in 2001 was about_____
2.根据这篇文章，宝洁公司2001年的年利润为_____
[A] $ 2.87 billion.
[A] 28.7亿美元。
[B] $ 1.075 billion.
[B] 10.75亿美元。
[C] $ 2.15 billion.
[C] 21.5亿美元。
[D] $ 4.3 billion.
[D] 43亿美元。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据文章第四段“That has boosted innovation and, says its boss, Mr Lafley, is the main reason why P&G has been able to grow at 6% a year between 2001 and 2006, tripling annual profits to $8.6 billion. The company now has a market capitalisation of over $200 billion”，从2001年到2006年年利润增加，是原来的三倍，是86亿美元，那么原来就应该是28.7亿美元，因此A选项是正确答案。
3. IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community” in that_____
3.IBM现在不停地说自己是“开放发明社团”的一员，因为_____
[A] it embraced an open-source software language that is widely supported by the “creative commons”.
[A] 它拥有资源公开的软件语言，这种语言受到了“发明的公众”的广泛支持。
[B] it endows people inside and outside the company with the access to the software patents it owns.
[B]它赋予人们使用它所拥有的软件专利权。
[C] it encourages an extensive public involvement in the development of new software for the company.
[C]它鼓励更多的公众参与到为公司研发新的软件中来。
[D] it indeed whops its cost and gains considerable profit from using Linux.
[D]由于使用了Linux，公司确实大大降低了成本并增加了可观的利润。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据文章第五段“IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community”, yielding hundreds of software patents to the “creative commons” rather than registering them for itself”，可见IBM现在不听地说自己是“开放发明社团”的一员，他让公众发明软件，从而拥有专利权，而不是自己去注册；但是在其他领域自己也进行注册。因此，只有C选项符合题意。A在一定程度上也是正确的，只是没有C选项更加确切地符合原文的意思。
4. IBM could provide its clients with cheap operating system because_____
4.IBM可以为自己的客户提供廉价的操作系统，因为_____
[A] its progrmmers around the world develop Linux essentially at no cost.
[A]它分布于世界各地的程序员基本以零成本来开发Linux。
[B] it makes money by providing its client with toll services supporting the operating system instead.
[B]它通过为客户提供支持操作系统的付费服务来赚钱。
[C] it could save a lot of money by using open-source software.
[C]它可以使用资源开放的软件来节约一大笔资金。
[D] it has shifted its R&D outside, which save a lot of money.
[D]它将自己的研发部转移到了外面，这可以省去一大笔钱。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第六段“It makes money by providing its clients with services that support the use of Linux—and charging them for it”，可见IBM为其客户提供支持Linux系统的服务并收取费用来赢得利润，而操作系统就收费低廉了。因此，答案为B选项。
5. According to the last paragrph, if their competitors do not do the same they will be in trouble because_____
5.根据最后一段，如果他们的竞争者不这样做，他们就会陷入麻烦，因为_____
[A] their competitors will would lose their market share gradually which would be taken by R&D.
[A]他们的竞争者会逐渐失去他们的市场份额，这些市场份额都会被宝洁取得。
[B] they fail to adopt the new model of open business which would pave the way to constant business success.
[B] 他们没有采用开放商业的新模式，而只有这种模式才能使公司取得持续的成功。
[C] they do not recognize the best time to shift their backward business model.
[C] 这些公司没有意识到改变他们落后商业模式的最佳时期。
[D] they will be sifted out by the market as a result of their conservativeness.
[D] 他们会因为保守被市场淘汰。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。根据文章最后一段“Mr Chesbrough reckons that “IBM and P&G have timed their shift to a high-volume open-business model very well” and that if their competitors do not do the same they will be in trouble”，如果他们的竞争对手不这样做，可就麻烦了，要明确是谁会碰到麻烦。是他们的竞争对手，因为这样的话他们的竞争对手很可能会被淘汰出局，因此D选项是正确答案。A选项的前半句即“their competitors will would lose their market share gradually”是正确的，但是后半句却不正确，这里的公司不仅仅指的宝洁，还包括文中提到的其他采用了新的商业模式的公司。B选项的错误在于文章并没有明确指出开放商业的新模式能够达到“pave the way to constant business success”的作用。C选项则与题干的问题无关。
参考译文：
伯克利似乎是备受瞩目的开放式发明运动教父的故乡。毕竟这个加利福尼亚村装是20世纪90年代反固定运动的中心，在这里诞生了许多激进的思想者。其中有一位名叫Henry Chesbrough的加利福尼亚大学商业教授，他笑着说“这是爱的夏日的40周年庆典”。
Chesbrough先生的两本书《开放的发明》与《开放的商业模式》使得在组织向外部寻找好主意的理念开始流行起来。随着开放式发明的理念越来越流行，公司的研发实验室就显得越来越不重要了。大多数的新主意都并不是从那些实验室里产生的。
为什么要到俄亥俄州的辛辛那提去呢，那里是全美与伯克利文化差异最大的地方了。这个保守的中西部城市是保洁公司的发源地，保洁是美国历史上最传统的公司之一。几十年来，该公司为世界制造了象牙牌香皂、佳洁士牙膏和Ariel清洁剂，它拥有封闭的发明程序，以其秘密的研发部为核心。
但这些都已经成为历史了。保洁公司已大幅度改变了其发明新产品的模式。公司现在欢迎并与大学、供应商以及外面的发明家合作，甚至还将奖金分给他们一份。十年之内保洁公司就大幅增加了公司外新产品研发的比例，从不到1/5上的比例升到了现在的1/2。公司老总Lafley先生说这大大推进了创新，也是保洁从2001年到2006年保持每年6%增长的主要原因，现在年利润已是原来的三倍，达到86亿美元。目前该公司的市场资本总额为两千亿美元。
IBM是另外一家跳上开放式发明流行花车的传统公司。这家曾经非常秘密的公司进行了U型反转，开始欢迎一种资源公开的软件语言Linux。IBM现在总说自己是“开放发明社团”的一员，将大量的软件专利权给了“发明的公众”而不是由公司自己注册。但是，IBM在其他领域继续以创纪录的速度取得专利，比如高级材料，在这个过程许可费用就达到了每年10亿美元。
由于在全世界有大批程序师以几乎零成本的方式开发Linux，因此IBM现在拥有非常廉价且强健的操作系统。它通过为户提供支持Linux系统的服务来取费用、赢得利润。据该公司研发主任Paul Horn称，使用开源的软件一年就为IBM节约了四亿美元。该公司如此致力于开放的态度，以至于它有时会开展一些“在线会议”，使得成千上万的员工可以通过自由讨论来交流想法。
Chesbrough先生当然赞同这点，他还举了许多其他公司相似的情况，其中就有家居用品公司Clorax，还有工业汽油公司“空气产品”。 Chesbrough先生承认“IBM和保洁公司成功转变为高度开放的商业模式”，而如果他们的竞争对手不这样做的话，可能就麻烦了。
TEXT THREE
In the cause of equal rights, feminists have had much to complain about. But one striking piece of inequality has been conveniently overlooked: lifespan. In this area, women have the upper hand. All round the world, they live longer than men. Why they should do so is not immediately obvious. But the same is true in many other species. From lions to antelope and from sea lions to deer, males, for some reason, simply can't go the distance. One theory is that males must compete for female attention. That means evolution is busy selecting for antlers, aggression and alloy wheels in males, at the expense of longevity. Females are not subject to such pressures. If this theory is correct, the effect will be especially noticeable in those species where males compete for the attention of lots of females. Conversely, it will be reduced or absent where they do not.
To test that idea, Tim Clutton-Brock of Cambridge University and Kavita Isvaran of the Indian Institute of Science in Bengalooru decided to compare monogamous and polygynous species (in the latter, a male monopolises a number of females). They wanted to find out whether polygynous males had lower survival rates and aged faster than those of monogamous species. To do so, they collected the relevant data for 35 species of long-lived birds and mammals.
As they report, the pattern was much as they expected. In 16 of the 19 polygynous species in their sample, males of all ages were much more likely to die during any given period than were females. Furthermore, the older they got, the bigger the mortality gap became. In other words, they aged faster. Males from monogamous species did not show these patterns. The point about polygyny is that if one male has exclusive access to, say, ten females, another nine males will be waiting to topple the harem master as soon as he shows the first sign of weakness. The intense competitive pressure means that individuals who succeed put all their efforts into one or two breeding seasons.
That obviously takes its toll directly. But a more subtle effect may also be at work. Most students of ageing agree that an animal's maximum lifespan is set by how long it can reasonably expect to escape predation, disease, accident and damaging aggression by others of its kind. If it will be killed quickly anyway, there is not much reason for evolution to divert scarce resources into keeping the machine in tip-top condition. Those resources should, instead, be devoted to reproduction. And the more threatening the outside world is, the shorter the maximum lifespan should be.
There is no reason why that logic should not work between the sexes as well as between species. The test is to identify a species that has made its environment so safe that most of its members die of old age, and see if the difference continues to exist. Fortunately, there is such a species: man. Dr Clutton-Brock reckons that the sex difference in both human rates of ageing and in the usual age of death is an indicator that polygyny was the rule in humanity's evolutionary past—as it still is, in some places. That may not please some feminists, but it could be the price women have paid for outliving their menfolk.
1. The passage is mainly discussing about_____
[A] difference in life span between males and females of different species.
[B] difference in life span among species of different mating patterns.
[C] the reason of why human females outlive their male counterparts.
[D] natural selection among males and females during evolution.
2. In the sentence “That means evolution is busy selecting for antlers, aggression and alloy wheels in males…”, “antlers, agression and alloy wheels” represent_____
[A] the most excellent ones.
[B] the most powerful ones.
[C] the most attrative ones.
[D] the most aggressive ones.
3. Which one of the following statement is TRUE of points proved by the test of Tim Clutton-Brock and Kavita Isvaran?
[A] Polygamous species have shorter life spans than molygynous species.
[B] Polygamous species aged faster than than molygynous species.
[C] Polygamous males decrease faster in number as they grow older.
[D] Monogamous males live as long as their females.
4. The logic behind the fact that the species living in the most dangerous environment have the shortest lifespan is that_____
[A] resources should be devoted to reproduction rather than sustaining life.
[B] resources should be used most efficiently.
[C] species in the most dangerous environment should not waste the resources.
[D] there is no need to divert scarce resources into keeping the machine in best condition.
5. The test conducted by Tim Clutton-Brock and Kavita Isvaran demostrates that_____
[A] Polygymy was the rule in humanity’s evolutionary past.
[B] The sex difference on life span is attributable to humans’ biological past which should not be denied by feminists.
[C] The logic does not work between the sexes as well as between species.
[D] It was polygymy that accounts for human females’ general longevity over males.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了雄性和雌性在寿命方面的差异。第一段讲述对雄性和雌性寿命差异的一种解释；第二段讲述一项证实这种解释的试验；第四、五段讲述对试验结果的推论；第六段讲述在这方面人类是一种特殊的物种。
词汇注释：
monogamous adj. 单配的 polygynous adj. 多雌的
topple v. 推翻 harem n. 为一个雄性动物所控制的许多雌性动物
难句突破：
The point about polygyny is that if one male has exclusive access to, say, ten females, another nine males will be waiting to topple the harem master as soon as he shows the first sign of weakness.
[主体句式] The point is that if…, another nine males will be…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，that引导的是句子的表语从句；该表语从句中，if引导的是条件状语从句，as sonn as 引导的是时间状语从句。
[句子译文] 多配物种中，如果某一个雄性单独拥有十个雌性，那么它一旦出现衰老的迹象，另外九个雄性就会推倒这位占有多个雌性的主人。
Dr Clutton-Brock reckons that the sex difference in both human rates of ageing and in the usual age of death is an indicator that polygyny was the rule in humanity's evolutionary past—as it still is, in some places.
[主体句式] Dr Clutton-Brock reckons that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。that 引导的是宾语从句；该宾语从句中，indicator后面that引导的是定语从句。
[句子译文] Clutton-Brock博士估计人类衰老速度的性别差异和死亡的正常年龄标志着一夫多妻可能是人类进化的法则，因为现在在某些地方还存在着这种现象。
题目分析：
1. The passage is mainly discussing about_____
1. 这篇文章主要讨论了_____
[A] difference in life span between males and females of different species.
[A] 不同物种雄性和雌性之间寿命的不同。
[B] difference in life span among species of different mating patterns.
[B]物种不同配偶模式之间的寿命的不同。
[C] the reason of why human females outlive their male counterparts.
[C] 人类女性比男性长寿的原因。
[D] natural selection among males and females during evolution.
[D] 进化过程中雄性和雌性间的自然选择。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 主旨题。文章主要讲述了男性和女性之间寿命的不同，以及背后的原因。虽然文章用了很大的篇幅谈论了各种物种，但是从开头、结尾可以看出文章主要针对的人类，因此，答案为C。
2. In the sentence “That means evolution is busy selecting for antlers, aggression and alloy wheels in males…”, “antlers, agression and alloy wheels” represent_____
2.在句子“这意味着进化忙着选择鹿角、侵略和和合金轮子”中，“ 鹿角、侵略和和合金轮子”代表着____
[A] the most excellent ones.
[A] 最优秀的雄性。
[B] the most powerful ones.
[B] 最强有力的雄性。
C] the most attrative ones.
[C] 最吸引人的雄性。
[D] the most aggressive ones.
[D] 最有攻击性的雄性。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]推理题。在第一段中提到“One theory is that males must compete for female attention. That means evolution is busy selecting for antlers, aggression and alloy wheels in males, at the expense of longevity. Females are not subject to such pressuresOne theory is that males must compete for female attention. That means evolution is busy selecting for antlers, aggression and alloy wheels in males, at the expense of longevity. Females are not subject to such pressures”，进化在男性中间选择鹿角、侵略和合金轮子，其实就是雄性最有魅力的特征所在，因此答案为C选项。
3. Which one of the following statement is TRUE of points proved by the test of Tim Clutton-Brock and Kavita Isvaran?
3. 关于Tim Clutton-Brock 和 Kavita Isvaran所进行的实验证明的观点，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] Polygamous species have shorter life spans than monogynous species.
[A]多配物种比单配物种的寿命要短。
[B] Polygamous species aged faster than than monogynous species.
[B] 多配物种比单配物种衰老得快。
[C] Polygamous males decrease faster in number as they grow older.
[C]多配物种的雄性随着年老，数量就会减少。
[D] Monogamous males live as long as their females.
[D]单配物种的雄性和雌性的寿命相同。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 根据第三段对他们试验的描述“In 16 of the 19 polygynous species in their sample, males of all ages were much more likely to die during any given period than were females. Furthermore, the older they got, the bigger the mortality gap became. In other words, they aged faster. Males from monogamous species did not show these patterns”，可见多配物种越老，死亡率的差距就越大，老得快；因此，B选项是正确答案。
4 The logic behind the fact that the species living in the most dangerous environment have the shortest lifespan is that_____
4.最危险的环境下生活的物种寿命最短，该事实背后的逻辑是______
[A] resources should be devoted to reproduction rather than sustaining life.
[A]资源应当用于繁殖而不是用于维持生命。
[B] resources should be used most efficiently.
[B] 资源应当最有效地得到利用。
[C] species in the most dangerous environment should not waste the resources.
[C]在最危险环境中的物种不应该浪费资源。
[D] there is no need to divert scarce resources into keeping the machine in best condition.
[D]没有必要将有限的资源用于将机器保持在最好的状态。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第四段“If it will be killed quickly anyway, there is not much reason for evolution to divert scarce resources into keeping the machine in tip-top condition”，动物如果很快就被杀死了，那么就不会将有限的资源用于让它们保持在很好的状态，而是用于繁殖，这背后的逻辑就是资源要得到最有效的利用。答案为B选项。
5. The test conducted by Tim Clutton-Brock and Kavita Isvaran demostrates that_____
5. Tim Clutton-Brock 和 Kavita Isvaran进行的实验说明了_____
[A] Polygymy was the rule in humanity’s evolutionary past.
[A]一夫多妻是人类进化历史中的规律。
[B] The sex difference on life span is attributable to humans’ biological past which should not be denied by feminists.
[B]寿命上的性别差异主要源自人类过去的生物学特征，这是女权主义者们不能否认的。
[C] The logic does not work between the sexes as well as between species.
[C]这种逻辑在性别之间、物种之间都不起作用。
[D] It was polygymy that accounts for human females’ general longevity over males.
[D]正是一夫多妻制使得女性比男性更加长寿。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章最后一段指出“Dr Clutton-Brock reckons that the sex difference in both human rates of ageing and in the usual age of death is an indicator that polygyny was the rule in humanity's evolutionary past—as it still is, in some places. That may not please some feminists, but it could be the price women have paid for outliving their menfolk”人类现在男女之间还有寿命的区别，这根据他们所作的实验可以推出，过去人类可能是一夫多妻制，这样男性才比女性的寿命短。因此答案为D选项。A选项具有较强的干扰性，但其错误在于“rule”一词，这个词语的意思与原文的推测语气不尽相同。B是错误的，关于女权主义者的话题是作者加进去的，与该实验无关。C选项明显是错误的。
参考译文：
在平等权利这个问题上，女性会有许多抱怨之处。但有一个明显的不平等现象一直被人们忽略了：寿命。在这一方面，妇女处于领先地位。全世界各地的女性要比男性寿命长。个中原因尚不清楚，但是许多物种也存在相同的情况。从狮子到羚羊，从海狮到鹿，雄性总是走得不够长。一种理论认为，雄性必须通过竞争来获得雌性的注意，这就意味着进化在男性中间选择鹿角、侵略和合金轮子，其代价就是寿命，而女性却不用面对这种压力。如果这个理论成立的话，那么在那些雄性要通过竞争来引起雌性注意的物种中，雌性比雄性长寿的现象就应该格外明显。相反，在没有此类竞争的物种中，这种区别会较少甚至没有。
为了证实这种想法，剑桥大学的Tim Clutton-Brock和印度科技学院的Kavita Isvaran决定对比研究单配物种和多配物种（后者为一个雄性有多个雌性配偶）。他们的目的在于研究是否多配物种雄性的存活率比单配物种低一些，也老得慢一些。为了达到这一目的，他们搜集了35种寿命较长的鸟类和哺乳类动物的信息。
他们称结果与他们预想的差不多。他们选择的19种多配物种中，有16种物种各个年龄段的雄性在任何时期都比雌性更容易死亡。而且，随着年龄增长，它们的死亡率差距就越大。也就是它们老得越快。而单配物种的雄性没有这些特征。多配物种中，如果某一个雄性单独拥有十个雌性，那么它一旦出现衰老的迹象，另外九个雄性就会推倒这位占有多个雌性的主人。强大的竞争压力意味着胜利的那些雄性个体会把所有的精力放在一个或两个繁殖季节。
很明显这会直接缩短了雄性的寿命。但是还存在一个更不易察觉的影响。研究老化的学生都认为动物寿命最大程度上取决于逃避捕食、疾病、意外和同类进攻等因素。如果它们很快就杀死，那么进化就不可能将有限的资源用于保证机器处于最好的状态了。相反地，这些资源应当用于繁殖。外界的环境越危险，寿命就应该越短。
同理这种逻辑在性别或物种之间也存在。该实验旨在找到一种能将自己的环境保护得非常安全、以便其大多数成员都可以在老年死去的物种，从而检验上述差异是否持续存在。幸运的是还有这么一个物种——人类。Clutton-Brock博士估计人类衰老速度的性别差异和死亡的正常年龄标志着一夫多妻可能是人类进化的法则，因为现在在某些地方还存在着这种现象。一些女性主义者可能会不高兴了，但这可能就是女性比男性寿命更长所要付出的代价吧。
TEXT FOUR
With technology leased from the German company Tronical, Gibson has modified its classic Les Paul design to create a guitar that adjusts itself to one of six preset tunings. This is no instrument for beginners. Retailing for between $2,200 and $2,500, the Robot Guitar is courting serious hobbyists and professionals who demand precision tuning, or frequently switch between different tunings and don't want the hassle of lugging multiple instruments around. "It's a cool idea. Nobody likes tuning," concedes Dinosaur Jr. frontman J. Mascis. "But I have to wait for the drummer to rest anyway between songs." Another company, called TransPerformance, sells a similar tuning device that it will install in your nonrobotic guitar for you. But Gibson's is the first out-of-the-box self-tuning ax.
It sounds like a minor development in guitar technology, even rather gimmicky. But for an instrument that has barely evolved since the 1950s, the Robot Guitar is nothing short of magic: simply pull out the "master control knob" and strum the guitar. The knob lights up as a computer embedded in the back of the guitar measures each string's pitch. The tuning pegs turn by themselves, making a robotic whirring sound that enhances the wow. The control knob's lights flash blue when your instrument is locked into the tuning you select. If you're so inclined you can override the device and tune manually. But why would you? It takes all of 10 seconds for the Robot Guitar to do its thing—and blow your mind as it hasn't been blown since the first time you heard "Eruption."
In an industry that has been flat to sagging, the Robot Guitar could provide a welcome boost to retailers. After 10 years of brisk growth, guitar sales headed south in 2006, according to the April 2007 Music Trades Magazine industry census. Low-end beginner acoustic guitar sales dropped 24.4 percent last year; electric guitars fell 19.1 percent. Certainly there is a dearth of righteous shredding on today's Top 40 radio. And the wildly popular videogame "Guitar Hero" allows even the most tone-deaf nonmusician to simulate the experience of rocking out. Professional musicians account for 15 percent of instrument purchases in the country, according to George Van Horn, a senior analyst at IBISWorld. "Gibson is obviously aiming high, but it's worth chasing" the pros, he says.
Judging by all the buzz the Robot Guitar has generated, Gibson won't have a hard time chasing down anyone. "You don't see this kind of excitement often," says Norman Hajjar, the chief marketing officer at Guitar Center, which has stocked 1,000 of the 4,000 Robot Guitars hitting the market nationwide Dec. 7. "They're quite a draw. We let people touch and play with the guitars—they're putting them through their paces. It really charms people." As of Thursday morning, Guitar Center had already taken deposits on roughly a third of the 1,000 Robot Guitars they have in stock. The very fact that "Guitar Hero" and now "Rock Band"?are power-chording their way off store shelves this holiday season proves that the dream is alive. The reason that the odious song "Rock Star" is currently ubiquitous has nothing to do with quality songwriting. Truth is, we all want to be rock stars; the videogames and Nickelback's opus get us all a little closer to living the fantasy. But with the Robot Guitar, it's the musicians themselves who have gotten a long overdue leg up.
1.By saying “But I have to wait for the drummer to rest anyway between songs”, J. Mascis means_____
[A] that he could use this kind of device only when the drummer stops.
[B] that he has no necessity or urgency to use the self-turning guitar.
[C] that he make use of the self-turning guitar for precision tuning when the drummer takes a break.
[D] that he have to wait for the drummer to follow him if he use the self-tuning guitar.
2.The word “override” (Line 7, Paragraph 2) most probably means_____
[A] shift.
[B] close.
[C] set aside.
[D] disregard.
3. Which one of the following statement is NOT true of guitar sales? [A] Guitar sales have been going up slowly in the past then years.
[B] Guitar sales has witnessed its switch to loss of margin in 2006.
[C] The fall of guitar sales is due to the drop of purchase by professional musicians.
[D] Guitar sales are pinched by the development of the music games.
4. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of George Van Horn’s opinions on the gimmicky?
[A] He thinks although Gibson’s plan is worth trying, it should lower its expectation.
[B] He thinks Gibson’s target group is too narrow and it should expand to larger clients.
[C] He thinks Gibson’s idea has its value and future though he thinks too highly of his invention.
[D] He thinks Gibson has made right choice in choosing future customers.
5. From the last paragraph, it can be inferred that _____
[A] guitar videogames will be a threat to the Robot Guitar.
[B] the Robot Guitar can not be mentioned in the same breath with “Guitar Hero” and “Rock Bank”.
[C] “Guitar Hero” and “Rock Bank” triumphs over the Robot Guitar.
[D] “Rock Star” will be defeated by the Robot Guitar.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了一种新发明的自动吉他。第一段讲述Gibson发明的新吉他的特点；第二段讲述这种吉他的工作原理；第三段讲述该发明对吉他行业的影响；第四段讲述目前这种新型吉他的预定情况；第五段讲述该吉他和其他游戏的区别。
词汇注释：
hassle n. 激战 nonrobotic adj.不是机器人的
gimmicky n. 小发明 knob n. 旋钮圆形的控制开关
override v. 跳过，不管 dearth n. 缺乏
ubiquitous adj. 普遍存在的 opus n. 作品
难句突破：
The very fact that "Guitar Hero" and now "Rock Band"?are power-chording their way off store shelves this holiday season proves that the dream is alive.
[主体句式] The very fact that…proves that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，fact后面that引导的是同位语从句；后面that引导的是宾语从句。
[句子译文] 而“吉他英雄”和现在的“摇滚乐队” 有望在这个假期从货架上买到这种新吉他，从而实现其梦想。
题目分析：
1.By saying “But I have to wait for the drummer to rest anyway between songs”, J. Mascis means_____
J.Mascis说“但是我必须得等鼓手在两首歌之间休息的时候才能调音。” 他的意思是说_____
[A] that he could use this kind of device only when the drummer stops.
[A]他只有在鼓声停止的时候才能使用这种装置。
[B] that he has no necessity or urgency to use the self-tuning guitar.
[B]他不必要也不急于用这种自动调音的吉他。
[C] that he could make use of the self-tuning guitar for precision tuning when the drummer takes a break.
[C]他可以在鼓手休息的时候用自动调音的吉他进行精确调音。
[D] that he have to wait for the drummer to follow him if he use the self-tuning guitar.
[D]如果他使用自动调音的吉他，他必须得等鼓手跟上他。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。根据第一段“"It's a cool idea. Nobody likes tuning," concedes Dinosaur Jr. frontman J. Mascis. "But I have to wait for the drummer to rest anyway between songs."”，J.Mascis这样说意思是反正鼓手要在两首歌之间休息，那我完全可以自己调音。因此，答案为B选项。
2.The word “override” (Line 7, Paragraph 2) most probably means_____
2. “override” (第二段第七行) 最有可能的意思是_____
[A] shift.
[A] 改变。
[B] close.
[B] 关掉。
[C] set aside.
[C] 放在一边。
[D] disregard.
[D] 不理，忽略。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文“If you're so inclined you can override the device and tune manually”，如果你自己愿意，也可以忽略这个装置，自己手动调解。选项中只有D有这个意思。
3. Which one of the following statement is NOT true of guitar sales?
3.关于吉他销售，下列陈述中哪个是错误的？
[A] Guitar sales have been going up slowly in the past decade.
[A]吉他销售在过去十年中一直在缓慢地上升。
[B] Guitar sales has witnessed its switch to loss of margin in 2006.
[B] 吉他销售在2006年开始损失。
[C] The fall of guitar sales is due to the drop of purchase by professional musicians.
[C]吉他销售的下降是因为专业音乐人购买的减少。
[D] Guitar sales are pinched by the development of the music games.
[D]吉他销售受到其他音乐游戏发展的冲击。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第三段“after 10 years of brisk growth, guitar sales headed south in 2006, according to the April 2007 Music Trades Magazine industry census”。这里提到的10 years指的是2006年之前的10年，而这篇文章中提到了2006年和2007年，因此可以推测文章最早也是在2007年写的。因此A选项中所谓的“the past decade”就包括了2006年，因此和文章所指的10年不尽相同，可见该选项是错误的，因此答案为A选项。B选项谈到吉他销售在2006年掉头下降，这里的南指的是向下，因此，该选项是正确表述。C和D选项都能够比较容易地在文章中定位。
4. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of George Van Horn’s opinions on the gimmicky?
4. 关于George Van Horn对于该发明的观点，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] He thinks although Gibson’s plan is worth trying, it should lower its expectation.
[A] 他认为Gibson值得尝试，但是应该降低预期。
[B] He thinks Gibson’s target group is too narrow and it should expand to larger clients.
[B] 他认为Gibson的目标群体太窄，应该扩大客户群。
[C] He thinks Gibson’s idea has its value and future though he thinks too highly of his invention.
[C] 他认为Giobson的主意自有其价值和未来，虽然他对于自己的发明过于乐观。
[D] He thinks Gibson has made right choice in choosing future customers.
[D] 他认为Gibson在选择未来的顾客上做出了正确的选择。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第四段“Professional musicians account for 15 percent of instrument purchases in the country, according to George Van Horn, a senior analyst at IBISWorld. "Gibson is obviously aiming high, but it's worth chasing" the pros, he says”，可见他认为Giboson意在高远，但值得去追求，选项中C符合。
5. From the last paragraph, it can be inferred that _____
5. 从最后一段可以推导出_____
[A] guitar videogames will be a threat to the Robot Guitar.
[A]吉他视频游戏是自动吉他的一个威胁。
[B] the Robot Guitar can not be mentioned in the same breath with “Guitar Hero” and “Rock Bank”.
[B]自动吉他不能和“吉他英雄”和“摇滚乐队” 相提并论。
[C] “Guitar Hero” and “Rock Bank” triumphs over the Robot Guitar.
[C]“吉他英雄”和“摇滚乐队”胜过了自动吉他。
[D] “Rock Star” will be defeated by the Robot Guitar.
[D] “摇滚明星” 将会被自动吉他击败。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据最后一段“The very fact that "Guitar Hero" and now "Rock Band"?are power-chording their way off store shelves this holiday season proves that the dream is alive…But with the Robot Guitar, it's the musicians themselves who have gotten a long overdue leg up”，视频游戏是给普通人玩的，让我们接近了梦想一点；但是自动吉他是音乐人自己的选择，不能相提并论。因此，答案为B选项。
参考译文：
Gibson利用从德国公司Tronical租借来的技术改造了古典Les Paul的设计，从而创造出一把可以自动调节到事先设好的六个调的吉他。这可不是给那些初学者用的吉他。自动吉他售价为2200美元至2500美元，其对象为真正的吉他爱好者或者专业人士、他们往往对音准有比较高的要求，或是那些要不停在各个谐音间变化的人，他们不希望把那么多的工具拖来拖去。“这个主意太妙了，没有人喜欢调音”，恐龙乐队初级乐队领唱人J. Mascis肯定了这一点，“但是我必须得等鼓手在两首歌之间休息的时候才能调音。” 另外一个名为TransPerformance的乐队也在出售类似的一种调音器，可以安装在非自动吉他上。但是Gibson发明的是第一个盒外自动调音的吉他。
听起来这好像是吉他技术的一个小小的进展，甚至可以说是个小发明。但是对于从这种上世纪50年代后再没有改进过的乐器来说，自动吉他绝对是个奇迹：只要把“大师控制的旋钮”拽出，然后就可以弹吉他了。这个按钮是发光的，好像是嵌在吉他背后的计算机一样，可以调节每根弦的音。调音栓会自己转动，发出自动运行的声音，从而增加了颤音。如果吉他被锁定在自己选择的谐音上，控制按钮就发出蓝光。如果你愿意，也可以不管这个装置而手动调节。但是为什么不用呢？只需要10秒钟自动吉他就设好了，你第一次听到了“爆发”时会受到很大的震动。
对于这么一个濒临衰败的产业，自动吉他能给销售商带来一定的推进。根据2007年4月音乐商业杂志进行的行业调查，在经历了10年快速成长后，吉他销售开始于2006年一路滑坡。低端的初学者声学吉他的销售去年下滑了24.4%, 电子吉他销售则下滑了19.1%。当然当今排名前四十的电台缺乏优秀的吉他音乐，而流行的视频游戏“吉他英雄” 可以让最五音不全的人模拟弹奏摇滚乐。IBIS世界资深分析家George Van Horn说，专业音乐人占到本国乐器购买的15%。“Gibson意在高远，但值得去争取”更多支持者，他谈到。
从自动吉他引发的广泛影响来看，Gibson要找到支持者不是件困难的事。“不可能经常看到这种令人兴奋的事情”， 吉他中心市场部门负责人Norman Hajjar说道，他已经囤积了4000把自动吉他中的1000把，计划于12月7日推向市场。“这确实挺吸引人的，我们让人们触摸并弹奏吉他，让人们感受节拍。这真的很吸引人。”自从周四早上开始，吉他中心已经接受了库存的1000把吉他中1/3的定金了。
而“吉他英雄”和现在的“摇滚乐队” 有望在这个假期从货架上买到这种新吉他，从而实现其梦想。现今难听的“摇滚之星”随处可见的原因与有品质的作曲不能扯上关系。实际上我们都希望成为摇滚明星，视频游戏和Nickelback的作品把我们与幻想拉近了一点。而自动吉他的发明是音乐人开始追赶自己长期以来拉下的路。
TEXT ONE
Aptera is certainly not the sort of name an old-school carmaker would give to its newest creation. Biologists will recognise it as the term for scuttling wingless insects—silverfish and suchlike. But Steve Fambro, the boss of the eponymous Californian company that plans to make and sell electric vehicles under this name, hopes they will soon be swarming over the state's highways.
Unlike Tesla, another boutique electric-vehicle maker from the Golden State, Aptera is aiming for the bottom end of the market. A Tesla sports car will set you back $98,000 (or it would if you could get your hands on one: Tesla has delayed shipment of its first 50 cars until next year). An Aptera, by contrast, starts at $26,900, and should be available this time next year. And instead of a Ferrari knock-off, you get a space-age tricycle. But Aptera and Tesla have things in common. They are both small. They were both started by people with no experience in the motor industry. And they are both aiming to start by roping in the eco-fashionistas of California, and then work outwards to the mainstream.
The name Aptera was chosen because the vehicle resembles a small, wingless aircraft. Its three-wheel design exempts it from onerous federal testing regulations. The outer shell is made of a carbon-fibre composite, rather than metal. The lines are wind-tunnel aerodynamic. And protuberances are kept to a minimum. Wing mirrors, for example, are replaced by a rear-facing camera with a 180° field of view and the exhaust valves are recessed to minimise turbulence. In the pure plug-in version, those valves are for waste heat from the electronics. There is also a petrol-electric hybrid, with a single-cylinder generator that extends the range from 200km to 1,130km. Top speed is 150kph.
One reason for the emergence of firms such as Aptera is that designing a new vehicle has become as much an exercise in software simulation as in metal (or even carbon-fibre) bashing. That enables the firm's engineers to do extensive development work—even things like crash-testing—on a computer. This is much cheaper than building endless prototypes and driving lots of them into walls. Another reason is the widespread availability of previously specialised components such as lithium-ion batteries. That means that an upstart such as Aptera can focus on the electronic brains of the vehicle and its final assembly, rather than having to make everything from scratch. It can thus, it believes, turn a profit without having to produce large volumes.
Automotive history is littered with failed attempts to build electric cars, and sceptics might think the latest batch will be no different. That there is a fashion for such vehicles, though, is hard to deny. Besides Aptera and Tesla—which are, in their different ways, the most conspicuous examples—Venture Vehicles of Los Angeles is proposing an electric version of the Dutch Carver three-wheeled motorbike, while Phoenix Motorcars of Ontario, California, has produced a sports-utility truck. Meanwhile, REVA, an Indian firm, and Think Global, a Norwegian one, are making two-door hatchbacks. Indeed, according to the Venture Capital Journal, about $220m has been invested in such small firms over the past year and a half.
1.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the common characterists of Tesla and Aptera?
[A] Both of them are envioroment-friendly.
[B] Both of them are from small companies of California and then expand outwards.
[C] Both of them are originated from the marginal status of the industry.
[D] Both of them are created by green hands of automobile business.
2. The petrol-electric hybrid version of Aptera is different from its other versions in that_____
[A] Top speed of the hybrid is higher than than of the other versions.
[B] The hybrid possesses a stronger capacity of long-distance drive with rapid speed.
[C] The hybrid has a special generator that is characterized by a sole cylinder.
[D] The hybrid generate more turbulence than the other versions.
3.The word “protuberance” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
[A] protrusion.
[B] accessory.
[C] adjunct.
[D] impetus.
4. Firms such as Aptera are growing up because of the following reasons except_____
[A] Technologies of metal bashing simulation are well developped.
[B] The cost of making cars is greatly reduced.
[C] Some specialized parts are available to them.
[D] Large venture investment is devoted to such business.
5. Towards to the future of the electric cars, the author’s attitude can be said to be _____
[A] optimistic.
[B] lukewarm.
[C] wait-and-see.
[D] enthusiastic.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了一些新型汽车的情况。第一段讲述了Aptera在推出其最新产品；第二、三段讲述这一新产品的特点；第四段讲述Aptera公司目前的研发优势；第五段讲述许多公司现在都开始进军该领域。
词汇注释：
scuttle v. 仓皇奔逃；匆匆跑走 eponymous adj. 齐名的
swarm v. 挤满t ricycle n. 三轮车
onerous adj. 麻烦的 aerodynamic adj. 空气动力的
protuberance n. 凸起 valve n. 阀门
lithium n. 锂 litter v. 乱丢，弄乱
hatchback n. 有仓门式后背的车
难句突破：
(1) But Steve Fambro, the boss of the eponymous Californian company that plans to make and sell electric vehicles under this name, hopes they will soon be swarming over the state's highways.
[主体句式] But Steve Fambro hopes …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，the boss of…是做主语的同位语；该同位语中that引导的是定语从句，用来修饰company。
[句子译文] 但是计划用这个名字来制造并销售电动汽车的齐名的加利福尼亚公司老总Steve Fambro希望它们很快就能挤满加州的高速公路。
Besides Aptera and Tesla—which are, in their different ways, the most conspicuous examples—Venture Vehicles of Los Angeles is proposing an electric version of the Dutch Carver three-wheeled motorbike, while Phoenix Motorcars of Ontario, California, has produced a sports-utility truck.
[主体句式] Besides Aptera and Tesla, Venture Vehicles …is proposing… while…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。while引导的是句子的伴随状语。
[句子译文] 除了Aptera和Tesla这两个最有名的例子，洛杉矶的冒险汽车公司也在计划制造德国Carver三轮摩托车式的电动车，而加州安大略的凤凰汽车公司已经制造了一种运动型载重卡车。
题目分析：
1.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the common characterists of Tesla and Aptera?
1. 关于Tesla 和Aptera共同的特点，下列哪项陈述是错误的？
[A] Both of them are envioroment-friendly.
[A] 它们都是环保的。
[B] Both of them are from small companies of California and then expand outwards.
[B] 它们都是从加州的小公司开始做起，后来向外扩张。
[C] Both of them are originated from the marginal status of the industry.
[C] 它们原先都处于该产业的边缘地位。
[D] Both of them are created by green hands of automobile business.
[D]它们都是由汽车行业中的新手制造的。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第一段中提到了它们之间的共同点有三个“But Aptera and Tesla have things in common. They are both small. They were both started by people with no experience in the motor industry. And they are both aiming to start by roping in the eco-fashionistas of California, and then work outwards to the mainstream”，体积小，创始人都是该行业的新手，环保；而且这两个公司都是小公司，后来渐渐向主流发展，可见原先是出于行业的边缘。选项中只有B不是共同点，因为不存在“expand outwards”。
2. The petrol-electric hybrid version of Aptera is different from its other versions in that_____
2.Aptera的汽油电力混合版和它其他的版本区别在于_____
[A] Top speed of the hybrid is higher than than of the other versions.
[A] 混合版的速度要比其他版本高。
[B] The hybrid possesses a stronger capacity of long-distance drive with rapid speed.
[B] 混合版比其他版本的长途高速驾驶能力更强。
[C] The hybrid has a special generator that is characterized by a sole cylinder.
[C] 混合版有一种独特的单气缸发动机。
[D] The hybrid generate more turbulence than the other versions.
[D] 混合版比其他版本生产的动荡大。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第三段“There is also a petrol-electric hybrid, with a single-cylinder generator that extends the range from 200km to 1,130km. Top speed is 150kph”，可见混合版本可以将行程延长200到1130公里，这就是区别之处，因此答案为B选项。A、D选项都不是混合版的特征。C选项的表述虽然符合混合版的特征，但是却不是它区别于其他版本车的主要原因。
3.The word “protuberance” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
3. “protuberance” （第三段第四行）最有可能的意思是_____
[A] protrusion.
[A] 突出。
[B] accessory.
[B] 零件。
[C] adjunct.
[C] 附件。
[D] impetus.
[D] 推动力。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据第三段“And protuberances are kept to a minimum. Wing mirrors, for example, are replaced by a rear-facing camera with a 180° field of view and the exhaust valves are recessed to minimise turbulence”，讲述该特征时举的例子——比如风镜由180度视角的朝后的摄像机代替，可以看出主要为了避免有突出的部分。选项中A最为符合。
4. Firms such as Aptera are growing up because of the following reasons except_____
4. Aptera这样的公司成长起来是因为以下除了____之外的原因。
[A] Technologies of metal bashing simulation are well developped.
[A] 金属撞击模拟的技术发展得很好
[B] The cost of making cars is greatly reduced.
[B] 制造车的费用大大降低了
[C] Some specialized parts are available to them.
[C] 他们可以拿到 一些特别的部分
[D] Large venture investment is devoted to such business.
[D]大型的投资活动被投入到了这样的商业中
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第四段。这样的公司能成长起来是因为模拟演习已经发展起来，这样就可以节约试验成本；先前那些专门的配件随处都可以买到；选项中，A、C选项是正确的，B选项是A、C选项的结果；D选项在文章没有提到。因此，答案为D选项。
5. Towards to the future of the electric cars, the author’s attitude can be said to be _____
5.对于电气汽车的未来，作者的态度是_____
[A] optimistic.
[A] 乐观的。
[B] lukewarm.
[B] 冷淡的。
[C] wait-and-see.
[C] 观望的。
[D] enthusiastic.
[D] 热心的。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 态度题。根据最后一段，都是一些成功的案例，因此，作者对电气汽车的未来的态度是乐观的，因此正确答案为A选项。D选项有一定的干扰性，但是从文中可以看出作者的语气一直比较平淡客观，虽然持支持的态度但是没有表现出“热心”的层面，该选项过于夸张，因而是错误的。
参考译文：
Aptera 肯定不是传统汽车制造商会给新产品起的名字。生物学家会认为这是一种行色匆匆走路的无翼昆虫的名字，比如蠹虫等。但是计划用这个名字来制造并销售电动汽车的加利福尼亚公司老总Steve Fambro希望这种车很快就能挤满加州的高速公路。
Tesla 是金色之州（加州）的另一家流行电动汽车制造商，但Aptera与前者不同，其目标是低端市场。一辆Tesla运动跑车得花九万八千美元（或者说你如果能亲自开上一辆就得花这么多钱，因为Tesla第一批的50辆车推迟到明年才能到货）。而一辆Aptera起步价仅为两万六千九百美元，而且明年的这个时候应该就可以提货了。你拿到的并不是法拉利的缩版，而是太空时代的三轮车。但是Aptera和Tesla也有相似之处，两种车体积都很小，两家创始人都是这个行业的新手，目标都是要从环保理念盛行的加州起步，然后再逐渐扩展到主流市场。
起Aptera这个名字是因为这种汽车像小小的无翼飞机。三轮的造型使其免受繁琐的联邦检测法规的约束。车的外壳是碳类合成物，而不是金属。其设计为风道空气动力，且尽可能避免凸出部分，比如风镜由180度视角的向后摄像机代替，排气阀凹进去从而将气流减到最小。在插入式车型中，这些阀门是用来为电器散发出来的废热而设计的。还有一种汽油和电力混合汽车，只有一个气缸加速器，可以将行程延长200到1130公里，最高时速为150公里/小时。
像Aptera这样的公司之所以能够兴起，其中一个原因就是设计新型汽车的软件模拟演习几乎能与金属（甚至碳材料）撞击演习相媲美。这就使得公司的工程师可以在电脑上进行大量的研发工作，甚至是碰撞试验，要比制造无数个汽车模型再撞墙测试廉价得多。另外一个原因就是随着先前那些专门供应的部件、比如锂电池已随处可得，这意味着像Aptera这样的新秀可以将精力集中于汽车的电子脑和最终的装配上，而不是所有的东西都得从头来过。它相信这样一来，不用很大的制造量就可以获利了。
在汽车制造历史上有许多制造电动汽车失败的故事，一些怀疑论者可能认为这批最新汽车也差不多。但是现在制造这种汽车的风气正盛，这是无法否认的。除了Aptera和Tesla这两个最有名的例子，洛杉矶的冒险汽车公司也在计划制造德国Carver三轮摩托车式的电动车，而加州安大略的凤凰汽车公司已经制造了一种运动型载重卡车。同时，印度REVA公司和挪威的思想全球公司也在制造双门有仓门式后背的汽车。据《风险资本期刊》称，过去的一年半中有大约两亿两千万美元注入到了这样的小公司中。
TEXT TWO
When Archaeopteryx, a feathered skeleton that was seemingly half dinosaur and half bird, turned up in 1862—three years after the publication of “The Origin of Species”—the origin of birds became a subject of raging debate among palaeontologists. Suggestions that they were the direct descendants of theropod dinosaurs (a group of bipedal meat-eaters that include Allosaurus, Velociraptor and Tyrannosaurus) caused quite a flap. Today, most researchers agree that birds are, indeed, a branch of the Dinosauria. How they made the transition from the land to the sky, though, has yet to be agreed. But a paper in this week's Current Biology, by Christopher Glen and Michael Bennett of the University of Queensland, makes a strong case that they did it by jumping.
Considering the diversity of life on Earth, flight is surprisingly rare. It has evolved only four times: among the insects about 300m years ago, the pterosaurs (230m), the birds (150m) and the bats (50m). That suggests it is a hard trick to pull off. For birds, there is general agreement that feathers came before flight. Fossils from north-eastern China show animals that had feathers but clearly could not have flown, as well as ones that look like proper birds. The best guesses are that feathers evolved either for insulation (as fur did in mammals) or for display, and that natural selection took advantage by turning them into a means of transport.
There are two broad schools of thought about what happened next. One argues that birds' immediate ancestors lived in trees. Members of this school think that powered flight developed as a natural extension of gliding (such controlled falling is used as a way of travelling from tree to tree by several arboreal species today). Gliding itself developed because of the lift provided by feathered forearms.
The alternative is that flight evolved on the ground. Some researchers who belong to this school of thought suggest that the power provided by flapping protowings may have given their owners an edge in the pursuit of prey. Others hypothesise that feathery forearms helped animals steer and stabilise themselves.
Unfortunately, behaviour does not fossilise, so it looked as though the question might never be answered. But Dr Glen, a palaeobiologist, and Dr Bennett, a biomechanic, think they have worked out how to do so. Their crucial observation is that in modern birds the curvature of the third toe (which carries a lot of weight during walking and climbing) varies with species' lifestyles. Birds that spend lots of time climbing around on the trunks of trees have dramatically curved third toes. Those that hop around on branches have mildly curved ones. Those that forage mainly on the ground have the least curved of all.
The two researchers compared these observations with their findings for the bird-like dinosaurs and dinosaur-like birds of China. They noticed that the toes of both feathered dinosaurs and of the earliest flying birds were similar to those of modern birds that spend most of their time on the ground. Flight, in other words, came before birds took to the trees. They are not fallen angels, but risen reptiles.
1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the current debate on the origin of birds?
[A] The opinion that birds were the direct descendants of dinosaurs gives the world a shock.
[B] Palaeontologists have get consensus on the specie’s transition from the land to the sky.
[C] Palaeontologists have different opinions on the process of the transition.
[D] The paper in this week's Current Biology demostrate that the specie moved by hopping before they flied.
2. The reason why flight is surprisingly rare is that _____
[A] life on earth is diversified.
[B] many species of this kind were eliminated during evolution.
[C] feathers evolved not for a means of transport.
[D] it is very hard to have such evolution.
3.The two schools of thought have different opinions on _____
[A] the functions of feathered forearams in transition from ground to sky.
[B] the location of living place before the animals’ evolution to birds.
[C] the development of powered flight.
[D] the power provided by either gliding or flapping.
4. The conclusion of the study carried out by Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet is that_____
[A] powered flight developed as feathered forearms provided lift.
[B] flight evolved on the ground before they descend on the trees.
[C] earliest birds share similar toes with their modern counterparts.
[D] earliest flying birds evovled from feathered dinosaurs.
5.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of opinions of Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet?
[A]Birds realized the transition from reptile to flight by jumping.
[B] Dinasaurs are, as a matter of fact, the direct ancester of birds.
[C]Feathers evolves not for the purpose of flight.
[D] Bird’s behaviors is indeed fossilised by their various shape of the third toe.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了关于鸟类进化的一些研究情况。第一段讲述研究者对于鸟类如何从陆地转到空中生活的进化史有一定的分歧；第二段讲述了鸟类羽毛出现的过程；第三、四段讲述了两派不同看法；第五、六段讲述研究者根据鸟类脚趾情况断定了上述转化是如何发生的。
词汇注释：
Archaeopteryx n. 始祖鸟 palaeontologists n. 古生物学家
theropod adj. 兽脚亚目的 bipedal adj. 两足动物的
Allosaurus n. 异龙 Velociraptor n.
Tyrannosaurus n. 暴龙 arboreal adj. 树栖的
biomechanic n. 生物力学家 curvature n. 弯曲
hop v.跳跃 forage v. 翻寻搜寻食物
难句突破：
When Archaeopteryx, a feathered skeleton that was seemingly half dinosaur and half bird, turned up in 1862—three years after the publication of “The Origin of Species”—the origin of birds became a subject of raging debate among palaeontologists.
[主体句式] When Archaeopteryx turned up …, the origin of birds became…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，when引导的是时间状语从句。
[句子译文] 当始祖鸟——一种一半是恐龙一半是鸟类的羽毛动物——的骨架出现在1862年，也就是《物种起源》出版的三年后，鸟类的起源成为古生物学家激烈争论的主题。
Fossils from north-eastern China show animals that had feathers but clearly could not have flown, as well as ones that look like proper birds.
[主体句式] Fossils …show animals … as well as ones …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。两个that引导的都是定语从句修饰前面的名词。
[句子译文] 华东发现的化石表明拥有羽毛的动物当时不一定能飞行，即使那些看起来完全像鸟类的也是这样。
。题目分析：
1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the current debate on the origin of birds?
1.关于鸟类起源的争论，下列哪个陈述是错误的？
[A] The opinion that birds were the direct descendants of dinosaurs gives the world a shock.
[A]鸟类是恐龙直接后裔，这个观点让世界很震惊。
[B] Palaeontologists have get consensus on the specie’s transition from the land to the sky.
[B]古生物学家就该物种从地上到空中的转化这个问题上达成了一致。
[C] Palaeontologists have different opinions on the process of the transition.
[C]古生物学家对于转变的过程有不同的观点。
D] The paper in this week's Current Biology demostrate that the specie moved by hopping before they flied.
[D]本周《当今生物》上的论文显示了它们在掌握飞行能力之前是靠跳跃来移动的。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]细节题。A选项，第一段中有提到了这点；B选项，第一段提到许多研究者同意鸟类是恐龙的一个分支，与这点相符；C选项，第一段提到了他们在该问题上有争议；D选项，是靠跳跃实现由地到空的转变，不是移动。因此，答案为D选项。
2. The reason why flight is surprisingly rare is that _____
2. 为什么飞行动物很少是因为_____
[A] life on earth is diversified.
[A] 地球上的生物是多元化的。
[B] many species of this kind were eliminated during evolution.
[B]飞行动物的许多物种在进化过程中都灭绝了。
[C] feathers evolved not for a means of transport.
[C]鸟类并不是为了移动的方式才进化的。
[D] it is very hard to have such evolution.
[D] 发生这样的进化很难。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第二段“Considering the diversity of life on Earth, flight is surprisingly rare. It has evolved only four times: among the insects about 300m years ago, the pterosaurs (230m), the birds (150m) and the bats (50m). That suggests it is a hard trick to pull off”，非行动物只进化了四次，进化是很艰难的过程，因此飞行动物品种少。答案为D选项。
3.The two schools of thought have different opinions on _____
3. 两派在_____上有不同的观点。
[A] the functions of feathered forearams in transition from ground to sky.
[A]长有羽毛的前臂在从地上到空中转变的作用
[B] the location of living place before the animals evolution to birds.
[B] 这些动物进化为鸟类之前生活的地方
[C] the development of powered flight.
[C] 动力飞行的发展过程
[D] the power provided by either gliding or flapping.
[D]力量是由滑翔或者拍动翅膀提供的
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。根据第三段和第四段，两派科学家在鸟类的飞行是靠滑行还是靠翅膀提供的升力形成的这一点上有分歧，选项C符合题意。此外B选项比较具有干扰性，文章中提到两种观点认为这些动物在进化为鸟类之前是分别住在地面上和树上，但这只是一个表面的原因，深层次的原因还在C选项。
4. The conclusion of the study carried out by Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet is that_____
4.Glen博士和Bennet博士在该研究中得到的最后结论是_____
[A] powered flight developed as feathered forearms provided lift.
[A]长有羽毛的前臂提供了升力，从而使得动力飞行发展起来。
[B] flight evolved on the ground before they descend on the trees.
[B] 飞行是从地上发展而来的，其发生在它们降落到树上之前。
[C] earliest birds share similar toes with their modern counterparts.
[C]飞行是鸟类在到树上之前生活发生的。
[D] earliest flying birds evovled from feathered dinosaurs.
[D]最早飞行的鸟类与现代鸟类有着相似的第三脚趾。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。根据第五段和第六段，他们通过研究鸟类脚趾得出结论，鸟类是一开始是在地上生活，后来在到树上生活之前就可以飞翔了，那么它们的飞翔是从地面发展而来的。答案为B选项。C选项具有一定的迷惑性，但是要注意的是“modern counterparts”范围过于广泛，而文中指的是“modern birds that spend most of their time on the ground”，因此该选项错误。
5.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of opinions of Dr. Glen and Dr. Bennet?
5．关于Glen博士和Bennet博士的观点，下列哪个陈述是错误的？
[A]Birds realized the transition from reptile to flight by jumping.
[A] 鸟类依靠跳跃实现了从爬行动物到飞行动物的转变。
[B] Dinasaurs are, as a matter of fact, the direct ancestor of birds.
[B] 恐龙实际上是鸟类直接的后裔。
[C]Feathers evolves not for the purpose of flight.
[C] 鸟类的羽毛不是为了飞行而形成的。
[D] The bird’s behavior is indeed fossilised by their various shape of the third toe.
[D] 最早飞行的鸟类的第三个脚趾是轻微弯曲的。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。B选项，这一点不符合他们的观点，文章中的意思应该是鸟类是恐龙的直接后裔。A选项是正确的，这一点在第一段中就有所提及“But a paper in this week's Current Biology, by Christopher Glen and Michael Bennett of the University of Queensland, makes a strong case that they did it by jumping”。C选项的表述也是正确的，因为文章提到羽毛的出现甚至在鸟类掌握飞行能力之后，因此不是为了这个目的。D选项的表述是正确的，文章倒数第二段提到“Unfortunately, behaviour does not fossilise, so it looked as though the question might never be answered. But Dr Glen, a palaeobiologist, and Dr Bennett, a biomechanic, think they have worked out how to do so”，进而指出他们采用的方法就是研究鸟类的第三脚趾。因此答案为B选项。
参考译文：
当始祖鸟——一种一半是恐龙一半是鸟类的羽毛动物——的骨架出现在1862年，也就是《物种起源》出版的三年后，鸟类的起源成为古生物学家激烈争论的主题。有人提出它们是兽脚亚目的恐龙（一群两足食肉恐龙，包括异龙、…和暴龙）的直接后裔，这引起了一片哗然。现在，许多研究者同意鸟类实际上是恐龙的一个分支。但是，它们是如何从陆地转到空中生活，在这个问题上还有分歧存在。但是本周《当今生物》发表了昆士兰州Christopher Glen 和Michael Bennett的一篇文章，证明了正是靠跳跃实现了这种转变的。
鉴于陆地上生命的多样性，飞行动物的种类相对是比较少的。飞行动物只进化过四次：三亿年前昆虫类的进化，两亿三千万年前的翼龙，一亿五千万年前的鸟类和五千万年前的蝙蝠。这表明了进化是艰难的历程。大家普遍同意在能够飞行之前，这些动物先有了翅膀。华东发现的化石表明拥有羽毛的动物当时不一定能飞行，即使那些看起来完全像鸟类的也是这样。可能的情况就是羽毛的出现或者是充当隔离层（作用和动物的皮毛一样），或者是为了好看，而自然选择又将它们转变成运动的工具。
对于接下来的进化，有两派不同看法。一派认为鸟类的直接祖先生长在树上，该派成员认为滑行（今天还有些树栖种类动物依靠这种有控制的坠落来从一棵树转移到另外一棵树上）自然会发展成为飞行。滑行自身也会发展，因为长了羽毛的前臂为其提供了升力。
另外一派的观点是飞行是从地面活动发展而来的。该派的一些研究者认为相当于翅膀的那个部分拍动起来产生的动力让这些动物在捕食时动起来。其他的一些假设还有长了羽毛的前臂有助于动物前行或保持平衡。
不幸的是，动作不能变成化石，因此看起来这个问题可能永远都没有答案了。但是古生物学家Glen博士和生物力学家Bennett博士认为他们已经找出了具体的方案。他们关键的观察报告是有关于现代鸟类第三个脚趾（在行走或爬行的时候这个脚趾承载许多重量）的弯曲度因鸟类生活方式的不同而各有差异。多数时候在树干上爬行鸟类的第三个脚趾非常弯曲，而在树上跳来跳去的鸟类第三个脚趾稍微弯曲，而那些在地上搜索食物的鸟类第三个脚趾是最不弯曲的。
这两位研究者将这些观察结果与中国的类鸟类恐龙和类恐龙鸟类的发现作了比较，他们发现有翅膀的恐龙和最早飞行的鸟类的脚趾与那些大多数时间在地上活动的鸟类相似。换句话说，鸟类在上树生活之前就可以飞翔了。它们不是坠落的天使，而是飞起来的爬行动物。
TEXT THREE
Everyone is interested in whether different foods or nutrients affect our odds of getting diseases like cancer or of developing risk factors for those diseases, such as too much weight or high blood pressure. But there are many barriers to studying dietary change, which is why we still have no easy answers to the question of what, exactly, we should eat to be at our healthiest. It's also why you can be forgiven for often feeling whipsawed by headlines: Is coffee good or bad? What about alcohol, garlic, or chocolate?
This week researchers reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that breast cancer survivors who cram their diets with fruits and vegetables are no more likely to escape a recurrence than women who stick to the usual five-a-day recommendation. Does that mean fruits and vegetables don't protect against cancer? No—just that in this specific group of women with breast cancer, the extra greens and additional apples didn't seem to help.
We asked researchers to explain why studies involving dietary changes are so hard to do—and what consumers should keep in mind when they read about them. Here's what the experts said:
Most diet studies take place in the real world. That means study subjects are keeping diaries of what they eat as they go rather than having their intake strictly controlled by someone else. You can give them meal advice, counseling, and how-to books up to their ears, but at the end of the day, they are on their own when it comes to what they put in their mouths. It's easier to get people to add something—like garlic, in the form of tasty sandwich spreads, or dark chocolate—than to take something away; no wonder a recent study comparing low-fat and low-carb diet plans found that almost no one was sticking to them by the end.
In studies focusing on diet, including the recent study on breast cancer recurrence, the amount of calories subjects reported eating would have caused them to lose far more weight than they actually did lose. The misreporting isn't necessarily vicious, but the inaccuracies add up. Say you're phoned about your daily intake on a day when it was someone's birthday at work and you had a slice of cake. You may not report it, thinking that a typical day wouldn't include the cake...forgetting yesterday's "special occasion" piece of pizza, and the Big Gulp of the day before. Or, despite the portion size guides you get, you characterize your bagel from the deli as a 4-ounce standard serving when a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade.
"You can't put a camera in everyone's belly and see exactly what they ate," says Christopher Gardner, a nutrition scientist at the Stanford Prevention Research Center who has recently published research on garlic and diet plans. You can get around this in some studies by taking objective measurements. Weight, for example, or if you're assessing intake of fruits and veggies, you can measure the level of pigments called carotenoids in the blood. In the breast cancer study, blood tests showed that the study subjects actually did eat more fruits and veggies (carotenoid concentration was 73 percent higher in those women after one year and 43 percent higher after four years). But objective measures can't definitively nail down whether someone is eating nutrients in certain proportions.
1. One can be forgiven for feeling whipsawed by feeling whipsawed by those headlines because_____
[A] there is no solid and convincing scientific hypothesis on these subjects.
[B] they question about what the healthiest food is has no answers.
[C] opinions on these subjects are quite contradictory.
[D] there is no authoritative answer to these questions.
2.Which one of the following statements is TURE of the conclusion of the study on breast cancer recurrence ?
[A] Women who stick to the five-a-day recommendation are less likely to have a recurrence.
[B] Women who eat extra greens and vegetables are less likely to escape a recurrence.
[C] Women could not depend on fruit diet to avoid the breast cancer recurrence.
[D] Fruits and vegetables are no good to women with breast cancer.
3.From the results of the studies focusing on diet, it can be inferred that_____
[A] the amount of calories set in diet could not help people to lose weight.
[B] people are reluctant to take part in such studies.
[C] it is difficult to get valuable conclusion from these studies.
[D] this kind of studies is not objective enough.
4.The fact that a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade implies that _____
[A] you should re-examine the standard size of the food you intake.
[B] you tend to give an inaccurate report of your actual diet.
[C] you fail to cooperate with the doctor by false record of your daily food.
[D] you make a mistake in noting down the size of standard serving.
5.The limitation of the objective measurements mentioned in the last paragraph is that _____
[A] they could only assess the proportion of fruits and veggies study subjects have taken.
[B] they could not have the subjects follow exactly the food proportion of their diet.
[C] they could not identify the levels of all the nutrients in patients’ blood.
[D] they could not tell the exact proportions of nutrients study subjects have eaten.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了关于饮食的一些研究所存在的问题。第一段讲述了人们对于食物和营养的困惑；第二段讲述研究表明蔬菜和水果对于防止癌症复发没有改善作用；第三、四段讲述专家对这些问题的解释；第五段讲述饮食研究中存在的一些人们没有进行客观报告的问题；第六段讲述更加客观的测量方法。
词汇注释：
whipsaw v. 拉锯 calorie n. 卡路里
bagel n. 百吉饼 deli n. 熟食店
pigment n. 色素 carotenoid n. 类胡萝卜素
难句突破：
But there are many barriers to studying dietary change, which is why we still have no easy answers to the question of what, exactly, we should eat to be at our healthiest.
[主体句式] But there are many barriers …, which is why…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，which引导的定语从句用来修饰整个主句；定语从句中，why引导的是表语从句，该从句中what引导的是宾语从句。
[句子译文] 但是要进行饮食变化的调查有太多的障碍，这就是我们为什么不能轻松地告诉人们什么食物是最健康的。
You can give them meal advice, counseling, and how-to books up to their ears, but at the end of the day, they are on their own when it comes to what they put in their mouths.
[主体句式] You can give them…, but …
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，后面分句中when引导的是时间状语从句。
[句子译文] 你可以告诉他们一些用餐建议，告诉他们应该买些什么，但是这一天里，他们究竟往自己嘴里塞些什么东西就是由不得别人了。
1. One can be forgiven for feeling whipsawed by those headlines because_____
1. 人们看到那些新闻标题会觉得很迷茫，这很可以理解，因为_____
[A] there is no solid and convincing scientific hypothesis on these subjects.
[A] 关于这些主题的研究还没有得出可靠和可信的假设。
[B] the question about what the healthiest food is has no answers.
[B] 关于什么食物是最健康的这个话题是没有答案的。
[C] opinions on these subjects are quite contradictory.
[C] 关于这些话题的观点分歧很大。
[D] there is no authoritative answer to these questions.
[D] 这些问题不存在权威的答案。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第一段“But there are many barriers to studying dietary change, which is why we still have no easy answers to the question of what, exactly, we should eat to be at our healthiest”，因为要进行摄入食物变化调查的障碍很多，因此在该问题上并没有一定的答案，选项中D最为符合题意。
2.Which one of the following statements is TURE of the conclusion of the study on breast cancer recurrence ?
2．关于乳癌复发的研究得出的结论，下列哪项陈述是正确的？
[A] Women who stick to the five-a-day recommendation are less likely to have a recurrence.
[A] 坚持一天五顿饭的妇女的复发几率要小一些。
[B] Women who eat extra greens and vegetables are less likely to escape a recurrence.
[B] 多吃绿色蔬菜和水果的妇女并不能躲避过复发。
[C] Women could not depend on fruit diet to avoid the breast cancer recurrence.
[C] 妇女可以依靠水果餐来避免乳癌复发。
[D] Fruits and vegetables are no good to women with breast cancer.
[D] 水果和蔬菜对于有乳癌的妇女没有好处。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第二段“breast cancer survivors who cram their diets with fruits and vegetables are no more likely to escape a recurrence than women who stick to the usual five-a-day recommendation”，该研究报道表明吃大量的蔬菜、水果并不能让患有乳癌的妇女避免复发，那么B选项是正确的。D选项，虽然蔬菜、水果不能帮助妇女避免癌症复发，但是还是对她们身体有好处的。
3.From the results of the studies focusing on diet, it can be inferred that_____
3．从饮食研究的结果来看，可以推出_____
[A] the amount of calories set in diet could not help people to lose weight.
[A] 食物中的卡路里数量并不能帮助人们减肥。
[B] people are reluctant to take part in such studies.
[B] 人们不愿意参加这样的研究。
[C] it is difficult to get valuable conclusion from these studies.
[C] 要从这些研究中得到有价值的结论很难。
[D] this kind of studies is not objective enough.
[D] 这类的研究不够客观。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第五段“the amount of calories subjects reported eating would have caused them to lose far more weight than they actually did lose”，这种研究的结果表明，受实验者报告自己摄入的卡路里数量本来可以让他们体重降的幅度更大的，这和他们自己报告的情况不够切实有关。因此，这样的研究不够客观。答案为D选项。
4.The fact that a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade implies that _____
4．已经有十几年在任何一个大城市都没有出售这种4盎司的百吉饼了，这个事实说明了_____
[A] you should re-examine the standard size of the food you intake.
[A] 你应该重新检查你摄入食物的标准量。
[B] you tend to give an inaccurate report of your actual diet.
[B] 你更容易给出与你实际饮食情况相左的报告。
[C] you fail to cooperate with the doctor by false record of your daily food.
[C] 你错误地报告了自己每日的饮食，不能和医生很好地合作。
[D] you make a mistake in noting down the size of standard serving.
[D] 在记录标准尺寸时犯了一个错误。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第六段“Or, despite the portion size guides you get, you characterize your bagel from the deli as a 4-ounce standard serving when a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade”，尽管吃了许多百吉饼，却报告说只吃了4盎司大的，那么可以看出报告有误。答案为D选项。C选项错误的原因在于尽管报告有误，但是没有说明这就是不与医生合作。
5.The limitation of the objective measurements mentioned in the last paragraph is that _____
5．最后一段中提到的客观度量的局限性在于_____
[A] they could only assess the proportion of fruits and veggies study subjects have taken.
[A] 它们只能估量被研究者的水果和蔬菜摄入量。
[B] they could not have the subjects follow exactly the food proportion of their diet.
[B] 被研究者无法严格遵循这些度量规定的食物比例。
[C] they could not identify the levels of all the nutrients in patients’ blood.
[C] 它们分辨不了被研究者血液中所有营养物质的水平。
[D] they could not tell the proportions of nutrients study subjects have eaten.
[D] 它们提供不了被研究者已摄入营养品的数量。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据最后一段“In the breast cancer study, blood tests showed that the study subjects actually did eat more fruits and veggies (carotenoid concentration was 73 percent higher in those women after one year and 43 percent higher after four years). But objective measures can't definitively nail down whether someone is eating nutrients in certain proportions”，这种血液测量可以测出试验者具体摄入的食物和蔬菜的量，但是却不能确定人们是否摄入了一定量的营养品。答案为D选项。
参考译文：
人们都很想知道到底不同的食物或营养物质是否会影响到我们患癌症等疾病的几率，或引发导致这些疾病的危险因子，如肥胖或高血压。但是要进行饮食变化的调查有太多的障碍，这就是我们为什么不能轻松地告诉人们什么食物是最健康的。这也就是为什么当人们经常被报纸头条弄得一头雾水：咖啡有利于还是有害健康？酒类、大蒜和巧克力呢？
本周《美国医学协会期刊》上的一篇报道称患乳癌而后康复的女性中，每天吃大量蔬菜、水果的人并不比坚持接受每天五顿饭建议的人们更可能避免复发。那么这是不是就意味着蔬菜、水果不能抗癌呢？是的，对患有乳癌的女性来说，额外的绿色蔬菜和苹果无济于事。
我们会问研究者为什么食物变化的研究这么难做呢，人们应该怎样对待媒体上的各种评价？专家是这样回答的：
大多数的食物研究是在现实生活中进行的，这就意味着研究主体只是每天记录下自己吃的食物，而不是由别的人严格控制他们的饮食。你可以告诉他们一些用餐建议，告诉他们应该买些什么，但是这一天里，他们究竟往自己嘴里塞些什么东西就是由不得别人了。让人们往食物里加上点什么——如夹在美味的三明治里面的大蒜，或是黑巧克力——要比让他们把这些食物拿开容易得多。最近的一项比较低脂和低碳食物的研究表明，到最后几乎没有人坚持这种食谱。
关于饮食的研究，包括最近关于乳癌复发的研究中，按照实验被试报告的卡路里摄入量，这本可以使他们体重下降更大的幅度。这种误报不一定是恶意的，但是确实有各种不精确因素。比如你某天打电话汇报自己吃的东西，而那天正好是一个人的生日，而你吃了一片蛋糕。但你可能不会提到这片蛋糕，觉得正常情况下你是不会吃蛋糕的，同样你忘记了昨天吃过“特殊节日”的比萨，前天吃了Big Gulp。或者是尽管你吃了很多，但你却说自己从熟食店买的百吉饼只有4盎司大，而实际上这十几年以来已经没有任何一个大城市还在出售4盎司的百吉饼了。
“你不可能在每个人的肚子里都安装一个摄像机，看看他们到底吃了什么。”斯坦福预防研究中心营养师Christopher Gardner说，他刚刚发表了关于大蒜和饮食计划的研究。在一些研究中你可以采用客观的测量法来避免以上情况发生。比如，如果在检测人们蔬菜和水果摄入量时，可以测量人们血液中叫做类胡萝卜素的色素水平。乳癌研究中，血液测量表明受试者确实吃了更多的食物和蔬菜（一年后类胡萝卜素浓度高了73%，四年后高了43%）。但是客观的方法不能确定人们是否摄入了一定比例 的营养品。
TEXT FOUR
Citigroup's board was locked in debate over its new leader yesterday, with no clear consensus over who would be tapped. Vikram S. Pandit, the former Morgan Stanley investment banker who joined Citigroup in July, remains the leading candidate, according to people briefed on the situation. But the search committee is still discussing other possibilities, depending on whether or not Robert E. Rubin would agree to stay on as chairman. No final decisions have been made, and not all of the directors have been persuaded that Mr. Pandit is the right choice.
The formal search for Citigroup's next chief executive began more than a month ago, after Charles O. Prince III resigned. But as its complexities mount, the search is beginning to resemble a game of multilevel chess. Citigroup's board is weighing the pros and cons of various leadership options, including the question of whether Mr. Pandit, 50, has enough operating experience to be its next chief. No one doubts his intellect, but some are concerned that he may not bring enough charisma or consumer banking knowledge to the job.
Mr. Rubin has lobbied hard for Mr. Pandit, but other board members are less convinced. If Citigroup's board chooses Mr. Pandit, the directors recognize that he will need a strong chairman to help him make the leap to his new job. That would mean persuading Mr. Rubin, who took on the chairman role only reluctantly last month, to stay on longer -- or recruiting another seasoned leader for that job.
Robert B. Willumstad, Citigroup's former operations chief, might be one contender for the chairman role. He understands the internal workings of the financial empire and brings some consumer banking experience. Yet it was unclear whether he would accept being chairman without being named chief executive as well. Mr. Willumstad, 62, is currently the chairman of the American International Group and the head of Brysam Global Partners, a private equity firm backed by JPMorgan Chase. Leaving A.I.G. would be no real hardship. Extricating himself from Brysam would require some negotiation, although Mr. Willumstad's contract with JPMorgan does allow for his departure. But associates say that Mr. Willumstad, who left Citigroup in July 2005 after being passed over in favor of Mr. Prince, seems to be enjoying the cushy confines of private equity. Negotiating his return to Citigroup might require handing him the top job.
If Mr. Pandit does not get the job, there is growing concern that he will leave the company to save face. News reports have all but anointed him as Citigroup's next leader. Deciding on someone else would leave Citigroup's board in a double bind. Not only did they pay an estimated $800 million for an underperforming hedge fund to bring Mr. Pandit to Citigroup, but if he leaves they might also lose the best person to run its investment bank.
Citigroup's board could also choose an outside candidate, who could bring a fresh perspective to the beleaguered bank. Several names have surfaced, including Michael A. Neal, the vice chairman of General Electric Capital's big commercial arm. Experts suggest that any outsider would need six months to a year to get up to speed on Citigroup's sprawling operations and contentious politics. Between the current market turbulence and the growing frustration of investors, some doubt that the company can afford to give an outside candidate that much time.
1. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the candidates of Citigroup’s new leader?
[A] Vikram S. Pandit is the candidate who has won the trust of the majority of the search committee.
[B] Robert B. Willumstad will be the most competitive rival of Vikram S. Pandit.
[C] Michael A. Neal is also considered a powerful rival of Vikram S. Pandit.
[D] Robert B. Willumstad will only return to Citigroup when he is given the highest position.
2. The search for Citigroup’s next chief executive is compared to a game of multilevel chess because_____
[A] the search becomes very complex in the end.
[B] the search involves in different levels of the board.
[C] Citigroup’s board weighs the pros and cons of various leadership options.
[D] the search is conducted in several rounds of selection.
3. Robert B. Willumstad left Citigroup in July 2005 probably because_____
[A] he enjoyed the free environment of Brysam Global Partners.
[B] he resented the unequal competition with Mr. Prince by the Citigroup board.
[C] his lacked adequate strength in standing out of Citigroup’s contentious politics.
[D] he was defeated in the competition for the Citigroup leader.
4. The possible results of Mr. Pandit’s resignation if he loses this election are the following ones except_____
[A] Citigroup will have to pay a big sum to get Mr. Pandit back to Citigroup.
[B] Citigroup will suffer double losses.
[C] Citigroup will lose its potential best investment banker.
[D] Citigroup will play loose with its money.
5. According to the last paragraph, an outsider will not probably be an ideal candidate because_____
[A] an outsider is not familiar with the internal workings of Citigroup.
[B] an outsider could not be adapted to the complex environment of the Citigroup’s board.
[C] Citigroup has a deadline of making the final decision of the search.
[D] The present economic situation will not allow Citigroup to give much time to an outsider to familiarize the company.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了花旗银行董事会新领导人选拔所存在的问题。第一段讲述花旗银行董事会目前就选拔问题陷入僵局；第二、三段讲述大家对Pandit先生的看法；第四段讲述Robert B. Willumstad的情况；第五段讲述目前公司面临的尴尬境遇；第六段讲述如果选择局外人也存在一定问题。
词汇注释：
charisma n. 感召力 cushy adj. 轻松的，舒适的
anoint v. 选定，指定 beleaguer v. 围攻
sprawl v. 蔓延 contentious adj. 好辨的
难句突破：
(1)Vikram S. Pandit, the former Morgan Stanley investment banker who joined Citigroup in July, remains the leading candidate, according to people briefed on the situation.
[主体句式] Vikram S. Pandit remains the leading candidate.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，who引导的定语从句用来修饰banker, 而the former…是做主语的同位语；according to是句子的状语。
[句子译文] Vikram S. Pandit，这位前摩根斯坦利投资银行家于7月份加入花旗银行，据与会人员表示，他仍然是头号候选人。
(2)Citigroup's board is weighing the pros and cons of various leadership options, including the question of whether Mr. Pandit, 50, has enough operating experience to be its next chief.
[主体句式] Citigroup’s board is weighing the pros and cons…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，including…是现在分词结构作opinions的定语；whether…是of的宾语从句。
[句子译文] 花旗银行董事会衡量了各个领导层的反对和支持意见，包括现年50岁的Pandit先生是否有足够的经验可以担任下一届的领导人。
1. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the candidates of Citigroup’s new leader?
1．关于花旗银行新领导候选人，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] Vikram S. Pandit is the candidate who has won the trust of the majority of the search committee.
[A] Vikram S. Pandit获得了大部分遴选委员会成员的信任。
[B] Robert B. Willumstad will be the most competitive rival of Vikram S. Pandit.
[B] Robert B. Willumstad是Vikram S. Pandit最有竞争力的对手。
[C] Michael A. Neal is also considered a powerful rival of Vikram S. Pandit.
[C] Michael A. Neal也是Vikram S. Pandit的一个有力的竞争对手。
[D] Robert B. Willumstad will only return to Citigroup when he is given the highest position.
[D] Robert B. Willumstad 只有在得到最高职位的时候才会回到Citigroup。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。A选项，第一段提到了 他们还在讨论别的可能，可以看出该委员会成员并不是大部分人都愿意选他的。B选项，第四段提到了Robert B. Willumstad“Robert B. Willumstad, Citigroup's former operations chief, might be one contender for the chairman role”，从后文可以看出他是Vikram S. Pandit强有力的对手。C选项，最后一段提到的内容可以看出选一个公司外部的人并不大可能，因此该陈述错误。D选项，第四段提到了这一点“Negotiating his return to Citigroup might require handing him the top job”，但是文章中用了“might”这个词，而选项的表述则过于肯定，因此该选项不正确。因此，正确答案为B选项。
2. The search for Citigroup’s next chief executive is compared to a game of multilevel chess because_____
2．把选拔花旗银行下任首席执行官比喻成多级别的国际象棋比赛，这是因为_____
[A] the search becomes very complex in the end.
[A] 选拨到最后变得非常复杂。
[B] the search involves in different levels of the board.
[B] 选拔涉及到董事会的各个阶层。
[C] Citigroup’s board weighs the pros and cons of various leadership options.
[C] 花旗银行的董事会衡量了各个领导层的反对和支持意见。
[D] the search is conducted in several rounds of selection.
[D] 该选拔要进行好多轮次。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第二段“But as its complexities mount, the search is beginning to resemble a game of multilevel chess”，由于事情变得越来越复杂，选拔也成为多级别的国际象棋比赛了，可以看出，这样的比喻也只是突出事情的复杂性而已。因此，答案为A选项。
3. Robert B. Willumstad left Citigroup in July 2005 probably because_____
3. Robert B. Willumstad于2005年七月离开了花旗银行可能是因为_____
[A] he enjoyed the free environment of Brysam Global Partners.
[A] 他喜欢Brysam Global Partners轻松的氛围。
[B] he resented the unequal competition with Mr. Prince by the Citigroup board.
[B] 他怨恨花旗银行董事会没有公平地对待他和Prince先生。
[C] his lacked adequate strength in standing out of Citigroup’s contentious politics.
[C] 他没有足够的能力在花旗银行复杂的政治斗争中脱颖而出。
[D] he was defeated in the competition for the Citigroup leader.
[D] 在竞争花旗银行领导人的竞争中他被击败了。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第四段“But associates say that Mr. Willumstad, who left Citigroup in July 2005 after being passed over in favor of Mr. Prince, seems to be enjoying the cushy confines of private equity”，Willumstad先生是在Citigroup选取了Prince先生而没有考虑他的情况下于2005年7月份离开的，而结合到Prince是前任领导，可以推断出Willumstad先生是因为竞争失败才离开了公司的。因此，D选项为正确答案。
4. The possible results of Mr. Pandit’s resignation if he loses this election are the following ones except_____
4. 如果Pandit先生没有当选，那么他肯能会辞职，辞职可能带来的后果是以下除了____外的选项。
[A] Citigroup will have to pay a big sum to get Mr. Pandit back to Citigroup.
[A] 花旗银行可能得向Pandit先生支付一大笔钱才能让他重新回来
[B] Citigroup will suffer double loss.
[B] 花旗银行会承受双重损失
[C] Citigroup will lose its potential best investment banker.
[C] 花旗银行会失去可能的最好投资银行家
[D] Citigroup will play loose with its money.
[D] 花旗银行的钱打了水漂
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据第五段，Pandit先生如果辞职就会让董事会陷入两重打击，一方面他们已经向一家运营不佳的保值基金支付了大约8亿美金将Pandit先生挖过来，一方面他们将失去运营投资银行的最佳人选。因此，B、C、D都是可能的后果，而A选项不是，因此是正确答案。
5. According to the last paragraph, an outsider will not probably be an ideal candidate because_____
5. 根据最后一段，公司外的人员不可能是理想人选因为_____
[A] an outsider is not familiar with the internal workings of Citigroup.
[A] 公司外的人员对花旗银行的内部运营不熟悉。
[B] an outsider could not be adapted to the complex environment of the Citigroup’s board.
[B] 公司外的人员不能适应花旗银行董事会复杂的氛围。
[C] Citigroup has a deadline of making the final decision of the search.
[C] 花旗银行选定领导人人选有限定日期。
[D] The present economic situation will not allow Citigroup to give much time to an outsider to make himself qualified.
[D] 目前的经济形势不允许花旗银行给公司外的人员足够的时间来做到合格。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。最后一段提到了“Experts suggest that any outsider would need six months to a year to get up to speed on Citigroup's sprawling operations and contentious politics. Between the current market turbulence and the growing frustration of investors, some doubt that the company can afford to give an outside candidate that much time”，即任何一个外来人员都需要六个月到一年来熟悉状况，但是目前经济形势不好，投资者很焦急，不可能给外来的人员那么多适应的时间。因此，答案为D选项。
参考译文：
花旗银行董事会昨天因讨论其新任领导人问题而陷入僵局，对于人选没有统一的意见。Vikram S. Pandit，这位前摩根斯坦利投资银行家于7月份加入花旗银行，据与会人员表示，他仍然是头号候选人。但是遴选委员会还在讨论其它人选，这主要取决于Robert E. Rubin是否同意继续担任一段时间的主席。现在尚无最后决定，而且并不是所有的董事都认为Pandit先生是最佳人选。
选拔花旗银行的新任领导人是从一个月前Charles O. Prince III辞职后开始的。但是由于事情变得越来越复杂，选拔也成为多级别的国际象棋比赛了。花旗银行董事会衡量了各个领导层的反对和支持意见，包括现年50岁的Pandit先生是否有足够的经验可以担任下一届的领导人。对于他的睿智没有人怀疑，但是有人担心他的个人号召力不够或没有足够的消费者银行知识，因此不能胜任这份工作。
Rubin先生努力为Pandit先生四处游说，但是其他董事会成员却不太相信。如果花旗银行的董事会选择了Pandit先生，那么董事认为他需要有一位强有力的主席来帮助他顺利接受新的工作。那也就意味着要说服Rubin先生呆更长一段时间，而他上个月勉强接受了主席一职，或者就得聘请另外一位有经验的领导人来担任这项工作。
Robert B. Willumstad是花旗银行前任业务部主管，也可能是主席职位的候选人。他了解这个金融帝国的内部运作，而且也可以带来一些客户银行经验。但是还不能确定他是否在不被任命为首席执行官的情况下愿意接受主席一职。Willumstad先生今年62岁，现任美国国际集团主席和JPMorgan Chase资助的私募基金公司Brysam 全球合作伙伴公司的经理。离开美国国际集团可能不会很难，但是让他从Brysam脱身则需要一些斡旋，尽管Willumstad先生与JPMorgan签订的合同允许他离开。但是会员们称Willumstad先生是在花旗银行选取了Prince先生而没有考虑他的情况下于2005年7月份离开的，他好像很喜欢私募基金轻松的环境。要让他回到花旗银行，可能就得把最高职务交给他。
如果Pandit先生不能当选，那么他非常有可能要离开公司以挽回自己的面子。新闻报道称已经指定他为花旗银行下任领导人了。选择其他人会让花旗银行董事会处于双重约束中。他们不仅向一家运营不佳的保值基金支付了大约8亿美金将Pandit先生挖过来，而且如果Pandit先生要离开公司，那么公司将失去运营投资银行的最佳人选。
花旗银行董事会也可以选取一个外部候选人，从而会给这家遭受围攻的银行带来新气象。这些人选如通用电气资金的商业分部部长Michael A. Neal。专家认为任何一个外来人员都可能需要六个月到一年的时间来与花旗银行的扩张运营以及复杂的政治氛围和上拍。但现在一边是市场动荡，一边是投资者不断的失败，一些人怀疑公司是否能给一个外来的候选人那么多的适应时间。
UNIT THREE
TEXT ONE
Scores of workers from MTV Networks walked off the job yesterday afternoon, filling the sidewalk outside the headquarters of its corporate parent, Viacom, to protest recent changes in benefits. The walkout highlighted the concerns of a category of workers who are sometimes called permalancers: permanent freelancers who work like full-time employees but do not receive the same benefits.
Waving signs that read ''Shame on Viacom,'' the workers, most of them in their 20s, demanded that MTV Networks reverse a plan to reduce health and dental benefits for freelancers beginning Jan. 1. In a statement, MTV Networks noted that its benefits program for full-time employees had also undergone changes, and it emphasized that the plan for freelancers was still highly competitive within the industry. Many freelancers receive no corporate benefits. But some of the protesters asserted that corporations were competing to see which could provide the most mediocre health care coverage. Matthew Yonda, who works at Nickelodeon, held a sign that labeled the network ''Sick-elodeon.'' ''I've worked here every day for three years -- I'm not a freelancer,'' Mr. Yonda said. ''They just call us freelancers in order to bar us from getting the same benefits as employees.''
The changes to the benefits package were announced last Tuesday. Freelancers were told that they would become eligible for benefits after 160 days of work, beginning in January. While that eased previous eligibility rules, which required freelancers to work for 52 weeks before becoming eligible, it would have required all freelancers not yet eligible for benefits to start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1. The 401(k) plan was also removed. On Thursday, acknowledging the complaints, MTV Networks reinstated the 401(k) plan and said freelancers who had worked consistently since March would be eligible.
Fueled by a series of blog posts on the media Web site Gawker -- the first post was headlined ''The Viacom Permalance Slave System'' -- a loose cohort of freelancers created protest stickers and distributed walkout fliers last week. Caroline O'Hare, a unit manager who has worked for MTV for more than two years, said the new health care plan -- with higher deductibles and a $2,000 cap on hospital expenses each year -- had provoked outrage. ''They think they can treat us like children that don't have families, mortgages or dreams of retirement,'' she said.
Outside Viacom's headquarters, several workers held posters with the words, ''There's too many of us to ignore.'' It was unclear how many freelancers are on the company's payroll; an MTV Networks spokeswoman said the figure was not known because it rises and falls throughout the year. The company has 5,500 full-time employees, excluding freelancers, around the world.
Two freelancers and one full-time employee, who asked not to be identified for fear of retribution, estimated that the percentage of freelancers in some departments exceeded 75 percent. Another labor action is expected to take place outside Viacom later this week. Members of the Writers Guild of America, who have been on strike for five weeks, are expected to picket there on Thursday.
1．Which one of the following statements is NOT true of MTV Networks’ new benefits plan for freelancers?
[A] Its benefits plan for freelancers is highly competitive in the industry.
[B] Its freelancers cannot receive the same benefits as the full-time employees.
[C] The freelancers who are not eligible for benefits should start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1.
[D] The freelancers are against the new plan which substantially but their benefit
2. According to the new benefits program of MTV Networks, the following freelancers are eligible for benefits except_____
[A] those who have worked for 160 days.
[B] those who have worked for 1 year.
[C] those who have worked since March.
[D] those who have worked since Jan. 1.
3.The word “reinstate” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
[A] redesign.
[B] restore.
[C] repair.
[D] reset.
4. The MTV Networks spokeswoman did not provide the number of freelancers on the payroll mostly probably because_____
[A] the figure fluctuates throughout the year and it is impossible to calculate the precise number.
[B] the company wants to keep it as a secret so as to better stand the protest.
[C] the company has no record of the freelancers since there is no such necessity.
[D] the company does not want to provide the freelancers with benefits enjoyed by the full-time employee.
5. Towards MTV Networks’ change on the benefits plan, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____
[A] affirmative.
[B] negative.
[C] biased.
[D] neutral.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了MTV Networks公司修改其对于雇用的自由职员的福利待遇方案的调整以及引起的反响。文章第一段第二段介绍MTV Networks公司的自由职员举行罢工游行的情况；第三段讲述福利方案调整的一些内容；第四段讲述其他的一些抗议形式；第五段第六段是关于MTV Networks公司雇用的自由职员的数量的一些情况。
词汇注释：
freelancer n. 自由职业者 reverse v. 撤销或取消
mediocre adj. 普通的，劣等的 reinstate n. 恢复
cohort n. 一群一群或一帮人 sticker n. 张贴物
flier n. 传单
deductible n. 扣除条款,保险单内的条款之一，免除保险人对被保险户承受的损失赔偿最初的规定的金额
retribution n. 惩罚，报偿
picket v. 派出纠察员，在罢工或示威期间设置一个或几个纠察队
难句突破：
Waving signs that read ''Shame on Viacom,'' the workers, most of them in their 20s, demanded that MTV Networks reverse a plan to reduce health and dental benefits for freelancers beginning Jan. 1.
[主体句式] The workers demanded that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，前面的现在分词短语作为主语的伴随状语；most of them in their 20s是主语的同位语；谓语demand后是一个宾语从句，在该从句中，beginning Jan 1是一个现在分词短语作a plan的定语。
[句子译文] 这些工人大多数都是二十多岁，他们手中挥舞着写有“Viacom 无耻”的标语，要求MTV Networks收回于1月1日开始实施的旨在减少自由职业者健康和牙齿医疗方面福利的计划。
(2)While that eased previous eligibility rules, which required freelancers to work for 52 weeks before becoming eligible, it would have required all freelancers not yet eligible for benefits to start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1.
[主体句式] While that … it would have…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，前半分句中有一个which 引导的非限定性从句修饰previous eligibility rules，后半分句中not yet eligible for benefits 是后置定语用来修饰all freelancers。
[句子译文] 虽然这样一来放宽了以前的资格规定（该规定要求自由职业者必须工作52周后才能成为合格员工），但却要求所有尚无资格享受福利的自由职业者从1月1日重新开始计算等待期。
题目分析：
1．Which one of the following statements is NOT true of MTV Networks’ new benefits plan for freelancers?
1. 关于MTV Networks对自由职业者的新福利方案，下列哪一个是不正确的_____
[A] Its benefits plan for freelancers is highly competitive in the industry.
[A] 在本行业内它的福利方案是很有竞争力的。
[B] Its freelancers cannot receive the same benefits as the full-time employees.
[B] 自由职业者不能和全职员工享有一样的福利待遇。
[C] The freelancers who are not eligible for benefits should start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1.
[C] 没有资格享受福利待遇的自由职业者要重新从一月一日开始计算工作时间。
[D] The freelancers are against the new plan which substantially cuts their benefit.
[D] 自由职业者反对新福利方案，该方案大幅度地削减了他们的福利。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。题目要求找出和新福利方案不符合的一项，关于A在第二段由所提及，是MTV为自己辩护的证据；B在全文中都有体现，第一段工人罢工的原因就是自由职业者不能和正式员工享受一样的福利；选项C在文章的第三段提到，虽然一开始计划改变后是这样规定的，但因职员的抗议，公司又重新恢复了401方案，只要从三月份以来一直在工作的员工就可以享受新的福利方案。选项D，全文中各个段落都提到了这一点。因此，只有C是符合题干的。
2. According to the new benefits program of MTV Networks, the following freelancers are eligible for benefits package except_____
2. 根据MTV Networks的新福利方案，下列自由职业者除了_____之外都有资格享受福利。
[A] those who have worked for 160 days beginning in January.
[A] 从一月起已经工作了160天的员工
[B] those who have worked for 1 year.
[B] 已经工作了一年的员工
[C] those who have worked since March.
[C] 自三月以来在工作的员工
[D] those who start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1.
[D] 从一月一日起重新开始等待期的员工
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。MTV修改了的新福利方案对享受福利待遇的职工作了新定义，这在第三段有说明。新方案规定从一月份开始在公司工作了160天的员工有这个资格，之前的规定是工作达52周的员工；不过这个新规定要求所有还没有资格享受福利的员工要从一月一日开始重新计算工作时间，不过由于职员的抗议，公司决定只要从三月份以来一直在公司工作的员工就有这个资格。那么四个选项中，A是符合的，B无论什么情况下也都符合，C在公司修改后也符合，只有D不符合，没有该资格。
3.The word “reinstate” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
3. “reinstate”这个词（第三段第六行）最有可能的意思是_____
[A] redesign.
[A] 重新设计。
[B] restore.
[B] 恢复。
[C] revise.
[C] 修改。
[D] reset.
[D] 重新安排。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。首先看到reinstate这个词是由re开头的，因此这个单词应该有“重复”或者“重新”的意思。有了这个前提，再结合上下文来看，401方案取消后，员工进行了抗议，因此MTV对该方案采取了一定行动。可以推测，是一种公司缓和气氛而作的努力，那么应该是恢复了该方案。答案为B。选项的几个单词都比较类似，也都是以re开头的词汇，但是它们之间有一些小小的区别，要注意区分。这道题主要考察了考生的词汇量、以及辨别相近词之间区别的能力。
4. The MTV Networks spokeswoman did not provide the number of freelancers on the payroll mostly probably because_____
4. MTV Networks女发言人没有提供薪水册上自由职业者的数量最有可能是因为______
[A] the figure fluctuates throughout the year and it is impossible to calculate the precise number.
[A] 这个数字在一年内会不停波动，同时也不可能计算出来一个准确数字。
[B] the company wants to keep it as a secret so as to better stand the protest.
[B] 公司想要对该方面保密以便于更好地抵制罢工。
[C] the company has no record of the freelancers since there is no such necessity.
[C] 公司没有自由职业者的纪录，因为没有做记录的必要。
[D] the company does not want to provide the freelancers with benefits enjoyed by the full-time employee.
[D] 公司不想为自由职业者提供与正式员工一样的福利待遇。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第五段中提到，目前工资薪水册上有多少自由职员还不清楚，一位MTV Networks发言人声称是因为这个数字全年都来回波动，这很明显是一个托词，因为每家公司都会有其各种人员的登记，要掌握具体的数据并不困难。只是公布该数据对公司不利，因为公司自知有大量的自由职员，如果数据公布对罢工者有利，对公司反而是不利证据，因此是因为公司不想让外人知道，以便于在这场罢工斗争中争取有利形势。因此B为正确答案。C和D选项属于无中生有。
5. Towards MTV Networks’ change on the benefits plan, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____
5. 作者对于MTV Networks在福利方案方面所作的调整的态度是_____
[A] affirmative.
[A] 肯定的。
[B] negative.
[B] 否定的。
[C] biased.
[C] 有偏见的。
[D] neutral.
[D] 中立的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 态度题。文章虽然措辞比较客观，但是从作者引用的例子等还是可以发现，作者对MTV Network公司所作的福利方案变动还是有一定的想法。如他引用的几个自由职业者的陈述都可以表现出这一点来。因此，答案为B。
参考译文：
昨天下午，MTV Networks的许多工人进行了一场罢工，站满了其上级公司Viacom总部外的人行道，抗议最近福利方面的变化。这次罢工突出反映了那些有时被称作永久自由职业者的工人们的忧虑：他们和全职员工一样工作，但是却得不到同样的福利。
这些工人大多数都是二十多岁，他们手中挥舞着写有“Viacom 无耻”的标语，要求MTV Networks收回于1月1日开始实施的旨在减少自由职业者健康和牙齿医疗方面福利的计划。MTV Networks在一份声明中提到其全职员工的福利计划也发生了一些变化，并且强调他们对自由职业者的福利计划在行业中是有一定优势的。许多自由职业者没有任何的公司福利。但是一些抗议者声称公司在比看谁提供的医疗保健计划最普通。在Nickelodeon工作的Matthew Yonda手中的标语写着“恶心的elodeon”。“我三年来每天都在这里工作——我不是自由职业者，”Yonda这样说，“他们叫我们自由职业者，目的就是不让我们享受和正式员工一样的福利。”
福利变化是于上周二公布的，自由职业者被告知他们只能在从１月１日起的160天后才有资格享受福利。虽然这样一来放宽了以前的资格规定（该规定要求自由职业者必须工作52周后才能成为合格员工），但却要求所有尚无资格享受福利的自由职业者从1月1日重新开始计算等待期。401（k）计划也被取消了。星期四，MTV Networks在收到申诉后又恢复了401（k）计划，宣布从三月以来一直工作的自由职业者可以不用等候就可以有资格享受福利。其他的一些改变也引起了公愤。
媒体网Gawker张贴的一系列的博客公告更是火上浇油（第一篇公告的标题为“Viacom 的永久自由职业者奴隶体系”），一群组织松散的自由职业者上周做了抗议张贴物并散发罢工传单。Caroline O'Hare是曾在MTV工作过两年多的部门经理，她说这个新的健康保障计划含有更高的扣除条款，并设定了每年医疗花费2000美元的最高限额，已经引起了公愤。“他们觉得可以对待我们可以像对待没有家庭、抵押贷款和退休梦想的孩子一样。”她这样说。
在Viacom总部外，几个工人手中的条幅这样写着：“我们人数众多，不容忽视。”目前尚不清楚到底有多少自由职业者被划入该公司的薪水册中，MTV Networks一位女发言人声称由于一年中这个数字起起伏伏，所以现在这个数字还不能确定。该公司除自由职业者外，在全世界有5500个全职员工。
据两个自由职业者和一个全职员工估计在某些部门自由职业者的比例高达75%，这三个人因害怕被公司报复要求而不要公开他们身份。另外一项劳动诉讼可能将于本周晚些时候在Viacom外进行。美国作家协会的成员已经罢工五周，可望于周四在此派出纠察员。
TEXT TWO
A boy or a girl? That is usually the first question asked when a woman gives birth. Remarkably, the answer varies with where the mother lives. In rich countries the chances of its being a boy are about 5% higher than in poor ones. Equally remarkably, that figure has been falling recently. Several theories have been put forward to explain these observations. Some argue that smoking plays a role, others that diet may be important. Neither of these ideas has been supported by evidence from large studies. But new research points to a different factor: stress.
Strange as it might seem, the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 shed light on the enigma. Studies noting the sex of babies conceived in New York during the week of the attacks found a drop in the ratio of males to females. That is consistent with earlier studies, which revealed a similar shift in women who became pregnant during floods and earthquakes and in time of war. Moreover, a study carried out eight years ago by researchers at the University of Aarhus, in Denmark, revealed that women who suffered the death of a child or spouse from some catastrophic illness around the time they conceived were much more likely to give birth to girls than to boys.
Taken together, these results suggest that acute stress to a woman at the time of conception shifts the sex ratio towards girls. However, Carsten Obel, a researcher at Aarhus who was not involved in the earlier study, wondered if the same might be true of chronic stress too. In a paper just published in Human Development, he shows that it is.
Dr Obel used a set of data collected between 1989 and 1992. During that period 8,719 expectant mothers were asked to fill in questionnaires that inquired, among other things, about their level of stress. Dr Obel found that the more stressed a mother had been, the less chance she had of having given birth to a boy. Only 47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males. That compared with 52% for women in the bottom quartile. Dr Obel suspects the immediate cause is that male pregnancies are more likely to miscarry in response to stress than female pregnancies are, especially during the first three months. However, that is difficult to prove. More intriguing, though, is the ultimate cause, for he thinks it might be adaptive, rather than pathological.
That is because the chances are that a daughter who reaches adulthood will find a mate and thus produce grandchildren. A son is a different matter. Healthy, strapping sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren, by several women—or would have done in the hunter-gatherer societies in which most human evolution took place. Weak ones would be marginalised and maybe even killed in the cut and thrust of male competition. If a mother's stress adversely affects the development of her fetus then selectively aborting boys, rather than wasting time and resources on bringing them to term, would make evolutionary sense.
That, in turn, would explain why women in rich countries, who are less likely to suffer from hunger and disease, are more likely to give birth to sons. That this likelihood is, nevertheless, falling suggests that rich women's lives may be more stressful than they used to be.
1. The author begins the passage by_____
[A] presenting an argumentation.
[B] explaining a phenomenon.
[C] raising a question.
[D] making a comparison
2. The ratio of giving birth to a boy is falling in rich countries because_____
[A] the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 exerted huge negative impact.
[B] women are facing greater pressure than past.
[C] women are under new pressure now which they seldom faced in the past.
[D] male pregnancies are more easily to miscarry.
3. Which of the following can explain Dr Obel’s opinion that the ultimat cause is adaptive rather than pathological?
[A] 47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males while 52% in the bottom quartile.
[B] Women in rich countries are more likely to give birth to boys.
[C] Women selectively abort boys rather than waste time and resources on bringing them to term for fear of male competition.
[D] Women who suffer from calamity in conception are more likely to give birth to girls.
4. Women in the hunter-gatherer societies are more likely to give birth to daughters because_____
[A] they agree that giving birth to daughters is beneficial in the evolutionary sense.
[B] sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren with several women.
[C] they think it is a better practice for a daughter to produce grandchildren with only one mate.
[D] they think bringing sons to term is wasting time and resources.
5.From this passage, we may draw a conclusion that_____
[A] acute stress is more likely to cause women to choose aborting boys than chronic stress.
[B] stress to a woman at the time of conception, whether acute or chronic, will shift the sex ratio towards girls.
[C] more girls will be born in the future because today’s women, in both rich and poor countries, suffer from increasing pressure.
[D] chronic stress is more decisive in influencing the women’s pregnancies.
文章剖析：
这篇文章是介绍影响婴儿出生性别原因的一个新的研究成果－－压力。文章第一段提出以往人们对该问题的看法，然后引出新的研究结果；第二段用一些事例来证明突发压力对于婴儿性别的影响；第三段、第四段讲述Obel博士调查研究表明慢性压力在这方面的影响；第五段对Obel博士的研究结果作了一些论证；第六段是对第一段提到的现象用得出的结论做解释。
词汇注释：
enigma n. 谜 conception n. 受精
chronic adj. 长期的，持续的 questionnarie n. 调查表
quartile n. 四分位值 miscarry v. 流产
pathological adj. 病理的 strapping adj. 伟岸的，魁梧的
fetus n. 胎儿
难句突破：
(1) Moreover, a study carried out eight years ago by researchers at the University of Aarhus, in Denmark, revealed that women who suffered the death of a child or spouse from some catastrophic illness around the time they conceived were much more likely to give birth to girls than to boys.
[主体句式] A study revealed that…
[结构分析]这是一个复合句，主语后面是一个过去分词短语做定语；revealed后面的宾语从句比较复杂，从句的主体句式为women or spouse were likely to …，状语中that 引导的定语从句用来修饰time, 第一个主语women后有一个以who引导的定语从句。
[句子译文] 而且，八年前奥尔胡斯大学研究者们做的一项研究也表明，经过头胎死亡经历或配偶在其怀孕期间患上一些灾难性疾病的妇女更有可能生女孩。
(2) If a mother's stress adversely affects the development of her fetus then selectively aborting boys, rather than wasting time and resources on bringing them to term, would make evolutionary sense.
[主体句式] If… then selectively aborting boys…would make sense.
[结构分析] 这是一个带有条件状语从句的复合句，主语由现在分词短语构成。
[句子译文] 如果母亲受到的压力对胎儿发展起到相反作用，选择性地将男孩流产，而不是浪费时间和资源将他们养大，这从进化意义上说得通的。
题目分析:
1. The author begins the passage by_____
1. 作者展开这篇文章一开始_____
[A] presenting an argumentation.
[A] 提出一个论点。
[B] explaining a phenomenon.
[B] 解释一个现象。
[C] raising a question.
[C] 提出一个问题。
[D] making a comparison.
[D] 做了一个比较。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析]推理题。作者在文章一开始就指出在富裕国家中妇女生男孩的比率比贫穷国家高出5%，但目前这个比率在下降，有许多人给出自己的解释，但都不能被大型的研究所证明，而现在又有新的论点，就是压力的作用。接下来的几段就是对这个论点的证实。可见，作者是以提出一个论点的形式来开始这篇文章的。
2. The ratio of giving birth to a boy is falling in rich countries because_____
2.在富裕国家中男孩的出生率下降了是因为_____
[A] the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 exerted huge negative impact.
[A] 2001年9月11日恐怖主义袭击带来了巨大的负面影响。
[B] women are facing greater pressure than past.
[B] 妇女现在面临的压力比以前大。
[C] women are under new pressure now which they seldom faced in the past.
[C] 妇女现在要面临新的压力，这是她们以前没有遇到过的。
[D] male pregnancies are more easily to miscarry.
[D] 怀了男孩的女性更加容易流产。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。首先A选项明显是错误的，因为这个影响只限于美国，并不包括所有的富裕国家。D也是错误选项，因为文章第四段中提到了这一点，但是选项中却丢掉了一个重要前提，也就是在较大的压力下，怀了男孩的女性才更加容易流产。题干要求找出富裕国家目前男孩出生率下降的原因，文章整篇都在讨论压力对于婴儿性别的作用，而最后一段的最后一句话作者指出，目前这个比率下降可能是因为富裕国家妇女现在承受的压力要比以前多，但是没有说明有新的压力。因此，答案为B。
3. Which of the following can explain Dr Obel’s opinion that the ultimat cause is adaptive rather than pathological?
3.以下那一项可以解释Obel博士认为最根本的原因是适应性的而不是生理性的这个观点？
[A] 47% of children born to women in the top quartile of stress were males while 52% in the bottom quartile.
[A]压力最大的四成妇女47%生育的是男孩，而压力最小的四成妇女52%生育的是男孩。
[B] Women in rich countries are more likely to give birth to boys because they are more stressful.
[B]富裕国家的妇女生育男孩的几率更大，因为她们所承受的压力更大。
[C] Women selectively abort boys rather than waste time and resources on bringing them to term for fear of male competition.
[C]妇女因为害怕男性竞争而选择将男婴流产，而不是浪费时间和养料将他们发育完整。
[D] Women who suffer from calamity in conception are more likely to give birth to girls.
[D]受精期经历了灾难的妇女生育女孩的比率更大。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。第四段中提到，Obel博士认为导致女性在面临压力时生女孩的几率更大，其根本原因应该是适应性的原因而不是生理性原因。第四段提到，Obel怀疑是其直接原因是面临压力时如果怀孕的是男孩那么就更容易流产。紧接着第五段就给出了解释，那就是在资源紧缺的男性竞争社会中，弱小的男性更容易被边缘化，被淘汰，而女性则不存在这个问题，所以面对这种压力，妇女生育孩子时会选择将男婴流产，这是一种适应环境的做法。因此，答案中C是可以说明他的这个观点的，A、B、D只是一些表象。
4. Women in the hunter-gatherer societies are more likely to give birth to daughters because_____
4.在原始狩猎社会中，妇女生育女儿的比率更大是因为_____
[A] they agree that giving birth to daughters is beneficial in the evolutionary sense.
[A] 他们一致认为在进化的意义上，生女儿在有利的。
[B] sons are likely to produce lots of grandchildren with several women.
[B] 儿子会和几位女性一起生育许多后代。
[C] they think it is a better practice for a daughter to produce grandchildren with only one mate.
[C]他们认为女儿只和一个配偶生儿育女是一个更好的做法。
[D] they think bringing sons to term is wasting time and resources.
[D]他们认为将男婴养至足月是浪费时间和资源的。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章第五段指出在原始狩猎社会中，健康、强壮的男性可以和几位女性一起繁殖许多后代，而弱小的则会被边缘化甚至在男性竞争中被杀死。妇女在生育孩子时就会面临这样的压力，她更情愿将男婴流产，也不愿意花费了如此多的时间和精力后将男婴生出来，却面临被淘汰的压力。因此，在原始狩猎社会中，女孩出生率较高的原因是因为妇女生育时面临的这种压力。选项中，D为正确答案。A选项显然是错误的，原始人不会以进化的观点去思考问题。B选项的说法只是一个现象，并不是题干的原因。C选项的说法与原文相反。
5.From this passage, we may draw a conclusion that_____
5.从这篇文章我们可以得出一个结论____
[A] acute stress is more likely to cause women to choose aborting boys than chronic stress.
[A]突发的压力比持续的压力更能导致妇女选择将男婴流产。
[B] stress to a woman at the time of conception, whether acute or chronic, will shift the sex ratio towards girls.
[B]妇女怀孕期间经受压力，无论是突发的还是持续的，都会导致婴儿性别比例偏向女孩。
[C] more girls will be born in the future because today’s women, in both rich and poor countries, suffer from increasing pressure.
[C] 未来会有更多的女孩出生，因为现在不论是在富裕国家还是在贫穷国家，女性都面临着越来越大的压力。
[D] chronic stress is more decisive in influencing the women’s pregnancies.
[D]在影响女性怀孕方面慢性的压力更具有决定性的作用。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。题干要求根据整篇文章推导出一个结论，本文主要讲述了压力对于婴儿出生性别的影响，分别用一些数据和事实证明突发压力和慢性压力都有一定的影响，从中可以得出结论，就是突发与急性压力都会使得女孩出生率高一些。答案A、D文中并没有进行比较、缺少证据，C的内容也文中也没有提到。因此，正确答案为B。
参考译文：
男孩还是女孩？这通常是一个女人生完孩子后问的第一个问题。很显然的，因为这位母亲所在的地方不同答案也就不同。在富裕国家中生男孩的比率要比贫穷国家高5%。同样引人注目的是，最近这个数字有所降低。人们提出了几个理论来解释这些现象。有人认为吸烟可能是原因所在，也有人认为节食的影响较大。但大规模研究的证据却都不支持这两个观点，而新的研究指出了另外一个因素：压力。
虽然看起来很奇怪，但2001年“9·11”恐怖袭击揭示了这个问题的谜底。对恐怖袭击的那一周在纽约出生婴儿的性别研究发现男女性别比例下降了，这与早期的研究一致。早期研究表明洪水、地震和战争期间怀孕妇女生育男女的比例也有相似的变化。而且，八年前奥尔胡斯大学研究者们做的一项研究也表明，经过头胎死亡经历或配偶在其怀孕期间患上一些灾难性疾病的妇女更有可能生女孩。
综合这些研究结果表明女性在受精时如果受到突然的压力，那么生女孩的比例就会增大。但是，奥尔胡斯的一位研究者CarstenObel并没有参与早期的研究，他怀疑持续的压力是否也会有同样的影响。他刚刚在《人类发展》上发表的一篇论文表明事实确实如此。
Obel博士使用了1989年至1992年间的一组数字。在这个时期，8791名妇女受邀填写问卷调查，调查其中一项就是她们压力程度。Obel博士发现一个妇女承受的压力越重，她生男孩的概率就越小。压力最大的四成妇女只有47%生育男孩，而最小的四成妇女比例为52%。Obel博士怀疑这种现象的直接原因是在压力的情况下，怀男婴的妇女比怀女婴的妇女更容易流产，尤其是在前三个月。这一点很难证实。更让人迷惑的是他认为根本原因是适应性的而不是生理性的。
这是因为可能的情况是女孩成年后就要找一位男性，然后生育后代。而男孩则不一样。健康、魁梧的男性更有可能与几位女性生育很多后代，至少在原始狩猎族社会是这样的，大多数人类进化就是这样进行的。弱小的将会被边缘化，甚至有可能在男性的竞争性打斗中被杀死。如果母亲受到的压力对胎儿发展起到相反作用，选择性地将男孩流产，而不是浪费时间和资源将他们养大，这从进化意义上说得通的。
这反过来也可以解释为什么在富裕国家中女性很少受到饥饿和疾病的威胁，更容易生育男孩。尽管存在这种可能，但是数据的下降说明富裕女性目前所受的压力要比以前大得多。
TEXT THREE
Despite bulging order books, the mood at Airbus and Boeing is far from celebratory. Both aviation giants are moaning loudly that their production systems and supply chains are flawed, albeit for ostensibly different reasons. This week Louis Gallois, the boss of EADS, the Franco-German aerospace consortium that owns Airbus, added substance to warnings a week earlier by the planemaker's chief executive, Tom Enders, that the dollar's decline was “life-threatening” for the firm. Mr Gallois said it was no longer just a possibility that Airbus would have to move a large part of its production to “the dollar zone” or low-cost countries, but a certainty.
Airbus is already in the middle of Power8, a big restructuring plan that involves the loss of 10,000 jobs and the sale of several plants, which is meant to offset the losses caused by the delays in delivering the A380 superjumbo. But Power8 assumed that a euro was worth $1.35, not today's $1.47. Mr Gallois estimates that each 10-cent rise in the euro costs Airbus ?1 billion. At present, Airbus makes 76% of its purchases within Europe, but generates over 60% of its sales elsewhere. It must now shift some production abroad.
Airbus is now likely to forge ahead much further. Mr Gallois suggests that when the A350 enters service in 2013, 70% of it will have been “purchased” in dollars, against 50% for the A380 and an average 24% of Airbus production today. Because Airbus insists that some of its European suppliers price in dollars that means about 50% of the A350's production will be outsourced. New aircraft, such as the A320's successor, may be made almost entirely outside the euro-zone.
Airbus maintains that exchange rates are not the only reason for outsourcing: it is keen to tap into composite-manufacturing expertise wherever it exists. It also insists that it will not repeat the mistakes Boeing has made with its new 787 Dreamliner, about 80% of which has been outsourced. A few weeks ago Mike Bair, the executive responsible for the 787 programme, who was recently moved sideways after mounting production delays, launched a withering attack on some of the companies recruited to build the plane. He said that in future Boeing would not entrust design work to partners who “proved incapable of doing it”, and would make suppliers build factories close to Boeing's main assembly operation, rather than flying semi-finished sections of the aircraft round the world on huge Dreamlifter transporters.
It is too early to conclude that the two rivals are heading in opposite directions—Boeing renouncing the global supply chain just as Airbus adopts it. Each company has its own axe to grind. Airbus needs greater flexibility, and the weak dollar provides helpful cover as it takes on its grumbling unions. Boeing, for its part, wants to shift the blame for delays to the 787 on to its partners. The logic of global outsourcing in the aerospace industry remains powerful. Whatever they may be saying now, Airbus and Boeing are more likely to converge than to diverge.
1. Airbus carries out Power 8 because_____
[A] it cannot make up the deficits caused by the dalays in delivering A380.
[B] it wants to move its production abroad to handle the problem of dollar’s decline.
[C] it has not predicted the dollar decline at the beginning.
[D] it wants to raise money to build new production sector in low-cost countries.
2. The lesson Airbus learns from Boeing’s case of 787 Dreamliner is_____
[A] it should not adopt outsourcing at all given its uncertainty and insecurity.
[B] it should not coopearte with partners in designing.
[C] it should not waste time in flying the semi-finished sections of the aircraft.
[D] it should make use of the local manufacturing expertise instead of international partners.
3. According to the passage, the 787 programme is delayed probably because_____
[A] the parteners are not incapable of building the plane.
[B] The suppliers are far away from the main assembly operation.
[C] 80% of it has been outsourced to other countries which affected efficiency.
[D] the executive is not qualified incapable of finding qualified partners.
4. The word “converge” (Line 6, Paragraph 5) most probably means_____
[A] unite.
[B] combine.
[C] meet.
[D] cooperate.
5. Why Airbus and Boeing are more likely to converge than to diverge?
[A] Boeing quits the global supply chain while Airbus adopts it.
[B] Both of them need to adopt greater flexibility in the working process.
[C] Both of them need to make their foreign purchases and outsourcing more skillful and powerful.
[D] Both of them have to take measures to deal with problmes caused by weak dollar. 篇章剖析：
这篇文章主要介绍了空中客车目前在生产和采购方面的一些新的动向和调整，也提到了波音公司的一些调整。第一段讲述空中客车和波音两大飞机公司目前在生产、供应方面都面临一些新的问题，空中客车已决定要采取海外计划；第二段讲述空中客车目前的一些问题；第三段讲述空中客车将来在采购方面的计划；第四段讲述空中客车海外计划的另外一个原因；第五段讲述空中客车和波音公司虽然表面看起来采取的措施不同，但其海外采购的大方向是确定的。
词汇注释：
albeit conj. 虽然 ostensibly adv. 表面上
consortium n. 社团，协会 superjumbo n. 巨型喷气式飞机
forge ahead v. 向前迈进 outsource v. 外部买办，采购
tap into v. 接入 renounce v. 放弃
grumbling adj. 嘟嘟囔囔的, 抱怨的; 疼痛的 converge v. 会聚， 会合
难句突破：
This week Louis Gallois, the boss of EADS, the Franco-German aerospace consortium that owns Airbus, added substance to warnings a week earlier by the planemaker's chief executive, Tom Enders, that the dollar's decline was “life-threatening” for the firm.
[主体句式] Louis Gallois added substance to warnings.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，the boss of EADS是主语的同位语，而the Franco-German aerospace consortium that owns Airbus又是EADS的同位语；最后that引导的定语从句是用来修饰前面的warnings。
[句子译文] 法德航天财团EADS（空中客车属于该财团）老总Louis Galloi本周强调了一周前飞机制造首席执行官Tom Enders的警告，指出美元的贬值对于公司造成了生命威胁。
A few weeks ago Mike Bair, the executive responsible for the 787 programme, who was recently moved sideways after mounting production delays, launched a withering attack on some of the companies recruited to build the plane.
[主体句式] Mike Bair launched …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，短语the executive…是主语的同位语，后面who 引导的定语从句是修饰主语的。
[句子译文]负负责787项目的主管Mike Bair因为延误了生产近期换到别处，几周前他对一些已参与制造该飞机的公司进行了毁灭性的攻击。
题目分析：
1. Airbus carries out Power 8 because_____
1.空中客车实行能量8计划是因为_____
[A] it cannot make up the deficits caused by the delays in delivering A380.
[A]公司无法弥补因延迟交付A380而造成的损失。
[B] it wants to move its production abroad to handle the problem of dollar’s decline.
[B]它想要将自己的生产移到海外以应对美元贬值问题。
[C] it has not predicted the dollar decline at the beginning.
[C] 在一开始它没有估计到美元贬值。
[D] it wants to raise money to build new production sector in low-cost countries.
[D]它想要筹集资金在低成本国家建立新的生产部门。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章第一段指出Gallois已经决定将一大部门生产放到海外，同时第二段紧接着就说空中客车已经实施能量8计划了，目的就是要弥补因为A380交付延误造成的损失。那么，选项A最为符合文章内容。B选项不是实施这一计划的直接原因，可以排除。C选项是无中生有，而最后一个选项是该计划的一个结果之一，而不是原因。
2. The lesson Airbus learns from Boeing’s case of 787 Dreamliner is_____
2.从波音787“梦之机”事件中空中客车得到的教训是_____
[A] it should not adopt outsourcing at all given its uncertainty and insecurity.
[A] 由于各种不确定和不安全因素，公司根本不应当实行海外采购。
[B] it should not coopearte with partners in designing.
[B] 它不应当在设计方面和合伙人合作。
[C] it should not waste time in flying the semi-finished sections of the aircraft.
[C]它不应当浪费时间运输飞机的半成品部件。
[D] it should make use of the local manufacturing expertise.
[D] 它应当利用当地的制造技术。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。第四段中提到了波音787计划，提到其主管指出波音公司今后不会再将设计工作交给不能胜任的合作人，还会在装配车间旁边直接让供应商建工厂以免去运输飞机半成品部件的费用。那么可见波音在该项目中主要的问题就是这两方面的，而本段主要是讲述空中客车指出要海外采购的另外一方面原因是如果当地有制造技术那么就直接运用该技术。从这两方面可以看出，空中客车得到的经验应该是制造方面应利用本地资源。那么，答案D最为符合。
3. According to the passage, the 787 programme is delayed probably because_____
3.根据文章，787项目被延误的原因是_____
[A] the parteners are not incapable of building the plane.
[A] 合作商没有能力建造飞机。
[B] The suppliers are far away from the main assembly operation.
[B] 供应商离主要的组装车间很远。
[C] 80% of it has been outsourced to other countries which affected efficiency.
[C] 80%是依靠海外采购，因而影响了效率。
[D] the executive is not incapable of finding qualified partners.
[D] 主管没有能力找到符合条件的合作方。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章第四段中提到了波音787计划，提到其主管指出波音公司今后不会再将设计工作交给不能胜任的合作人，还会在装配车间旁边直接让供应商建工厂以免去运输飞机半成品部件的费用。那么可以推断，延误的主要原因可能就是这两方面，答案A、B涉及这两个方面，但A与原文不符，原文是合作人在设计飞机方面不能胜任，而不是制造飞机方面；B是原文提到的第二方面，符合题意，为正确答案。C和D选项可以比较容易地排除，首先相关段落没有提到效率的问题，因此可以排除C选项。而D选项利用了文章中executive，qualified partners这些词汇，但组成的句子却是与原文无关的。
4. The word “converge” (Line 6, Paragraph 5) most probably means_____
4. “converge”（第五段第六行）这个词最有可能的意思是_____
[A] unite.
[A] 联合。
[B] combine.
[B] 结合。
[C] meet.
[C] 会合。
[D] coopearte.
[D] 合作。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]猜词题。根据上下文来理解这个词，文章最后一段提到现在就下结论说这两个公司今后会向不同方向发展还为时尚早，虽然他们说法不同，但对于海外采购的态度还是肯定的，因此说它们今后更可能是向同一个方向会合而不是各自走上不同的道路。另外，从最后一句话可以大致分析，converge和diverge应该是相反的意思，那么也可以猜出这个词的意思应当是“会合”，答案C最为符合。
5. Why Airbus and Boeing are more likely to converge than to diverge?
5.为什么说空中客车和波音公司更像是要向一个方向会聚而不是兵分两路？
[A] Boeing quits the global supply chain while Airbus adopts it.
[A]波音放弃了全球供应链但空中客车却采取了这个方式。
[B] Both of them need to adopt greater flexibility in the working process.
[B] 它们都需要在工作流程中增加更多的灵活性。
[C] Both of them need to make their foreign purchases and outsourcing more skillful and powerful.
[C] 它们在进行海外采购时应该更加注重技巧和实力。
[D] Both of them have to take measures to deal with problmes caused by weak dollar.
[D]它们都需要采取措施来应对美元贬值引发的问题。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章最后一段提出，表面上看好像它们采取的方法会有很大不同，波音要放弃全球供应链但空中巴士却决定要采取这个方案，但每个公司故事不同，空中客车需要更大的灵活度，而波音却是向要通过这个决定把787项目的责任转移到合作商身上，但其实全球采购这个逻辑在这个行业还是盛行的。可见，它们终究还是需要进行海外采购，同时文章也指出了他们的海外采购需要有所改进，分别都要改进灵活性并且时海外采购变得更加强大。文章最后一句指出，两个公司其实是走得更近而不是兵分两路，也是C选项的佐证。因此，之所以说它们向一个方向会合就是在全球采购这方面而言的，因此，答案为C选项。
参考译文：
尽管收到大量的订单，空中客车和波音公司中却丝毫没有庆祝的气氛。两个航空巨头都在大声抱怨其生产系统和供应链有缺陷，虽然表面上看起来其原因不同。法德航天财团EADS（空中客车属于该财团）老总Louis Galloi本周强调了一周前飞机制造首席执行官Tom Enders的警告，指出美元的贬值对于公司造成了生命威胁。Gallois先生表示，空中客车将其很大一部分生产转移到“美元区”或低成本国家不再是一种可能，而成为了一种必然。
空中客车正在进行能量8计划，这项大型重组计划将导致一万名员工丧失工作，以及出售数家工厂，目的是弥补在因延迟交付A380巨型喷气式飞机造成的损失。但开始时能量8假定1欧元对1.35美元，而不是现在的1.47美元。Gallois先生估计欧元每升值10分，空中客车就要损失10亿欧元。目前，空中客车75%的采购都在欧洲，但60%的销售却在别的地方。现在它必须将一些生产转移到海外去。
现在空中客车可能要往前更进一步。Gallois先生建议2013年A350进入市场后，其70%的采购将以美元进行，而目前A38050%的美元采购和空中客车平均24%的生产为美元采购。因为空中客车强调其欧洲供应商必须以美元定价，也就是A350 50%的生产将在海外采购。新的飞机如下一代A32可能全部都要在欧元区之外的地方生产。
空中客车认为汇率并不是海外采购的唯一原因，它还希望接纳复合的制造技术，无论哪里有这种技术。公司还强调不会重复波音在新的787“梦之机”上已经犯过的错误，该机型80%的采购都外包出去了。负责787项目的主管Mike Bair因为延误了生产近期换到别处，几周前他对一些已参与制造该飞机的公司进行了毁灭性的攻击。他说未来波音公司不会将任何设计工作委托给“被证明不能胜任”的合作者，也将会让供应商在波音主要的组装车间旁建立工厂，而不再用大型的Dreamlifter运输机将飞机的半成品部分进行环绕世界的运输。
正当空中客车刚刚采用了全球供应链时波音公司却放弃了这种模式，但是现在就下结论说这两个对手正朝两个不同的方向发展还为时太早。每个公司都有自己的斧头需要研磨，空中客车需要更大的灵活性，而疲软的美元为这家受工会抱怨地公司提供了很好的掩盖。而波音却想将787项目延迟的责任推到其合作者身上。航空业全球外包逻辑还是非常强大的，不管空中客车和波音公司现在说的是什么，它们其实是在走得更近而不是兵分两路。
TEXT FOUR
Imagine how much sleep future musicologists will lose over Philip Glass. Throughout his career he has changed his scores to suit the circumstances, trimming them for recordings, for example, because he believes that nonvisual performances benefit from (relative) concision. The notion of an immutable, sacrosanct urtext -- the very thing musicologists sift historical evidence hoping to establish -- is entirely alien to him.
Still, you would think that if Mr. Glass held anything sacred, it would be the structure and format of ''Einstein on the Beach.'' At that opera's premiere in 1976, and in its 1984 and 1992 revivals, ''Einstein'' played for five hours with no intermission. Free of narrative but rich in associations and imagery -- Einstein as a madly ecstatic violinist but also as the father of nuclear power -- the work unfolded inexorably, its repeated musical phrases creating rhythmic wheels within wheels. The libretto, mostly numbers, solfege syllables and quirky, stream-of-consciousness spoken texts, works its own hypnotic spell. Listeners were free to come and go as they pleased, but some of the work's power came from its relentlessness, to say nothing of the quirkiness of Robert Wilson's staging.
The version that Mr. Glass and his ensemble presented at Carnegie Hall on Thursday evening swept away the elements that made the work a happening and transformed it into a concert piece: three hours long, with an intermission and with formal seating rules in force. The breadth of the work was presented, if not its full sweep. The two-hour trim was accomplished by deleting sections from all but a few scenes. Some trims were noticeable: Lucinda Childs's tale of the multicolored bathing cap was intact, as were the quotations from Carole King's ''I Feel the Earth Move,'' but Mr. Bojangles was evicted from this version.
Musically, the score survived the trims and might even have benefited from them: The brisker movement from one section to the next highlighted the degree of inventiveness that drives this piece and pointed up passages of real beauty. In ''Knee Play 3,'' for example, the unaccompanied chorus sings streams of numbers, yet the music has the grandeur of a sacred setting much of the time and, at others, the energy of a symphonic presto. And Tim Fain, the violinist, gave the solo passages in the second, fourth and fifth ''Knee Plays'' and in the climactic, swirling ''Spaceship Interior'' scene an electrifying, virtuosic workout.
Some of the work's magic is in the way its elements pull in opposite directions. The repetition of short phrases, on one hand, can be soporific; yet the wheezing keyboard and woodwind textures and the bursts of choral counting, with sibilants creating their own rhythmic patterns, are invigorating. And because the performance is heavily amplified, timbres seem to melt together: Is that repeating fragment a voice, a violin or the top notes of the organ figure? The ensemble, which included musicians who have been with Mr. Glass from the early days as well as newcomers, gave the score a tight, high-energy readi1．
1. Future musicologists will lose much sleep over Philip Glass because_____
[A] Philip Glass’ works are consistently changing based on the different context and various external conditions.
[B] Philip Glass’s music is characterized by its unintelligibility.
[C] Philip Glass is ignorant of establishing an immutable, sacrosanct urtext.
[D] Philip Glass’s works are totally alien to modern and even future audience.
2. To make the opera become a concert, Mr. Glass trimmed _____
[A] the tale of the multicolored bathing cap.
[B] the quotations form Carole King.
[C] Mr. Bojangles’ scene.
[D] Lucinda Childe’s adventure.
3. Which one of the following is NOT true of the new version of “Einstein on the Beach” ?
[A] The former structure and format was kept constantly for the majority part.
[B] The version was changed into a concert with a more formal procedure and a more fixed setting.
[C] The version was a success partly because of the advantages brought by the trims.
[D] The version was tighter than its ancestor.
4． The contrary elements which added charm to the new version were_____
[A] the soporific repetition of phrases and invigorating music.
[B] the streams numbers and symphonic energy.
[C] the classical violin solo passage and electrifying workout.
[D] its innovative nature and authenticity.
5．The passage is mainly _____
[A] a comparison of two versions of “Einstein on the Beach”.
[B] an introduction of a new art form.
[C] a study on the influence of trims on musical works.
[D] an analysis of Mr. Glass’ works.
文章剖析：
这篇文章主要介绍了音乐家Philip Glass的作品。文章第一段提到Glass作品多变的风格；第二段讲述其作品“爱因斯坦在海滩”的特点；第三段讲述卡内基大厅演出的“爱因斯坦在海滩”版本的删节；第四段第五段讲述新版本音乐特色。
词汇注释：
immutable adj. 不变的, 永恒的 sacrosanct adj. 极神圣的
urtext n. 原始文本(如乐谱等) sift v. 选拔，精选
libretto n. 歌词 solege n.视唱练习
quirky adj 诡诈的，离奇的 hypnotic adj. 催眠的
brisker adj. 轻快的，活泼的 presto n. 急板乐段或乐章
virtuosic adj. 艺术的 soporific adj. 催眠的
wheeze v. 喘息 timbre n. 音色，音质
难句突破：
Free of narrative but rich in associations and imagery -- Einstein as a madly ecstatic violinist but also as the father of nuclear power -- the work unfolded inexorably, its repeated musical phrases creating rhythmic wheels within wheels.
[主体句式] The work unfolded.
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，前面的现在分词短语是作为句子的伴随状语（分词被省略），而最后面的是一个带有主语的分词独立结构，也是句子的伴随状语；而破折号之间的句子是一个独立的结构，用来说明前面的伴随状语。
[句子译文] 爱因斯坦不仅是一个疯狂着迷的小提琴家，也是核能之父，而这部作品没有多少叙述，却充满了联想和想象，它冷酷地展现在大家面前，不停重复的音乐措辞在圆圈里又创造出有节奏感的圆圈。
The version that Mr. Glass and his ensemble presented at Carnegie Hall on Thursday evening swept away the elements that made the work a happening and transformed it into a concert piece: three hours long, with an intermission and with formal seating rules in force.
[主体句式] The version swept away the elements and transformed it…
[结构分析]这是一个复合句，紧跟着主语后面的是以that引导的定语从句，句子宾语the elements后面也是一个用来修饰它的定语从句，该定语从句比较复杂，冒号后面的是一个独立成分，用来解释前面a concert piece。
[句子译文] 周四晚上Glass先生和他的演出团队在卡内基大厅进行了演出，这次演出删除了这部剧作事件剧的一些因素，将其转变为一部协奏曲。这次演出历时三个小时，有幕间休息，也有正式的座位规则。
题目分析：
1．Future musicologists will lose much sleep over Philip Glass because_____
1．未来的音乐学家会在Philip Glass身上耗费许多不眠之夜，因为_____
[A] Philip Glass’ works are consistently changing based on the different context and various external conditions.
[A] Philip Glass的作品在不同的情景和各种外部下不断地发生变化。
[B] Philip Glass’s music is characterized by its unintelligibility.
[B] Philip Glass作品的重要特点就是非常难以理解。
[C] Philip Glass is ignorant of establishing an immutable, sacrosanct urtext.
[C] Philip Glass不屑于创立不变的、神圣的原始文本。
[D] Philip Glass’s works are totally alien to modern and even future audience.
[D] Philip Glass的作品对于现代甚至是未来的观众来说是完全陌生。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章刚开始就提到未来的音乐学家会在Glass身上耗费掉许多睡眠，引申来看就是Glass的作品会很耗费人的精力。接下来文章就介绍了Glass作品的特点，格拉斯的作品会因环境、时代的变化作出许多变动，他不相信那种永恒不变的文本，这也就可能是未来音乐学家要耗费许多精力在他身上的原因。文章下面还举了具体的例子说明了他如何把自己的歌剧改编成协奏曲，因此，A最为符合原文。
2. To make the opera become a concert, Mr. Glass trimmed _____
2. 为了让这部歌剧变为协奏曲，格拉斯先生删节了_____
[A] the tale of the multicolored bathing cap.
[A] 彩色游泳帽的故事。
[B] the quotations form Carole King.
[B] 引用Carole King的话。
[C] Mr. Bojangles’ scene.
[C] Bojangles先生的场景。
[D] Lucirda Childe’s adventure.
[D] Lucirda Childe的冒险经历。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第二段中提到演出的版本删去了两个小时，而且删节比较明显。在说明删节的内容时，作者却指出了一些完整的情节，这一点容易让考生混淆，所以就需要从中挑出那些哪些是删节了的。原文提到，Lucirda Childe彩色游泳帽的故事是完整的，引用Carole King的话“我感到了地动，”也是的，而Bojangles先生却被逐出了，因此，答案为C选项。D选项有一定的迷惑性，Lucirda Childe的故事实际上就是彩色游泳帽的故事，但是选项中用了adventure这个词是无中生有，因此可以排除该选项。
3. Which one of the following is NOT true of the new version of “Einstein on the Beach” ?
3. 关于“爱因斯坦在海滩”下列哪个陈述是错误的？
[A] The former structure and format was kept constantly for the majority part.
[A] 原来的结构和形式大部分没有改变。
[B] The version was changed into a concert with a more formal procedure and a more fixed setting.
[B] 这个版本被改成了一个协奏曲，形式更加正式、同时环境也更加固定。
[C] The version was a success partly because of the advantage brought by trims.
[C] 这个版本获得成本部分在于所作的删节。
[D] The version was tighter than its ancestor.
[D] 这个版本比其原作要更紧凑。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。题干要求找出关于“爱因斯坦在海滩”这部作品描述错误的选项。选项A，文章第二段提到Glass先生将这部剧作的结构和形式视为神圣，表演了5个小时，可是在新版本中删去了2个小时，其结构和形式应该发生了变化。因此，这个选项有可能是错误的。B在文章第三段提到；C在文章第四段中提到，这部作品可能还因为删节而获益，因为章节之间的变化更快了，凸现了主要的美。D，文章第四段提到章节之间的变化更快，还有最后一段的最后一句，Glass先生的演奏团队给了这个版本一个紧凑的解读，这两处都可以反映出这个版本更为紧凑了。比较而言，A陈述是错误的。
4． The contrary elements which added charm to the new version were_____
4. 为这个新版本增添了魅力的相矛盾的元素是_____
[A] the soporific repetition of phrases and invigorating music.
[A] 催人入睡的重复的短语和令人振奋的音乐。
[B] the streams numbers and symphonic energy.
[B] 数字串和交响乐力量。
[C] the classical violin solo passage and electrifying workout.
[C] 经典的小提琴独奏和电子化的加工。
[D] inventiveness and real beauty.
[D] 创造性和真正的美。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章的最后一段指出，这部作品的魔力部分就在于里面有相异、相冲突的元素，一面是短语不停重复让人催眠的效果，但是发出喘息声的键盘乐器、木管乐器以及突然爆发的读数合唱，还有那些独创的咝音节奏，听起来都那么令人振奋。而因为演出大大增强，音质仿佛也融合在了一起。那重复的片断是人的声音，是小提琴还是管风琴的高音？而不管是跟随Glass先生一直演出的团队还是新来的人员，都把乐谱唱的紧实而高昂。前三项都是这些特点的一方面，而D以精练的语言最好地概括了这些特点。
5．The passage is mainly _____
5．这篇文章主要是_____
[A] a comparison of two versions of “Einstein on the Beach”.
[A] “爱因斯坦在海滩”两个版本的比较。
[B] an introduction of a new art form.
[B] 介绍一种新的艺术形式。
[C] a study on the influence of trims on musical works.
[C] 对音乐作品删节影响的研究。
[D] an analysis of Mr. Glass’ works.
[D] 对Glass先生作品的分析。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 主旨题。这篇文章主要介绍了Glass先生作品“爱因斯坦在海边”，突出表现了其作品的一些独特之处。选项A，文章虽然两个版本都提到，但并不是对这两个版本的比较；B不符合原文；C关于原文提到了，但只是文章的一小部分内容而已；D选项，可以看出全文都是对其作品的分析，相对来说比较切合题意。因此，正确答案为D选项。
参考译文：
设想一下未来音乐学者得在Philip Glass身上要花掉多少不眠之夜啊。在他的职业生涯中，Philip为适应环境而改变乐谱，比如为了录音而修改乐谱，因为（相对的）简洁能使非视觉表演获益。音乐学者希望通过搜索历史证据可以建立那种永恒的、神圣的原始乐谱概念，但他在这一点上有完全不同的想法。
但是，如果你认为Glass先生还是觉得有神圣的东西的话，那就是“海滩上的爱因斯坦”的结构和格式。1976年这部歌剧的首次公演，以及1984年和1992年的重演中，“爱因斯坦”没有停歇地表演了五个小时。爱因斯坦不仅是一个疯狂着迷的小提琴家，也是核能之父，而这部作品没有多少叙述，却充满了联想和想象，它冷酷地展现在大家面前，不停重复的音乐措辞在圆圈里又创造出有节奏感的圆圈。歌词大多都是数字、视唱练习的音节和怪异的意识流口语文本，创造出一种催眠的咒语。听众可以自由来去，但是这部作品的力量就来源于它的冷酷，更不用说Robert Wilson离奇的舞台布置了。
周四晚上Glass先生和他的演出团队在卡内基大厅进行了演出，这次演出删除了这部剧作事件剧的一些因素，将其转变为一部协奏曲。这次演出历时三个小时，有幕间休息，也有正式的座位规则。如果说这次演出并没有将这部剧作的全部内容展示出来的话，至少其雄浑的效果得以展现出来。缩短的两个小时是通过删去几幕的部分达到的，有些删节非常明显，比如Lucinda Childs彩色游泳帽的故事是完整的，还有引用Carole King的话“我感到了地动”也没有删掉, 但是Bojangles先生却被逐出了这次剧演。
从音乐上来讲，尽管作了删节但乐谱还是获得了成功，而且应该说是得益于删节。从一节到下一节轻快的移动突出了其独创性，突出了具有真正美的篇章。比如在“膝盖戏３”中，没有伴奏的合唱队唱着流畅的数字，但是这时的音乐却有一种庄严的色彩，而其他章节中又体现了和声急板乐曲的力量。小提琴手Tim Fain在第二、第四和第五“膝盖剧”中进行了独奏，而在高潮的漩涡式的“太空船内部”一幕中，进行了电子化、艺术性的加工。
这部作品的魅力部分在于里面的元素朝向不同的方向。短语的反复出现一方面有催眠的效果，但是发出喘息声的键盘乐器、木管乐器以及突然爆发的读数合唱，还有那些独创的咝音节奏，听起来都那么令人振奋。而因为演出大大增强，音质仿佛也融合在了一起。那重复的片断是人的声音，是小提琴还是管风琴的高音？而不管是跟随Glass先生一直演出的团队还是新来的人员，都把乐谱唱的紧实而高昂。
UNIT FOUR
TEXT ONE
As Americas digest the news of another gun atrocity, a mall shooting in Nebraska on December 5th, they cannot be blamed for thinking that guns are in too ready supply. But an article in the latest Economic Journa suggests that the demand for illegal guns, at least, is not met as easily as people might fear. Sudhir Venkatesh, now of Columbia University, has talked to 132 gang-members, 77 prostitutes, 116 gun-owning youths, 23 gun-dealers and numerous other denizens of Chicago's Grand Boulevard and Washington Park neighbourhoods. He did not find many satisfied customers.
Chicago has unusually tough restrictions on legal handguns. Even so the black market is surprisingly “thin”, attracting relatively few buyers and sellers. The authors reckon that the 48,000 residents of the two neighbourhoods buy perhaps 1,400 guns a year, compared with at least 200,000 cocaine purchases. Underground brokers sell guns for $150-350, a mark-up of perhaps 200% over the legal price. They also demand a fee of $30-50 for orchestrating the deal. Even then, 30-40% of the transactions fall through because the seller cannot secure a gun, gets cold feet or cannot agree on a location for the deal.
Buyers also find it hard to verify the quality of the merchandise. They often know little about the weapons they covet. “Tony”, who owns a .38 calibre handgun, learnt how to use his weapon by fiddling with it. He even put a stone in it. “Did it fire?” Mr Venkatesh asked. “I'm not sure. I think it did,” Tony said.
Fortunately for Tony and his peers, their rivals and the victims of crime cannot tell if their guns work any better than they can. Often, showing the “bulge” is enough to gain the respect of rival gangs. In robberies brandishing the weapon will usually do. Storekeepers do not wait for proof that it works.
Markets can overcome thinness, the paper says; they can also overcome illegality. But they cannot overcome both. A thin market must rely on advertising or a centralised exchange: eBay, for example, has dedicated pages matching sellers of imitation pearl pins or Annette Funicello bears to the few, scattered buyers that can be found. But such solutions are too cumbersome and conspicuous for an underground market. The drugs market, by contrast, slips through the law's fingers because of the natural density of drug transactions. Dealers can always find customers on their doorstep, and buyers can reassure themselves about suppliers through repeated custom. There are no fixed and formal institutions that the police could easily throttle.
Indeed, the authors argue that the gun market may be threadbare partly because the drug market is so plump. Gang-leaders are wary of gun-dealing because the extra police scrutiny that guns attract would jeopardise their earnings from coke and dope. Even Chicago's gang-leaders have to worry about the effect of crime on commerce.
Some of the gun transactins are unsuccessful mainly because_____
[A] it is not profitable as the underground price of gun far exceeds legal price.
[B] Chicago has surprisingly tough restrictions on the ownership and business of guns.
[C] the dealers are unable to guarntee whether the deal is really going to happen or not.
[D] it is hard to testify the quality of the guns in actual situations.
2.Compared with the gun market, the drug market can be “fat” mainly because_____
[A] it hardly attracts the police’s attention due to the flexibility of the business.
[B] the drug dealings are taking place in higher frequency.
[C] there are no fixed and formal spots for drug dealing.
[D] drug is affordable to a larger number of people.
3. The word “cumbersome” (Line 4, Pargraph 5) most probably means_____
[A] transparent.
[B] troubling.
[C] horrible.
[D] stupid.
4. The reason why the authors argue that the gun market may be threadbare partly because the drug market is so plump is _____
[A] that the drug transaction is more prefitable thatn gun-dealing.
[B] that the police are more dedicated to the gun-dealing than to the drug-dealing.
[C] that the gang-leaders are suppressing the gun-dealing in order to maintain their profit from drug
[D] that the gang-leaders are worried about the effect of crime on commerce.
5. Towards the future of gun-dealing, the author’s attitude is _____
[A] pessimistic.
[B] optimistic.
[C] desperate.
[D] sorrowful. 文章剖析：
这篇文章主要介绍了目前美国枪支黑市的情况。第一段通过美国人将枪杀案多的原因归于枪支比较容易获得这个观点引出Sudhir经调查后的驳论；第二段讲述强制黑市交易量情况；第三段、第四段讲述买枪支人员的情况；第五段、第六段比较了枪支和毒品交易，得出目前枪支交易惨淡的另一方面原因。
词汇注释：
denizen n. 居民 mark-up n. (价格中)标高的金额; 涨价幅度
fall through v. 失败 cold feet. 临阵退缩
covet v. 觊觎，垂涎 calibre n. 口径
bulge n. 突起 brandish v. 挥舞
cubersome adj. 讨厌的, 麻烦的, 笨重的throttle v. 压制，扼杀
threadbare adj. 破旧的，磨薄的
难句突破：
Fortunately for Tony and his peers, their rivals and the victims of crime cannot tell if their guns work any better than they can.
[主体句式] Their rivals and the victims cannot tell…
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，前面的介词短语做句子的状语, any better than they can后面省略了tell，也做句子的状语。
[句子译文] 幸运的是，对于Tony这样的人，他们的敌人以及那些受害人也比他们强不了多少，并不能辨别出一支抢是否好用。
A thin market must rely on advertising or a centralised exchange: eBay, for example, has dedicated pages matching sellers of imitation pearl pins or Annette Funicello bears to the few, scattered buyers that can be found.
[主体句式] A thin market must rely on…: eBay has dedicated…
[结构分析]这是一个简单句，后面用来解释整个句子的从句中，matching…组成的现在分词短语做前面pages的定语，而后面有一个that引导的定语从句修饰buyers。
[句子译文] 一个狭窄的市场要依赖于广告或是集中的交易。比如易趣专门设出几页让那些卖假珍珠针饰的商家或Annette Funicello熊的商家与所能找到的极少的、分布在各地的买家进行配对。
题目分析：
1.Some of the gun transactins are unsuccessful mainly because_____
1. 有一些枪支交易未能成功主要是因为_____
[A] it is not profitable as the underground price of gun far exceeds legal price.
[A] 枪支黑市价格远远高过合法枪支的价格。
[B] Chicago has surprisingly tough restrictions on the ownership and business of guns.
[B] 芝加哥对合法手枪有严格的限制。
[C] the dealers are unable to guarantee whether the deal is really going to happen or not.
[C] 卖家不能保证交易是否能够发生。
[D] it is hard to testify the quality of the guns in actual situations.
[D] 很难在实际情景下证实所销售枪支的质量。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第二段提到，30%到40%的交易最后失败是因为卖家或是没有拿到枪支，
或者临阵脱逃，或者没有就交易地点达成一致。因此，交易失败的主要原因是卖家不能保证交易，
选项C符合题意。A选项在该段中有所涉及，但却不是交易不成功的直接原因。B与选项无关，
而D则涉及到了第三段，且所谈及的是枪支的质量问题，而不是交易是否成功的问题。
2.Compared with the gun market, the drug market can be “fat” mainly because_____
2.与枪支市场相比，毒品市场比较兴旺是因为_____
[A] it hardly attracts the police’s attention due to the flexibility of the business.
[A] 毒品交易非常灵活，因此很难吸引警察的注意力。
[B] the drug dealings are taking place in higher frequency.
[B] 毒品交易更加频繁。
[C] there are no fixed and formal spots for drug dealing.
[C] 毒品交易没有固定、正式的场所。
[D] drug is affordable to a larger number of people.
[D] 对于很多人来说，他们都能够买得起毒品。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第五段提到枪支交易因为其复杂性很难改变其惨淡的现状，而相反地，毒品交易因为其本身density of drug transactions（毒品交易密度）的原因可以逃避法律，接着下面就具体作了解释，比如交易很容易达成，而且其交易地点不固定，警察不能轻易压制。主要原因就是由于其交易量本身比较大，因此B为正确选项，其中选项中的frequency可以视为density的统一词。A和C选项都是导致了毒品交易频繁的原因，但是B选项却是题干的直接原因。D选项在原文中没有根据。
3. The word “cumbersome” (Line 4, Pargraph 5) most probably means_____
3.“cumbersome”(第五段第四行)最有可能的意思是_____
[A] transparent.
[A] 透明的。
[B] troubling.
[B] 麻烦的。
[C] horrible.
[C] 恐怖的。
[D] stupid.
[D] 愚笨的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]猜词题。该词所在的句子意思是“但是，对于一个地下市场来说，这样的解决办法又麻烦又显眼”。前文中提到“一个狭窄的市场要依赖于广告或是统一的交易。比如易趣专门设出几页让那些卖假珍珠针饰的商家或Annette Funicello熊的商家和所能找到的极少的、分布在各地的买家进行配对”，显然这是很麻烦的。考生可以将四个选项分别代入原文，其余三个选项都不能符合题意。答案为B。
4. The reason why the authors argue that the gun market may be threadbare partly because the drug market is so plump is _____
4.研究者认为枪支市场惨淡部分是因为毒品市场比较兴旺，这是因为_____
[A] the drug transaction is more prefitable that gun-dealing.
[A] 毒品交易要比枪支交易利润更大。
[B] the police are more dedicated to the gun-dealing than to the drug-dealing.
[B] 警察在枪支交易方面投入的精力比毒品交易多。
[C] the gang-leaders are suppressing the gun-dealing in order to protect their profit from drug.
[C]匪徒头子压制枪支交易以保证从毒品中可以谋取的利润。
[D] the gang-leaders are worried about the effect of crime on commerce.
[D] 匪徒头子担心商业犯罪的作用。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析]推理题。文章最后一段指出，研究者认为枪支市场惨淡的部分原因在于毒品市场交易的兴旺，接着下面就具体作了解释。匪徒头子对于枪支交易非常警觉，因为他们害怕枪支会使得警察增加调查，这样就会危及其毒品交易的收入。那么可以看出，研究者这样认为就是看到不法分子的举措，因此，答案C最为符合题意。
5. Towards the future of gun-dealing, the author’s attitude is _____
5.作者对于枪支交易未来的态度是_____
[A] pessimistic.
[A] 悲观的。
[B] optimistic.
[B] 乐观的。
[C] desperate.
[C] 绝望的。
[D] sorrowful.
[D] 悲伤的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]态度题。这篇文章主要分析了目前美国枪支交易的情况，因为种种原因处于比较惨淡的状态，而从作者分析来看，对于未来的情况也不是很看好，尤其和毒品交易相比较。因此，作者对其未来持悲观态度。因此正确答案为A选项。C和D选项的表述语气过于强烈，不符合原文的含义。
参考译文：
美国尚在因为一则新的枪杀案——12月5日内部达斯加州一家商场的枪击案——而余悸未消，因此不能责怪他们将此归咎于枪支太容易得到。但是在最新的《经济期刊》上发表的一篇文章认为至少非法枪支需求并不像人们想象得那么容易得到满足。Sudhir Venkatesh目前在哥伦比亚大学供职，他和132名歹徒、77名妓女、116名拥有枪支的年轻人、23名枪支经销商以及许多在芝加哥大林荫大道及华盛顿公园附近的居民交谈过，但他并未发现有多少满意的顾客。
芝加哥在合法手枪方面有着严格的规定，即便如此，黑市还是异常惨淡,只有很少数的买卖双方在交易。研究者认为这两个区的48000个居民中间只购买1400支枪，而可卡因的交易却至少有20万宗。地下代理人销售枪支的价格为150美元到350美元，这要比合法价格高出200%。而且，他们还要多要30到50美元的协调费用。即便如此，30%到40%的交易还是流产了，因为销售者或是没能拿到枪，或是临阵畏缩，或是不能就交易地点达成一致。
买枪的人发现要证实商品的质量也比较困难。他们对自己想要的枪支的情况知之甚少。“Tony”有一把口径为38的枪，他只能是自己把玩才能弄清楚怎么使用。他甚至还把一颗石头放在里面。“它能开火吗？” Venkatesh问他。“我不知道。我想应该是的。”Tony回答说。
幸运的是，对于Tony这样的人，他们的敌人以及那些受害人也比他们强不了多少，并不能辨别出一支抢是否好用。一般地，只要露出“凸起”的部分就可以赢得敌人的尊重，在抢劫中只要挥舞一下武器就够了。店主不会等着去证明抢知否有效。
文章提到，市场可以克服惨淡经营, 也可以克服非法问题。但是不能同时克服两个问题。一个狭窄的市场要依赖于广告或是集中的交易。比如易趣专门设出几页让那些卖假珍珠针饰的商家或Annette Funicello熊的商家与所能找到的极少的、分布在各地的买家进行配对。但是，对于一个地下市场来说，这样的解决办法又麻烦又显眼。而毒品市场可以钻法律的空子，因为毒品交易是非常频繁的。卖主在他们门口就能找到顾客，而买家作为老主顾也能相信供应商。而且因为没有固定、正式的地方，警察要对此进行打击也比较困难。
实际上，研究者认为枪支市场如此惨淡的部分原因就在于毒品市场过于兴旺。匪徒头子对枪支交易十分警惕，因为枪支会引起警察额外的审查，从而危及他们从毒品上获得的收入，甚至连芝加哥的匪徒头子也得担忧经济犯罪的影响。
TEXT TWO
A line of water bottles that had become a symbol of environmental responsibility has been removed from the shelves of Canada's leading outdoor gear retailer over concerns about a chemical used in its manufacture.
The Mountain Equipment Co-op, which is based in Vancouver, British Columbia, removed the bottles, sold under the brand name Nalgene, and other polycarbonate containers from its 11 large-scale stores on Wednesday. The retailer said that it would not restock the bottles, which are made by Nalge Nunc International in Rochester, a unit of Thermo Fisher Scientific, until Health Canada completed a review of bisphenol-a, or B.P.A., a chemical used to make hard, transparent plastics as well as liners for food cans. ''We've been following the B.P.A. issue for at least three years,'' said Tim Southam, a spokesman for Mountain Equipment. ''The decision we've taken this week does not mean that polycarbonate products will never return to our stores. We're just seeking some certainty about this chemical.''
Church and environmental groups in Canada have mounted campaigns against bottled water because of concerns about the huge amount of plastic used in containers. As a result, the reusable Nalgene bottles have become ubiquitous on college campuses and elsewhere.
Polycarbonate plastic, which can only be produced by using B.P.A., creates bottles that are transparent and almost as hard as glass, but particularly shatter-resistant. Recently, however, the use of B.P.A.-based plastics in food containers has been questioned in Canada by Environmental Defence , a Toronto-based group. Environmentalists in the United States are also raising concerns about the chemical. Last year, San Francisco's board of governors passed a local law banning the use of the chemical in children's products. B.P.A. was removed from the ordinance before it went into effect, however, after an industry lawsuit. Critics point to studies dating back to 1936 showing that the chemical can disrupt the hormonal system.
While there is little dispute about that, the plastics industry, supported by several studies from government agencies in Japan, North America and Europe, contends that polycarbonate bottles contain very little of the chemical and release only insignificant amounts of B.P.A. into the bodies of users. ''Rarely has a chemical been the subject of such intense scientific testing and scrutiny, and still, important agencies across the globe agree that there is no danger posed to humans from polycarbonate bottles,'' Tom Cummins, the director of research and development at Nalge Nunc, said in a statement.
Rick Smith, the executive director of Environmental Defence, said that a paper published by 38 scientists after a government-sponsored conference in the United States found that the lack of research on the effects of B.P.A. on humans was a concern that required further investigation. Steven G. Hentges, the executive director of the American Chemistry Council's polycarbonate group, takes issue with that report's worries and points to a separate expert panel report published by the United States Department of Health and Human Services last month. In its 396-page report, which looked only at the impact of B.P.A. on reproduction, the panel said it had ''negligible concern'' about the chemical's effect on adult reproductive systems but raised some concerns about its impact on children and pregnant women. 1. The word “ubiquitous” (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
[A] omnipresent.
[B] popular.
[C] common.
[D] usual.
2．Which one of the following statements is TURE of the local law passed by San Francisco's board of governors?
[A] This law forbade the use of B.P.A. in food containers for children.
[B] This law was not enforced because of an industry lawsuit that was against the use of B.P.A.
[C] This law was revised to allow B.P.A. be used in children’s products.
[D] This law went into effect before B.P.A. was removed.
3. According to Tom Cummins, which one of the following is NOT true of B.P.A.?
[A] B.P.A. is rarely tested and scrutinized so intensely.
[B] The testing and scrutiny done to the other chemical are no comparison with that to B.P.A.
[C] That Polycarbonate bottles containing B.P.A. are not dangerous to humans is supported by multiple evidence.
[D] Polycarbonate bottles containing B.P.A. can be used safely by humans.
4．From the separate expert panel report it can be inferred that
[A] B.S.A. has no effect on reproduction.
[B] B.S.A. has trifling impact on children and pregnant women.
[C] B.S.A. has trifling impact on adult reproductive systems.
[D] B.S.A. has great effect on reproduction.
5. The author’s attitude to the use of Nalgene bottles is _____
[A] negative.
[B] positive.
[C] biased.
[D] unclear.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了聚碳酸酯瓶被撤事件及相关原因。第一段、第二段介绍了聚碳酸酯瓶被商家撤柜的情况；第三段讲述该瓶子兴盛起来的原因；第四段讲述人们对制造这种瓶子的化学物质B.P.A的一些担忧；第五段、第六段分别列出一些认为这种瓶子对人类没有危害的研究和评论。
词汇注释：
polycarbonate n.聚碳酸酯 ubiquitous adj.到处存在的
shatter-resistant adj. 防摔的 disrupt v.使瓦解, 破坏
难句突破：
(1) The retailer said that it would not restock the bottles, which are made by Nalge Nunc International in Rochester, a unit of Thermo Fisher Scientific, until Health Canada completed a review of bisphenol-a, or B.P.A., a chemical used to make hard, transparent plastics as well as liners for food cans.
[主体句式] The retailer said that it would not …until…
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，宾语从句比较复杂。该宾语从句为带有时间状语从句的复杂句；该从句中，宾语bottles后有一个以which引导的非限定性定语从句，在该定语从句中，a unit…是前面Nalge Nunc International的同位语；在时间状语从句中，a chemical used …是前面B.P.A的同位语。
[句子译文] 该零售商称不会再重新进这些瓶子，直到“健康加拿大”完成了双酚a（即B.P.A.）的调查后再予以考虑。这些瓶子的制造商下属于Thermo Fisher Scientific位于罗彻斯特的Nalge Nunc国际制造。双酚a 是一种用于制造透明高硬度塑料及食物罐镶条的化学物质。
(2) Rick Smith, the executive director of Environmental Defence, said that a paper published by 38 scientists after a government-sponsored conference in the United States found that the lack of research on the effects of B.S.A. on humans was a concern that required further investigation.
[主体句式] Rick Smith said that a paper found that…
[结构分析]这是一个简单句，有一个复杂的宾语从句；主语Rick Smith带有一个同位语the executive director of …；在宾语从句中，a paper后面是一个过去分词短语作它的定语，在从句的宾语从句中的宾语后面有一个that 引导的定语从句。
[句子译文] “环境防卫”执行理事Rich Smith称美国38名科学家在一次政府资助的会议结束后发表了一篇论文，该论文指出B.S.A.对人类的影响方面的研究不足，需要进一步的调查。
题目分析：
1. The word “ubiquitous” (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
1. “ubiquitou” (第三段第三行)的意思最有可能是_____
[A] omnipresent.
[A] 无所不在的。
[B] popular.
[B] 普遍的。
[C] common.
[C] 普通的。
[D] usual.
[D] 平常的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文来判断该词的意思，文章第四段讲述当时由于加拿大教会和环境组织因害怕制造容器大量使用塑料，所以发动了许多运动。而因为Nalgene瓶子可以重复使用，具有环保特征，因此在校园和许多地方应该是普及了，到处能看得到了。答案为A选项。
2．Which one of the following statements is TURE of the local law passed by San Francisco's board of governors?
2. 关于旧金山州长会议通过的法律，下列哪个选项是正确的？
[A] This law forbade the use of B.P.A. in food containers for children.
[A] 该法律禁止在儿童的食品容器制作中使用B.P.A.。
[B] This law was not enforced because of an industry lawsuit that was against the use of B.P.A.
[B]该法律因为一个行业反B.P.A诉讼而没有得以实施。
[C] This law was revised to allow B.P.A. be used in children’s products.
[C] 该法律经修订后允许在儿童产品中使用B.P.A.。
[D] This law went into effect before B.P.A was removed.
[D] 该法律在去除B.P.A之前已经生效。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第四段提到旧金山州长会议曾经就通过了一项法律，该法律禁止在儿童产品中使用B.P.A., 但是这个法律还没有实施的时候，就因为有一个行业诉讼，B.P.A.就从这项法律中免去了。可以推测，该法律可能同时规定了几种化学物质都不能用于儿童产品制造中，后来只是重新修订了该法律，将B.P.A.除去了。因此，答案C符合题意。
3. According to Tom Cummins, which one of the following is NOT true of B.P.A.?
3. 根据汤姆·卡明斯所说的，关于B.P.A.下列哪个选项是不正确的？
[A] B.P.A. is rarely tested and scrutinized so intensely.
[A] B.P.A.很少受到这么严格的审查和测验。
[B] The testing and scrutiny done to the other chemical are no comparison with that to B.P.A.
[B] 对其他化学物质所作的审查和测验无法与B.P.A.相匹敌。
[C] That Polycarbonate bottles containing B.P.A. are not dangerous to humans is supported by multiple evidences.
[C] 有多种证据显示含有B.P.A.的聚碳酸酯瓶子对人类没有危险。
[D] Polycarbonate bottles containing B.P.A. can be used safely by humans.
[D] 含有B.P.A.可以让人类安全地使用。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。这个题目是有关汤姆·卡明斯的看法的，这在第五段提及。选项A、B都是他陈述的前半部分内容，关键看这个句子如何理解：Rarely has a chemical been the subject of such intense scientific testing and scrutiny，意思是说很少有一种化学物质能受到这么严格的测验，意思是B.P.A. 受到的测验很严格，那么选项A是错误的。选项C、D符合后半句的陈述。因此答案为A选项。
4．From the separate expert panel report it can be inferred that____
4．由独立专家小组报告可以推断出_____
[A] B.P.A. has no effect on reproduction.
[A] B.P.A.对生殖没有影响。
[B] B.P.A. has trifling impact on children and pregnant women.
[B]B.P.A.对孩子和怀孕妇女有很微弱的影响。
[C] B.P.A. has trifling impact on adult reproductive systems.
[C]B.P.A. 对成人生殖系统影响甚微。
[D] B.P.A. has great effect on reproduction.
[D]B.P.A.对生殖有很大的影响。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。题目是关于独立专家小组报告的，这在文章第六段提及。这个报告只研究了B.P.A.对于生殖的影响，研究不怎么担忧该化学物质对成人生殖系统的影响，但对该化学物质对儿童和怀孕妇女的影响却有一定担忧。由此可以推断，该化学物质可能对儿童和怀孕妇女有一定影响，但对成人生殖系统影响不大。选项A说没有影响，过于绝对，因为文中多次提到有一定影响，但是不是很大。因此，答案为C选项。
5. The author’s attitude to the use of Nalgene bottles can be said to be _____
5. 作者对于使用Nalgene瓶子的态度可以说是_____
[A] negative.
[A] 否定的。
[B] positive.
[B] 肯定的。
[C] biased.
[C] 有偏见的。
[D] unclear.
[D] 不明朗。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析]态度题。这篇文章分析了人们对于聚碳酸酯瓶子中的B.P.A.化学物质的看法和争议，列出了一些科学的研究和判断，可以得出结论就是该瓶子中B.P.A.对人类影响有限，因此作者对使用该瓶子的态度是肯定的。
参考译文：
由于担心在制造过程中使用了一种化学物质，一款本来已经成为环保标志的水瓶被加拿大最有名的户外用品零售商移出了其橱窗。
周三，位于不列颠哥伦比亚省的温哥华的“高山设备Co-op” 将其11个大型商场中Nalgene牌子的瓶子和其他聚碳酸酯容器撤柜。该零售商称不会再重新进这些瓶子，直到“健康加拿大”完成了双酚a（即B.P.A.）的调查后再予以考虑。这些瓶子的制造商下属于Thermo Fisher Scientific位于罗彻斯特的Nalge Nunc国际制造。双酚a 是一种用于制造透明高硬度塑料及食物罐镶条的化学物质。“高山设备”的发言人Tim Southam说：“我们跟踪B.P.A.事件已经有三年了，我们这周所作的决定并不代表今后聚碳酸酯制品永远都不会上柜了。我们目前试图得到关于这种化学物质的肯定结果。”
加拿大教会和环境组织曾经因为担心容器需要使用大量的塑料，而发动了反对瓶装水的运动。最后，这种可重复使用的Nalgene瓶子就在大学校园和其他地方普及开来。
聚碳酸酯塑料只能用B.P.A.才能制造，用这种塑料制造的瓶子透明，硬度与玻璃一样，但却非常防摔。但是，最近在加拿大多伦多的“环境防卫”组织对使用B.P.A.塑料制造食品容器提出了质疑。美国的环境保护主义者也对该化学物质表示担忧。去年，旧金山的州长会议通过了一项地方法律，禁止将该化学物质用于儿童用品。但是，在该法令还没有实施之前，B.P.A.就在一起行业起诉后从该法律中被移除了。批评者指出早在1936年人们研究就表明这种化学物质可以破坏荷尔蒙系统。
虽然在这点上没有争议，但是塑料行业引用了日本、北美和欧洲政府机构的研究，认为聚碳酸酯中该化学物质含量极少，且只会将微量的B.P.A.释放到使用者体内。“对一种化学物质进行如此周密的科学测验和审查是很罕见的，再说全世界重要的机构都认为聚碳酸酯瓶对人体没有危害。” Nalge Nunc研发部主任Tom Cumins在一次声明中这样说。
“环境防卫”执行理事Rich Smith称美国38名科学家在一次政府资助的会议结束后发表了一篇论文，该论文指出B.S.A.对人类的影响方面的研究不足，需要进一步的调查。美国化学委员会聚碳酸酯组织执行理事Steven G·Hentges反对该报告提出的担忧，指出上个月美国健康与人类服务部United States Department of Health and Human Services发表了一篇独立的专家小组报告。这个长达396页的报告中仅仅着眼于B.S.A.对于生殖的影响，该专家小组在报告中表示该化学物质对成人生殖系统“影响甚微”，但是却表示对孩子和怀孕妇女有一定影响。
TEXT THREE
In a world where sight and sound seem to reign supreme, all it takes is a cursory glance at the size of the perfume industry to realise that smell matters quite a lot, too. Odours are known to regulate moods, thoughts and even dating decisions, which is why any serious romantic will throw on the eau de toilette before going out for a night on the town. Yet in all these cases, those affected are aware of what they are smelling. Unlike the media of sight and sound, in which subliminal messages have been studied carefully, the potential power of subliminal smells has been neglected.
Wen Li and her colleagues at Northwestern University in Chicago are now changing that. In particular, they are investigating smells so faint that people say they cannot detect them. The idea is to see whether such smells can nevertheless change the way that people behave towards others.
Dr Li's experiment, the results of which have just been published in Psychological Science, employed 31 volunteers. These people were exposed to three different odours at low concentration. One was the fresh lemon scent of citral. The second was the neutral ethereal perfume of anisole. The third was the foul sweaty smell of valeric acid. And the concentrations really were low. In the case of valeric acid, for example, that concentration was seven parts per trillion—a level only just detectable by bloodhounds. As a control, Dr Li used a mineral oil that has no detectable smell at any concentration.
The participants were asked to sniff a jar containing either one of the three odours or the scentless oil, and then press a button to indicate whether they thought the jar smelled of anything. Immediately after that, a picture of a face would appear on a screen in front of them for just over a second. Each participant was asked to rate the face's “likeability”.
Dr Li found that the odours helped shape people's judgments about the faces when their responses indicated that they had not smelled anything. When someone had been exposed to valeric acid, for example, he tended to react negatively to a face. Exposure to citral, by contrast, made that face seem, on average, more friendly. (Obviously, the same face was not shown to any given participant more than once.) Even more intriguing, however, was that when participants did consciously perceive a smell, its effect on face-perception disappeared.
What is going on is unclear. If smells can carry useful information about personality (which is possible), then the effect would be expected to be the same whether or not the chemical in question is detected subliminally. If they do not carry such information, then it is hard to see what use the subliminal reaction is. Nevertheless, it is there.
The findings do, however, demonstrate what might be a powerful method of manipulation. Indeed, Dr Li considers the potential uses to be vast. Business meetings might be made more pleasant by releasing appropriate fragrances into the air in unsmellable amounts. Conversely, fights might be started by putting people in the presence of a faint foul odour. Advertising hoardings might benefit from a little olfactory tweaking and cinema audiences could be reduced to floods of tears at the appropriate moment. The sweet smell of success might, in other words, actually be undetectable.
1. Dr. Li is carrying out such an investigation in order to _____
[A] find out how smells regulate moods in a subtle and nuanced way.
[B] prove that smell plays an equally important role in daily life as that of sight and sound.
[C] find out if people are sensitive to faint smells.
[D] find out if faint smells could influence people’s judgement of others.
2.The mineral oil is used in Dr. Li’s experiment to _____
[A] control the concentration of odours in a slightly detectable degree.
[B] act as a group of comparison with that of the other smells.
[C] regulate the participants’ moods by decreasing the smell’s concentration.
[D] protect the participants from losing sense of smell.
3. The word “likeability” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
[A] similarity.
[B] likeness.
[C] loveliness.
[D] likelihood.
4. When the participants conciously smelt the valeric acid, they tended to_____
[A] make negative judgement to a face.
[B] make positive judgement to a face.
[C] make biased judgement to a face.
[D] make fair judgement to a face.
5. From Dr. Li’s experiment, it can be infered that_____
[A] one’s reaction to subliminal smells reflect useful information about his or her personality.
[B] subliminal smells can influence people’s interaction with each other.
[C] subliminal smells have no effect on people’s conscious face-perception.
[D] subliminal smells turn out to be a means of powerful manipulation in terms of business success.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了细微气味对人们的影响。文章第一段讲述虽然气味在人们生活中占有重要地位，但是细微气味的潜在力量却为人所忽视；第二段讲述李博士正在进行研究细微气味的试验；第三、四、五段讲述了李博士试验的具体情况；第六段讲述还有待研究的问题；第七段讲述这个发现的意义和作用。
词汇注释：
cursory adj. 粗略的, 草率的 subliminal adj. 潜在意识的，微小的
citral n. [化]柠檬醛 ethereal adj.轻的, 天上的, 象空气的
valeric acid n. 缬草酸; 戊酸 bloodhound n. 警犬
hoarding ｎ．招贴板，广告牌 olfactory adj. 嗅觉的
tweak v. 调节，拧
难句突破：
Odours are known to regulate moods, thoughts and even dating decisions, which is why any serious romantic will throw on the eau de toilette before going out for a night on the town.
[主体句式] Odours are known to …
[结构分析]这是一个简单句，which 引导的非限定性定语从句是用来修是前面的整个句子的。
[句子译文]大家知道，气味可以调节人的情绪、想法，甚至是约会决定，这也就是为什么人们晚上在城里赴约时总要喷上点香水。
If smells can carry useful information about personality (which is possible), then the effect would be expected to be the same whether or not the chemical in question is detected subliminally.
[主体句式] If… then…
[结构分析]这是一个带有条件状语从句的复杂句，在后面分句中，有一个条件状语从句。
[句子译文]如果气味带有个性信息（这是有可能的），那么不管这种化学是否可以被潜意识感觉到，其反应应当是一样的。
题目分析：
1. Dr. Li is carrying out such an investigation in order to _____
1. 李博士进行这项试验是为了_____
[A] find out how smells regulate moods in a subtle and nuanced way.
[A] 探索气味是如何以一种细小微妙的方式调节人的情绪的。
[B] prove that smell plays an equally important role in daily life as that of sight and sound.
[B]证明气味在人的生活中与人们的视觉、听觉一样起到了重要的作用。
[C] find out if people are sensitive to faint smells.
[C] 探索人们是否对微弱的气味敏感。
[D] find out if faint smells could influence people’s judgement of others.
[D]探索微弱的气味是否可以影响人们对他人的判断。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章介绍了李博士的实验，可以看出，该实验的对象是微弱的、人们靠嗅觉闻不到的气味。主要研究这种气味能否影响人们对于他人的行为，从试验详细描述来看，主要是人们对于他人的印象和判断。其中文章的第一段和第二段分别谈到“和视觉和声音媒介不同的是，它们其中微小的讯息已经被仔细研究过了，而细微的气味潜在的力量却被人们忽略了”、“特别的是，他们现在研究的气味非常微弱，人们都说他们感觉不到这些气味。他们想看看这些气味是不是也可以影响人们对他人的行为”等都说明了所有答案中D最为吻合文章的意思。
2.The mineral oil is used in Dr. Li’s experiment to _____
2. 李博士的实验中矿物油是用来_____
[A] control the concentration of odours in a slightly detectable degree.
[A] 在一个基本上很难察觉的程度上控制气味的浓度。
[B] act as a group of comparison with that of the other smells.
[B] 作为和其他气味比较的一个对照组。
[C] regulate the participants’ moods by decreasing the smell’s concentration.
[C] 通过降低气味的浓度来调节试验参与者的情绪。
[D] protect the participants from losing sense of smell.
[D] 保证试验参与者不会丧失嗅觉。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第三段指出，李博士在实验中用一种完全没有气味的矿物油作为control， 这里control的意思是在对照实验中被用作对照标准的一个或一组物体。不过这个意思比较生僻，考生可能不知道。那么可以根据实验中它的作用推断出来，它是绝对无味的，可以和其他的气味的实验结果对照。如果考生拥有足够的常识，也会知道在一般的科学实验中，为了保证试验结果的有效性，通常需要设置一个对照组。那么，选项B最为符合题意。
3. The word “likeability” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
3. “likeability” (第四段第四行)意思最可能指_____
[A] similarity.
[A] 类似性。
[B] likeness.
[B] 相似性。
[C] loveliness.
[C] 可爱。
[D] likelihood.
[D] 相似性，可能性。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文来判断该词的意思，试验要求参与者给看到的脸做一个判定，判定的内容可以根据实验结果看出来，是让参与者判断所看到的脸是否“可亲”，因此，可以断定这个词的意思是C。
4. When the participants conciously smelt the valeric acid, they tended to_____
4.当参与者意识到自己闻到了颉草酸时，他们
趋向于____
[A] make negative judgement to a face.
[A] 对看到的脸给以否定的判断。
[B] make positive judgement to a face.
[B] 对看到的脸给以肯定的判断。
[C] make biased judgement to a face.
[C] 对看到的脸给以偏颇的判断。
[D] make fair judgement to a face.
[D] 对看到的脸给以公平的判断。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。第五段提到很让人费解的是，当参与者意识到自己闻到了一种气味，那么对脸的判断的影响就消失了。实验中参与者在没有意识地闻到这种草酸味时，他会对脸有一种否定的判断，但是当他意识到自己闻到时，这种影响就没有了。那么可以推断，他对脸的判断就比较公允了，选项D最为符合。
5. From Dr. Li’s experiment, it can be infered that_____
5. 由李博士的实验可以推断出_____
[A] one’s reaction to subliminal smells reflect useful information about his or her personality.
[A]一个人对细微的气味的反应显示了有关于其个性的有用的信息。
[B] subliminal smells can influence people’s interaction with each other.
[B] 细微的气味可以影响人们与他人的交往。
[C] subliminal smells have no effect on people’s conscious face-perception.
[C] 细微的气味不能影响人们有意识地对脸的判断。
[D] subliminal smells turn out to be a means of powerful manipulation in terms of business success.
[D] 细微的气味在商业成功的意义上来说是一种非常有利的控制手段。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。李博士的实验主要是为了看看细微的气味能否影响人们对他人的看法和印象,根据实验结果,参与者在闻了细微气味后会对看到的脸产生一定的反应,因此,可以得出结论,细微的气味能够影响对他人的行为。选项A，文章中提到有可能有这种可能，但是还没有证实。C不是该实验的一个主要结论，且该论点也没有得到证实。D选项的相关内容在文章的最后一段有所涉及，但是这只是对前景的推测，结论还没有得到证实。因此，答案应该选B选项。
参考译文：
在一个视觉和声音占绝对上风的世界里，我们只需随便看一下香水行业的规模就能明白气味也占有很重要的地位。大家知道，气味可以调节人的情绪、想法，甚至是约会决定，这也就是为什么人们晚上在城里赴约时总要喷上点香水。但是在所有的这些事例中，那些受影响的人都意识到自己闻到的是什么的。视觉和声音媒介中那些微小的讯息已经被仔细研究过了，而微弱气味潜在的力量却被人们忽略了。
李文和她在芝加哥西北大学的同事们现在就在改变这种状况。特别需要指出的是，他们现在研究的气味都极其微弱，以至于人们都说他们感觉不到这些气味。他们想看看这些气味是不是也可以影响人们对他人的行为。
李博士的实验结果刚刚发表在《心理科学》上，该实验有31名志愿者。这些志愿者身处三种低浓度的气味中，一种是新鲜柠檬的柠檬醛气味，第二种是茴香醚的中性轻香味，第三种是缬草酸的汗臭味。这三种气味的浓度都很低。比如，缬草酸的汗臭味浓度为万亿分之七，这种浓度只有警犬才能发觉。李博士在每种浓度中都用了一种矿物油作为对照，这种矿物油的气味是察觉不到的。
这些志愿者都被要求嗅装有某一种气味或无味的油罐子，然后再按下按钮表示自己是否闻到什么了。闻完后马上会在他们面前的屏幕上出现一张脸的图像，只显示一秒钟。然后每个人都会被要求断定这张脸的“可爱程度”。
李博士发现当人们认为自己没有闻到任何气味时，气味其实会影响人们对脸的评价。比如某人闻到缬草酸时，他对看到的脸就会有不好的反应。相反，闻到柠檬酸的味道一般会让脸看起来更友好些。（当然，每张脸只给同一个人看一次。）但是，更奇怪的是当参与者意识到自己闻到了某种味道时，上述影响就消失了。
这到底是怎么回事还不清楚。如果气味带有个性信息（这是有可能的），那么不管这种化学是否可以被潜意识感觉到，其反应应当是一样的。如果不带有这种信息，就很难看出这种潜意识的反应有什么用了。但不管怎样，事实摆在我们面前。
但是这些发现展现出一些可能的强有力的控制方法。实际上，李博士认为这种潜力是巨大的。如果在喷洒些适当的人们闻不到的香味，商业会议会让人感觉更加舒适。相反，让人们在很微弱的臭味中，就可能发生争斗。广告牌可以受益于一点气味调节，而在适当时候为电影观众加些气味可能会使他们泪如泉涌。换句话说，胜利的甜蜜气味是无法觉察的。
TEXT FOUR
The animal dissection requirement of biology classes has been getting under the skin of students for generations, and there have always been some who asked to be excused from the requirement. Now, a growing number of technological alternatives are making it possible for students to swap that scalpel for a computer mouse. There are laws in nearly a dozen states—including California, Florida, New Jersey, and New York—protecting a student's choice to learn about animal anatomy sans scalpel. Some students choosing to opt out feel we should be kinder to our web-footed friends. Others are just queasy at the thought of rubbery frog bodies and the smell of formaldehyde.
"Dissection is icky. There's a yuck factor," admits Brian Shmaefsky, a board member with the National Association of Biology Teachers. "And a teacher has to weigh the benefits with the cost of students being offended to the point that it interferes with learning."
Virtual blades. So for cases in which a real dissection would be too slimy, it's time to try some toad tech. While the first computer-based alternatives to dissection emerged in the 1980s, modern frog dissection software can be found at different websites. These software programs use creative clicking, high-powered zoom functions, and video clips to teach anatomy. Froguts software, for example, lets students trace incision lines with a computer mouse and snip through skin with a virtual blade. There are even sound effects like a "slish" for slicing frog flesh, or a "shwoosh" for pinning down skin flaps. (Schools currently pay about $300 for a one-year software license, though some organizations will lend programs out free of charge.)
Earlier this year, a graduate student from Simon Fraser University in Vancouver designed the first-ever haptic (the Greek word for "touch") frog dissection program, which uses a penlike tool to create a sensation similar to cutting into real flesh. The hand-held device connects to a computer, and students move the device through the air while watching the results of their actions on a computer screen.
With Digital Frog—a popular program that's had approximately 1,500 frog demo downloads since January and is currently in use in 2,000 schools—students can add or subtract those amphibious organs with a mere mouse click. They can then assess their learning with sporadic frog anatomy quizzes.
"Repetition is helpful. The fact that a student can review sections of a program over and over again is important," says Martin Stephens, vice president for animal research issues at the Humane Society of the United States. "In dissections, the animal's organs are all shriveled and discolored. You look for things and can't find them because body parts have changed drastically since the animal was killed. But on a computer screen, layers can be digitally peeled away." Other experts think the dissection technology has its limits. Gerry Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association, says that artificial simulations don't give as enriching an experience as the real thing. Still others worry the programs are depriving kids of experiential learning. The word “swap” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
[A] exchange.
[B] throw away.
[C] reject.
[D] refuse.
2. Some students ask to be excused from the requirement of biology classes because of the following reason except that_____
[A] dissection consists of disgusting procedures and unpleasant smells.
[B] they are entitled to reject dissection requirement given the legal regulation.
[C] they are offended when fulfilling the requirements of animal dissection.
[D] they insist that people should treat animals more as friends instead of simply objects.
3．Brian Shmaefsky’s statement implies that_____
[A] he indeed supports the students’ animal protection movement.
[B] he thinks the animal dissection should be banned.
[C] he thinks the animal dissection may not be good for students to learn biology effectively.
[D] he always evaluate the teaching effect by weighing reluctant factors of cost and effect.
4．Compared with the real dissection, the dissection on computer has the following advantages except_____
[A] It has authentic sound effect like a “slish” or “shwoosh” .
[B] there is a sensation of always dealing with fresh and recognizable organs.
[C] The process can be repeated so that students can gather better insight of the animal structure.
[D] Students can take quizzes with the software to evaluate the learning effect.
5.The author’s attitude towards the toad tech can be said to be_____
[A] supportive.
[B] doubtful.
[C] objective.
[D] biased.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了一种可以替代生物课解剖的电脑程序。第一段讲述传统解剖的弊端，引出解剖科技替代品；第二段是一位委员对传统解剖的看法；第三段讲述电脑解剖的效果；第四段、五段介绍了两个电脑解剖程序；第六段讲述电脑解剖的优点和局限性。
词汇注释：
dissection n. 解剖 swap v. 交换
scalpel n. 解剖刀 queasy adj. 不安的，易恶心的
formaldehyde n. 甲醛 icky adj.粘得讨厌的
yuck n. 讨厌 slimy adj. 粘糊糊的
toad n. 蟾蜍，癞蛤蟆 incision n. 切割，切口
haptic adj.触觉的 demo n. 示范样品
amphibious adj. 两栖的 sporadic adj. 零星的，时有时无的
shrivel v.(使)起皱纹, (使)枯萎, (使)束手无策
难句突破：
(1) Earlier this year, a graduate student from Simon Fraser University in Vancouver designed the first-ever haptic (the Greek word for "touch") frog dissection program, which uses a penlike tool to create a sensation similar to cutting into real flesh.
[主体句式] A graduate designed the program.
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，earlier this year是做整个句子的状语，后面which 引导的菲限定性定语从句是用来修饰program的。
[句子译文] 今年年初，温哥华西蒙·弗雷泽大学一位研究生设计出了第一个haptic（希腊词为“触觉”）青蛙解剖程序。这个程序用一种类似于笔的工具创造出一种相当于切割真正皮肉的感觉。
(2) With Digital Frog—a popular program that's had approximately 1,500 frog demo downloads since January and is currently in use in 2,000 schools—students can add or subtract those amphibious organs with a mere mouse click.
[主体句式] Students can add or subtract…
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，前面with Digital Frog是方式状语，破折号之间的是用来解释Digital Frog的，可以看作是同位语；破折号之间的这个成分中，that 引导的定语从句修饰program， 这个从句是由两个并列的句子构成的，以and连接。
[句子译文] “电子青蛙”是一种很受欢迎的程序，自一月份以来大约有1500个青蛙示范下载，现在用于2000所学校。
题目分析：
1. The word “swap” (Line 3, Paragraph 1 ) most probably means_____
1. “swap” (第一段第三行)最有可能的意思是_____
[A] exchange.
[A] 交换。
[B] throw away.
[B] 抛弃。
[C] reject.
[C] 丢弃。
[D] refuse.
[D] 拒绝。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。上文提到，有一些学生要求不做这种解剖，那么现在有许多科技替代物使得这个成为现实，就是用计算机鼠标来替代解剖刀，下文也提到了用电脑程序来代替真正的用解剖刀进行的实验。因此，正确答案为A选项。
2. Some students ask to be excused from the requirement of biology classes because of the following reason except that_____
2. 一些学生要求免于生物课的要求是因为除了选项_____外以下的原因。
[A] dissection consists of disgusting procedures and unpleasant smells.
[A]解剖的过程很恶心且气味难闻。
[B] they are entitled to reject dissection requirement given the legal regulation.
[B] 有相应法律允许他们拒绝修解剖课程
[C] they are offended when fulfilling the requirement of animal dissection.
[C] 他们在上动物解剖课时感觉受到自己受到了冒犯
[D] they insist people should treat animals more as friends instead of simply objects.
[D] 他们坚持认为人们对待动物应该更像朋友而不是客观物体
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第一段提到，一些学生选择不做是因为他们感到应到对这种动物友好些，另外是因为想到青蛙的身体、闻到甲醛的味道就感到恶心。因此，答案A、D是原因，答案B并不是他们不愿意做解剖的原因，而是因为他们不愿意做才有了相关法律保护他们的这种权利。选项C包含了A和D两个选项。因此，答案为B。
3．Brian Shmaefsky’s statement implies that_____
3. Brian Shmaefsky的话意味着_____
[A] he indeed support the students’ animal protection movement.
[A] 他实际上支持学生们的保护动物运动。
[B] he thinks the animal dissection should be banned.
[B] 他认为应当禁止动物解剖。
[C] he thinks the animal dissection may not be good for students to learn biology effectively.
[C] 他认为动物解剖不一定有利于学生有效地学习生物。
[D] he always evaluate the teaching effect by weighing relevant factors of cost and effect.
[D] 他总是通过衡量相关的成本及产出等因素来衡量教学效果。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。Brian Shmaefsky的话分为两部分：解剖粘糊糊的，比较讨厌；老师应该衡量一下学生如果感觉到受到冒犯，甚至影响到了学习效果那就得不偿失了。前半句也是为后面的服务，又根据他是国家生物教师协会成员，那么应该是针对对学生学习，他觉得这种解剖有时会阻碍学生学习。选项C符合题意。选项D并不是他想要表达的意思；选项B他并没有表示出这一点来；而选项A在文章中则没有得到明确的体现。
4．Compared with the real dissection, the dissection on computer has the following advantages except_____
4. 相对于真正的解剖，电脑解剖有以下的优点，但_____除外。
[A] It has authentic sound effect like a “slish” or “shwoosh” .
[A] 它可以有真实的声音效果，如发出“嘶”“嗤”的声音
[B] there is a sensation of always dealing with fresh and recognizable organs.
[B] 软件给人的感觉是这些动物器官都是新鲜的，且易于辨认
[C] The process can be repeated so that students can gather better insight of the animal structure.
[C] 解剖过程可以重复，以便于学生们能够更加深入地了解动物的结构
[D] Students can take quizzes with the software to evaluate the learning effect.
[D] 学生可以用软件中的一些测验来评估他们的学习效果
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。题目要求找出电脑解剖相对于传统解剖的优点所在，选项A是电脑模仿实际解剖的声音效果，而这种声音本身在实际解剖中也有存在，因此只是一种摹仿，并不是电脑的高超之处。B在文章第六段提到，说动物的器官都是枯萎的、没有颜色的。你想要找到什么，可是最终没能找到，因为动物被杀死后身体部分改变很大。但是在电脑屏幕上，身体每一层都可以电子式地剥下来。C在第六段也提到了，说可以重复，这样学生就可以复习。D在第五段中提到。因此，答案为A。
5.The author’s attitude towards the toad tech can be said to be_____
5. 作者对于这种解剖科技的态度可以说是_____
[A] supportive.
[A] 支持的。
[B] doubtful.
[B] 怀疑的。
[C] objective.
[C] 客观的。
[D] biased.
[D] 有偏见的。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 态度题。在这篇文章中，作者介绍了生物课上解剖的替代物——电脑解剖程序，虽然在文章最后一段作者也提到了这种替代物的局限，但是整篇文章来看作者都是一种赞赏的态度，列举了这种方法的优点。因此，其态度是支持的，选A。
参考译文：
所有生物专业的学生都被要求必须修动物解剖课，而经常有人希望可以免于这种要求。目前，日益增多的科技替代品使得学生们可以用一个电脑鼠标来替代解剖刀。有十多个个州（包括加利福尼亚州、佛罗里达州、新泽西州和纽约州）都有相关法律，保证学生可以不拿解剖刀就可以学习动物解剖。一些选择不用解剖刀的学生认为我们对这些翼手的朋友也应该友善一些。而还有一些人一想到青蛙有弹性的身体和甲醛气味就感到恶心。
“解剖粘糊糊的，挺讨厌的。”国家生物教师联合会管理委员会委员布Brian Shmaefsky承认。老师必须得衡量一下学生感到被冒犯甚至影响到学习这个问题。
虚拟刀片。因此如果实体解剖太粘糊糊的话，那么是时候来尝试一些蛤蟆科技了。第一种基于电脑的解剖替代品出现在20世纪80年代，而现代的青蛙解剖软件可以在许多不同的网站找到。这些软件程序用富有创意的点击、高性能的缩放功能以及视频片断来教授解剖。比如说 “青蛙内脏”软件可以让学生使用鼠标就可以顺着切口线用一把虚拟解剖刀切开青蛙皮肤。这些软件甚至还有声音效果，比如在划开青蛙身体时有“嘶”的一声，或是钉下皮肤组织时“嗤”的一声。（现在学校为软件支付的年度许可证达300美元，但有的组织会免费借出程序。）
今年年初，温哥华西蒙·弗雷泽大学一位研究生设计出了第一个haptic（希腊词为“触觉”）青蛙解剖程序。这个程序用一种类似于笔的工具创造出一种相当于切割真正皮肉的感觉。这种手持工具与电脑相连，学生可以在空中移动该工具，同时可以通过电脑屏幕可以观看他们动作的结果。
“电子青蛙”是一种很受欢迎的程序，自一月份以来大约有1500个青蛙示范下载，现在用于2000所学校。学生们只需用鼠标点击就可以加上或切除两栖器官，然后还可以不时用分散的青蛙解剖测试来检查自己学习的效果。
“重复是有帮助的，事实上学生可以一遍又一遍地回顾整个程序的各个部分，这是非常重要的。”美国保护动物协会动物研究事务副主任Martin Stephens这样说，“在解剖中，动物的器官都是枯萎的、没有颜色的。你想要找到什么，可是最终没能找到，因为动物被杀死后身体部分改变很大。但是在电脑屏幕上，身体每一层都可以电子式地剥下来。” 其他专家认为解剖技术有其局限性。国家科学教师协会执行理事Gerry Wheeler称虚拟演示并不能像真正解剖那样提供一种丰富的经验。也有其他人担心这些程序会剥夺孩子们的实践学习。
UNIT FIVE
TEXT ONE
Boosted by booming international financial markets, the City of London has not had it so good since the end of the dotcom bonanza in the late 1990s. Basking in double-digit growth rates, London's law firms have both contributed to that success and benefited from it. The earnings of top City lawyers can now exceed ￡2m a year.
Having opted to expand and go global ahead of most others, Britain's leading law firms tend to be bigger than their American rivals. Indeed, according to a survey of the world's top 50 law firms, compiled by Legal Business, a British trade paper, five of the world's top six law firms—in terms of turnover—are now British (if DLA Piper, the result of an Anglo-American merger, is included). But they have tended to lag behind in terms of their profitability. That is now changing.
The profit margins of the City's five “magic circle” firms—Clifford Chance, Slaughter and May, Allen & Overy, Linklaters and Freshfields—have soared in recent years and are now comparable with, if not higher than, those of New York's “white shoe” elite. Slaughter and May, the only one of the five not to have gone global, has the joint second-highest profit margin among the top 50.
Not so long ago, a London surgeon could expect to earn as much as a City lawyer. But even the recent big rises in hospital consultants' earnings pall in comparison with those enjoyed by London lawyers. At Slaughter and May, for example, average profits per equity partner (PEP) jumped by almost a third (in dollar terms) last year to $2.75m—more than at any other of the top 50 law firms bar two in New York where PEP averaged $2.8m and $3.0m respectively. Some senior partners get a lot more of course.
Competition for the best lawyers is fierce and poaching frequent. Hence the need to keep headline PEP figures up—even at the cost of getting rid of equity partners, leaving a bigger share of the bounty for the remaining ones. Freshfields is in the process of shedding around 100 of its equity partners. Other leading firms are also undertaking painful restructuring.
Newly qualified lawyers' salaries have also been shooting up in the search for the best talent. Both Freshfields and Allen & Overy now pay their first-year associates ￡65,000, rising to around ￡90,000 after three years. (First-year associates at America's top law firms get the equivalent of ￡80,000.)
But, as many other top-rank City employers have discovered, big earnings do not necessarily guarantee big satisfaction. According to a YouGov poll, published by the Lawyer earlier this month, a quarter of Britain's lawyers (including a fifth of law-firm partners) would like to leave the profession. The disgruntled complained about cripplingly long hours, intense competition and the impersonality of the biggest firms (some with more than 3,000 lawyers). So why don't they quit? Because, say three-quarters, of the pay.
1. Which one of the following is TURE of the status quo of London’s economy?
[A] London is enjoying its best time of economic development since 1990s.
[B] The growth rate of London is doubled since the beginning of the 1990s.
[C] The growth rate started to boost since the end of the dotcom era.
[D] The current economy of London is mostly driven by its legal instead of financial market.
2. The world’s top 50 law firms are graded according to _____
[A] their annual margin.
[B] their profitability.
[C] their sale volume.
[D] their quantity of business.
3.The phrase “white shoe” (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means____
[A] white collars.
[B] first-class law firms.
[C] financial agencies.
[D] international banks.
4. In order to be competitive, the law firms take the following measures except_____.
[A] dismissing equity partners.
[B] carrying out restructuring.
[C] having their best lawyers turn more competitive.
[D] raising salaries for recruiting talents.
5. From the YouGov poll, it can be inferred that____
[A] this profession is far from satisfactory.
[B] most lawyers will leave the profession sooner or later.
[C] most lawyers are satisfied with the profession because of the fat pay.
[D] high salary is always contradictory to big satisfaction.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍英国伦敦律师事务所的现状。第一段讲述伦敦因为经济增长迅速，律师业也受益匪浅；第二、三段讲述伦敦律师事务所在世界上的排名；第四段讲述伦敦事务所律师的工资待遇；第五、六段讲述律师事务所的竞争手段；第七段讲述对该行业的满意度。
词汇注释：
bonanza n. 富矿带, 带来好运之事, 幸运 bask v. 晒太阳(享受温暖), 感到温暖, 愉快或舒适
turnover n. 营业额 pall v.覆盖, 使平淡无味
bounty n. 奖金，补助金 disgruntled adj. 不高兴的，不满意的
cipplingly adv. 临界地，极限地
难句突破：
(1) Indeed, according to a survey of the world's top 50 law firms, compiled by Legal Business, a British trade paper, five of the world's top six law firms—in terms of turnover—are now British (if DLA Piper, the result of an Anglo-American merger, is included).
[主体句式] Five of the world’s top six law firms are now British.
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句。前面according to引导的是状语，状语中compile by …做前面a survey的定语，而a British trade paper是Legal Business的同位语。
[句子译文]实际上，根据英国商业报纸《法律商业》的一项世界领先50家律师事务所的调查，世界领先的六家律师事务所（按营业额计算）有五家是英国事务所（算上英美合资的DLA Piper事务所）。
(2) At Slaughter and May, for example, average profits per equity partner (PEP) jumped by almost a third (in dollar terms) last year to $2.75m—more than at any other of the top 50 law firms bar two in New York where PEP averaged $2.8m and $3.0m respectively.
[主体句式] Average profits per equity partner jumped by almost a third.
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，破折号后面的是前面$2.75m的定语。
[句子译文] 比如在Slaughter and May,去年PEP平均收入以275万美元为基数涨了1/3（以美元计算），这要比任何全球前50名律师事务所或美国的律师界工资都高，其PEP平均为280万美元和300万美元。
题目分析：
1. Which one of the following is TURE of the status quo of London’s economy?
1.下列哪一个是关于伦敦经济现状的正确表述？
[A] London is enjoying its best time of economic development since 1990s.
[A]伦敦现在正在享受其自20世纪90年代末以来经济最好的时候。
[B] The growth rate of London is doubled since the beginning of the 1990s.
[B] 伦敦的经济增长率翻倍了。
[C] The growth rate started to boost since the end of the dotcom era.
[C] 伦敦经济从网络时代末尾的时候开始兴盛。
[D] The current economy of London is mostly driven by its legal instead of financial market.
[D] 伦敦现在经济的繁荣主要是由其司法市场、而不是金融市场驱动的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。这题关键要看对于文章第一句话的理解，Boosted by booming international financial markets, the City of London has not had it so good since the end of the dotcom bonanza in the late 1990s. “have it good”是一个词组，意思为“过得优裕”，那么这句话意思就是伦敦在20世纪90年代末享受过经济很好的一段时间后，一直到现在才又开始经济很好。选项A最为符合该句意思，是正确答案。C选项的时间概念不正确，而D选项则是无中生有。
2. The world’s top 59 law firms are graded according to _____
2. 世界前50强律师事务所是依据_____来划分的。
[A] their margin.
[A] 他们的利润
[B] their profitability.
[B] 他们的收益率
[C] their sale volume.
[C] 他们的销售额
[D] their quantity of business.
[D] 他们的业务数量
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第二段提到five of the world's top six law firms—in terms of turnover，可以看出是以turnover（营业额）来评定的。如果不知道turnover的意思，也可以用排除法来选择。因为第二段提到，要是用收益率来衡量，那么它们排名就不会那么前了，因此A和B可以排除。D的业务数量又从来没有提及。可以猜出C可能是正确选项。
3.The phrase “white shoe” (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means____
3. “白鞋子”这个短语(第三段第三行) 最有可能指_____
[A] white collars.
[A] 白领。
[B] first-class law firms.
[B] 一流的律师事务所。
[C] financial agencies.
[C] 金融机构。
[D] international banks.
[D] 国际银行。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，主要谈论的都是律师事务所，并没有涉及到其他的行业，因此可以推测这里应该指的是美国相应业界的同行，这样才有可比性，那么选项中B最为符合题意。
4. In order to be competitive, the law firms take the following measures except_____
4.为了让自己更有竞争力，律师事务所采取了以下除选项_____外的措施。
[A] dismissing equity partners.
[A] 解雇了股东合作人
[B] carrying out restructuring.
[B] 实行重组
[C] having their best lawyers turn more competitive.
[C] 让最好的律师变得更加有竞争力
[D] raising salaries for recruiting talents.
[D] 提高工资以吸引更多人才
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。题干相关的内容在文章第五、第六段有提及。第五段提到，各律师事务所为了争夺最优秀的律师采取了许多措施，不得已都要解雇股东合作人，这样就可以将比较大的利润给剩下有限的人分配，从而保证顶尖律师的利润，有的还进行重组。而第六段提到为了找到最好的人才，还不惜提高新律师的工资。因此，选项中C是没有提到的。
5. From the YouGov poll, it can be inferred that____
5. 从YouGov的民意调查结果可以看出_____
[A] this profession is far from satisfactory.
[A] 这个职业是让人不满意的。
[B] most lawyers will leave the profession sooner or later.
[B] 大多数律师迟早都会离开这个职业。
[C] most lawyers are satisfied with the profession because of the fat pay.
[C] 大多数律师对这个职业满意是因为收入高。
[D] high salary is always contradictory to big satisfaction.
[D] 高工资和满意度总是相对立的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。从文章最后一段可以看出，该民意调查中有1/4的律师表明想要离开这个行业，因为种种不满意的地方，但还有3/4不会离开就是因为高工资原因。因此，可以看出，律师这个行业并不让人满意，吸引人的只是高收入而已。A反映了这一点。B选项不符合文章最后一段，因为大多数律师表示都不会离开；D单单从律师行业的这个调查不能反映所有行业的情况、表述过于绝对。因此，答案为A。
参考译文：
虽然受到快速发展的国际金融市场的推动，伦敦自20世纪90年代末网络富源之后再也没有享受过原来的好日子。伦敦的律师行业一直享受着双位数的业绩增长速度，既对经济的成功贡献了自己的力量，又受益于经济成长。目前伦敦市一流律师的年薪超过了200万英镑。
英国的顶尖律师事务所选择了不断扩张，走在世界前列，目前规模大于美国同类的事务所。实际上，根据英国商业报纸《法律商业》一项世界50家领先律师事务所的调查，世界排名前六家律师事务所（按营业额计算）有五家是英国事务所（算上英美合资的DLA Piper事务所）。但是就盈利能力来讲，他们却落后了。不过目前这种情况正在改变。
伦敦五家“魔力圈”事务所（Clifford Chance, Slaughter and May, Allen & Overy, Linklaters and Freshfields）的利润近年来飞速上升，现在虽然不能说超过，但也可以说已经与纽约“白鞋子”精英相抗衡了。Slaughter and May是五家中唯一没有走向世界的事务所，目前已经成为全球50家第二高利润事务所。
不久前，伦敦的外科医生还有望与市律师收入相当。但是尽管最近医院会诊医生的收入有了大幅增长，但与伦敦律师的工资涨幅比起来还是相形见拙。比如在Slaughter and May,去年PEP平均收入以275万美元为基数涨了1/3（以美元计算），这要比任何全球前50名律师事务所或美国的律师界工资都高，其PEP平均为280万美元和300万美元。当然一些资深律师的收入更高。
争取最好律师的竞争是激烈的，挖墙角时有发生。因此，有必要保持名人的PEP数字上升，有时甚至以牺牲股东为代价，从而将奖金的更大一部分留给剩下的人。Freshfields目前就正在裁减大约100名股东。其他领先的事务所也同样经历重组的痛苦。
因为业界在不断寻找最好的人才，因此刚获得资格的新律师起薪也大幅增长。Freshfields 和 Allen & Overy支付给律师的第一年工资为6万5千英镑，三年后升至9万英镑。（在美国顶尖律师事务所律师的第一年工资为8万英镑。）
但是，正如伦敦其他许多顶尖的雇主所发现的，高工资并不意味着高满意度。根据本月初刊登在《律师》上的一项YouGov民意调查，英国律师有1/4（包括1/5的律师搭档）都想要离开这个行业。那些不满意的人抱怨几近极限的工作时间、激烈的竞争和最大事务所（拥有3000名以上雇工）的非人性化。那么他们为什么不放弃这个工作呢？ 因为收入，3/4的人这样回答。
TEXT TWO
Richard Burton probably knew nothing of the small South African town of Cullinan when he bought yet another chunky diamond for Elizabeth Taylor in 1969. Now the Cullinan mine itself, like so many of the diamonds unearthed there, is about to change hands. On November 22nd De Beers, the diamond giant that has owned the mine since 1930, said it was selling it to a consortium led by Petra Diamonds, one of South Africa's emerging diamond producers, for 1 billion rand in cash. Provided regulators approve the deal, the transfer should take place by the middle of next year.
De Beers is selling because the mine is no longer profitable, despite attempts to turn it around. But Petra reckons the mine still has another 20 years of production in it and plans to extract at least 1m carats a year. The unexploited “Centenary Cut” deposit, which lies under the existing mine, could yield a lot more. This is good news for the mine's 1,000 or so employees and for the town, which has depended on the diamond business since Sir Thomas Cullinan discovered a prospect there in 1898 that contained kimberlite, a rock that can be rich in diamonds. The mine, established in 1903, is one of 30 or so kimberlite diamond mines in the world, and is believed to be still the world's second-most-valuable diamond resource
Petra is a relatively small outfit, listed on London's Alternative Investment Market, that specialises in buying mines that bigger companies see as marginal. Its trick is to extract better returns by rationalising production and processing, and keeping operating costs and overheads down. Petra has already bought two of De Beers's loss-making South African mines—both of which are now profitable—and is finalising the 78.5m rand acquisition of the group's underground operation in Kimberley, which stopped working in 2005.
It already operates four mines in South Africa and has promising exploration in Angola (a joint-venture with BHP Billiton), Sierra Leone and Botswana. Petra expects to produce over 1m carats by 2010—quite a jump from 180,474 carats in the year to June. The company has yet to make a profit, but expects to be making money by the middle of next year.
In the 1990s De Beers decided that it was no longer a good idea to try to monopolise the diamond market. It started focusing on higher returns rather than market share, and has been revamping its mine portfolio, selling off mines that are no longer profitable and investing in more enticing operations, such as its mine off the west coast of South Africa, its Voorspoed operation in the Free State province, and two new mines in Canada.
This has opened the way for a new class of diamond firm that operates in the vast middle ground between the world's handful of large producers and a multitude of much smaller exploration firms. The Cullinan deal should entrench Petra in this middle tier, alongside firms such as Kimberley Diamond and Trans Hex. But even if it does reach its target of 1m carats a year, Petra will still not be able to match the sparkle of the giants. Last year De Beers produced 51m carats from its mines in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Tanzania, which amounted to 40% of the world's diamonds by value.
The Cullinan mine was named after_____
[A] the original name of the town.
[B] the name of its first owner.
[C] the name of its discoverer.
[D] the name of the town’s first colonist.
Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the Cullinan mine?
[A] The mine is the only business of the town which employs most of the local residents.
[B] It can be mined for another 20 years given Petra’s advanced technology.
[C] It is the world’s second largest diamond mine with a yearly capacity of 1m carats.
[D] Whether the mine will maintain its profitability is yet to know.
Petra’s operating philosophy can be said as _____.
[A] to make profits by reducing the costs.
[B] to exploit the surrounding areas of an existing mine.
[C] to integrate the resources of all the money-losing small mines.
[D] to restructure the mine portfolio and to optimize the process management.
De Beers has made changes on its development stratege because_____
[A] it plans to shrink its market share and ends its long-term monopoly.
[B] it wants to open the way for the middle tier of diamond market.
[C] it switches its attention to making larger profits.
[D] it wants to turn around the loss-making mines by cooperating with companies of smaller size.
The future of the new class of diamond firm is _____
[A] promising.
[B] dim.
[C] unknown.
[D] frustrating.
文章剖析：
文章从Petra公司收购矿产为契因，介绍了因钻石矿业新兴的一个中间阶层。第一段讲述了Cullinan矿将要转手的消息；第二段介绍了De Beers公司之所以将矿转手的原因；第三、四段介绍Petra公司的一些经营方式和情况；第五段讲述De Beers公司的运营调整；第六段介绍了钻石矿业的新阶层。
词汇注释：
chunky adj. 含小而厚的块： consortium n. 财团
kimberlite n. 金伯利岩 portfolio n. 组合
enticing adj. 引诱的, 迷人的, 动人心目的 entrench v. 确立，使处于牢固地位
难句突破：
This is good news for the mine's 1,000 or so employees and for the town, which has depended on the diamond business since Sir Thomas Cullinan discovered a prospect there in 1898 that contained kimberlite, a rock that can be rich in diamonds.
[主体句式] This is good news for …
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，for后面的宾语比较复杂，which 引导的非限定性定语从句修饰the town，在该从句中有一个since引导的状语从句；在该状语从句中，that 引导的定语从句修饰prospect, a rock…是kimberlite的同位语。
[句子译文] 这对于这个矿的1000名左右的雇工以及这个小镇来说是个好消息，这个小镇从1898年Thomas Cullinan爵士发现该矿含有金伯利岩（可能富含钻石的一种岩石）后，就一直依赖钻石生意存活。
(2) It started focusing on higher returns rather than market share, and has been revamping its mine portfolio, selling off mines that are no longer profitable and investing in more enticing operations, such as its mine off the west coast of South Africa, its Voorspoed operation in the Free State province, and two new mines in Canada.
[主体句式]It started focusing on…, and has been…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，由连词and 连接，后半分句结构比较复杂；has been 后面带有三个并列的成分，第二个成分selling off mines后面有that 引导的定语从句，第三个成分中such as 后面都是用来修饰operations的。
[句子译文] 它开始修关心更高的回报率而不是市场份额了，也一直在修改它的矿产组合，卖掉不再盈利的矿产，投资更让人动心的项目，如南非西海岸的矿产、自由州省的Voorspoed项目、加拿大的两处新矿。
题目分析：
1. The Culliman mine in deal was named after_____
1. 正在交易的矿是以_____命名的。
[A] the original name of the town.
[A]小镇原来的名字
[B] the name of its first owner.
[B] 第一个矿主的名字
[C] the name of its discoverer.
[C] 矿场发现者的名字
[D] the name of the town’s first colonist.
[D] 小镇第一个殖民者的名字
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。该矿的名字为Culliman, 从第一段可以看到它所在的小镇的名字也是这个，但是第二段提到1898年Thomas Cullinan爵士发现了这个矿含有金伯利岩，1903年该矿成立。那么可以推断，这个镇和矿的名字都是以Cullinan爵士、即其第一个发现者的名字命名的。因此，正确答案为C。
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the Cullinan mine?
2.关于Cullinan矿，以下的陈述哪个是正确的？
[A] The mine is the only business of the town which employs most of the local residents.
[A] 该矿山是小镇大多数人工作的地方。
[B] It can be mined for another 20 years given Petra’s advanced technology.
[B] 有了Petra的先进技术，该矿山还可以被挖掘20年。
[C] It is the world’s second largest diamond mine with a yearly capacity of 1m carats.
[C] 它是世界上第二大钻石矿山，年产钻石100万克拉。
[D] Whether the mine will maintain its profitability is yet to know.
[D] 该矿山是否还会保持盈利还是一个未知数。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第二段之处小镇上的大部分人都依赖于钻石产业，但这并不意味着他们都在矿山工作，因此A选项错误。文章第三段谈到Petra的盈利策略主要是改进流程、降低成本，并没有强调使用先进的技术。选项C，在第二段提到Cullinan目前仍被认为是世界第二大最有价值的钻石矿，但并不一定在规模上也是第二大的，而且年产量1百万克拉指的不是该矿山的年产量，而是Petra公司的计划年产量。选项D，文章没有明确指出该矿山将来究竟是否会赢利，因为不得而知，选项D为正确的陈述。
3. Petra’s operating philosophy can be said as _____
3. Petra 的运营理念可以说是_____
[A] to make better profits by reducing the costs.
[A] 通过削减成本来取得更好的收益。
[B] to exploit the surrounding areas of an existing mine.
[B] 从已经存在的矿山周围寻找资源。
[C] to integrate the resources of all the money-losing small mines.
[C] 整合那些亏损的小矿山的资源。
[D] to restructure the mine portfolio and to optimize the process management.
[D] 调整矿产组合并且优化流程管理。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章第三段提到Petra专门收购大公司边缘化的矿产，其秘诀就在于通过合理化生产和加工，降低运作和管理费用来获得更好的收益。可以看出，公司运营理念就是通过自己的努力，比如合理化生产、加工，降低费用来盈利，因此，选项A最为符合这一点。
4. De Beers has made changes on its development stratege because_____
4. De Beers 改变了自己的发展战略因为_____
[A] it plans to shrink its market share and ends its long-term monopoly.
[A] 它计划缩小其市场份额并中止长期的垄断。
[B] it wants to open the way for the middle tier of diamond market.
[B] 它希望可以为钻石市场的中间阶层开辟道路。
[C] it switches its attention to making larger profits.
[C] 它的注意力转移到如何谋取更大的利润。
[D] it wants to turn around the loss-making mines by cooperating with companies of smaller size.
[D] 它想要通过与小规模公司的合作来扭转那些亏损的矿产。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第五段提到De Beers 认为试图垄断市场已经不是什么很好的策略了，它开始关心更高的利润而不是市场份额了，还采取了一系列的措施来实现这个策略。因此，它改变了自己的发展策略，主要是想要谋取更大的利润，C选项为正确答案。A选项是公司改变策略的方式，B选项不符合原文内容。D选项具有一定的迷惑性，但要注意De Beers知识将一些矿山卖给小公司，这并不意味着它与小公司合作，因此该选项错误。
5. The future of the new class of diamond firm is _____
5. 钻石业新阶层的未来会是_____
[A] promising.
[A] 有前景的。
[B] dim.
[B] 暗淡。
[C] unknown.
[C] 未知的。
[D] frustrating.
[D] 困难重重的。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析]推理题。关于钻石业新出现的中间阶层，文章只是介绍了其刚刚开始发展的情况，但是未来怎么样文章并没有给出明确的看法，因此，答案为C选项，其余三个选项的态度显然不符合题意。
参考译文：
Richard Burton 在1969年为Elisabeth Taylor 新购一块又小又厚的钻石时，他可能对南非小镇Cullinan一无所知。现在Cullinan连同埋在地下的钻石一起都将易主了。11月22日， De Beers，这个从1930年起就一直是矿主的钻石巨头说要以10亿兰特现金的价格卖给Petra Diamonds为首的财团，Petra Diamonds是南非新兴的钻石制造商。现在管理者已经同意了这笔交易，该矿将于明年年中易手。
De Beers要做这笔买卖是因为尽管采取了很多措施，该矿不再是利润丰厚了。但是Petra 估计该矿还可以生产20年，计划每年最少挖掘100万克拉。而位于该矿下方尚未被开采的“百年切割”层，生产力更高。这对于该矿1000名左右的雇工以及小镇来说是一个好消息，这个小镇从1898年Thomas Cullinan爵士发现该矿含有金伯利岩（可能富含钻石的一种岩石）后，就一直依赖钻石生意存活。该矿建立于1903年，是世界上约30个金伯利岩钻石矿之一，现在仍被认为是世界上第二最有价值的钻石储藏矿。
Petra是比较小的一个商业组织，在伦敦的 Alternative Investment Market上市。该组织专门收购大公司认为不重要的矿产，其秘诀在于通过合理化生产和加工、以及降低运作和管理费用来获得更好的收益。Petra已经在南非收购了De Beers两家亏损的矿（这两个矿目前都在盈利），目前也即将完成以7850万兰特收购该组织在金伯利地下矿的项目，该矿于2005年停产。
目前该公司在南非经营四座矿藏，在安哥拉、塞拉利昂和博茨瓦纳也有非常好的勘探项目（与BHP Billiton的合资公司）。Petra希望到2010年产量可以超过100万克拉，相比六月前180474克拉的年产量来说是一个飞跃。公司现在还未赢利，但可望从明年年中开始赚钱。
20世纪90年代开始，De Beers认为垄断钻石市场不再是个好主意了，它开始关心更高的回报率而不是市场份额了，也一直在修改它的矿产组合，卖掉不再盈利的矿产，投资更让人动心的项目，如南非西海岸的矿产、自由州省的Voorspoed项目、加拿大的两处新矿。
这就为钻石行业的一个新阶层开辟了道路，这个阶层处于世界上少数的大生产商和众多小勘探公司之间那片广阔的区域。Cullinan这笔交易确立了Petra作为这个中间阶层的地位，类似的公司还有金伯利钻石和Trans Hex。不过即使达到年产量100万克拉，Petra还是远不及那些钻石巨头。去年，De Beers在其博茨瓦纳、纳米比亚、南非和坦桑尼亚矿的产量为5100万克拉，估计价值占到世界钻石的40% 。
TEXT THREE
When there is blood in the water, it is only natural that dorsal fins swirl around excitedly. Now that America's housing market is ailing, predators have their sights on the country's credit-card market. Analysts at Goldman Sachs reckon that credit-card losses could reach $99 billion if contagion spreads from subprime mortgages to other forms of consumer credit. Signs of strain are clearly visible. There are rises in both the charge-off and delinquency rates, which measure the share of balances that are uncollectable or more than 30 days late respectively. HSBC announced last month that it had taken a $1.4 billion charge in its American consumer-finance business, partly because of weakness among card borrowers.
It is too early to panic, though. Charge-offs and delinquencies are still low. According to Moody's, a rating agency, the third-quarter delinquency rate of 3.89% was almost a full percentage point below the historical average. The deterioration in rates can be partly explained by technical factors. A change in America's personal-bankruptcy laws in 2005 led to an abrupt fall in bankruptcy filings, which in turn account for a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether or not overall conditions for borrowers were getting worse.
The industry also reports solid payment rates, which show how much of their debt consumers pay off each month. And confidence in credit-card asset-backed securities is pretty firm despite paralysis in other corners of structured finance. Dennis Moroney of TowerGroup, a research firm, predicts that issuance volumes for 2007 will end up being 25% higher than last year.
Direct channels of infection between the subprime-mortgage crisis and the credit-card market certainly exist: consumers are likelier to load up on credit-card debt now that home-equity loans are drying up. But card issuers look at cash flow rather than asset values, so falling house prices do not necessarily trigger a change in borrowers' creditworthiness. They may even work to issuers' advantage. The incentives for consumers to keep paying the mortgage decrease if properties are worth less than the value of the loan; card debt rises higher up the list of repayment priorities as a result.
Card issuers are also able to respond much more swiftly and flexibly to stormier conditions than mortgage lenders are, by changing interest rates or altering credit limits. That should in theory reduce the risk of a rapid repricing of assets. “We are not going to wake up one day and totally revalue the loans,” says Gary Perlin, Capital One's chief financial officer.
If a sudden subprime-style meltdown in the credit-card market is improbable, the risks of a sustained downturn are much more real. If lower house prices and a contraction in credit push America into recession, the industry will undoubtedly face a grimmer future. Keep watching for those dorsal fins. 1. The author makes mention of dorsal fins which are irrelevant to the topic in order to _____
[A] make people alert to the potential danger.
[B] attract the readers’ attention by presenting an interesting phenomenon.
[C] make people realize the graveness of the issue by showing a similar case.
[D] make the passage more vivid by imparting new knowledge to readers.
2. Rises in the charge-off and delinquency rate indicate _____
[A] the deterioration of the subprime mortgage.
[B] the inadequate ability of card borrowers.
[C] the influence of the technical factors.
[D] the change in relevant laws.
3. According to the third paragraph, the number of bankruptcy fillings would be rising again because_____
[A] there is a change in America’s personal-bankruptcy laws.
[B] the charge-offs and delinquencies are still low.
[C] the influence of the personal-bankruptcy laws has been digested.
[D] the overall conditions for borrowers are getting worse.
4. The subprime-mortgage crisis influnces the credit-card market in that_____
[A] the fall of asset values affects the card borrowers’ creditworthiness.
[B] the decrease in the mortgage payment leads to the rises of the card debt.
[C] the drying up of the home-equity loans spur consumers’ incectives to repay the card debt.
[D] the falling house prices makes the card debt rising higher.
5. According to the author, the credit-card market will more likely be threatened by_____
[A] a gradual downward tendency.
[B] a rapid collapse.
[C] a sustained trend of lowering price.
[D] the accumulation of economic recession.
文章剖析：
这篇文章分析了美国次级抵押贷款危机可能影响到的信用卡市场。第一段指出信用卡市场已经出现疲软迹象；第二、三段通过分析表示信用卡市场危机并未确定，不需要过于恐慌；第四段指出次级抵押危机与信用卡市场之间的传染渠道；第五段指出信用卡规避风险的优势；第六段指出信用卡市场趋于经历持续低迷的情况。
词汇注释：
dorsal fin n.[动物]背鳍 ailing adj. 景况不佳的，生病的
contagion n.传染, 传染病, 蔓延 charge-off n. 损耗
delinquency n. 逾期债款
难句突破：
There are rises in both the charge-off and delinquency rates, which measure the share of balances that are uncollectable or more than 30 days late respectively.
[主体句式] There are rises in…
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，which 引导的非限定性定语从句是修饰前面的the charge-off and delinquency rates；在该定语从句中还有定语从句修饰the share of balances，在该定语从句中，前半个句子对应修饰the charge-off rates，后半个句子是个省略句，对应修饰the delinquency rates.
[句子译文] 损耗率和逾期债款率都有所上升，这两个数据分别代表无法回收以及逾期30天的收支差额份额。
(2) A change in America's personal-bankruptcy laws in 2005 led to an abrupt fall in bankruptcy filings, which in turn account for a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether or not overall conditions for borrowers were getting worse.
[主体句式] A change led to an abrupt fall; the number would be rising.
[结构分析]这是一个复杂句，分号将前后两个句子隔开。前面句子中，宾语带有which引导的非限定性定语从句；后面句子是带有方式状语从句的复杂句。
[句子译文]2005年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡的大规模亏损。不管贷款人的整体状况是否变得更糟糕了，破产登记数量（紧跟的冲销率）可以重新上升。
题目分析：
1. The author makes mention of dorsal fins which are irrelevant to the topic in order to _____
背鳍与本文主题无关，作者提到背鳍是为了_____
[A] make people alert to the potential danger.
[A] 提醒人们注意潜在的危险。
[B] attract the readers’ attention by presenting an interesting phenomenon.
[B] 通过描述一个有趣的现象来吸引读者的眼球。
[C] make people realize the graveness of the issue by showing a similar case.
[C] 通过一个类似的案例让人们意识到事情的严重性。
[D] make the passage more vivid by imparting new knowledge to readers.
[D] 通过向读者传授新的知识来使得文章更生动。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章在首尾都提到了背鳍。开头提到一旦水中有血，背鳍就会变得兴奋起来，接着就提到美国房地产衰退后，捕食者将目光转移到信用卡市场。末尾提到要留心背鳍。可以看出，作者提到背鳍是一种隐喻，意味着危险，因此选项A 比较符合题意。
2. Rises in the charge-off and delinquency rate indicate _____
2.损耗率和逾期债款率的升高意味着_____
[A] the deterioration of the subprime mortgage.
[A] 次级抵押贷款恶化。
[B] the inadequate ability of card borrowers.
[B] 信用卡借贷人还贷能力较弱。
[C] the influence of the technical factors.
[C] 技术因素的影响。
[D] the change in relevant laws.
[D] 相关法律的变化。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章在第一段提到，信用卡市场的疲软迹象已经出现，接着就提到这两个数字，损耗率和逾期债款率分别代表无法收回来的收支差额的份额和晚付了30天的份额，接着还举例说香港汇丰银行的14亿美元费用就是部分因为信用卡借款人偿还能力较弱。因此，这两项升高表明信用卡市场出现问题。A不符合；B，是信用卡市场问题；CD在第二段提到，是引起这两项升高的部分原因所在。因此，答案为B。
3. According to the third paragraph, the number of bankruptcy fillings would be rising again because_____
根据第三段，破产申请数量会再次增多是因为_____
[A] there is a change in America’s personal-bankruptcy laws.
[A] 美国个人破产法发生了变化。
[B] the charge-offs and delinquencies are still low.
[B] 损耗率和逾期债款率还很低。
[C] the influence of the change in the personal-bankruptcy laws has been digested.
[C] 个人贷款法律变化的影响已经被消化了。
[D] the overall conditions for borrowers are getting worse.
[D] 贷款人整体的情形趋于糟糕。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第三段最后提到不管贷款人整体的情况是否变坏，破产申请数量都会再次增多。前面又提到是因为2005年美国个人破产法有一定变化，破产申请才急剧降低，而后引发了信用卡市场的一些问题。因此，这项法律实行一段时间后，大家已经消化了这个变化，趋势又会恢复正常。答案C最为贴切。
4. The subprime-mortgage crisis influnces the credit-card market in that_____
次级抵押贷款危机影响信用卡市场
在于_____
[A] the fall of asset values affects the card borrowers’ creditworthiness.
[A]资产价值的降低影响了信用卡借款人
的信用度。
[B] the decrease in the mortgage payment leads to the rises of the card debt.
[B]抵押支付的减少导致了信用卡贷款的增加。
[C] the drying up of the home-equity loans spur consumers’ incentives to repay the card debt.
[C]家庭资产贷款的衰竭激发消费者偿还信用卡贷款的积极性。
[D] the falling house prices makes the card debt rising higher.
[D]房屋价格的下降使得信用卡贷款增加了更多。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第四段提到次级抵押贷款危机和信用卡市场之间有直接感染的通道，因为家庭资产贷款衰竭，借款人就更愿意把信用卡的贷款偿还清；而且因为房屋的价格比贷款还低，大家就不愿意还房屋抵押贷款，因此信用卡贷款偿还在偿还方面位居前列。选项中C符合这种推理，为正确答案。
5. According to the author, the credit-card market will more likely be threatened by_____
5. 依作者来看，信用卡市场更可能受到_____的威胁。
[A] a gradual downward tendency.
[A] 缓慢的衰退趋势
[B] a rapid collapse.
[B] 快速的崩溃
[C] a sustained trend of lowering prices.
[C] 价格持续走低
[D] the accumulation of economic recession.
[D] 经济衰退日趋严重
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章最后一段指出，次级抵押贷款式的突然垮台可能不会出现在信用卡市场，更容易出现的是一种持续不断的低迷。因此，信用卡市场更可能受到这种缓慢的低迷趋势的影响。答案A最为符合题意。
参考译文：
如果水中有血的话，那么很自然的背鳍就会兴奋地游来游去。现在美国的房产市场景况不佳，掠夺者就把目光转向了这个国家的信用卡体系。高盛公司的分析师们认为如果这种趋势从次级抵押扩散到消费者信用的其他形式的话，那么信用卡损失可能要达到990亿美元。目前这种趋紧的迹象已经显现。损耗率和逾期债款率都有所上升，这两个数据分别代表无法回收以及逾期30天的收支差额份额。汇丰银行上个月宣布其在美国消费者金融行业的抵押款为14亿美元，部分原因就在于信用卡贷款人的弱势。
但现在恐慌还为时尚早。冲销和逾期债款率还不是很高。据一家评估机构Moody's估算，第三季度3.89%的逾期债款率比历史平均值还低整整一个百分点。比率变差部分是由于技术原因。2005年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡的大规模亏损。不管贷款人的整体状况是否变得更糟糕了，破产登记数量（紧跟的冲销率）可以重新上升。
该行业还报告了真正的支付率，即表示有多少贷款消费者每个月还清贷款。尽管在其他结构性金融部分出现了瘫痪，但是对信用卡负债支持的有价证券还是充满信心。一家研究机构TowerGroup的工作人员Dennis Moroney 预计2007年发行数量最终将比去年高出25%。
次级抵押危机和信用卡市场之间存在直接的传染渠道，既然家庭资产贷款就衰竭了，消费者更倾向于将信用卡的贷款用满。但是信用卡发行人看到的是现金流动而不是资产价值，因此房产价格的下降并不一定会带来贷款人信用额度的改变，甚至会有利于发行人。如果消费者的财产不及贷款金额，那么消费者一直支付抵押贷款的动机就会削弱，其结果就是信用卡贷款就会成为最先需要偿还的款项。
信用卡发行人也可以在遇到更为严峻的情况时，通过改变利率或信用额度，比房屋抵押借款人作出更快、更灵活的反应。这在理论上可以降低资产快速重新定价的风险。“我们不希望有天一睁开眼就得重新估算全部贷款，”Capital One的首席金融官员Gary Perlin这样说。
如果在信用卡市场中那种次级抵押式的突如其来的彻底崩溃是不可能的话，那么持续低迷的风险是更为真实的。如果房产低价格和信贷紧缩将美国引致衰退，那么该行业将会面临更惨淡的未来。时刻留心那些背鳍吧。
TEXT FOUR
European Union environmental officials have determined that two kinds of genetically modified corn could harm butterflies, affect food chains and disturb life in rivers and streams, and they have proposed a ban on the sale of the seeds, which are made by DuPont Pioneer, Dow Agrosciences and Syngenta. The preliminary decisions are circulating within the European Commission, which has the final say. Some officials there are skeptical of a ban that would upset the powerful biotechnology industry and could exacerbate tensions with important trading partners like the United States. The seeds are not available on the European market for cultivation.
In the decisions, the environment commissioner, Stavros Dimas, contends that the genetically modified corn, or maize could affect certain butterfly species, specifically the monarch, and other beneficial insects. For instance, research this year indicates that larvae of the monarch butterfly exposed to the genetically modified corn ''behave differently than other larvae.'' In the decision concerning the corn seeds produced by Dow and Pioneer, Mr. Dimas calls ''potential damage on the environment irreversible.'' In the decision on Syngenta's corn, he says that ''the level of risk generated by the cultivation of this product for the environment is unacceptable.''
A decision by the European Union to bar cultivation of the genetically modified crops would be the first of its kind in the trade bloc, and would intensify the continuing battle over genetically modified corn. Banning the applications for corn crops also would mark a bold new step for European environmental authorities, who are already aggressively pursuing regulations on emissions from cars and aircraft, setting it at odds with the United States and angering industries.
''These products have been grown in the U.S. and other countries for years,'' said Stephen Norton, a spokesman for the United States trade representative. ''We are not aware of any other case when a product has been rejected after having been reviewed and determined safe'' by European food safety authorities, he said.
Barbara Helfferich, a spokeswoman for Mr. Dimas, declined to comment on the specifics of the procedure because commissioners had not yet made a final decision. But she said that the European Union was within its rights to make decisions based on the ''precautionary principle'' even when scientists had found no definitive evidence proving products can cause harm. She said that the decisions by Mr. Dimas could go before the commission within a few weeks, but she said that no date had been set. In the decisions, Mr. Dimas cited recent research showing that consumption of genetically modified ''corn byproducts reduced growth and increased mortality of nontarget stream insects'' and that these insects ''are important prey for aquatic and riparian predators'' and that this could have ''unexpected ecosystem-scale consequences.''
Although still preliminary, his decisions could drastically tilt the policy against future approvals of genetically modified crops, said Nathalie Moll, a spokeswoman for Europabio, an industry group with 80 members including Syngenta, Pioneer and Dow. Europabio says that the crops grown using the genetically modified corn are already imported into several European countries, including France and Germany, where they are used to feed animals like cows and chickens.
Rob Gianfranceschi, spokesman at the United States mission to the European Union in Brussels, said it was too early to comment on a decision that had not yet been formalized. But he made clear that the United States remained frustrated with European policies on genetically modified crops. 1. The preliminary decisions are made by_____
[A] DuPont Pioneer, Dow Agrosciences and Syngenta.
[B] European Union environmental officials.
[C] European Commision.
[D] Starvros Dimas.
2. To the decisions, the European Commission officials’ attitudes are _____
[A] skeptical.
[B] controversial.
[C] contradictory.
[D] divergent.
3. About the decisions, which one of the following statements is TRUE?
[A] The decisions aims to put a ban the sale of the seeds of genetically modified corn due to political and biological concerns.
[B] The decisions are warmly embraced by all EU members but bitterly rejected by their trade partners.
[C] The decisions could probably be made even if no definitive evidence proving the products harmful is found.
[D] there is high possibility that the decisions would be approved by the European Commission.
4. Mr. Dimas cited many researches on the genetically modified corn in his decision in order to_____
[A] dispel some officials’ doubt on his decisions.
[B] enhance the strength of his decision-making.
[C] demonstrate the latest achievement of his decision.
[D] assure that they can be presented before the commission with solid evidence.
5. The word “tilt” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) most probably means_____
[A] incline.
[B] affect.
[C] induce.
[D] evoke. 文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了联合国环境官员就转基因食品提出决议的一些情况。第一段介绍该决议目前在欧洲委员会中流传；第二段是环境专员具体在其决议中的观点；第三段说明如果该决议落实将会是首例；第四段是美国贸易代表发言人的观点；第五段讲述Dimas先生关于决议谈的一些情况；第六、七段是其他人和机构的一些观点。
词汇注释：
genetically adv. 基因地 exacerbate v. 恶化，使加剧
monarch n. 黑脉金斑蝶 larvae n. 幼虫
aquatic adj. 水生的 riparian adj. 河边的，水滨的
predator n. 掠夺者，捕食其他动物的的动物
难句突破：
European Union environmental officials have determined that two kinds of genetically modified corn could harm butterflies, affect food chains and disturb life in rivers and streams, and they have proposed a ban on the sale of the seeds, which are made by DuPont Pioneer, Dow Agrosciences and Syngenta.
[主体句式] EU environmental officials have determined that…and they have proposed…
[结构分析] 该句是一个并列结构的复杂句。前一个分句带有宾语从句，宾语从句的谓语是三个并列结构的动词；后一个分句中，which 引导的非限定性定语从句是用来修饰the seeds的。
[句子译文] 欧盟环境官员已经确定有两种转基因作物会伤害蝴蝶、影响食物链、妨害水游生物。他们还建议禁止出售该类种子，这些种子由DuPont Pioneer, Dow Agrosciences 和Syngenta研制。
(2) In the decisions, Mr. Dimas cited recent research showing that consumption of genetically modified ''corn byproducts reduced growth and increased mortality of nontarget stream insects'' and that these insects ''are important prey for aquatic and riparian predators'' and that this could have ''unexpected ecosystem-scale consequences.''
[主体句式] Mr. Dimas cited recent research…
[句子结构] 该句是一个简单句，宾语research后面的现代分词是它的定语，该现代分词结构看似复杂，其实是三个并列的that 引导的从句构成的。
[句子译文] 在这些决定中，Dimas引用了最近的一些研究，这些研究表明对转基因“谷物副产品”的消费会“抑制生长，增加nontarget昆虫死亡率”，而且这些昆虫“是水生动物重要的食物”，因此这可能有“无法预料的影响整体生态系统规模的后果”。
题目分析：
1. The preliminary decisions are made by_____
1. 这些决议是由_____拟定的。
[A] DuPont Pioneer, Dow Agrosciences and Syngenta.
[A] DuPont Pioneer, Dow Agrosciences and Syngenta
[B] European Union environmental officials.
[B] 欧盟环境官员
[C] European Commision.
[C] 欧洲委员会
[D] Starvros Dimas.
[D] Starvros Dimas
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。本题具有一定的难度，文章一开头就提到欧盟环境官员确定了一些事实，并且建议要禁止销售转基因作物的种子。然后就提到决议在欧盟委员会中间流传。这样感觉仿佛是这些官员拟定的决议，但从文章下面的论述多次提到Dimas先生在决议中的观点，第六段也提到他的决议虽然是初步的但可能有很大影响。由此看来，该决议是Dimas先生提出的可能性大，答案为D。
2. To the decisions, the European Commission officials’ attitudes are _____
2．欧洲委员会官员对于这些决议的态度为_____
[A] skeptical.
[A] 怀疑的。
[B] controversial.
[B] 有争议的。
[C] contradictory.
[C] 矛盾的。
[D] divergent.
[D] 有分歧的。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第一段提到这些决议目前在欧洲委员会中间流传，一些官员对禁令表示怀疑，主要害怕禁令会影响外交关系。而从文章下面的部分可以看出，这些决议仿佛在欧洲委员会中间得到一些支持，那么可以这些官员所持的态度是有分歧的。选项D最为符合题意。B选项有一定的合理性和迷惑性，但是相比D选项显得不够准确。
3. About the decisions, which one of the following statements is TRUE?
3. 关于这些决定，以下陈述中哪一个是正确的？
[A] The decisions aim to put a ban the sale of the seeds of genetically modified corn due to political and biological concerns.
[A]这些决定禁止出售转基因谷物的种子主要是出于政治和生物上的原因。
[B] The decisions are warmly embraced by all EU members but bitterly rejected by their trade partners.
[B] 这些决议受到欧盟成员国的热情欢迎，但是却遭到了贸易国的反感和拒绝。
[C] The decisions could probably be made even if no definitive evidence proving the products harmful is found.
[C] 即使找不到可以证明这些产品有害的确凿证据，这些决议也可以通过。
[D] there is high possibility that the decisions would be approved by the European Commission.
[D] 这些决议由欧洲委员会批准的可能性非常大。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，从全文可以看出，这些决议只是初步拟定的，还没有最后确定，而且文章也没有明确说明是否同时处于政治和生物上的考虑。因此该选项不正确。选项B，文章并没有提到是否欧盟所有成员国都对该项决议表示热情欢迎；选项C，文章第五段Dimas先生的发言人谈到了这一点，说即使没有确凿证据，欧洲委员会可以基于“预防原则”做出决定，这个选项是正确的；D，目前该决议还未有明确说法，该选项错误。因此，答案为C。
4. Mr. Dimas cited many researches on the genetically modified corn in his decisions in order to_____
4. Dimas先生在其决议中引用了许多关于转基因谷物的研究，他这样做是为了___
[A] dispel some officials’ doubt on his decisions.
[A] 打消一些官员对她决议的疑虑。
[B] enhance the strength of his decision-making.
[B] 使自己的决议更有说服力。
[C] show the latest achievements on the research.
[C] 展示这方面研究最新的成果。
[D] demonstrate the latest achievement of his decision.
[D] 表明他的最新决议进展。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。Dimas先生在其拟定的决议中多次引用了关于转基因产品的研究，其目的是证实自己的决议是有根据的，这样就更有说服力。选项A，他自己拟定决议在先，这些官员怀疑在后，拟订时不一定存在这种想法；D，这不是其主要的目的。因此，A最为恰当。
5. The word “tilt” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) most probably means_____
5. “tilt”一词（第六段第一行）最有可能的意思是_____
[A] incline.
[A] 使倾向于。
[B] affect.
[B] 影响。
[C] induce.
[C] 导致，引起。
[D] evoke.
[D] 引起，博得。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文意思“Although still preliminary, his decisions could drastically tilt the policy against future approvals of genetically modified crops, said Nathalie Moll, a spokeswoman for Europabio, an industry group with 80 members including Syngenta, Pioneer and Dow”，尽管他的决议还是初步的，但是却能够让政策倾向于反对未来批准转基因食品。答案中A最为符合。
参考译文：
欧盟环境官员已经确定有两种转基因作物会伤害蝴蝶、影响食物链、妨害水游生物。他们还建议禁止出售该类种子，这些种子由DuPont Pioneer, Dow Agrosciences 和Syngenta研制。初步决议在欧盟委员会中通报，由该委员会做出最后决定。该禁令对蓬勃发展的生物技术业是一个打击，也可能会恶化与重要贸易伙伴（如美国）的紧张关系，因此一些官员对禁令持怀疑态度。目前在欧洲培育市场还没有销售这些种子。
在决议中，环境专员Stavros Dimas称转基因谷物或玉米可能对一些蝴蝶品种有害，尤其是黑脉金斑蝶，对其他一些益虫也有害处。比如，今年的一项研究表明在转基因谷类中生长的黑脉金斑蝶的幼虫“和其他幼虫表现不一样。”在关于Dow 和 Pioneer公司生产种子的决议中，Dimas先生认为“对环境潜在的危害是不可逆转的。”而就Syngenta生产的谷物，他说“培育这种产品带来的风险级别对环境来说是不能接受的。”
欧盟决定禁止转基因作物的种植，这是在易集团中的首例，也将激化就转基因作物一直以来的斗争。禁止将该技术用于谷物作物也标志着欧洲环境机构大胆迈出新的一步，这些机构已大手笔地就汽车和飞机排放制定规则，而这次的禁令使得他们将自己置于与美国及愤怒行业的纷争中。
“这些产品已经在美国和其他国家生长数年了，”美国贸易代表发言人Stephen Norton这样说，“我们还不知道有这样的先例，那就是一种产品已经通过欧洲卫生安全机构审查并被认定安全，现在却又被否定。”
Dimas 先生的女发言人Barbara Helfferich不愿意就程序的细节作评论，因为委员们还未做出最后决定。但是她说欧盟有权利基于“预防原则”做出决定，即使科学家并未发现确定证据来证明该产品有害。她说Dimas先生的决定在未来几周内就可在委员会前出台，但具体日期还未确定。在这些决定中，Dimas引用了最近的一些研究，这些研究表明对转基因“谷物副产品”的消费会“抑制生长，增加nontarget昆虫死亡率”，而且这些昆虫“是水生动物重要的食物”，因此这可能有“无法预料的影响整体生态系统规模的后果”。
尽管他的决定还是初步的，但是却会使未来批准转基因谷物的政策向一边倾斜，这是Europabio女发言人Nathalie Moll的观点，Europabio是拥有80名成员的一个工业组织，Syngenta, Pioneer and Dow都是其成员。Europabio称运用转基因谷物生长的作物已经进口到几个欧洲国家，包括法国和德国，用于饲养牛、鸡这样的动物。
赴欧盟的美国发言人Rob Gianfranceschi称目前就对尚未正式出台的决定作出评论还为时过早，但是他明确表示美国对于欧洲对转基因谷物的政策表示失望。
UNIT SIX
TEXT ONE
Maintaining internal E-mail systems has long been the bane of the university information-technology director. Servers are unwieldy and unreliable, and in the past several years, the number of student complaints has grown exponentially as forward-moving providers like YahooMail, Hotmail, and Gmail have increased expectations of what E-mail should offer. The solution for a number of colleges has been to wave the white flag and outsource E-mail hosting to the experts.
Microsoft, which owns Hotmail, and Google (Gmail) are the biggest players in the educational E-mail hosting market. Along with the neat-o peripheral gizmos like messaging, calendars, and collaboration tools, the outsourced systems are more stable, have better spam filters, and provide much more storage space than the typical university's in-house system. At the University of Pennsylvania, its old E-mail service gave students 60 megabytes of storage, just 3 percent of the 2 gigabytes Windows Live now provides. In return, Google and Microsoft get almost nothing, at least monetarily and in the short term. Microsoft's Windows Live @ edu and the Google Apps Education Edition are free of charge for schools. Eliminating another source of revenue, the two tech giants stripped their respective services of advertising in an effort to accommodate educators' concerns. Microsoft breaks even on the venture (it does run ads on non-E-mail services like instant messaging), while Google, which makes almost all its money through advertising, runs at a loss.
But what money they don't make at the moment will—the companies hope—pay great dividends in the form of lifelong users in the future, says Google's Jeff Kelter. As quickly as they shuffle out of commencement, graduates see their E-mail transition to the traditional ad-based formats of Gmail and Hotmail. And unlike before, when universities couldn't afford to host thousands of alumni, Google and Microsoft can maintain every account indefinitely, retaining customers as long as customers still want them.
Not all schools are ready to outsource their tech dirty work, with privacy and security topping the list of concerns. Critics worry that by handing over the responsibility of E-mail hosting, colleges also relinquish the freedom to keep the information safe in the best way they see fit. Even in the corporate world, there is great skepticism of consumer technologies like Google Apps. Yet most university IT managers agree that outsiders would do a better job protecting individual E-mail from viruses and spam than their own small operations, and strong word-of-mouth praise has done wonders to supplement the almost nonexistent marketing budgets for these Microsoft and Google projects.
The price tag—or lack of one—isn't a bad sales pitch either. Ramin Sedehi, the vice dean for finance and administration at Penn, says 30 percent of Penn's students already forward their messages to outside clients, and he predicts universities will eventually be out of the E-mail hosting business altogether. Ball State University and the Indiana University Alumni Association are now on Windows Live, and Arizona State University switched to Google Apps in October 2006, already converting at least 40,000 of its 65,000 students to the new system. Penn State University and California Polytechnic State University, to name two, have been in talks, while other schools are watching and waiting. 1. The number of student complaints has grown exponentially because_____
[A] the school servers are unwieldy and unreliable.
[B] the information-technology director is not the expert in providing IT-related assistance.
[C] the internal E-mail systems are much more backward than those commercially successful email systems.
[D] there are no collaboration tools in the internal E-mail systems.
2. Microsoft and Google do not run ads on the E-mail systems for schools because_____
[A] they want to cater to the requirements of their clients.
[B] they are sponsored by schools and do not need the revenue from ads.
[C] they want to build up a unique community with life-long loyalty.
[D] they want to maintain the stability of the systems at the present.
3. Compared with the universities, the advantage of Goole and Microsoft in hosting accounts of alumni is _____
[A] that they can reserve every account with minimum charge.
[B] that they can retain every account at customers’ wish.
[C] that they can maintain every account as long as the customers want.
[D] that they can keep every account fro free in a long term.
4. The two giants persist in providing the E-mail services though they run at a loss because_____
[A] they believe they will have good returns from the would-be lifelong users in the future.
[B] it is part of their social commitment to return the society through contributing to education.
[C] their strategy is to make profit through advertisement to university alumni.
[D] they want the students to propagandize for their projects.
5. The word “relinquish” (Line 3, Paragraph 4)most probably means_____
[A] lose.
[B] abandon.
[C] exchange.
[D]waste. 文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了大学将自己的电邮系统外包给微软、谷歌等公司。第一段讲述大学自己经营电邮系统的缺陷；第二段讲述外包电邮系统的优点；第三段讲述外包商的策略；第四段讲述外包存在的一些问题；第五段讲述目前大学电邮系统外包的情况。
词汇注释:
bane n. 祸害；害人精 unwieldy adj. 难操纵的, 难控制的
exponentially adv. 指数地，幂数地 gizmo n. 小玩意儿，小发明
spam n. 兜售信息[邮件，广告，新闻，文章]
dividend n. 红利 shuffle out of v. 笨拙地脱下
alumni n. 毕业生, 校友 relinquish v.放弃
难句突破：
Servers are unwieldy and unreliable, and in the past several years, the number of student complaints has grown exponentially as forward-moving providers like YahooMail, Hotmail, and Gmail have increased expectations of what E-mail should offer.
[主体句式] Severs are…, and the number has grown…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，后面分句结构比较复杂；该分句是带有as引导的原因状语从句的复杂句，前面in the past several years是状语。
[句子译文]在过去的几年中，学生抱怨的数量呈指数增长，而不断进步的供应商如雅虎邮件、Hotmail、Gmail更多考虑电子邮件能提供什么服务。
(2) Yet most university IT managers agree that outsiders would do a better job protecting individual E-mail from viruses and spam than their own small operations, and strong word-of-mouth praise has done wonders to supplement the almost nonexistent marketing budgets for these Microsoft and Google projects.
[主体句式] Most university IT managers agree that… and praise has done …
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句。前面的分句以that引导的宾语从句中，protecting …是现在分词结构作前面job的定语；后面的分句to引导的是目的状语。
[句子分析] 但是大多大学IT负责人认为比起他们自己的小型程序，外包可以更好地保护个人邮件免受病毒和广告的侵扰，而学生们对这些系统的口头赞扬已经为微软和谷歌的项目补充了那些几乎不存在的市场预算。
题目分析:
1. The number of student complaints has grown exponentially because_____
1. 学生抱怨的数量急剧增加是因为＿＿
[A] the school servers are unwieldy and unreliable.
[A] 学校的服务器难控制、不稳定。
[B] the information-technology director is not the expert in providing IT-related assistance.
[B] 信息技术主任不是能够提供IT相关帮助的专家。
[C] the internal E-mail systems are much more backward than those commercially successful email systems.
[C] 内部电邮系统与那些商业上非常成功邮件系统相比要落后得多。
[D] there are no collaboration tools in the internal E-mail systems.
[D] 内部电邮系统没有协作工具。
[答案]C
[难度分析] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第一段提到随着不断进步的供应商如雅虎邮件、Hotmail、Gmail不断更新电邮的服务项目，学生的抱怨越来越多，可以看出，学生抱怨数量的增多是因为相对于学校之外那些商业上非常成功的电邮系统，内部电邮系统跟不上进步。因此，选项C最为符合题意。A选项也有一定道理，但是不如C选项概括精确。B和D选项很显然不是主要的原因。
2. Microsoft and Google do not run ads on the E-mail systems for schools because_____
2. 微软和谷歌提供给学校的电邮系统上没有广告是因为_____
[A] they want to cater to the requirements of their clients.
[A] 他们想迎合客户的要求。
[B] they are sponsored by schools and do not need the revenue from ads.
[B] 他们得到了学校提供的资金，因此没有必要从广告中赚取收入。
[C] they want to build up a unique community with life-long loyalty.
[C] 他们想要建立一个特别的社区，使人们对他们一生都忠诚地使用他们的系统。
[D] they want to maintain the stability of the systems at the present.
[D] 他们在目前想要维护该系统的稳定。
[答案] A
[难度分析] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章在第二段提到这两大巨头将各自的广告项目都从该系统移除了，这是为了照顾教育家们的担忧，那么可以推断，是因为教育家担忧学校系统有广告会影响教育，因此两个公司才有这样的举措，所以他们主要是为了迎合客户的需求。因此选项中A最为符合题意。C选项有一定道理，而且在文章第三段中也有提到终生用户，但是这只是一个长远的想法，并不是本问题的直接原因。
3. Compared with the universities, the advantage of Google and Microsoft in hosting accounts of alumni is _____
3. 和大学相比, 谷歌和微软在保存毕业生记录方面的优势是_____
[A] that they can reserve every account with minimum charge.
[A] 可以以最低的费用保存任何纪录。
[B] that they can retain every account at customers’ wish.
[B] 可以根据客户的需要保留每份纪录。
[C] that they can maintain every account as long as the customers want.
[C] 可以以客户希望的任何时长来保存每份记录。
[D] that they can keep every account for free in a long term.
[D] 可以长期免费保存每份记录。
[答案] C
[难度分析] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第三段提到在以前大学自己的网络上，不能保存那么多学生的纪录，而这两大巨头却可以无限期地保存这些记录，只要客户需要就能以这种方式将客户保留住。可以，其优势是可以无限期地保存每一份记录。选项C中as long as the customers want就是文章中indefinitely这个词语的意思，因此为正确答案。至于是否收费还是免费、以及是否会考虑客户的需求，这在文章中都没有提及。
4. The two giants persist in providing the E-mail services though they run at a loss because_____
3. 两大巨头即使在亏损也坚持要提供电邮系统，这是因为_____
[A] they believe they will have good returns from the would-be lifelong users in the future.
[A] 他们相信未来的终身用户会给他们带来好的回报。
[B] it is part of their social commitment to return the society through contributing to education.
[B] 通过为教育作贡献来回报社会是他们的社会责任。
[C] their strategy is to make profit through advertisement to university alumni.
[C] 他们的战略是通过对大学校友打广告来盈利。
[D] they want the students to propagandize for their projects.
[D] 他们希望学生可以帮助宣传他们的项目。
[答案] A
[难度分析] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第二段提到两大巨头在亏本为高校提供电邮系统服务，第三段开头就指出它们希望，现在没有赚到的钱会在将来以终身用户的形式来给与它们回报。可见，他们这样做的目的是为了培养终生客户。因此，答案A最为符合题意。B选项在文章中并没有提及任何社会责任，属于无中生有。关于C选项，虽然文章中提到了他们的长远目标是留住大学校友客户，但是并没有提到通过向他们打广告盈利。D选项显然也是错误的，两家公司并没有计划让学生们帮忙宣传。
5. The word “relinquish” (Line 3, Paragraph 4)most probably means_____
4. “relinquish”这个词（第四段第二行）最有可能表示的意思是_____
[A] lose.
[A] 失去。
[B] abandon.
[B] 放弃。
[C] exchange.
[C] 交换。
[D] waste.
[D] 浪费。
[答案]B
[难度分析] ☆
[分析]根据上下文，并不是所有的学校都打算外包服务，批评家也担心如果将电邮转让出去，大学可能就要放弃保证信息安全的自由。从also这个词可以看出来，relinquish和hand over应该类似，是主动的，那么答案中B最为贴切。A有被动失去的意思。
参考译文:
长期以来，维护内部电子邮件系统一直是大学信息技术主任最头疼的问题。服务器难以控制、稳定性差，在过去的几年中，学生抱怨的数量呈指数增长，而不断进步的供应商如雅虎邮件、Hotmail、Gmail更多考虑电子邮件能提供什么服务。许多学校的解决办法就是举起白旗，将电邮交给外面的专家打理。
拥有Hotmail的微软，谷歌（Gmail）是教育电邮市场最大的玩家。外包系统除了有灵巧的辅助小工具（如收发消息、日历和协作工具），该系统更加稳定，有更好的广告过滤器, 并提供比大学传统的内部系统更大的存储空间。在宾西法尼亚大学，老电邮服务为学生提供60m的存储，是Windows Live现在提供的2G空间的3%。但是谷歌和微软都不收费，起码从金钱上或是短期来说是这样的。微软的Windows Live @ edu以及谷歌的教育应用版对于学校是免费的。这两个科技巨头还除去了另外一项收入来源，即将各自的广告服务去除，以免去教育家的担忧。微软甚至中断了这项业务（其在即时消息那样的非电邮服务上运营广告），而几乎完全靠广告获得收入的谷歌公司现在正亏损运行。
但是虽然他们现在没有赚到的钱，这些公司希望在未来通过终身用户的形式获得巨大的红利，谷歌的Jeff Kelter这样说。一旦毕业典礼结束，学生们就会看到自己的电邮转为传统的基于广告的Gmail和 Hotmail了。和以前不同的是，如果大学应付不了成千上万的校友，谷歌和微软可以无限期地保留每个人的纪录，他们有需求就可以一直保留用户身份。
但是并不是所有的学校都打算将自己的技术工作外包，隐私和安全问题是他们最为关心的。批评者认为如果将电邮的职责交出去的话，学校也就放弃了以他们认为合适的方法保证信息安全的自由。即使在业界，对于诸如谷歌Apps这样的用户技术也存在很大的怀疑。但是大多大学IT负责人认为比起他们自己的小型程序，外包可以更好地保护个人邮件免受病毒和广告的侵扰，而学生们对这些系统的口头赞扬已经为微软和谷歌的项目补充了那些几乎不存在的市场预算。
价格标签——或者没有——也不是一个坏的销售方式。宾西法尼亚大学财务和管理副主任Ramin Sedehi称30%的学生已经将他们的信息转给外部委托人，他预计大学最终将完全脱离自主电邮行业。鲍尔州立大学和印第安纳大学校友会使用Windows Live，而亚利桑那州州立大学2006年10月开始使用谷歌Apps，目前已经将至少65000名学生中的40000名转移到了新系统上。宾西法尼亚州州立大学和加利福尼亚工艺州立大学已经在商谈中，而其他学校都在观望和等待。
TEXT TWO
China makes computers, but imports most of its chips. India makes drugs, but copies almost all of the compounds; it writes software, but rarely owns the result. The bolder claims made for all three industries thus have a similar, hollow ring. They have flourished, but mostly on the back of other countries' technology. “We are not at the stage of Intel Inside,” admits Arvind Atignal of Clinigene, a clinical-research firm, drawing his own analogy between desktops and drugs. “We are the keyboard, screens and peripherals.”
How much does this matter? Joseph Xie of SMIC, the Chinese chipmaker, spent seven years working inside Intel. Its strategy, he says, was simple: “get there first; make most of the money; let the second guy get the change.” That is certainly one way to run a technology firm. But competing in that race is expensive and exhausting. Few of Intel's rivals still try to keep up with it, nanometre by nanometre.
Countries of China's and India's heft and ambition cherish the idea of pushing back the limits of technology. But that push is risky, costly, frustrating work. A country shouldn't do it unless it has to. Although China and India could devote their considerable intellectual resources to solving the problems faced by economies on the technological frontier, why cross that bridge until you reach it? Seen in this light, India's generic drugmakers are models not laggards. They invest in just enough know-how to exploit the rest of the world's discoveries. Thanks to them, Indians enjoy some of the world's cheapest medicines.
Under the WTO's Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights agreement (TRIPS), India has ceded the right to free-ride foreign advances. It now grants 20 years of patent protection to inventions hatched after 1995. In return, it hopes tighter laws will inspire Indians to new exploits in innovation, and reassure foreigners wary of inventing or making original products in the country.
The tougher laws may yet succeed. A recent study by Bruce Abramson of the World Bank expresses high hopes. A “patent chic” is already detectable in the country, he reports. He has even heard of Indian farmers calling lawyers in the hope of patenting their prize vegetables.
But, as yet, the new regime has not proved its worth. Over 17,000 patent applications were filed in India in 2004-05, almost 40% more than the year before. But only 3,500 were by Indians. Of the 49 most prolific filers in the past decade, 44 are either foreign companies or subsidiaries. Of the five Indian firms, all are either government-sponsored institutes or generic-drug companies, which did fine before TRIPS.
The new regime will be costly to run, if India takes it seriously. But the larger cost lies in the opportunities for unabashed imitation that India has now forgone. These lost opportunities might be quite big. Had Indian firms been prevented from copying fluoroquinolones, for example, the Indian public would have been worse off by the equivalent of $255m a year, reckons a study of the antibiotics market by Shubham Chaudhuri of the World Bank, Pinelopi Goldberg of Yale and Panle Jia of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1. Arvind Atignal draws an analogy between desktops and drugs because_____
[A] both of them have a similar prospect in China and India.
[B] both industries in India are still lacking core technology.
[C] drug-making in India is like making peripherals for desktops.
[D] the two industries have a similar operation in India.
2. The idea maintained by countries like China and India is _____ [A] to do the best they could.
[B] to solve the technological problems to the best of their ability.
[C] to go beyond the limits of technology.
[D] to do what they have to.
3. India has ceded the right to free-ride foreign advances because_____
[A] it wants to push back the limits of technology.
[B] it is in accordance with TRIPS.
[C] it wants to inspire Indians to making innovation.
[D] it wants to protect the inventions by the foreigners.
4. From the data of the sixth paragraph, it can be inferred that_____
[A] the tougher laws are not successful since it failed to raise Indians’ enthusiasm for patents.
[B] Indians are not so inventive as the foreign counterparts measured by patent application.
[C] Indians’ inventions are negligible because most firms are funded by the government and thus lack incentive.
[D] Indians are still left behind in inventions even under the system that encourage patenting.
5. Towards the future of the new regime, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____
[A] pessimistic.
[B] optimistic.
[C] dubious.
[D] objective.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍印度在技术发明创造方面的情况。第一、二段讲述印度在科技核心发明方面的特点；第三段讲述印度在该方面实施策略的逻辑；第四段讲述印度为改变发明专利方面现状采取的一些措施；第五段讲述严格的法律并没有明显效果；第六段讲述印度在发明专利方面还很落后；第七段讲述采取这样措施的弊端。
词汇注释：
nanometre n. 毫微米 heft n. 影响
laggard n. 落后者 cede v. 放弃
free-ride n. 不付出正常努力就能得到的东西
难句突破：
Although China and India could devote their considerable intellectual resources to solving the problems faced by economies on the technological frontier, why cross that bridge until you reach it?
[主体句式] Although China and India could…why cross …
[结构分析]这是一个带有条件状语从句的复合句，条件状语从句中，devote…to…是一个固定结构，to后跟的是动名词；主句是一个反疑疑问句。
[句子译文] 尽管中国和印度能够投入他们可观的智力资源来解决经济在技术前沿遇到的经济问题，那为什么不在碰到问题时再跨越这座桥呢？
(2) Had Indian firms been prevented from copying fluoroquinolones, for example, the Indian public would have been worse off by the equivalent of $255m a year, reckons a study of the antibiotics market by Shubham Chaudhuri of the World Bank, Pinelopi Goldberg of Yale and Panle Jia of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
[主体句式] …, reckons a study
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，Had…$255m a year 这是reckons的宾语从句，该宾语从句是虚拟语气；a study 是句子的主语。
[句子译文] 比如根据世界银行的Shubham Chaudhuri、耶鲁大学的Pinelopi Goldberg以及麻省理工大学的Panle Jia做的一项关于抗生素市场的研究，如果禁止印度公司效仿氟硅酮，那么印度公众可能一年就要损失掉2亿550万美元。
题目分析：
1. Arvind Atignal draws an analogy between desktops and drugs to show that_____
ArvindAtignal将电脑和药品作了一个类比，因为_____
[A] both of them have a similar prospect in China and India.
[A] 它们在中国和印度的前景类似。
[B] both industries in India are still lacking technologies.
[B] 它们在印度都缺乏核心技术。
[C] drug-making is marginalized in India.
[C] 印度的制药业被边缘化了。
[D] the two industries have a similar operation in India.
[D] 这两个产业在印度有相似的运营。
[答案] C
[难度分析] ☆☆☆
[分析] 这是一个推理题。Arvind Atignal供职于临床研究公司，他做这样的类比应该是说明医药方面的情况，键盘、显示器只是外围的设备，核心是因特尔芯片。结合上文所说的印度制药业的情况，可以看出他做这样的类比是为了说明印度的制药业核心还不在自己手上，做的一些东西都是边缘化的。因此，选项C最为符合题意。至于B选项提到的核心技术，相应的段落没有具体集体，因此B是干扰选项。
2. According to the second paragraph, the idea maintained by countries like China and India is _____
根据第二段，类似中国、印度的一些国家持有的观点是_____
[A] to do the best they could.
[A] 要尽自己最大的努力。
[B] to solve the technological problems to the best of their ability.
[B] 尽他们最大的能力解决技术难题。
[C] to go beyond the limits of technology.
[C] 竭力超越技术极限。
[D] to do what they have to.
[D] 只做他们必须做的。
[答案]D
[难度分析] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章第三段主要就是描述此类国家在技术创新方面的观点。他们认为，等到了确实需要的时候再进行研究，目前需要什么就研究什么，不要过于超前追求技术的创新。选项中，A、B选项正好和这个观点相反，C选项也和限制技术极限的观点相反，D选项符合这个观点，是正确答案。
3. India has ceded the right to free-ride foreign advances because_____
印度已经放弃了借鉴国外先进的权利，这是因为_____
[A] it wants to push back the limits of technology.
[A] 它想要将科技的极限退回去。
[B] it is in accordance with TRIPS.
[B]这是为了与世界贸易组织相关知识产权协议保持一致。
[C] it wants to inspire Indians to making innovation.
[C] 它想要激发印度人进行创新。
[D] it wants to protect the inventions by the foreigners.
[D] 它想要保护外国人的发明。
[答案]B
[难度分析] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第四段讲述印度目前采取了一些措施想要改变技术创造的现状。首先提到，依据世贸组织相关知识产权协议，放弃了借鉴外国先进技术的权利。可以看出，是这项协定作用的结果，因此，答案为B选项，而其他三个选项的内容在第四段中都没有提到。
4. From the data of the sixth paragraph, it can be inferred that_____
4. 从第六段的数据可以看出____
[A] the tougher laws are not successful since it failed to raise Indians’ enthusiasm for patents.
[A] 更为严格的法律在激起印度人对于专利的热情方面没有效果。
[B] Indians are not so inventive as the foreign counterparts measured by patent application.
[B] 如果以专利申请的情况来衡量，那么印度人没有外国人善于发明创造。
[C] Indians’ inventions are negligible because most firms are funded by the government and thus lack incentive.
[C] 印度人的发明可以忽略，因为大部分公司都有由政府投资的，因此他们缺乏发明的动力。
[D] Indians are still left behind in inventions even under the system that encourages patenting.
[D] 即使在鼓励专利申请的系统下，印度人在发明创造方面仍然比较落后。
[答案] D
[难度分析] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章第六段中给出的数据可以明显看出，印度人在发明创造专利申请方面比起外国人来少之又少，而结合前面谈到的情况，可以得出印度在发明创造方面还远远不如外国人。因此，答案中D最为符合。A选项不正确是因为这些数据可能是在该法律实施前的数据；C只是表面的现象，深层次来讲还是印度发明创造落后这一原因。
5. Towards the future of the new regime, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____
对于这个新国家的未来，作者的态度是_____
[A] pessimistic.
[A] 悲观的。
[B] optimistic.
[B] 乐观的。
[C] dubious.
[C] 令人怀疑的。
[D] objective.
[D] 客观的。
[答案]A
[难度分析] ☆
[分析]态度题。这篇文章介绍了目前印度为改变技术创新方面的现状作了一些努力，但从后面的描述中可以看出这些举措还未成功，而且最后谈到这样的话印度损失很大。由此可以看出，作者对此的态度并不乐观，选项A最为符合。
参考译文：
中国制造电脑，但大部分芯片都是进口的。印度制药，但所有的配方都是抄来的；印度还编软件，但最后的成果却很少归他们所有。关于这三个行业的大胆设想都有相似的、空洞的性质。这些行业都很兴盛，但是却要依仗其他国家的技术。“我们还没到因特尔内核那个层面，”临床研究公司Clinigene的Arvind Atignal说道，他将电脑和医药进行了类比。“我们只不过是键盘、显示器和一些外围设备罢了。”
那么这有什么关系呢？中国芯片制造商SMIC的Joseph Xie 在因特尔公司工作了七年。他说，因特尔的策略很简单：“先到一个地方；赚一大部分钱；让第二个人得点零头。”这当然是运营科技公司的一种方法，但是这种竞争是昂贵的，也是耗人体力的。因特尔仅有的几个对手仍在追赶它，尽管是以毫微米的速度。
在影响、抱负方面与中国、印度不相上下的国家都希望能把科技的极限推回去，但是这种作法有一定风险、耗费财力且容易落空。一个国家如果不是迫不得已就不应该这样做。尽管中国和印度能够投入他们可观的智力资源来解决经济在技术前沿遇到的经济问题，那为什么不在碰到问题时再跨越这座桥呢？要这样看的话，印度生物制药商就是典范而不是落后者了。他们只用足够的专门技术去开发世界各地的发现。正是因为他们，印度人才能够享受世界上最便宜的药物。
根据世界贸易组织的相关知识产权协议，印度已经放弃了借鉴国外先进的权利。现在印度赋予1995年后孵化的发明20年的专利保护。希望从紧的法律可以激励印度人探索新发明，也让那些一直对在这个国家的发明创造充满戒心的外国人安心。
更为从紧的法律还未成功。不过世界银行的Bruce Abramson最近的一项研究表达了较高的期望。他报道说，在这个国家已经发现了“专利chic”。他曾听说印度农民打电话给律师，希望可以为他们得奖的蔬菜申请专利。
但是，这个新兴的国家还没有证实自己的价值。2004年至2005年，印度的专利使用权申请有17000多宗，比前一年多了几乎40%。但是其中只有3500宗是印度人申请的。在过去的十年里，49个最多产的专利申请机构中有44个或是外国公司、或是外国公司子公司。而这五家印度公司要不是政府资助的研究所，要不是生物制药公司，它们在TRIPS前做得很出色。
如果印度真的要这样做的话，这个国度运作起来就太耗费钱财了。但是更大的消耗在于印度目前放弃的模仿机会。这样丢失掉的机会可能很多。比如根据世界银行的Shubham Chaudhuri、耶鲁大学的Pinelopi Goldberg以及麻省理工大学的Panle Jia做的一项关于抗生素市场的研究，如果禁止印度公司效仿氟硅酮，那么印度公众可能一年就要损失掉2亿550万美元。
TEXT THREE
Thousands of writers in Los Angeles and New York went on strike this week, risking their incomes and careers. They want more money for their work when it is used online than Hollywood studios are willing to pay. Because the strike is over matters of principle, not just dollars and cents, it could last for months. The immediate effect was to shut down late-night talk shows, including “Late Show with David Letterman” and “The Tonight Show with Jay Leno”. If the last writers' strike, in 1988, is any guide, the talk shows will stay silent for a couple of months before going back on air without scripts. Soaps will be next to go, in a week or two; then prime-time dramas, a few weeks later. Some say the film business is safe, because studios have stockpiled scripts. But scripts often need tweaking by writers at the last minute.
Media companies argue that the market has become increasingly competitive and uncertain for many reasons, including internet piracy and tumbling box-office receipts. They want to cut writers' income from “residuals”, which are payments made when a TV show is re-used. The writers are determined not to repeat the mistake they made in 1985, when they listened to the studios' plea that home video was an unproven new market and agreed to a residual payment of 0.3%, which translates into about four cents for each sale of a DVD—or one-tenth of what DVD-box manufacturers get. The writers now want a residual payment of 2.5% for re-use of material online and on mobile phones.
The studios say that internet delivery is the same as home video, so the old rate still applies. And they refuse to pay anything to writers when content is streamed over the internet free to viewers, supported by ads, because this is merely “promotion”. Both sides made last-minute concessions on traditional-media payments. But because new-media rights are so critical to the future earnings of writers and studios, neither was willing to compromise.
Who will suffer the most? “The strike won't affect most studios unless the writers stay out three to five months,” says a senior executive at a media conglomerate. Because writers on reality and animation programmes are not unionised, the networks will be able to switch to other forms of programming; sport will fill the gaps, too. But Moody's, a credit-rating agency, reckons that a strike lasting into late 2008 would have a serious financial impact. Broadcast networks and premium-cable channels would be hurt most, because they rely most on first-run scripted shows.
Some writers, of course, are wealthy. “I'm walking the picket line with some guys who are worth millions,” says Lou DiMaggio, a reality- and game-show writer who won an Emmy award for “Win Ben Stein's Money”. But the vast majority of writers, he says, earn about $50,000-75,000 a year. Mr DiMaggio says he backed out of buying a house because of the strike; junior writers may have to go back to waiting tables. Luckily for Hollywood, however, most scribes are too devoted to their calling to be put off. Gary Goldman, a writer picketing outside Fox Studios who has worked on science-fiction thrillers such as “Minority Report”, says that many writers will spend their free time working on screenplays that they hope to sell to the studios on spec.
Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the strike?
[A] The mere aim of this strike is to increase writers’ income in general.
[B] The strike is mainly relevant the issue of scripts used on TV show and primary dramas.
[C] The strike will be effective only if it last for a long time.
[D] Whether the film industry will be affected by the strike or not is open to question.
The writers made a mistake in the strike of 1985 because_____
[A] the studio’s offer of payment increase was satisfactory.
[B] they readily believed the studios’ excuse out of a false judgment.
[C] the union failed to unite the majority of the writers.
[D] the market prospect of home video was not so competitive and uncertain.
3. In the end the writers and the studios made a compromise on_____
[A] the TV show payments.
[B] the payments of the online drama shows.
[C] the payments of the mobile phone shows.
[D] the payments of internet shows.
4. The word “unionised” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
[A] united.
[B]organized.
[C] established.
[D] arranged.
5. The screenplays are written by the writers in their free time will be sold to the studios_____
[A] on a special offer.
[B] with no guarantee of profit.
[C] on special occasions.
[D] as a speculation.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了目前美国编剧罢工的一些情况。第一段讲述罢工可能带来的后果；第二段讲述罢工的编剧们所提出的要求；第三段讲述目前达成的协议；第四段讲述制片商可能会受到的损失；第五段讲述编剧可能会受到的损失。
词汇注释：
script n. 剧本 tweak v. 调整
residual n. 电视片每次重映给演员[作者]的报酬
unionise v. 联合, 组合
难句突破：
The writers are determined not to repeat the mistake they made in 1985, when they listened to the studios' plea that home video was an unproven new market and agreed to a residual payment of 0.3%, which translates into about four cents for each sale of a DVD—or one-tenth of what DVD-box manufacturers get.
[主体句式] The writers are determined not to repeat…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。宾语the mistake 后面跟着一个定语从句，该从句中的时间状语in 1985后跟着一个以when引导的定语从句，该定语从句为一个并列结构，在该从句中a residual payment of 0.3%，后面跟着以which引导的非限定性定语从句。
[句子译文] 而编剧们决心这次不再犯他们1985年犯过的错误了，当时他们听信了制片商的借口，说家庭录像还是一个未知的新市场，于是最终同意收取0.3%的重映费，这相当于每卖出一张DVD他们只能得4美分，这是DVD制造商所得的1/10。
(2) Gary Goldman, a writer picketing outside Fox Studios who has worked on science-fiction thrillers such as “Minority Report”, says that many writers will spend their free time working on screenplays that they hope to sell to the studios on spec.
[主体句式] Gary Goldman says that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，主语带有一个同位语a writer…，该同位语中有一个以who引导的定语从句修饰a writer；在宾语从句中有一个以that引导的定语从句修饰screenplays。
[句子译文] Gary Goldman是在福克斯公司外工作的编剧，他曾经为科幻惊恐电影如“少数人报告”中工作过，他说许多编剧都会在业余时间里写电影剧本，他们希望可以碰碰运气看能否出售给制片商。
题目分析：
1. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the strike?
1. 关于这次罢工，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] The mere aim of this strike is to increase writers’ income in general.
[A]这次罢工唯一的目的就是要普遍提高编剧的收入。
[B] The strike is mainly relevant the issue of scripts used on TV show and primary dramas.
[B]这次罢工主要是针对用于电视节目和主要戏剧的剧本。
[C] The strike will be effective only if it last for a long time.
[C] 这次罢工只有坚持很长时间才能有效。
[D] Whether the film industry will be affected by the strike or not is open to question.
[D] 这次罢工是否对于电影业有影响仍然是一个问题。
[答案]C
[难度分析] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，在第一段有这么一句，这次罢工不仅仅是为了美元，而且更重要的是为了一些原则。因此，A不正确。B，从全文可以看出，这次罢工主要是为编剧争取作品在网上使用时能有较高的回报，而不是电视上，因此该选项于文章不符；C，根据第四段，罢工只有延续几个月才能对制片商有一定影响，改选项符合题意。选项D,第一段最后一句提到，剧本还是需要编剧来做修改的，因此，该选项也不符合题意。正确答案为C。
2. The writers made a mistake in the strike of 1985 because_____
2.编剧们在1985年的罢工中犯了一个错误因为_____
[A] the studio’s offer of payment increase was satisfactory.
[A] 制片商提出的工资上涨幅度非常令人满意。
[B] they readily believed the studios’ excuse out of a false judgment.
[B] 他们由于错误的判断而轻信了制片商的借口。
[C] the union failed to unite the majority of the writers.
[C] 工会没有能够团结大部分编剧。
[D] the market prospect of home videos was not so competitive and uncertain.
[D] 家庭录像的市场前景并不具有竞争力，反而相当不确定。
[答案]B
[难度分析] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第二段提到，他们不会再犯1985年罢工的那次错误。那次罢工中，编剧听信了制片商的借口说家庭录像是个新市场，有待试验。最终他们同意只拿取很小的一部分利润。因此，这次错误的原因就在于他们听信了制片商的借口，B最为符合题意。A显然与原文意思相反，C选项在原文中没有提及，而D选项显然与该题无关。
3. Finally the writers and the studios made a compromise on_____
3.最后，编剧和制片商在_____上达成了协议。
[A] the TV show payments.
[A] 电视节目的报酬
[B] the payments of the online drama shows.
[B] 在线电视剧节目的报酬
[C] the payments of the mobile phone shows.
[C] 手机节目的报酬
[D] the payments of internet shows.
[D] 因特网节目的报酬
[答案] A
[难度分析] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章第三段提到他们就传统媒体节目报酬已经达成了最后的协议，而新的媒体节目报酬还没有达成。从文中其他的地方可以看出，所谓新的媒体就是指网络、手机等，传统的是电视节目，因此，选项A为正确答案。
4. The word “unionised” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
4.“unionised”这个词（第四段第三行）最有可能的意思是____
[A] united.
[A] 联合。
[B] organized.
[B] 有组织的。
[C] established.
[C] 建立。
[D] arranged.
[D] 安排。
[答案]A
[难度分析] ☆
[分析]猜词题。根据上下文意思，因为实景剧和动画片的编剧不会组织成工会，广播公司可以转向其他形式的节目，体育也可以填补空白。选项A最为切合。
5． The screenplays are written by the writers in their free time will be sold to the studios_____
编剧在业余时间写的电影剧本将会____卖给制片商。
[A] on a special offer.
[A] 特价
[B] with no guarantee of profit.
[B] 对盈利没有保证
[C] on special occasions.
[C] 特殊情形
[D] as a speculation.
[D] 作为投机
[答案]B
[难度分析] ☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。这个题关键在于理解“on spec”这个词组的意思，该词组意思为“碰运气地，对盈利没有把握地”。再者，可以从文章来推理，现在编剧罢工，没有收入，只能利用业余时间编剧本撞撞运气。因此，答案为B选项。
参考译文：
洛杉矶、纽约成千上万的编剧不惜以他们的工资和职业作为赌注于这周举行了游行。他们希望自己作品在网上使用时，得到的报酬比好莱坞制片商愿意支付的更多一些。因为这次罢工事关原则问题，而不仅仅是金钱问题，因此可能会持续几个月。罢工的直接效应就是暂停了夜间的谈话节目，包括“David Letterman晚间谈话”和“Jay Leno夜间谈话”。如果之前那次的编剧罢工（1988年）有点示范作用的话，那么这些谈话节目得沉寂几个月才会重新回到屏幕、但却没有剧本，接下来肥皂剧会在一两周内恢复，之后几周内黄金时间剧作才会回归。有人认为电影行业是安全的，因为制片商有成堆的剧本。但是在紧要关头剧本总是需要编剧做些调整。
媒体公司认为市场竞争越来越激烈，而且因为许多原因变得更加扑朔迷离，比如因特网盗版和票房收入的下降。他们想要从给作者的电视片重映报酬中卡掉一些。而编剧们决心这次不再犯他们1985年犯过的错误了，当时他们听信了制片商的借口，说家庭录像还是一个未知的新市场，于是最终同意收取0.3%的重映费，这相当于每卖出一张DVD他们只能得4美分，这是DVD制造商所得的1/10。现在编剧希望如果在网上或移动电话上使用这些材料的话，可以支付2.5%的重映费。
制片商称因特网的传播和家庭录像是一样的，因此将执行原来的比率。如果相关内容放在网上免费给观众收看，那么他们不会向编剧支付任何费用，因为这些是靠广告支撑的，只是一种“宣传”。双方在传统媒体支付上都做出了最后的让步，但是由于新型媒体的权利对于编剧和制片商未来的收入都至关重要，因此双方都不肯做出妥协。
那么谁会损失最多？“对于制片商，这次罢工不会有什么影响，除非编剧可以离开三到五个月，” 一家媒体集团的首席执行官这样说。因为实景剧和动画片的编剧不会组织成工会，广播公司可以转向其他形式的节目，体育也可以填补空白。但是一家信贷评级机构Moody's认为如果罢工一直持续到2008年末的话，经济就会受到严峻冲击。广播网和付费频道损失最大，因为它们依赖的就是原稿节目的首轮放映。
当然有一些剧作家是很富有的。“跟我一起沿着警戒线走的是一些身价值百万的家伙们，” 实景、游戏编剧Lou DiMaggio这样说，他曾因“赢掉本·斯坦的钱”而获得了艾美奖。但是他说大部分的编剧年薪为5万到7万五千美元。DiMaggio说他就是因为这次罢工打消了买房子的主意。而级别低的编剧可能得回到搁置名单中了。但是，好莱坞是幸运的，因为大多编剧都愿意响应他们的号召，不会推迟。Gary Goldman是在福克斯公司外工作的编剧，他曾经为科幻惊恐电影如“少数人报告”中工作过，他说许多编剧都会在业余时间里写电影剧本，他们希望可以碰碰运气看能否出售给制片商。
TEXT FOUR
Working out exactly what students and taxpayers get for the money they spend on universities is a tricky business. Now the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), a Paris-based think-tank for rich countries, is planning to make the task a bit easier, by producing the first international comparison of how successfully universities teach.
“Rather than assuming that because a university spends more it must be better, or using other proxy measures for quality, we will look at learning outcomes,” explains Andreas Schleicher, the OECD's head of education research. Just as the OECD assesses primary and secondary education by testing randomly chosen groups of youngsters from each country in reading and mathematics, it will sample university students to see what they have learned. Once enough universities are taking part, it may publish league tables showing where each country stands, just as it now does for compulsory education. That may produce a fairer assessment than the two established rankings, though the British one does try to broaden its inquiry by taking opinions from academics and employers.
There is much to be said for the OECD's approach. Of course a Nobel laureate's view on where to study may be worth hearing, but dons may be so busy writing and researching that they spend little or no time teaching—a big weakness at America's famous universities. And changes in methodology can bring startling shifts. The high-flying London School of Economics, for example, tumbled from 17th to 59th in the British rankings published last week, primarily because it got less credit than in previous years for the impressive number of foreign students it had managed to attract.
The OECD plan awaits approval from an education ministers' meeting in January. The first rankings are planned by 2010. They will be of interest not just as a guide for shoppers in the global market, but also as indicators of performance in domestic markets. They will help academics wondering whether to stay put or switch jobs, students choosing where to spend their time and money, and ambitious university bosses who want a sharper competitive edge for their institution.
The task the OECD has set itself is formidable. In many subjects, such as literature and history, the syllabus varies hugely from one country, and even one campus, to another. But OECD researchers think that problem can be overcome by concentrating on the transferable skills that employers value, such as critical thinking and analysis, and testing subject knowledge only in fields like economics and engineering, with a big common core.
Moreover, says Mr Schleicher, it is a job worth doing. Today's rankings, he believes, do not help governments assess whether they get a return on the money they give universities to teach their undergraduates. Students overlook second-rank institutions in favour of big names, even though the less grand may be better at teaching. Worst of all, ranking by reputation allows famous places to coast along, while making life hard for feisty upstarts. “We will not be reflecting a university's history,” says Mr Schleicher, “but asking: what is a global employer looking for?” A fair question, even if not every single student's destiny is to work for a multinational firm. 1. The project by OECD is aimed to_____
[A] assess primary and secondary education of each school that subscribe to the service.
[B] appraise the learning outcomes of university students as part of their academic performance.
[C] establish a new evaluation system for universities.
[D] set up a new ranking for compulsory education.
2. The assessment method by OECD is different from the established rankings in_____
[A] that its inquiry is broader as to include all the students and staff.
[B] that its samples are chosen randomly based on statistical analysis of method.
[C] that it attaches more importance to the learning efficiency.
[D] that it takes opinions from the students to see what they have learnt.
3. The best universities in the Nobel laureate’s eye are _____
[A] those of high reputation.
[B] those ambitious universities.
[C] the feisty upstarts.
[D] those high-flying universities.
4. By the case of London School of Economic, the author wants to show that_____
[A] the OECD’s approach is very fair.
[B] the Nobel laureate’s opinion is not worth hearing.
[C] the British rankings pays more attention to the foreign students.
[D] different assessment methods may lead to different ranking results.
5. The OECD’s ranking system will probably be welcomed most by_____
[A] parents who pay for the children’s secondary education.
[B] the famous colleges.
[C] those ambitious second-rank institutions.
[D] shoppers in the global market.
文章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了经济合作与发展组织目前正在努力建立的一种新的大学评估模式。第一段讲述该组织进行这个项目的目的；第二段讲述该组织采取的方法；第三段讲述该方法的优点；第四段讲述该项目的好处；第五段讲述该项目存在的困难和可能解决的方式；第五段讲述这种方式的优点。
词汇注释：
proxy adj. 代理的 high-flying adj. 报有雄心大志的，有远大抱负的
feisty adj. 精神蓬勃的，活跃的 upstarts n. 新贵
难句突破：
Now the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), a Paris-based think-tank for rich countries, is planning to make the task a bit easier, by producing the first international comparison of how successfully universities teach.
[主体句式] OECD is planning to…
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，主语OECD后面的成分是主语的同位语，而谓语中by producing…是方式状语；该方式状语中，of后面的疑问句是of的宾语从句。
[句子译文] 总部位于巴黎的经济合作和发展组织是一家富裕国家的智囊团机构，目前在建立第一个大学教学国际比较体系，希望借此可以让这个难题容易解决一些。
(2) But OECD researchers think that problem can be overcome by concentrating on the transferable skills that employers value, such as critical thinking and analysis, and testing subject knowledge only in fields like economics and engineering, with a big common core.
[主体句式] But OECD researchers think that…
[结构分析]这是一个复合句。主局的宾语从句比较复杂，that problem can be overcome by…with a big common core. 在该从句中，skills后面是that引导的定语从句 that employers value, 后面的such as…是skills 的定语；such as后面跟着两个并列的结构；在该并列结构中，最后的with a big common core是subject knowledge 的定语。
[句子译文] 但是经济合作与发展组织研究者认为可以主要关注雇主所重视的可转换的技术，比如批评性思考和分析，并只在那些有共同核心的领域如经济、工程等考察科目知识掌握情况。
题目分析：
1. The project by OECD is aimed to_____
1.经济合作与发展组织的这个项目的目的是___
[A] assess primary and secondary education of each school that subscribe to the service.
[A] 评价那些为该服务付费的初级和中级教育学校。
[B] appraise the learning outcomes of university students as part of their academic performance.
[B] 评价大学学生的学习成果，作为他们学业表现的一部分。
[C] establish a new evaluation system for universities.
[C] 建立新的大学评价系统。
[D] set up a new ranking for compulsory education.
[D] 建立新的义务教育的评判等级。
[答案] C
[难度分析] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章第一段提到，OECD目前正在进行一个项目想将世界的大学教育效果做一个对比，再根据第二段，一旦有足够多的大学参与进来，就可以创立表格标明每个国家的位置。而且这个系统比现有的两个评价等级更公平。那么，可以推断，这个项目是为了建立新的大学评价系统，选项C为正确答案。选项B只不过是为了建立该体系的一个步骤，并不是终极目的。
2. The assessment method by OECD is different from the established rankings in_____
2.OECD的评价方法和现有的评价等级不同之处在于_____
[A] that its inquiry is broader as to include all the students and staff.
[A] 调查包括了多有的学生和教师，因而更为广泛。
[B] that its samples are chosen randomly based on statistical analysis of method.
[B] 基于统计分析方法，选择了个案采用随机方法。
[C] that it attaches more importance to the learning efficiency.
[C] 更注重学习效果。
[D] that it takes opinions from the students to see what they have learnt.
[D] 听取学生的意见，看看他们都学到了什么。
[答案] C
[难度分析] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章第二段一开头就指出OECD不会认为一个大学投入的资金越多就可以越好，也不会用其他代理措施来评估质量，他们更注重的是学习结果。在最后一段又提到该系统不看重学校名气，而更看重一个学校的教学成果。由此可见，他们不同之处是OECD更加注重这种效果，选项C最为符合题意。
3. The best universities in the Nobel laureate’s eye are _____
3.在诺贝尔获奖者的眼里最好的大学
是_____
[A] those of high reputation.
[A] 那些富有盛名的大学。
[B] those ambitious universities.
[B] 那些有抱负的大学。
[C] the feisty upstarts.
[C] 富有活力的新大学。
[D] those high-flying universities.
[D] 那些有雄心大志的大学。
[答案]A
[难度分析] ☆☆
[分析]推理题。第三段提到，当然诺贝尔奖得主关于应该在哪里学习的意见值得听取，但是大学教授们可能忙于写书或做研究，因此在教学方面投入的时间很少或几乎没有，这是美国名校一个大的弱点。从这一点可以推出，诺贝尔获奖者应该是推荐了美国名校，否则不会提到名校存在的问题。因此，选项A是正确答案。
4. By the case of London School of Economic, the author wants to show that_____
4. 作者举伦敦经济学院的例子是想说明_____
[A] the OECD’s approach is very fair.
[A] 经济合作与发展组织的方法非常公道。
[B] the Nobel laureate’s opinion is not worth hearing.
[B] 诺贝尔奖获得者的观点不值得听取。
[C] the British rankings pays more attention to the foreign students.
[C] 英国评定等级更看重外国学生。
[D] different assessment methods may lead to different ranking results.
[D] 不同的评判方式会得出不同的等级结果。
[答案] D
[难度分析] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章第三段提到了伦敦经济学院在上周发行的英国评级中，由第59位滑落至第17位，这主要是因为相对于上一年度，在尽力争取大量的外国学生方面所得的分数减少了。而在这个例子前面有一句话，方法上的改变可以带来令人震惊的结果。那么可以猜出，可能这个评级和之前的评级还有所不同。而这个例子可能就是要说明这个问题。因此，选项D最为符合题意。
5. The OECD’s ranking system will probably be welcomed most by_____
5.经济合作与发展组织的评级系统可能最会受到_____的欢迎。
[A] parents who pay for the children’s secondary education.
[A] 那些为孩子支付高等教育费用的家长们
[B] the famous colleges.
[B] 名牌学校
[C] those ambitious second-rank institutions.
[C] 那些抱负远大的二类学校
[D] shoppers in the global market.
[D] 国际市场上的买家
[答案]C
[难度分析] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。经济合作与发展组织的这个评价系统注重学校的教学质量，不注重学校的名气，因此AB可能不会特别欢迎这个系统；C，这类学校有教学成绩，却苦于没有名气，如果这个系统能给以公平的评定，那么它们的排名肯定会提前，应该会受到它们的欢迎；D，实际是跨国公司的雇主，通过这个系统他们可以更客观地了解大学学生情况，有利于选拔人才，他们也会欢迎。C、D相对而言，C可能取得的利益更大，应该更欢迎这个评价体系。因此，答案为C选项。
参考译文：
要算出学生和纳税人花在大学上的钱能有多大的回报，这一直是个棘手的问题。总部位于巴黎的经济合作和发展组织是一家富裕国家的智囊团机构，目前在建立第一个大学教学国际比较体系，希望借此可以让这个难题容易解决一些。
“我们不会认为一个大学投入的资金越多越好，也不会用其他代理措施来评估质量，我们更注重学习结果。” 经济合作和发展组织教育研究主任Andreas Schleicher说道。就像经济合作和发展组织曾从每个国家随机抽取了一些学生，测验他们的阅读和数学从而评估其初级和中级教育水平一样，这次也会从大学生中取样来看他们的学习效果。如果有足够多的大学参与进来，就可以公布联合报表，评定每个国家在教育所处的位置，这就跟他们目前在义务教育方面所作的工作一样。这样得出的评判要比目前已有的两种评级更为公正，尽管英国评级目前因广泛了接受学术界和雇主的意见从而扩展自己的调查范围。
经济合作与发展组织的方法可圈可点之处还有很多。当然诺贝尔奖得主关于应该在哪里学习的意见值得听取，但是大学教授们可能忙于写书或做研究，因此在教学方面投入的时间很少或几乎没有，这是美国名校一个大的弱点。方法上的改变可以带来令人震惊的结果。比如说，抱负远大的伦敦经济学院在上周发行的英国评级中，由第17位滑落至第59位，这主要是因为相对于上一年度，该校在尽力争取大量的外国学生方面所得的分数减少了。
经济合作和发展组织在等待一月份教育部长会议的审批，并计划于2010年进行第一次评级。这些评级会赢得广泛的兴趣，不仅仅因为可以作为全球市场中雇主的指南，还因为在国内市场也能充当业绩的指标。这样就可以帮助学术界决定是否原地不动还是应该进行一些改变，学生也可以选择在哪里投入自己的时间和钱财，还可以帮助充满抱负的大学校长增强本校的竞争力。
经济合作与发展组织进行的工作是艰难的。在像文学、历史这样的科目上，各个国家的课程各不相同，甚至各个学校也大相径庭。但是经济合作与发展组织研究者认为可以主要关注雇主所重视的可转换的技术，比如批评性思考和分析，并只在那些有共同核心的领域如经济、工程等考察科目知识掌握情况。
Schleicher说，这是一项值得做的工作。他相信，目前的这些评级无助于政府评判给与大学教育学生的资金能否取得好的回报。学生们更喜欢一些有名气的学校，而忽略了二类学校，虽然这些学校在教学方面更出众一些。更糟糕的是，根据名气来评级会让名校成绩下滑，而让那些充满活力的新兴学校生存困难。“我们并不能反映一个大学的历史，”Schleicher先生说，“但是要问问自己：这难道是全球雇主所需要的吗？” 尽管不是每个学生的目标都是供职于一个跨国公司，但这是一个合理的问题。
UNIT SEVEN
TEXT ONE
Once upon a time—when the U.S. dollar was king—American students blithely flocked overseas to nibble on affordable scones and croissants between classes. How times have changed.As the dollar dips to all-time lows, college students are feeling the pinch. Especially in the United Kingdom and countries that use the euro—which currently is at 68 cents to the dollar—the cost of living has skyrocketed. "Years ago we could say studying abroad was the same price as staying on campus," says Daeya Malboeuf, an associate director at Syracuse University. "There's no way we can say that anymore."
Yet this unfavorable economic environment hasn't stopped students from scrambling overseas. According to the Institute of International Education, study-abroad programs have grown 144 percent in the past decade and continue to increase around 8 percent each year. Considering the rising costs, "it's surprising how little the students haven't been deterred," says Natalie Bartush, who handles the study-abroad program at the University of Texas.
Where the real change appears to be happening as a result of rising prices is in the length and location of students' foreign study choices. The number of participants in short-term summer programs has swelled, as has the interest in courses at more exotic locales. For Middlebury College students, for example, a year in Florence costs around $37,000; at Santiago, Chile, it's $27,000. Such price differences have contributed to modest or flat growth at traditionally popular programs in western Europe and Australia, whereas schools in Chile, Argentina, South Africa, and China (particularly Hong Kong) are aggressively expanding to meet rising demand.
Program directors are quick to point out that the shift is not just about money. "You can't understand the United States today without understanding what's going on outside our borders, and that's not just Europe anymore," says Rebecca Hovey, dean of the study-abroad program at the School for International Training. Interest in nontraditional locales spiked even before the dollar began dropping, and foreign countries are marketing themselves to American students. A surge of support from education nonprofits and the State Department also has fueled the trend.
Study-abroad costs also vary wildly based on the way colleges structure their programs. Schools that effectively swap students with a foreign college are less affected by the falling dollar, but American schools that operate their own student centers often end up paying more for rent, utilities, and faculty salaries as the U.S. currency falters. The dollar's slide also means that trying to set student fees in advance is a tiresome guessing game for college officials. Most of these educators' energy, however, is spent scrounging up extra financial aid for needy travelers. Students already getting help can usually transfer their aid to tuition and fees abroad, but basics like housing and food are often at the mercy of the fluctuating dollar. Airfare, which can exceed $1,000 round trip, is not generally included in school fees, and whirlwind trips across continents are rarely cheap.
The emphasis on student financial responsibility is especially evident at private schools like Syracuse, which charges the same pricey tuition abroad as at home. Even at more affordable public universities and private colleges like Middlebury—which charges U.S. students the often cheaper tuition of the international host schools—counselors are quick to peddle the virtue of thrift, a lesson no longer lost between those on safety and culture shock.
1. The fact that American students blithely flocked overseas to nibble on affordable sconesa and croissants implies that_____
[A] studying abroad cost almost the same as staying in U.S. for higher education.
[B] American students were encouraged to study overseas to enrich their experience.
[C] the cost of living at abroad was moderate for American students.
[D] the U.S. dollar was the strongest currency in the world.
2. The changes of study-abroad caused by the dollar’s depreciation are the following ones except_____
[A] students’ enthusiasm of studying abroad in short period does not disappear but vice versa.
[B] students become hesitant when considering long-term overseas programs.
[C] programmes in western Europe and Australia suffer declining popularity.
[D] students who chose to study at certain continents are at a rapid growth.
3. Rebecca Hover’s statement implies that_____
[A] the United States are now more readily influenced by the other countries than before.
[B] shift in the mainland may also be caused by factors outside of America.
[C] Europe can no longer influnece the United States as before.
[D] the United States are extending its influence beyond its boraders.
4. Who are probably most affected by the dollar’s dip?
[A] The international exchange students.
[B] The students who have got scholarships.
[C] The students at costly private schools.
[D] The students at public universities.
5. The best title for this passage is_____
[A] Impact of the Dollar’s Devaluation.
[B] American Students at Abroad.
[C] Study-abroad Costs for American Students.
[D] Shift of American Students’ Foreign Study.
文章剖析：
这篇文章主要讲述美元贬值后对于美国学生留学的影响。第一段讲述美元波动引起的留学学生生活成本的增加；第二段讲述即便如此，海外留学数量有增无减；第三段讲述生活成本增加后引起的留学变化；第四段讲述留学的变化也有其他因素的影响；第五段、第六段讲述因学校不同，受美元贬值影响也不同。
词汇注释：
blithely adv. 愉快地、高兴地 nibble v. 小口快吃
scone n. 烤饼 croissant n. 羊角面包
skyrocket v. 暴涨 spike v. 增强...的效果, 使增添生气
scrounge v. 搜寻, 搜集
难句突破：
(1) Such price differences have contributed to modest or flat growth at traditionally popular programs in western Europe and Australia, whereas schools in Chile, Argentina, South Africa, and China (particularly Hong Kong) are aggressively expanding to meet rising demand.
[主体句式] Such price differences have contributed to…whereas schools are expanding…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句。前面分句中，at traditionally popular programs in …是状语。
[句子译文] 价格的悬殊使得在西欧和澳大利亚较受欢迎的传统项目增长平平，而智利、阿根廷、南非和中国（尤其是香港）的学校却因需求急剧增加，也飞速扩大。
(2) Schools that effectively swap students with a foreign college are less affected by the falling dollar, but American schools that operate their own student centers often end up paying more for rent, utilities, and faculty salaries as the U.S. currency falters.
[主体句式] Schools are less affected…, but American schools often end up…
[结构分析]这是一个并列句。前面分句中，schools后面是以that引导的定语从句；后面分句中，schools后面也有that引导的定语从句；as引导的时间状语从句是后面分句的状语。
[句子译文] 而那些与外国大学进行学生交换的学校因美元贬值受到的影响也较小。但是自己运营学生中心的美国学校却因为美元的波动，要在房租、设备、人员工资方面支付更多费用。而美元的贬值也意味着提前设定学费对于大学行政人员来说是个麻烦的估算工作。
题目分析：
1. The fact that American students blithely flocked overseas to nibble on affordable scones and croissants implies that_____
美国学生高兴地大堆跑到其他国家，在课间品尝着价格合适的烤饼和羊角面包，这个事实暗示者_____
[A] studying abroad cost almost the same as staying in the U.S. for higher education.
[A] 在国外接受高等教育和在美国国内所需费用几乎差不多。
[B] American students were encouraged to study overseas to enrich their experience.
[B]美国学生受到鼓励去过国外学习，以使得他们的经历更加丰富。
[C] the cost of living at abroad was moderate for American students.
[C] 国外的生活成本对于美国学生来说是比较低廉的。
[D] the U.S. dollar was the strongest currency in the world.
[D] 美元是世界上最坚挺的货币。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析]推理题。根据第一段，题干中的情况是美元坚挺时候的情况。而现在美元贬值了，学生就感受到了生活成本提高了的压力。因此，那时的情况和目前的是个对比，而用吃烤饼和羊角面包很便宜的事例反映了当时整体的情况，暗示当时的生活成本比较低。A选项描述的是现在的情况，而不是题干中描述的过去的时代。此外，B和D选项与本题无关，而且D选项本身的表述就是错误的。因此正确答案为C选项。
2. The changes of study-abroad caused by the dollar’s depreciation are the following ones except_____
因为美元贬值而引起的在国外留学方面的变化是以下除了_____外的其余原因。
[A] students’ enthusiasm of studying abroad in short period does not disappear but vice versa.
[A] 学生们去国外短期学习的热情不仅没有消失，反而更加上涨
[B] students become hesitant when considering long-term overseas programs.
[B] 学生们在考虑长期的海外留学项目时开始变得犹豫不决
[C] programmes in western Europe and Australia suffer declining popularity.
[C] 西欧和澳大利亚的项目没有以前那么受欢迎了
[D] students who chose to study at certain continents are at a rapid growth.
[D] 选择在某些大洲学习的学生迅速增加
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章第三段提到，生活成本的增加（也就是美元的贬值）引起的真正的变化是在国外留学的时间和留学地方选择的变化，时间趋于短期，国家趋于那些和自己文化相差很大的国家，而欧洲和澳大利亚的留学项目没有明显增长。可见，A、C、D都是由美元贬值引起的变化。B在文章第二段提到，但这说的是虽然美元贬值了，但在这个方面没有引起变化，因此正确答案为B选项。
3. Rebecca Hover’s statement implies that_____
3. Rebecca Hover的话暗示者_____
[A] the United States are now more readily influenced by the other countries than before.
[A]美国现在比从前更容易受到其他国家的影响。
[B] shift in the mainland may also be caused by factors outside of America.
[B]美国本土的变化可能就是由美国之外的因素引起的。
[C] Europe can no longer influnece the United States as before.
[C] 欧洲不再像从前那样影响美国了。
[D] the United States are extending its influence beyond its boraders.
[D]美国将自己的影响延伸到了自己的国境之外。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。RebeccaHover说的话是：“现在如果你不知道我们美国之外的地方的情况，就不能说你了解美国。美国之外的地方现在也不仅仅指欧洲了。” 根据第四段上下文的意思，本段主要讲述发生的变化不仅仅是因为美元贬值的原因，另外的原因就是其他国家也发生了一定的变化。结合这个意思，可以推导出，这个陈述主要就是为了说明其他国家的变化也会引起美国发生变化，选项中B最为符合题意。
4. Who are probably most affected by the dollar’s dip?
4. 谁受美元贬值的影响最大？
[A] The international exchange students.
[A] 国际交换学生。
[B] The students who have got scholarships.
[B] 已经获得奖学金的学生。
[C] The students at costly private schools.
[C] 在昂贵的私立学校学习的学生。
[D] The students at public universities.
[D] 在公立学校学习的学生。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]推理题。第五段提到，那些与外国学院交换学生的学校受美元贬值影响不大，但对自己运作学生中心的美国学校影响大，第六段提到在向锡拉库扎这样的私立学校，特别强调学生自己负担费用；而公立学校和普通私立学校也倡导节约。由此对比可见，昂贵的私立学校学生受的影响可能最大。因此，答案为C选项。
5. The best title for this passage is_____
5. 这篇文章最好的题目为_____
[A] Impact of the Dollar’s Devaluation.
[A] 美元贬值的影响。
[B] American Students at Abroad.
[B] 美国学生在国外。
[C] Study-abroad Costs for American Students.
[C] 美国学生国外花费。
[D] Shift of American Students’ Foreign Study.
[D] 美国学生留学的变化。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]主旨题。这篇文章主要讲述了美元贬值后，美国学生海外留学的一些变化及其原因。选项中D最为符合这一主题，为正确答案。
参考译文：
当美元还是老大的时候，美国学生都高高兴兴地成群跑到海外上学，课间可以品尝价格合适的烤饼和羊角面包。可是时代变化的真快啊。美元突然跌到空前的低点，学生们都感到了压力。特别是在英国和使用欧元的国家里（目前欧元对美元的汇率为68欧分兑1美元），生活的成本陡然增加。“几年前，我们可以说在国外学习和在国内大学学习花费差不多，”锡拉库扎大学的副院长Daeya Malboeuf这样说，“但我们现在可不能这么说了。”
但即使在这么不好的经济环境下，学生们还是争先恐后到海外去。国际教育学院认为，在过去十年内，海外学习项目增长了144%，而且还以每年4%的速度在继续增长。考虑到上升的成本问题，德克萨斯大学海外教育项目负责人Natalie Bartush说，“奇怪的是有很少学生因此而不去上学的。”
因为价格升高真正出现的变化是学生对于国外学习的时间长短和学习地点的选择。参加短期暑假学习项目的学生数量急剧增加，此外他们更有兴趣到那些和自己文化相异颇大的地方学习。比如，Middlebury学院的学生在佛罗伦萨一年的消费要3万7千美元；而在圣地亚哥和智利只要2万7千美元。价格的悬殊使得在西欧和澳大利亚较受欢迎的传统项目增长平平，而智利、阿根廷、南非和中国（尤其是香港）的学校却因需求急剧增加，也飞速扩大。
项目主任指出这种变化不仅仅是因为费用。“现在如果你不知道美国之外其他地方的情况，就不能说你了解美国。美国之外的地方现在也不仅仅指欧洲了。” 国家教育学校海外教育项目主任Rebecca Hovey说道。在美元贬值前学生们对非传统地区的兴趣就已经开始增加了，而外国学校也在向美国学生宣传自己。而教育非盈利和美国国务院增加的扶持也推动了这种趋势。
海外教育费用也因学校组织项目方式的不同方式而有很大差异。而那些与外国大学进行学生交换的学校因美元贬值受到的影响也较小。但是自己运营学生中心的美国学校却因为美元的波动，要在房租、设备、人员工资方面支付更多费用。而美元的贬值也意味着提前设定学费对于大学行政人员来说是个麻烦的估算工作。但是，大多数教育者的精力却花费在给那些贫困的旅客寻找额外的经济援助上面。已经获得援助的学生可以支付在国外学习的学费，但是其它的必需花费，如租房、伙食费就会受到美元波动的影响。超过1000美元的往返机票也一般不包括在学校费用中，而跨洲航班很少有便宜的。
在像锡拉库扎这样的私立学校，学生需要自己负担经济费用的现象更是突出，这些私立学校对国内国外学生都收取同样昂贵的学费。公立大学或是像Middlebury这样的私立学院一般向美国学生收取的学费要比国际寄宿学校收取得少，相对比较便宜，但现在法律顾问也在提倡节约，这是安全与文化冲击之间不再会失去的一个教训。
TEXT TWO
The company that revolutionized the delivery of information now aims to do the same with electricity. Technology powerhouse Google today announced it would spend "tens of millions" of dollars next year in research and development and investments in an effort to drive down the cost of large-scale renewable energy to make it cheaper than coal. Not only will Google be hiring engineers and energy experts for its new initiative, known as RECoal supplies 40 percent of the world's electricity and more than half of U.S. power, and if current trends continue, it is expected to grab an ever increasing share because it is a plentiful and cheap fuel for big consumers like China and the United States. But coal is also the worst fuel in its production of the global warming gas carbon dioxide. Google cofounder Larry Page said the company's goal is to produce one gigawatt of renewable energy capacity that is cheaper than coal within "years, not decades." Google says that's enough electricity to power a city the size of San Francisco (about 330,000 households).
Google, located in Mountain View, Calif., said it was initially working with two other California companies. They are eSolar, of Pasadena, which is specializing in solar-thermal power, using large fields of mirrors to concentrate sunlight and generate steam to run utility-scale electric turbines, and Makani of Alameda, which is developing wind energy technology that takes advantage of the much stronger and more reliable currents available at high altitudes.
Google did not specify how much money it was putting into its projects with these companies but said they both had "promising scalable energy technologies." This portion of the initiative will be funded through the company's philanthropic arm, Google.org, which is not a traditional charity but can make equity investments in companies. Brin and Page have pledged 1 percent of Google's equity and profits toward efforts including climate change and global poverty.
The REThe company also has a project to accelerate development and adoption of ultrahigh-efficiency plug-in hybrid cars. Google has been lobbying for inclusion of a nationwide renewable energy portfolio goal in the energy legislation currently under negotiation on Capitol Hill. And the company is working on an energy-efficient computing initiative with other Silicon Valley companies.
1.The word “fledgling” (Line 7, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
[A] inexperienced.
[B] promising.
[C] new.
[D] initiative.
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the coal?
[A] It is a kind of controversial fuel given its large quantity and its harm to the harm the environment.
[B] It is a plentiful and cheap fuel that will surely earn more market share.
[C] It will be totally replaced by the renewable energy in years because it produces the worst gas—a carbon dioxide.
[D] It is supported by enthusiastic countries like China and U.S.
3. Google.org is a _____
[A] conventional type of charity organization.
[B] equity investor in companies.
[C] a branch website of Google.com that focuses on charity activities.
[D] environmental organization that specializes in promoting green fuel.
4. Which one of the following is not TRUE of RE[A] It will be realized through investments in solar and wind energy companies.
[B] It is a programme of environmental protection.
[C] It is one of the measures taken to neutralize carbon.
[D] It can come into true in a few years.
5. The best title of this passage is_____
[A] Google’s RE[B]Google, the Energy Revolutionary.
[C] Google, the Environmental Protector.
[D] Google’s Renewable Energy Project.
文章剖析：
这篇文章是有关Google公司在能源方面计划进行的一场革命，要用低廉的可再生能源来替代煤炭。第一段引出这个话题，指出目前Google的做法；第二段讲述煤炭资源的弊端和Google的目标；第三、四段讲述Googel投资的两家公司；第五、六段讲述该公司在能源环保方面所作的努力。
词汇注释：
fledgling adj. 年轻的或无经验的 geothermal adj.地热的, 地温的, 地热(或地温)产生的
gigawatt n. 十亿瓦特 turbine n. 涡轮
scalable adj. 可升级的 philanthropic adj. 慈善的，乐善好施的
pledge v. 许诺，抵押 lobby v. 游说
难句突破：
Not only will Google be hiring engineers and energy experts for its new initiative, known as RE[主体句式] Not only will Google be…but it also…
[结构分析]这是一个并列句。前面的分句中，known as…过去分词结构是前面new initiative的定语；后面分句中，破折号后面的现在分词结构是前面companies的定语，在该定语中，that引导的定语从句修饰前面的those。
[句子译文] 谷歌不仅会为自己新的项目——RE(2) They are eSolar, of Pasadena, which is specializing in solar-thermal power, using large fields of mirrors to concentrate sunlight and generate steam to run utility-scale electric turbines, and Makani of Alameda, which is developing wind energy technology that takes advantage of the much stronger and more reliable currents available at high altitudes.
[主体结构]They are eSolar and Makani.
[结构分析]这是一个复合句，eSolar后面是用来修饰它的以which引导的定语从句，using large…是现在分词结构修饰eSolar;Makani后面是修饰它的以which引导的定语从句，该定语从句中，that引导的从句是用来修饰technology的。
[句子译文] 这两家公司是帕萨迪纳的“e太阳能公司”和阿拉米达的Makani公司。“e太阳能公司”专业制造太阳能热能，用大片的镜子聚集太阳光生成蒸汽来推动多用途电力涡轮,而Makani公司是利用高地强力、可靠的气流来发展风力能源技术。
题目分析：
1.The word “fledgling” (Line 7, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
1. “fledgling”（第一段第七行）这个词最有可能的意思为_____
[A] inexperienced.
[A] 没有经验的。
[B] promising.
[B] 有前途的。
[C] new.
[C] 新的。
[D] initiative.
[D] 初步的，开始的。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，这种公司包括太阳能技术、增强的地热、高地风力的公司，这是一种新兴的公司，因此，最为合适的选项为C。
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the coal?
2. 关于煤炭，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] It is a kind of controversial fuel given its large quantity and its harm to the harm the environment.
[A] 它是一种有争议的燃料，一方面储量巨大，另一方面却对环境有害。
[B] It is a plentiful and cheap fuel that will surely earn more market share.
[B] 它是一种充足的、廉价的燃料，因此自然会赢得更多的市场份额。
[C] It will be totally replaced by the renewable energy in years because it produces the worst gas—carbon dioxide.
[C]由于煤炭会产生一种最糟糕的气体—二氧化碳，因此在近几年内它就会完全被可再生能源所替代。
[D] It is supported by enthusiastic countries like China and U.S.
[D] 它得到了诸如美国和中国这样的国家的热情支持。
[答案]A。
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据第二段，选项A，从第二段的前两句话可以看出，煤炭由于其资源丰富且廉价、因此得到了广泛的使用，但同时又对环境造成了伤害，可见煤炭是一种颇具争议性的资源。。选项B，对于美国、中国是这种情况，但不一定对于其他国家也是。选项C，Google正在努力的目标是可再生能源产量可以供应旧金山城市规模大小的城市使用，但并不一定能完全取代煤炭，只能是逐步的，同时第二段里面有一句话，说煤炭是产生二氧化碳最严重的燃料，而不是产生了最糟糕的二氧化碳，因此C选项也不正确。因此，答案为A。
3. Google.org is a _____
3. Google.org是一个_____
[A] conventionally type of organization.
[A] 传统的慈善组织。
[B] equity investor in companies.
[B] 投资公司股票的投资机构。
[C] a branch website of Google.com that focuses on charity activities.
[C] Google.com的分支网站，专门负责慈善活动。
[D] environmental organization that specializes in promoting green fuel.
[D] 致力于推动绿色燃料的使用的环境组织
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。关键是要正确理解which is not a traditional charity but can make equity investments in companies这句话的句式结构，意为“不仅…而且…”，说Google.org不仅是一家传统的慈善组织，而且也投资公司股票；后面指出Google投资改善气候变化和全球贫困问题，这都是慈善行为。可以推断，这主要是一家慈善机构。C选项比较具有迷惑定，但是通过阅读全文我们可以发现Google.org看起来像是一个网站名，但是其实是一个组织。D选项把该组织定义为“环境组织”是错误的。正确答案为A选项。
4. Which one of the following is NOT true of RE4. 关于RE[A] It will be realized through investments in solar and wind energy companies.
[A] 通过投资太阳能、风能公司可以实现该项目。
[B] It is a programme of environmental protection.
[B] 这是环境保护项目。
[C] It is one of the measures taken to neutralize carbon.
[C] 这是中化碳的一种方法。
[D] It can come into true in a few years.
[D] 在近几年内该项目就可以实现。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。选项A，该项目和投资太阳能、风能公司是实现Google公司产出比煤炭更加低廉燃料的两种途径，并非有直接的手段联系。选项B在文章第五段提到了，是整治气候变化的一步，那么可以算是环保项目；C，第五段有提及“The company says it is on track in its goal to be carbon neutral in 2007”；D，既然公司的目标在几年内都可以实现，那么其中的一个步骤或项目也有望实现。由此可见，答案为A选项。
5. The best title of this passage is_____
5. 这篇文章最好的题目为_____
[A] Google’s RE[A] 谷歌RE[B]Google, the Energy Revolutionary.
[B] 谷歌，能源革命者。
[C] Google, the Environmental Protector.
[C] 谷歌，环境保护者。
[D] Google’s Renewable Energy Project.
[D] 谷歌可再生能源项目。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]主旨题。这篇文章主要讲述了谷歌要开发出一种比煤炭价格低的可再生能源燃料，从而可以提供低价的能源，也可以保护环境。A，该项目只是其中一个举措；B,主要就是谈到能源创新，因此这个题目比较合适；C，主要还是关于能源，不只是关于环境；D，文章并未一一列举项目，只是给出了一些情况。答案为B选项。
参考译文：
曾经为信息传播带来革命性变化的公司现在准备对电力进行一场革命。科技大亨谷歌目前宣布它明年将投入成亿的资金用于研发，以降低大型可再生能源成本，使其比煤炭价格更低。谷歌不仅会为自己新的项目——RE世界上40%的电力和美国一半以上的能源都靠煤炭来供应，如果目前一直维持这样的趋势，那么煤炭就有可能抢夺不断增长的份额，因为对于中国和美国来说这是丰富、廉价的能源。但是煤炭也是排放导致全球变暖的二氧化碳排放的燃料。谷歌共同创始人Larry Page称公司的目标是比煤炭低廉可再生能源产量达到十亿瓦特，这个目标将在“数年内达成，而不是数十年。”谷歌称这足以供应像旧金山这样规模城市（大约33万户）的能量需要。
谷歌位于加州的芒廷维尤，它声称最开始是与其他两家加州公司合作的。这两家公司是帕萨迪纳的“e太阳能公司”和阿拉米达的Makani公司。“e太阳能公司”专业制造太阳能热能，用大片的镜子聚集太阳光生成蒸汽来推动多用途电力涡轮,而Makani公司是利用高地强力、可靠的气流来发展风力能源技术。
谷歌并未指明它将向这些公司的项目投资多少资金，但是却指出它们都是“前景光明的可升级的能源技术”。创新的部分通过公司慈善机构（Google.org）资助，该机构不仅是传统的慈善机构，而且也向一些公司做股票投资。Brin和Page已经抵押了谷歌1%的股票和收益来资助改善气候变化和全球贫穷等活动。
RE该公司还有一个项目是为了促进发展和使用超高效电力混合汽车。谷歌一直在游说，希望全国再生能源组合目标可以被列入目前国会山正在协商的能源法中。该公司还和其他其他硅谷公司一起致力于开发能源计算项目。
TEXT THREE
Breaking records can become monotonous after a while. The Baltic Dry Index, which tracks the costs of shipping “dry” goods such as iron ore, coal and grain around the world, dipped this week after hitting an all-time high on November 13th. But it is still up 154% from a year earlier.
As with so much to do with commodities, the extraordinary rise in freight rates is partly because of China's appetite for raw materials. A dearth of new ships, and flotillas waiting to berth in overcrowded ports (especially in Australia), are also driving rates higher. The cost of shipping iron ore from Brazil to China is now more than the cost of digging up the ore itself. Yet what makes the problem worse (or better, if you are a ship-owner) are the ways in which shifts in supply and demand are altering trade patterns around the world, especially in commodities like iron ore and coal, which are the most frequently traded cargoes in international shipping.
Take iron ore. China's biggest suppliers—Australia and India—have been unable to cope with the surge in demand. According to Icap Hyde, a firm of shipbrokers, Australia's market share of China's iron-ore imports fell from 70% around 15 years ago to about 40% last year. Earlier this year, to ensure enough iron ore for its own industries, India imposed tariffs on sales of iron ore abroad. Over the years, Chinese steel producers have scouted elsewhere for the metal—mainly in Brazil, where they have secured long-term supply contracts. But it takes three times as long to move cargo from Brazil to China as it does from Australia, which, in effect, reduces shipping capacity for each shipment of Brazilian iron ore to China that comes at Australia's expense.
Meanwhile, China used to export much more coal than it imported, according to Jon Chappell of JPMorgan. As recently as 2001, its net exports of coal were 89m tons. So far this year, it has imported almost as much as it has exported. Other East Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea relied heavily on China for coal and now have to import it from Australia, South Africa and the Americas. So does India. Meanwhile, drought in Australia has meant that large Asian importers have had to ship grain from as far away as America.
In general, points out Icap Hyde, there is an “oceanic imbalance” between the Atlantic and Pacific. Supply is spread across both oceans, even as demand is concentrated in Asia. Shipping ton-miles for the major “dry” goods, which indicates the extent to which more freight is moved over longer distances, rose by 45% between 2001 and 2006. That is good news for freight rates, if any more were needed. By all accounts, the bull run is likely to last until 2009, when a huge number of new ships are due to be launched. Let's hope they are built for trans-oceanic travel.
1. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the Baltic Dry Index?
[A] The index is increased by 154% compared with the previous year.
[B] The index keeps track on the trade cost of all sorts of dry goods.
[C] The index has been breaking records for at least a few years.
[D] The index is monotonous during this period.
2.The word “scout” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
[A] change
[B] turn
[C] seek
[D] outsource
3. Australia’s market share of China’s iron-ore imports went through a steep fall because_____
[A] the ports in Australia are overcrowded.
[B] the shipping capacity is reduced.
[C] the iron-ore demand of China is increased greatly.
[D] the tariffs are imposed on sales of iron ore.
4. The “oceanic imbalance” between Atlantic and Pacific refers to_____
[A] the imbalance in dry goods supply.
[B] the imbalance in dry goods demand.
[C] the imbalance in shipping ton-miles for the dry goods.
[D] the imbalance in freight rates.
5. The bull run of dry goods shipping will most probably be ended by_____
[A] rise of the shipping ton-miles for the major “dry” goods.
[B] the shifts in supply and demand.
[C] the increase of the shipping capacity.
[D] the launch of new ships in great number.
文章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了因干货供需发生变化导致干货船运费用的变化情况。文章第一段讲述波罗的海干货系数目前运行在历史高位；第二段讲述海运价格增长的原因；第三、四段讲述中国铁矿石的需求增加导致船运费用增加；第五段讲述未来一段时间该系数可能的变化。
词汇注释：
monotonous adj. 单调的, 令人生厌的 dearth n. 缺乏
flotilla n. 小型船队 berth v. 停泊
shipbroker n. 船舶经纪人 scout v. 寻找, 搜索
难句突破：
(1) Yet what makes the problem worse (or better, if you are a ship-owner) are the ways in which shifts in supply and demand are altering trade patterns around the world, especially in commodities like iron ore and coal, which are the most frequently traded cargoes in international shipping.
[主体句式] What makes the problem worse are the ways…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，句子表语the ways后面的定语从句比较复杂。在该从句中，especially in…是句子的状语，最后面以which引导的定语从句是用来修饰前面iron ore and coal的。
[句子译文] 但更为糟糕的是（或者更好，如果你是船舶主人的话），供需变化正在改变着全世界的贸易形式，特别是像铁矿石和煤炭这样的货物，而这些货物又是国际船运中运送最普遍的货物。
(2) But it takes three times as long to move cargo from Brazil to China as it does from Australia, which, in effect, reduces shipping capacity for each shipment of Brazilian iron ore to China that comes at Australia's expense.
[主体句式] But it takes three times as long to move cargo…as…
[结构分析]这是一个复合句，句子中which引导的非限定性定语从句是用来修饰整个句子的，该从句中that引导的定语从句是用来修饰前面的iron ore to China的。
[句子译文] 但是从巴西运货物到中国花费的时间是从澳大利亚到中国的三倍，实际上降低了运载量。
题目分析：
1. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the Baltic Dry Index?
1. 关于波罗的海干货系数下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] The index is increased by 154% compared with the previous year.
[A] 和前一年相比，该系数增长了154%。
[B] The index keeps track on the trade cost of all sorts of dry goods.
[B]该系数记录了各种干货的交易成本。
[C] The index has been breaking records for at least a few years.
[C] 该系数已经保持了几年的高位增长。
[D] The index is monotonous during this period.
[D]该系数在这一阶段一直没变。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第一段有关于该系数的描述。选项A，原文为该系数是上一年系数的154%，也就是增长了54%，因此该陈述错误。选项B，目前该系数在到达历史最高位后有一个回落，但未来走势如何还不能确定。选项C，第一段提到每天这个系数都在刷新记录，现在只是出现了一个回落，那么可以推断该系数处于历史高位。同时，开头第一句话也指出“Breaking records can become monotonous after a while”，可见这种打破纪录式的增长也不是什么新鲜事儿了，而是不断出现的。选项D，从系数每天刷新纪录可以看出，系数一直在变化。因此，选项C是正确描述。
2.The word “scout” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
2. “scout” （第三段第五行）最有可能的意思是_____
[A] change.
[A] 改变。
[B] turn.
[B] 转向。
[C] seek.
[C] 寻找。
[D] outsource.
[D] 外包。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。原文的句子为“Over the years, Chinese steel producers have scouted elsewhere for the metal—mainly in Brazil, where they have secured long-term supply contracts”，该句中文翻译为“这些年来,中国钢铁制造商在其他地方寻找铁矿石，主要是巴西。他们与巴西签署了长期的供应合同”，通过上下文可以发现“寻找”最符合本题的含义。
3. Australia’s market share of China’s iron-ore imports went through a steep fall because_____
3.中国铁矿石进口中澳大利亚的份额减少了是因为_____
[A] the ports in Australia are overcrowded.
[A] 澳大利亚的港口过于拥挤。
[B] the shipping capacity is reduced.
[B] 运输能力下降了。
[C] the iron-ore demand of China is increased greatly.
[C] 中国铁矿石的需求量大增。
[D] the tariffs are imposed on sales of iron ore.
[D] 铁矿石出口征收关税。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章第三段提到，澳大利亚和印度现在满足不了中国铁矿石需求的激增，中国不得不到巴西去签订铁矿石合同。因此，澳大利亚占中国铁矿石进口份额减少主要是中国对铁矿石需求增加，它不能够满足这种需求导致的。因此，答案为C选项。
4. The “oceanic imbalance” between Atlantic and Pacific refers to_____
4.太平洋和大西洋之间的“海洋失衡”指的是_____
[A] the imbalance in dry goods supply.
[A] 干货供应的失衡。
[B] the imbalance in dry goods demand.
[B] 干货需求的失衡。
[C] the imbalance in shipping ton-miles for the dry goods.
[C] 干货运输吨/英里存在的失衡。
[D] the imbalance in freight rates.
[D] 运费的失衡。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章最后一段提到，大西洋和太平洋存在着“海洋失衡”，虽然需求集中在亚洲，但是供应却是两个大洋，可见选项B为正确答案。
5. The bull run of dry goods shipping will most probably be ended by_____
5. 干货运输的牛市最有可能因为____结束。
[A] rise of the shipping ton-miles for the major “dry” goods.
[A] 主要干货运输吨/英里增加
[B] the shifts in supply and demand.
[B] 供求波动
[C] the increase of the shipping capacity.
[C] 运输能力的提高
[D] the launch of new ships in great number.
[D] 大量新船下水
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章最后一段提到，牛市可能于2009年结束，到那时会有大量新船下水。船数量增加，运费就会降低，干货运输系数就可能降低。因此，选项D最为符合题意。都要跨越。那么，这种失衡其实就是干货需求的失衡。
参考译文：
不用多久, 打破记录就会变得司空见惯。波罗的海干货系数用来指示全球运送“干”货物的成本的，这些干货包括铁矿石、煤炭以及粮食。该指数在12月13日创下最高记录后于本周出现回落，但仍然是前一年的154%。
除了货物本身的原因外，海运价格的急剧增长很大程度上是因为中国对原材料的需求。而由于新船舶紧缺，小型船队要经常在过于拥挤的码头等待停泊（特别在澳大利亚），这也使得运输价格高涨。目前从巴西到中国运送铁矿石的费用要比采掘铁矿石本身的费用都要高。但更为糟糕的是（或者更好，如果你是船舶主人的话），供需变化正在改变着全世界的贸易形式，特别是像铁矿石和煤炭这样的货物，而这些货物又是国际船运中运送最普遍的货物。
就拿铁矿石来说。中国最大的供应商——澳大利亚和印度已经不能满足其日益增长的需求。船舶经纪人公司Icap Hyde称澳大利亚占有中国铁矿石进口的分额已经由15年前的70%降到了去年的40%。今年年初，印度为确保本国工厂有足够的铁矿石供应，增加了出口的铁矿石的关税。这些年来,中国钢铁制造商在其他地方寻找铁矿石，主要是巴西。他们与巴西签署了长期的供应合同。但是从巴西运货物到中国花费的时间是从澳大利亚到中国的三倍，实际上降低了运载量。
另一方面，JPMorgan的Jon Chappell说，中国以前出口铁矿石数量要比进口多。2001年中国净出口量为8900万吨，而今年出口和进口几乎持平。其他东亚国家，如日本、韩国等以前的煤炭进口主要依靠中国，而现在也不得不从澳大利亚、南非和美洲进口。印度也是一样。除此之外，澳大利亚的旱灾也意味着亚洲进口商必须从美洲来进口粮食。
Icap Hyde指出，总的来说，大西洋和太平洋之间存在一种“海洋失衡”。虽然需求主要集中在亚洲，但供应却要跨越两洋。主要干货的运输吨/英里数是用来衡量长途船运载量情况，该数据在2001年到2006年之间增长45%。如果有更多的船运需求的话，这对于船运费用是个好消息。所有评论都认为，这种牛市行情能延续到2009年，到那时会有许多新船下水。希望这些船只是用于跨洋船运。
TEXT FOUR
As dusk falls, kerosene stoves ignite in the poorer kitchens of Delhi. Sengeni, who lives on an alley wedged between the Nizamuddin railway tracks and a tributary known as ganda nallah (or dirty ditch), is looking forward to a dish of rice. He is entitled to a quota of 11 litres of cheap kerosene every fortnight, which he buys for about nine rupees (23 cents) a litre, compared with a free-market rate of about 25 rupees. The price hasn't changed for months, he says, despite the surge in oil prices.
In India, as in many countries, the government dares not allow the rising price of crude to be felt in the common man's pockets. Only a third of the 48 developing countries studied in an IMF review let the market set fuel prices. The governments of Yemen and Indonesia, for example, spent more holding down the price of fuel than they spent on health and education combined. Attempts to raise energy prices—as in Yemen in 2005, Nigeria in 2000 or Indonesia in 1998—have a sorry record of prompting riots and revolutions.
India's government subsidises kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) directly. It keeps other fuels, such as diesel, artificially cheap by the simple expedient of stopping state oil companies from raising their prices. These firms keep themselves afloat with “oil bonds”, which the government guarantees but does not enter on its books. In October, for example, the government announced it would issue bonds worth 235 billion rupees this fiscal year, which will compensate oil-market companies for about 43% of their losses. All told, India's fuel subsidies might cost as much as $17.5 billion this year, according to Lombard Street Research, a British firm of economists. That amounts to as much as 2% of the country's GDP.
Cheap kerosene fires the poor man's stove in India's cities and lights his home in the country's villages. More prosperous city folk cook instead with more refined gases. Thus a kerosene subsidy can at least claim to be progressive as well as expensive. This is more than can be said for India's cheap LPG. According to Bharat Ramaswami of the Indian Statistical Institute, the richer half of India's urban population captures about three-quarters of this subsidy. Unfortunately, about half of India's subsidised kerosene never makes it to household stoves, he says. It is diverted to the black market, where it is either sold at a higher price or used to adulterate diesel, which sells for about 30 rupees per litre.
This then poses an acute dilemma for the government. The subsidies are costly. Yet more expensive kerosene would hurt the poor (not to mention the government's own electoral prospects). And if it kept kerosene cheap while letting diesel rise in price, it would only increase the scope for arbitrage between the two.
Not all fuel in India is subsidised. By the Nizamuddin rail tracks, a gaggle of children warm themselves on a chilly night by burning scraps of wood. One thick-skinned show-off waves his foot in the flames for a foolhardy second. India's fragile government, on the other hand, is in no mood to play with fire.
1. The word “sorry” (Line 5, Paragraph 2) probably means_____
[A] apologizing.
[B] negative.
[C] feeling bad.
[D] unsatisfactory.
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of India’s subsidies on fuel?
[A] The subsidies mainly go to the state oil companies.
[B] The subsidy policy is executed by companies that maintain low prices.
[C] Diesel is subsidized through “oil bonds”.
[D] Half of the subsidized fuel is sold to the black market.
3．The dilemma for the government is caused by_____
[A] the costly subsidies.
[B] the fixed kerosene price.
[C] the price gap between the kerosene and diesel.
[D] the rise in diesel price.
4. India’s government is in no mood to play with fire because_____
[A] it subsidizes kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) directly.
[B] not all of the fuel is subsidized in India because the rich population does not need it.
[C] it is facing a difficult dilemma whether to continue fuel subsidy or not.
[D] it is too costly to subsidize all the fuel.
5. Towards the fuel subsidization in India, the author’s attitude can be said to be _____
[A] supportive.
[B] positive.
[C] neutral.
[D] negative.
文章剖析：
这篇文章主要讲述了印度政府的燃料补助政策。第一段以印度一个普通穷人接受的煤油补助来引出主题；第二段讲述印度政府怕影响普通人生活不允许原油价格上涨；第三段讲述印度政府对燃料的补助政策；第四段讲述补助政策为一些人所利用，燃料被运到黑市；第五段讲述印度政府面临两难境地。
词汇注释：
adulterate v. 参杂 arbitrage n. 套现
foolhardy adj. 愚勇的, 有勇无谋的
难句突破：
He is entitled to a quota of 11 litres of cheap kerosene every fortnight, which he buys for about nine rupees (23 cents) a litre, compared with a free-market rate of about 25 rupees.
[主体句式] He is entitled to…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。which引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的kerosene，compared with…是做前面nine rupees的定语。
[句子译文] 每两周他能按配额领取11升的低价煤油，每升价格为9卢布（折合23美分），而自由市场的价格为25卢布。
(2) It is diverted to the black market, where it is either sold at a higher price or used to adulterate diesel, which sells for about 30 rupees per litre.
[主体句式] It is diverted to the black market.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。Where 引导的 非限定性定语从句修饰前面的black market， 后面which引导的非限定性定语从句用来修饰diesel。
[句子译文] 这些都转到了黑市上，在那里或以高价卖出、或用于掺杂柴油，而柴油价格是每升30卢布。
题目分析：
1. The word “sorry” (Line 5, Paragraph 2) probably means_____
1. “sorry” （第二段第六行）最有可能的意思是_____
[A] apologizing.
[A] 道歉的。
[B] negative.
[B] 负面的。
[C] feeling bad.
[C] 感觉不好的。
[D] unsatisfactory.
[D] 不满意的。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。该词所在原文是“Attempts to raise energy prices—as in Yemen in 2005, Nigeria in 2000 or Indonesia in 1998—have a sorry record of prompting riots and revolutions”，通过分析上下文可见这个词在这里不带有任何的个人感情，而是一种拟人化的用法。该句的翻译是“也门2005年、尼加拉瓜2000年、印尼1998年试图提高能源价格，可最终都以暴乱和革命收场”。可见A、C、D三个选项都不符合题意，只有B选项符合。
2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of India’s subsidies on fuel?
2. 关于印度燃料补助，下列哪个陈述是正确的?
[A] The subsidies mainly go to the state oil company.
[A] 享受补助主要都是国有的石油公司。
[B] The subsidy policy is executed by companies that maintain low prices.
[B] 实施这项补助政策的是那些保持低价格的公司。
[C] Diesel is subsidized through “oil bonds”.
[C] 柴油通过“石油债券”进行补助。
[D] Half of the subsidized fuel is sold to the black market.
[D] 补助的燃料有一半都卖到了黑市。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，从第四段可以看出，普通人都可以享受燃料补助，包括穷人和富人，因此该选项不正确。选项B，实施补助的行动方不是公司，而是政府，因此很明显该选项错误。选项C的相关内容在文章第三段由所提及。选项D，第四段提到补助的煤油一半卖到了黑市。因此，选项C符合题意。
3．The dilemma for the government is caused by_____
3．政府面临的两难境界是由于_____引起的。
[A] the costly subsidies.
[A] 昂贵的补助
[B] the fixed kerosene price.
[B] 固定的煤油价格
[C] the price gap between the kerosene and diesel.
[C] 煤油和柴油之间的价格差
[D] the rise in diesel price.
[D] 柴油价格的上涨
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第五段提到政府面临的两难是，补助耗费大量资金，但如果不补助煤油价格上涨会让穷人受不了。而且如果煤油很便宜，但是柴油很贵，那么就会增加两者的套利幅度。可以分析一下，政府保证煤油补贴，而人们将煤油送到黑市交易套利；但是如果提高煤油价格，穷人利益又受到损害。因此，归根结底，这个两难境界是由于煤油和柴油之间的差价导致。
4. India’s government is in no mood to play with fire because_____
5. 印度政府没有心思玩火是因为_____
[A] it subsidises kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) directly.
[A] 它直接补助没有和液化石油气。
[B] not all of the fuel is subsidised in India because the rich population does not need it.
[B] 在印度并不是所有的燃料都可以获得补助，因为富裕的人们不需要任何补助。
[C] it is facing a difficult dilemma whether to continue fuel subsidy or not.
[C] 它目前面临着一个进退两难的局面，即是否应该继续实施目前的燃料补助政策。
[D] it is too costly to subsidize all the fuel.
[D] 对所有的能源进行补助是非常昂贵的。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章最后一段提到有人在玩火，紧接着就提出印度却没有心思玩火，原因在倒数第二段提到，印度政府面临着一个进退两难的困境，因此是否应该继续实施燃料补助的政策是一个很大的问题。因此，答案为C。D选项看上去正确，但实际上却与题干无关。B选项也不正确，因为文章第四段提到富人们不仅需要这种补助，他们还利用补助政策为自己谋黑利。A选项显然是与题干无关的。
5．Towards the fuel subsidization strategy in India, the author’s attitude can be said to be _____
5．作者对于印度的燃料补助政策的态度可以说是_____
[A] supportive.
[A] 支持的。
[B] positive.
[B] 肯定的。
[C] neutral.
[C] 中立的。
[D] negative.
[D] 否定的。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 态度题。在这篇文章中，作者多次提到了印度这种燃料补助政策存在着许多问题，比如大部分的补助流入黑市用于套利，而国家也是进入了两难境地。因此，作者对于印度的燃料补助政策其态度可以说是否定的。答案为D选项。
参考译文：
黄昏到来时，煤油炉在德里穷人家中的厨房里点燃了。Sengeni住在Nizamuddin火车铁轨和ganda nallah（肮脏的河沟）支流中间形成的一个楔形小巷里，他正盼望一盘米饭。每两周他能按配额领取11升的低价煤油，每升价格为9卢布（折合23美分），而自由市场的价格为25卢布。他说，尽管汽油一直在涨价，但这个价格几个月都没变过。
就像其他国家一样，印度政府也不敢允许原油价格的上涨影响普通人的支出。根据国际货币基金组织的一次检查，48个发展中国家只有1/3允许市场决定石油价格。比如，也门和印尼这两个国家的政府用于控制石油价格的花费要比用于医疗和教育这两项费用迭加起来还要多。也门于2005年、尼加拉瓜于2000年、印尼于1998年试图提高能源价格，可最终都以暴乱和革命收场。
印度政府直接补贴煤油和液化石油气。政府还禁止国有石油公司提高价格，以保证其他燃料如柴油等价格低廉。这些公司自己带着“石油枷锁”，这是市政府保证的，但是没有写入正文。比如十月份，政府宣布将在该财年发行价值2350亿卢布的债券，以补偿石油市场公司43%的损失。据英国一家经济学家公司朗伯德街研究所的研究，今年印度燃料补助可能要达到1750万元，占到这个国家GDP的2%。
便宜的煤油在印度各个城市穷人家中的炉子中燃烧着，照亮了乡下的房子。而在较为富有的城市中，人们却用更好的煤气烧饭。因此，煤油补助至少可以说是进步的，也是昂贵的。而且相对于印度低廉的液化石油气来说，可以说的就更多了。印度统计学会的Bharat Ramaswami指出，印度城市人口富有的那一半人掠夺了3/4的补助。不幸的是，印度补助的煤油有一半都没有用到家庭炉子中。这些都转到了黑市上，在那里或以高价卖出、或用于掺杂柴油，而柴油价格是每升30卢布。
这让政府面临着一个两难境地。补助很昂贵，但是更贵的煤油会危害穷人（更别说政府自己的选举前景了）。如果保证煤油价格低廉而让柴油上涨，那么只会增加两者之间的套利交易机会。但在印度并不是所有的燃料都有补助。在Nizamuddin铁道旁，一群小孩在寒冷的黑夜点了木屑来取暖。一个厚皮肤出风头的人在火中用脚示意。而另一方面，印度岌岌可危的政府却根本没心思去玩火。
UNIT EIGHT
TEXT ONE
New York is in the middle of a culture fest celebrating Berlin, a 17-day marathon of music, film, architecture, literature and photography that began on November 2nd. “Berlin In Lights” is largely the brainchild of Sir Clive Gillinson, a former managing director of the London Symphony Orchestra who became executive and artistic director of Carnegie Hall in July 2005. Determined to make the New York concert hall more international, he is initiating a series of cultural festivals celebrating cities, nations or artistic movements. Berlin is the first of these.
A visit by the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, under its principal conductor Sir Simon Rattle had been planned for some time. Much taken by the extraordinary transformation of Berlin since reunification—the city thrives through culture and politics; there is hardly any business or finance—Sir Clive decided to expand that visit into a full-blown festival. He got an enthusiastic response from other New York institutions.
Berlin and New York have sizeable mutual admiration societies but, until recently, post-war Berlin could only dream of being in the same league of creative effervescence as New York. Now, in partnership with the American Academy in Berlin, Carnegie Hall has put together a crowd of seminars—on literature, the visual arts, film-making—inviting stars such as Volker Schl?ndorff and Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck, both Oscar-winning German directors. The Goethe-Institut and the German consulate-general are showing photographs, the Museum of Modern Art is screening films about Berlin and the P.S.1 Contemporary Art Centre is screening the 13 episodes and epilogue of Rainer Werner Fassbinder's television epic “Berlin Alexanderplatz” in 14 separate rooms.
The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, extending its visit to eight days, will be performing Gustav Mahler's last three major works as well as music by Thomas Adès, Magnus Lindberg and Gy?rgy Kurtag, three contemporary composers. In addition, various chamber ensembles made up of Philharmonic musicians are playing both at Carnegie and at “neighbourhood concerts” in the city's five boroughs. The most innovative of the Philharmonic's offerings will be the performances on November 17th and 18th at the United Palace Theatre in Washington Heights of Igor Stravinsky's “The Rite of Spring”, danced by kids from state schools who have been trained for just eight weeks. To those who think that the result will be shambolic, the organisers retort that the experiment worked well with children—including refugees—from state schools in Berlin.
“Berlin In Lights” is not comprehensive: there is no theatre and little dance. A festival that gets too big loses its charm, says Sir Clive: “We would like to capture people's imagination and incite them to explore new horizons.”
The audience at some of the shows—a performance by Max Raabe and the Palast Orchestra of songs from the 1920s and 1930s, Ute Lemper, a German chanteuse specialising in Kurt Weill, in cabaret—were made up largely from what one participant described as the geriatric intelligentsia from the Upper West Side. As many of them have German- or Austrian-Jewish origins, they have a loving, knowledgeable relationship with German culture. One critic hissed that Ms Lemper was a poor copy of Lotte Lenya, Weill's wife, whom she had seen perform in the 1940s. Sir Clive hopes that concerts by the Nomad SoundSystem, a Berlin band performing western dance music and North African melodies, and concerts by Berlin's Turkish and Kurdish communities may bring in a younger crowd.
1. What does the word “marathon” (Line 1, Paragraph 1) mean in the text?
[A] A festival
[B] A sport competition
[C] A culture fest
[D] A large event
2. The first sentence of the third paragraph implies that_____
[A] Berlin is lagging behind New York in artistic invention.
[B] Berlin and New York have a long history of artistic exchange in the societal level.
[C] Berlin is the German equivalence of New York in terms of creative vigour.
[D] Both Berlin and New York boast of people with high admiration of art.
3. The Goethe-Institut is probably situated in_____
[A] New York.
[B] Berlin.
[C] Carnegie University.
[D] Germany.
4. The festival is carried out in order to_____
[A] enhance cultural exchange between the two cities.
[B] propagate new Berlin of culture and politics in the form of art.
[C] goes along with the 8 day visit of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.
[D] internationalize New York music world.
5. From Sir Clive’s statements, it can be infered that he holds the view that a festival ______
[A] should be comprehensive.
[B] should be innovative.
[C] should be full-blown.
[D] should be limited in scale.
文章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了纽约举行的“光之柏林”柏林文化节的情况。第一、二段讲述柏林文化节是如何发展起来的；第三段讲述文化节期间的一些活动；第四段讲述柏林爱乐乐团的活动；第五段讲述该文化节不够全面的地方及其原因；第六段讲述了观众的一些情况。
词汇注释：
effervescence n. 活力 shambolic adj. 混乱的
chanteuse n. 女歌手 cabaret n. 酒店，酒店的歌舞表演
geriatric adj. 老年的 Inteligentsia n. 知识分子，知识阶层
难句突破：
A visit by the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, under its principal conductor Sir Simon Rattle had been planned for some time.
[主体句式] A visit had been planned …
[结构分析]这是一个简单句。主语a visit后面的介词短语是它的定语，而under…介词短语是Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra的定语。
[句子译文] 策划由指挥家SimonRattle指挥的柏林爱乐乐团的访问演出已经有一段时间了。
The Goethe-Institut and the German consulate-general are showing photographs, the Museum of Modern Art is screening films about Berlin and the P.S.1 Contemporary Art Centre is screening the 13 episodes and epilogue of Rainer Werner Fassbinder's television epic “Berlin Alexanderplatz” in 14 separate rooms.
[主体句式] The Goethe-Institut and the German consulate-general are showing…, the Museum of Modern Art is screening films and the P.S.1 Contermporary Art Centre is screening…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，由三个并列分句组成。最后一个分句比较复杂，in 14 separate rooms 是状语，其宾语是两个并列的名词。
[句子译文] 歌德学院和德国总领事馆展出了照片，现代博物馆在播放关于柏林的电影，P.S.1现代艺术中心在十四个房间里播放了Rainer Werner Fassbinder电视史诗“Berlin Alexanderplatz”中的13个集及其大结局。
题目分析:
1. What does the word “marathon” (Line 1, Paragraph 1) mean in the text?
1. “marathon” 这个词在文中是什么意思？
[A] A festival
[A] 一个节日
[B] A sport competition
[B] 一项体育比赛
[C] A cultural fest
[C] 一个文化节
[D] A long event
[D] 一项历时较长的活动
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]猜词题。marathon这个词语的中文为“马拉松”，这个词的原意是一项长跑运动，但在文中使用的是其比喻义，而不是原意。因此考生千万不要看到B选项就选择，实际上这正是迷惑选项。这个词在原文中的句子为“New York is in the middle of a culture fest celebrating Berlin, a 17-day marathon of music, film, architecture, literature and photography that began on November 2nd. “Berlin In Lights” is largely the brainchild of Sir Clive Gillinson, a former managing director of the London Symphony Orchestra who became executive and artistic director of Carnegie Hall in July 2005”，分析marathon这个词的前后文，可以发现这个活动持续了17天，是一个历时很长的活动，因此正确答案为D选项。A和C选项也比较有迷惑性，因为这篇文章一直在谈论这个文化节。中文我们经常用到“马拉松式的”等表述来表明一个活动持续时间非常长，在这里也是相同的用法。
2. The first sentence of the third paragraph implies that_____
2. 第三段的第一句话暗示着_____
[A] Berlin is lagging behind New York in artistic invention.
[A] 在艺术创造方面柏林远远不及纽约。
[B] Berlin and New York have a long history of artistic exchange in the societal level.
[B]柏林和纽约在社会层面上的艺术交流方面有很长的历史渊源。
[C] Berlin is German equivalence of New York in terms of creative vigour.
[C]在艺术活力方面，柏林可以说是德国的纽约。
[D] Both Berlin and New York boast of people with high admiration of art.
[D]柏林和纽约的民众对于艺术都有着很高的欣赏能力。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。第三段的第一句话是：柏林和纽约的团体规模较大，值得双方互相羡慕，但是现在战后的柏林只能是幻想一下能和纽约一样充满创造的活力。那么可以推断，可能战前柏林和纽约不相上下，但是目前柏林却与纽约差距很大，因此，选项中A选项符合题意。其余几个选项都不能很好地表达这个意思。
3. The Goethe-Institut is probably situated in_____
3. 歌德学院可能位于_____
[A] New York.
[A] 纽约。
[B] Berlin.
[B] 柏林。
[C] Carnegie University.
[C] 卡内基大学。
[D] Germany.
[D] 德国。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章第三段提到了歌德学院，歌德学院和德国总领事馆展出图片，而现代艺术博物馆展出了关于柏林的电影，P.S.1现代艺术中心在十四个房间里播放了Rainer Werner Fassbinder电视史诗“Berlin Alexanderplatz”的13个插曲和收场白。这些都是纽约举行的柏林艺术节的一部分内容，因此，歌德学院也应该是在纽约，正确答案为A选项。
4. The festival is carried out in order to_____
4. 举办这次艺术节的目的是为了_____
[A] enhance cultural exchange between the two cities.
[A] 增进两个城市的交流。
[B] propagate new Berlin of culture and politics in the form of art.
[B] 以艺术的形式来宣传文化和政治的柏林。
[C] go along with the 8 day visit of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.
[C] 配合宣传柏林爱乐乐团持续8天的访问。
[D] internationalize New York music world.
[D] 使纽约的音乐世界更为国际化。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。在文章的第一段就提到了举办这次艺术节的目的“Determined to make the New York concert hall more international, he is initiating a series of cultural festivals celebrating cities, nations or artistic movements. Berlin is the first of these”，因此Clive爵士希望举办一些列的这种艺术节活动可以使得纽约的音乐会大厅更为国际化。因此，此次艺术节的目的是纽约的音乐世界更为国际化，而柏林文化节只是这个活动的内容之一。答案为D选项。
5. From Sir Clive’s statements, it can be infered that he holds the view that a festival ______
5.从Clive爵士的话中可以推断出他认为这次艺术节_____
[A] should be comprehensive.
[A] 应该是全面的。
[B] should be innovative.
[B] 应该是创新的。
[C] should be full-blown.
[C] 应该是全面的。
[D] should be limited in scale.
[D] 应该在规模上有所控制。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。Clive爵士所说的话为：一个节日如果场面过于宏大，就会失去其魅力，Clive说，“我们希望可以抓住人们的想象，激发他们去探索新的空间。”从上下文可以看出，这主要是关于场面宏大问题的，Clive认为应该场面应该有所限制，应该注重一些小的方面。因此，他说这句话是希望场面应该不要那么宏大。因此正确答案为D。
参考译文：
纽约目前正在举行于11月2日开始的为期十三天的柏林文化节，包括音乐、电影、建筑、文学和摄影等方面的活动。“光之柏林”是CliveGillinson爵士创意，他是伦敦交响乐团的前任负责人，并他于2005年8月成为“卡内基大厅”的行政、艺术主任。他决意要使得纽约的音乐厅更为国际化，因此发起了一系列的城市文化节、国家文化节和艺术活动。其中柏林文化节是第一个。
策划由指挥家SimonRattle指挥的柏林爱乐乐团的访问演出已经有一段时间了。自东西德国统一之后，柏林发生了许多变化，这个城市因为文化和政治，而不是因为商业或金融而繁荣起来。Clive为这个城市所打动，决定将这次访问演出扩大为真正的文化节。他还从纽约其他机构获得了热烈的回应。
柏林和纽约都有规模较大的艺术欣赏团体，但是战后的柏林只能幻想拥有和纽约一样充满创造的活力。目前，卡内基大厅和柏林的美国协会一起组织了一些有关文学、视觉艺术和电影制作的研讨会，邀请了著名人物如Volker Schl?ndorff 和 Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck参会，这两位都是获得奥斯卡奖的德国导演。歌德学院和德国总领事馆展出了照片，现代博物馆在播放关于柏林的电影，P.S.1现代艺术中心在十四个房间里播放了Rainer Werner Fassbinder电视史诗“Berlin Alexanderplatz”中的13个集及其大结局。
柏林爱乐乐团将自己的访问演出扩展到了8天，将会演奏GustavMahler的最后三个主要作品，也会演奏三位现代作曲家ThomasAdès、MagnusLindberg和Gy?rgyKurtag的作品。此外，由爱乐乐团音乐家组成的室内合奏团会在卡内基和该城市五个街区的“社区音乐会”进行表演。爱乐乐团最富有创意的表演是11月17日和18日在Washington Heights的联合宫殿剧院表演的由IgorStravinsky创作的“春的典礼”，伴舞的是来自州立学校的孩子们，他们只训练了8个星期。有些人认为这样会太混乱，而组织者回应说这次尝试中，柏林州立学校的孩子们（包括难民）配合得很好，
“柏林之光”并不包含所有形式的艺术——没有戏剧表演，也没有小型舞蹈。一个节日如果场面过于宏大，就会失去其魅力，Clive说，“我们希望可以抓住人们的想象，激发他们去探索新的空间。”
一些演出（如Max Raabe的表演、Palast管弦乐队演奏的20世纪20年代和30年代的歌曲，专研Kurt Weill 的德国女歌手UteLemper的歌舞表演）的观众主要由一些来自于纽约上西面的老年知识分子组成。他们中许多人都有德国或奥地利犹太血统，因此非常喜爱和深谙德国文化。一位评论家在20世纪40年代就看过Lemper的演出，他认为Lemper女士是对Weill 妻子LotteLenya的拙劣模仿。Clive希望演奏西方舞曲和北美音乐的柏林乐队“流浪声系”，以及柏林的土耳其和库尔德团体举办的音乐会可以吸引年轻的观众。
TEXT TWO
Publishers cannot have enough of books from serious historians about the “whys” of war. Why do they start? Why do they last? What makes a peace fragile? The past is one place to look for answers. Charles Esdaile, a lecturer at the University of Liverpool, is too good a scholar to make easy comparisons between then and now. But the “whys” of war run through his masterly account of the Napoleonic wars, a 12-year conflict between France and Europe's other powers that killed almost 2m soldiers. Mr Esdaile, in a politico-military survey of extraordinary scope and detail, tells us what he believes caused the conflict, what it was about and why it lasted so long despite, as it seemed, frequent chances for peace. Neither battlefield chronicle nor biography in disguise, “Napoleon's Wars” is explanatory history of high order.
Historians date the Napoleonic wars from 1803, when Britain declared war on France after the brief Peace of Amiens. Mr Esdaile recounts how Napoleon came to power in 1799, mastering France and then Europe. Britain commanded the seas after Trafalgar in 1805. But France held the continent thanks to victories on land against the Austrians, Prussians and Russians. Setbacks in Spain, which Napoleon's troops entered in 1807, and disaster in Russia in 1812, led to eventual defeat at Waterloo.
Mr Esdaile makes that familiar story fresh in three connected ways. He shows how marginal-looking conflicts—for example over the Romanian lands, Sweden, Portugal, Canada—ignited larger ones or divided potential allies. He reminds us that defeating Napoleon was never sure. Europe's armies had first to learn from their own failures and their rulers had to make common cause. Both things happened, but late in the day. Above all, he stresses that the conflict was not ideological but geopolitical. It was about the balance of power, disturbed for a century by Ottoman decline, Russian and Prussian growth and Franco-British rivalries.
Few if any of France's foes were fighting for regime change in Paris. At many times they would have settled with Napoleon—had he settled with them. But they could never trust him to settle, and the wars went on. His two strongest opponents, Britain and Russia, resisted him, in Mr Esdaile's view, not because he was a revolutionary, a republican or the head of an upstart dynasty. They fought him because as long as he controlled France, there was no telling where France would stop.
At this point Napoleon's character enters Mr Esdaile's intricate geopolitical equations. Without accepting a great-man theory of history, he thinks the Napoleonic wars deserve their name. Europe's powers would have fought over their differences without Napoleon. But the scale and ferocity of conflict was due in large part to the emperor's “aggression, egomania and lust for power”.
Mr Esdaile's book reflects a vast and varied range of recent scholarship. But he never leaves his geopolitical story for long. War started, he believes, because Europe was not in balance. It dragged on because Napoleon could not be trusted. Peace came—and lasted until later generations forgot the horror of the alternative.
Mr. Esdaile’s book can be best described as_____
[A] a politico-military survery of the Napoleonic wars.
[B] an account of the Napoleonic wars in extrodinary scope and detail.
[C] a historical chronicle of the Napoleonic wars with comparisons of the past and the present.
[D] an exploration of the deep-rooted reason that led to the long war.
2. Mr Esdaile holds the view that the Napoleonic wars are originated by _____
[A] marginal conflicts.
[B] imbalance of power in Europe.
[C] Napoleon’s aggressive ambition.
[D] Franco-British rivalries.
3. Mr. Esdaile’s novelty in recounting the conflict in _____
[A] that he dates from 1799 when Napoleon came to power in France.
[B] that he explains Napoleon’s character and history in detailed and vivid account.
[C] that he reminds us the importance of some marginal-looking conflicts.
[D] that he thinks the war was indeed started due to geopolitical factors.
4. France’s rivals fought against Napoleon despite chances for peace because_____
[A] the political imbalance of Europe stimulated inevitable hatred and conflict between the countries and Napoleon.
[B] they were alert to the possible aggression by Napoleon.
[C] they attempted to settle with Napoleon but in vain.
[D] Napoleon was too ambitious to be trusted by them.
5. According to the passage, which one of the following statements is NOT true of the Napoleonic wars?
[A] The wars would not have been fought without Napoleon.
[B] The wars were due to the emperor’s aggression, egomania and lust for power.
[C] The wars lasted for so long time because France’s rivals could not trust Napoleon.
[D] The wars were fought over the difference of the Europe’s powers.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了Esdaile先生的《拿破仑战争》一书。文章第一段讲述了该书解释性的特征；第二段讲述书中战争的梗概；第三段讲述其研究的创新之处；第四段讲述战争延续了很久的原因所在；第五段讲述拿破仑性格对于这次战争的影响；第六段总结了该书的特色。
词汇注释：
ferocity n. 残酷 egomania n. 自大狂
难句突破:
Mr Esdaile, in a politico-military survey of extraordinary scope and detail, tells us what he believes caused the conflict, what it was about and why it lasted so long despite, as it seemed, frequent chances for peace.
[主体句式] Mr Esdaile tells us what…, what… and why…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，有一个比较复杂的宾语从句。该宾语从句由三个疑问句组成，分别以what和why引导；介词短语in…是句子的状语。
[句子译文] Esdaile先生在他一次广泛、细致的政治军事调查中告诉我们他对这次战争起因的看法，这次战争的目的并解释为什么虽然看起来有好多次都有可能恢复和平，但战争还是持续了很长时间的原因。
His two strongest opponents, Britain and Russia, resisted him, in Mr Esdaile's view, not because he was a revolutionary, a republican or the head of an upstart dynasty.
[主体句式]His two opponents resisted him not because…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句。Britain and Russia是前面主语的同位语，in组成的介词短语是状语，后面not because…是句子的原因状语。
[句子译文] 在Esdaile看来，拿破仑的两个劲敌——英国和俄国与之抵抗并不是因为他是革命者、是共和党人或是一个崛起的王朝的领袖。
题目分析：
1. Mr. Esdaile’s book can be best described as_____
1. Esdaile先生的书可以看作是_____
[A] a politico-military survery of the Napoleonic wars.
[A] 拿破仑战争的政治军事纵览。
[B] an account of the Napoleonic wars in extrodinary scope and detail.
[B] 对拿破仑战争详细、宽泛的描述。
[C] a historical chronicle of the Napoleonic wars with comparisons of the past and the present.
[C] 一部比较了拿破仑战争过去与现状的历史编年史。
[D] an exploration of the deep-rooted reason that led to the long war.
[D] 拿破仑战争“最深层原因”的探究。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。这篇文章主要分析了Esdaile先生的《拿破仑战争》一书，第一段中就提到，这本书和以往的相关书不同，“为什么”贯穿全书，主要就是分析了拿破仑战争的起因，战争持续时间很长的原因，以及战争的目的。该书是解释性的历史。因此，选项中D最为符合题意。
2. Mr Esdaile holds the view that the Napoleonic wars are originated by _____
2. Esdaile先生认为拿破仑战争是由_____引起的。
[A] marginal conflicts.
[A] 一些边缘的纷争
[B] imbalance of power in Europe.
[B] 欧洲权利的不均衡
[C] Napoleon’s aggressive ambition.
[C] 拿破仑侵略的欲
[D] Franco-British rivalries.
[D] 法英冲突
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第三段提到，拿破仑战争不是因为意识形态原因而是因为地理政治原因，是因为势力不均衡。最后一段也提到，发生战争是因为欧洲势力不均衡。因此，拿破仑战争是因势力不均衡而起的。选项B为正确答案。
3. Mr. Esdaile’s novelty in recounting the conflict in _____
3. Esdaile 先生描述拿破仑战争的创新之处在于_____
[A] that he dates from 1799 when Napoleon came to power in France.
[A] 他将该历史追溯至1799年拿破仑在法国上台之时。
[B] that he explains Napoleon’s character and history in detailed and vivid account.
[B] 他用丰富翔实且生动的材料描述了拿破仑的性格和历史。
[C] that he reminds us the importance of some marginal-looking conflicts.
[C] 他提醒了我们一些看上去较为微小冲突的重要性。
[D] that he thinks the war conflict was indeed started due to geopolitical factors.
[D] 他认为该战争是由于地理政治的因素引起的。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第三段指出，Esdaile先生让旧故事出新意的地方有三处，第一处是提到看起来不很重要的冲突如何演变为大的战争，第二处是拿破仑并不一定被击败了；第三处，也是首当其冲的是这场战争并不是意识形态的，而是起源于地理政治的。这三个创新点在选项中只有D提到了其中之一，因此是正确答案。
4. France’s rivals fought against Napoleon despite chances for peace because_____
4. 尽管有多次讲和的机会, 法国的敌人还是和拿破仑对抗这是因为_____
[A] the political imbalance of Europe stimulated inevitable hatred and conflict between the countries and Napoleon.
[A] 欧洲的政治失衡必然导致了拿破仑和这些国家之间的仇恨和冲突。
[B] they were alert to the possible aggression by Napoleon.
[B] 他们害怕拿破仑可能会发动侵略。
[C] they attempted to settle with Napoleon but in vain.
[C] 他们向与拿破仑讲和却没有成功。
[D] Napoleon was too ambitious to be trusted by them.
[D] 拿破仑过于野心勃勃，因此敌人们并不信任他。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。第四段中提到，法国的敌人中几乎没有一个国家是为了让法国改朝换代而战争的，本来可以有讲和的机会，但是战争却一直继续，原因就是因为只要法国在拿破仑的控制中，那么别国就不知道法国什么时候才会停止侵略，这些国家自身随时都有可能遭到法国侵略的危险。因此，它们一直战争的原因还是害怕潜在的这种危险。因此，选项B最符合题意。
5. According to the passage, which one of the following statements is NOT true of the Napoleonic wars?
5. 根据本文, 关于拿破仑战争下列哪个陈述是错误的?
[A] The wars would have been fought even without Napoleon.
[A] 如果没有拿破仑,这场战争也会发生。
[B] The wars were due to the emperor’s aggression, egomania and lust for power.
[B] 这场战争是因为拿破仑的野心、自大和对权力的贪欲才引起的。
[C] The wars lasted for so long time because France’s rivals could not trust Napoleon.
[C] 战争持续了这么长时间是因为法国的敌人不信任拿破仑。
[D] The wars were fought over the difference of the Europe’s powers.
[D] 战争是因为欧洲各势力国家的不同而起的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，在文章第五段提到，即使拿破仑不存在，欧洲的强国也会进行战争，只是因为他的存在战争更为残酷，规模更大。选项B，文章第六段提到，战争是因为欧洲势力不均衡才引起的。选项C，文章第六段提到了这一点。选项D，各国家的不同也就是欧洲势力不均衡。因此，只有选项B是错误的说法。
参考译文：
关于战争的“为什么”，出版商们能从严肃的历史学家那里获得的书远远不够。为什么会发生战争？为什么战争一直延续？是什么使得和平不堪一击？历史只是寻找答案的一个途径。Charles Esdaile是利物浦大学的一名讲师，他是一位优秀的学者，因此并没有简单地对比现在和过去。但是，在他关于拿破仑战争的精妙叙述中，战争的“为什么”却一直贯穿始终。拿破仑战争是法国和欧洲其他国家进行的为期12年的一场战争，有200万名士兵为此捐躯。Esdaile先生在他一次广泛、细致的政治军事调查中告诉我们他对这次战争起因的看法，这次战争的目的并解释为什么虽然看起来有好多次都有可能恢复和平，但战争还是持续了很长时间的原因。“拿破仑战争”既不是战争编年史，又不是传记，它是对非凡历史的解释。
历史学家将拿破仑战争战争追溯到1803年，当时英国在短暂的“亚眠和平”后向法国宣战。Esdaile先生讲述了拿破仑如何于1799年当政开始统治法国，而后统治了整个欧洲。英国在1805年特拉法尔战争后获得了海上霸权。但是由于法国在陆上战争中打败了澳大利亚、普鲁士和俄罗斯，最终取得了陆上霸权。而拿破仑军队于1807年侵入西班牙后遇阻，1812年在俄罗斯又遇到灾祸，最终导致了滑铁卢惨败。
Esdaile先生以三种途径给予了这个旧故事新的诠释。他指出看起来很微小的冲突，比如因罗马尼亚土地、瑞典、葡萄牙和加拿大而引起的冲突，最终引发了更大的战争，或者将本来可以结盟的盟国弄得四分五裂。他认为很难说我们是否彻底击垮了拿破仑。欧洲军队必须从自己的失败中汲取教训，而统治者则需要联合起来。这些后来都实现了，但已经为时过晚。他强调，首先这场战争并不是基于意识形态的，而是基于地理政治学的。这是一场关于权力均衡的战争，在一个世纪中由于土耳其帝国的衰落、俄国和普鲁士的不断强大以及英法对抗等因素而不断延续。
法国敌人中几乎没有一个是为了要巴黎政权而战的。很多时候如果拿破仑愿意停战的话，这些愿意也很可能停战。但是这些国家不相信拿破仑这么做，因此战争就一直持续下去。在Esdaile看来，拿破仑的两个劲敌——英国和俄国与之抵抗并不是因为他是革命者、是共和党人或是一个崛起的王朝的领袖，而是因为只要他统治着法国，其他国家无法预料法国什么时候才能停止扩张。
在这一点上, 拿破仑的个性被列入Esdaile复杂的地理政治方程式中。Esdaile没有接受历史英雄理论，但他认为拿破仑战争理应享受如此盛名。即使没有拿破仑，欧洲强国也会因为彼此不同而发动战争，但是拿破仑战争的规模和惨烈程度却很大程度上是因为这个皇帝的“侵略性、自大狂和对权力的贪欲”。
Esdaile的这本书反映了近期学术广泛、多样的特点。但是他从未离开过地理政治这个概念。他相信，战争就是由于欧洲大陆的不平衡引起的，而战争一直延续是因为各国无法信任拿破仑。和平最终来临，直到后面几代人都忘记了战争的残酷。
TEXT THREE
It is, by general consent, the most important securities-litigation clash for a generation. A case now before the Supreme Court, Stoneridge v Scientific-Atlanta, is shaping up to be a key test of attitudes towards shareholder class actions. A decision in favour of aggrieved investors would greatly increase the number of companies on which trial lawyers could train their sights. A ruling the other way would be a crushing defeat for the plaintiff's bar. Adding to the suspense, the government bodies with an interest in the case cannot agree on a common position.
The case involves a cable company, Charter Communications, which used a transaction with two suppliers of set-top boxes to inflate its revenues. Shareholders sued not only the company but the vendors too, claiming that they participated in the fraud, even though they may not have been aware of the misreporting. Led by the legendary Bill Lerach, plaintiff lawyers have lobbied ferociously for the principle of going after third parties, known as “scheme liability”.
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is backing Mr Lerach's lot, thanks to a change of heart by its Republican chairman, Christopher Cox, traditionally no friend of the plaintiff's bar. Mr Cox urged the Department of Justice to fall in behind it, but this week it declined to do so. It has a month to decide whether to support the defendants or offer no opinion.
The Treasury is at odds with the SEC, too, fearing that a ruling in favour of investors would further damage American competitiveness. Many foreign firms that choose to list their shares elsewhere point to America's “litigation lottery” as the principal reason. Although filings of securities class actions have been falling since 2005, the overall value of settlements has continued to rise.
Bankers and accountants are watching just as closely as cable-box makers. In a similar case, Mr Lerach's firm sued Enron's financial advisers on behalf of shareholders, claiming that they facilitated the book-keeping shenanigans at the now-defunct energy trader. He lost—though not before collecting billions from banks that settled early. He has lodged an appeal with the Supreme Court and wants the case joined with Stoneridge. Business is encouraged by its track record: a steady pruning of plaintiffs' rights since the 1970s. A number of its justices are thought to sympathise with the view that scheme liability is best left to the SEC, which has the power to pursue aiders and abettors under its Rule 10b-5.
Some lawyers in Washington even suggest that Mr Cox only sided with investors because he was convinced that they had almost no chance of support from the Supreme Court. But with numerous fine legal points at issue, the outcome is uncertain. An unfavourable ruling would send a chill through boardrooms, and not only in America.
If suppliers and advisers can be dragged into class actions, it would no longer even be necessary to issue shares in the United States to incur securities liability, points out Peter Wallison of the American Enterprise Institute, a think-tank. Any firm, anywhere, doing business with American companies would have to live with the risk that the transaction could later be portrayed as fraudulent or deceptive. And painting such pictures is what trial lawyers do best.
What will probably happen if the final decision is in favor of investors?
[A] More companies will decide to move to other countries for business.
[B] The government bodies will lose their popular trust.
[C] More companies will be involved in legal acitons.
[D] American companies will be lost most of its competitiveness.
2. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of “scheme liability”?
[A] The Department of Justice will decide whether to implement this principle in this case in a month.
[B] The principle is raised by the plainstiff’s bar to settle the case.
[C] The principle has damaged the trust of foreign companies.
[D] The SEC was originally against using this principle in this case.
3. The Treasury is against the SEC’s proposal because_____
[A] The attitude of the Department of Justice is unclear.
[B] It is afraid that this proposal may arouse securities class actions.
[C] It holds the view that the scheme liability is unreasonable.
[D] It thinks this propasal will further discourage foreign firms from listing shares in America.
4. Mr. Cox changed his mind finally because_____
[A] He is bribed by the investors to work in favor of them.
[B] He sympathezes with the sharesholders.
[C] He disagrees with the supreme court’s principles and attitudes
[D] He dedicated himself to the defense of American investors’ right.
5. Towards the actions of plainstiff’s lawyers, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____
[A] negative.
[B] positive.
[C] indifferent.
[D] biased.
文章剖析：
这篇文章讲述了美国一起安全诉讼案。第一段讲述这一诉讼目前两种裁决的后果；第二段讲述了该发起诉讼的原因以及目前律师团提出的建议；第三、四段讲述美国一些国家部门对解决该案件提议的态度；第五段讲述律师之前的历史案件；第六段讲述目前案件悬而未决的情况；第七段讲述如果进一步深化带来的后果。
词汇注释：
shape up v. 发展 aggrieved adj. 权利受到不法侵害的
plainstaff n. 原告 bar n. 律师团
fall in v. 同意 lottery n. 抓阄法
filing n. 档案 shenanigan n. 诡计，恶作剧
defunct adj. 死了的，不存在的 pruning n. 修剪
abettor n. 教唆犯
难句突破：
Shareholders sued not only the company but the vendors too, claiming that they participated in the fraud, even though they may not have been aware of the misreporting.
[主体句式]Shareholders sued not only the company but the vendors too.
[结构分析]这是一个复合句，cliaming…现在分词结构作句子的伴随状语，后面even thought…作伴随状语中宾语从句的条件状语。
[句子译文] 投资者不仅仅起诉了这家公司，而且也起诉了供应商，称他们参与了诈骗行为，虽然他们可能没有意识到那些误报。
If suppliers and advisers can be dragged into class actions, it would no longer even be necessary to issue shares in the United States to incur securities liability, points out Peter Wallison of the American Enterprise Institute, a think-tank.
[主体句式]…points out Peter…
[结构分析]这是一个复合句。主语置后，a think-tank是前面the American Enterprise Institute的同位语；前面都是宾语从句。该宾语从句为一个带有条件状语从句的复杂句。
[句子译文] 美国智囊机构美国企业协会的Peter Wallison指出，如果供应商和顾问也被拽入共同起诉中，那就不再需要在美国发行股票来得到安全债务。
题目分析：
1. What will probably happen if the final decision is in favor of investors?
1. 如果最后的裁决有利于投资者, 以下哪种情况会发生?
[A] More companies will decide to move to other countries for business.
[A] 大多数公司会搬到其他国家。
[B] The government bodies will lose their popular trust.
[B] 政府团体会失去公众的信任。
[C] More companies will be involved in legal acitons.
[C] 会有更多的公司被卷入诉讼。
[D] American companies will lose most of its competitiveness.
[D] 美国公司会丧失其大部分的竞争力。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第一段提到，如果最终的裁决有利于投资者的话，辩护律师就会关注更多的公司了。言外之意就是，就会有更多的公司会被卷入诉讼中来。文章第四段也指出，如果投资者胜诉，那么会使得美国的竞争力下降，因此，选项D是错误的。因此，C选项符合题意。
2. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of “scheme liability”?
2.关于“方案责任”，下列那一项陈述是错误的？
[A] The Department of Justice will decide whether to implement this principle in this case in a month.
[A]司法部将在一个月内决定是否实施该原则。
[B] The principle is raised by the plainstiff’s bar to settle the case.
[B]该原则是由原告律师团提出以解决该案件的。
[C] The principle has damaged the trust of foreign companies.
[C]该原则已经损害了外国公司的信任。
[D] The SEC was originally against using this principle in this case.
[D]安全与交流委员会最开始是反对将该原则用于该案件的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。选项A, 第三段提到司法部已经拒绝实行这项原则，在一个月内决定是否支持被告。选项B，第一段提到是由原告律师团提出的。选项C，第四段提到，许多外国公司选择在其他国家上市，就是因为该原则，因此可以推断该原则损害了外国公司的信任。选项Ｄ，第三段提到，多亏了Christopher Cox改变了主意，最终该委员会才同意了这个提议，因此，可以推断，最初他们是持反对态度的。因此，正确答案为Ａ选项。
3. The Treasury is against the SEC’s proposal because_____
4.财政部反对安全与交流委员会的提议是因为_____
[A] The attitude of the Department of Justice is unclear.
[A] 司法部的态度不明朗。
[B] It is afraid that this proposal may arouse securities class actions.
[B]它害怕改提议会引起安全共同起诉。
[C] It holds the view that the scheme liability is unreasonable.
[C] 它认为该原则是不合理的。
[D] It thinks this propasal will further discourage foreign firms from listing shares in America.
[D]它认为该原则会阻碍外国公司在美国上市。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章第四段提到，财政部是担心如果裁决有利于投资者会进一步削弱美国竞争力，因为许多外国公司选择了到别的国家上市就是因为这个原则。因此，主要原因还是担心会进一步阻碍外国公司在美国上市，从而损害美国竞争力。因此，D选项为正确答案。
4. Mr. Cox changed his mind finally because_____
4.Cox先生最终改变了主意是因为_____
[A] He is bribed by the investors to work in favor of them.
[A] 他接受了投资者们的贿赂以帮助他们工作。
[B] He sympathezes with the sharesholders.
[B] 他同情那些股东。
[C] He disagrees with the supreme court’s principle and attitudes
[C] 他不同意最高法院的原则和态度。
[D] He dedicated himself to the defense of the American investors’ rights.
[D] 他投身于对美国投资者权利的保护中。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章第三段提到，Cox先生不是原告律师团任何人的朋友，而第五段提到了，华盛顿一些律师暗示Cox先生只站在投资者一边是因为感觉最高法院不可能支持他们。因此，可以看出他这样做是同情这些投资者。答案为 B选项。
5. Towards the actions of plainstiff’s lawyers, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____
5.对于原告律师团的行为，作者的态度可以说是_____
[A] negative.
[A] 否定的。
[B] positive.
[B] 肯定的。
[C] indifferent.
[C] 中立的。
[D] biased.
[D] 有偏见的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析]态度题。文章的前面作者都是以一种非常客观的态度来叙述的，但是在文章最后一段，作者提到任何公司要和美国公司做生意就必须面临有可能被认为是欺诈行为的危险，而律师向来是描黑的能手。可以看出，作者对律师还是持否定的态度的。因此，答案为A选项。
参考译文：
人们普遍认为，本案是这一时代最大的一起安全诉讼冲突。现在最高法院审理的一个案子——Stoneridge v ScientificAtlanta发展成为试探对股东共同起诉的重要个案。如果决议有利于那些权利受到不法侵害的投资者，那么就会有更多的公司找寻律师来起诉。不利于投资者的裁决对于原告律师团则是一个致命的打击。除了这个悬念之外，关心该案件的政府机构也不能达成一致意见。
该案件涉及到一个电报公司——Charter Communications，公司利用与两个置顶盒供应商的交易来扩大其收入。投资者不仅仅起诉了这家公司，而且也起诉了供应商，称他们参与了诈骗行为，虽然他们可能没有意识到那些误报。以富有传奇色彩的Bill Lerach为首的原告律师团强烈要求实行寻找第三方的原则，即“方案责任”。
安全与交流委员会赞成Lerach先生的抓阄建议，这主要是因为该委员会的共和国主席Christopher Cox改变了主意，此人与原告律师团没有任何联系。Cox先生要求司法部同意该提议，但是这周司法部却予以拒绝。司法部有一个月的时间来决定是支持被告还是不提供任何意见。
财政部也和安全与交流委员会有分歧，财政部担心如果裁决有利于投资者会进一步削弱美国的竞争力。许多选择了到其他地方上市的外国公司指出，美国“立法抓阄法”是它们不在美国上市主要的原因所在。尽管共同起诉的案件自2005年以来一直在下降，裁决所牵涉的整体价值却一直在上升。
和电报盒制造商一样，银行家和会计一直在密切关注这起案件。之前也有一起相似的案件，Lerach先生的公司代表股东起诉了Enron金融顾问，称他们促成了现已不存在的能源经纪人的薄记交易诡计。Lerach最终败诉，虽然之前因裁决从银行取到了几十亿美元。他向最高法院提出了上诉，希望这个案件可以加入到Stoneridge。纪录可以刺激交易，这是20世纪70年代后原告权利的逐步修改的成果。人们认为一些法官同意“方案责任”最好交由安全与交流委员会来负责的观点，该委员会有权利根据其10b-5法规来追踪资助人和教唆者。
华盛顿一些律师甚至暗示Cox先生只站在投资者一边，因为他相信投资者们不可能从最高法院获得任何援助。但是由于有太多的法律事项都不能达成一致，结果还是个未知数。不利的裁决会让股东会议室充满寒意，而且不仅仅限于美国。
美国智囊机构美国企业协会的Peter Wallison指出，如果供应商和顾问也被拽入共同起诉中，那就不再需要在美国发行股票来得到安全债务。任何地方的任何公司，只要和美国公司做生意，就必须承担这些交易以后可能会被认为有欺诈性质的危险。而这向来是律师们的拿手好戏。
TEXT FOUR
How fair are juries? A study published this week offers timely support for a system that used to be regarded as one of the bulwarks of an Englishman's civil liberties but has come under increasing attack of late. In England, unlike America, juries no longer decide most civil trials. And now the government is pushing a bill through Parliament to abolish them in complex fraud cases.
In America the selection of jurors acceptable to both the prosecution and the defence sometimes takes longer than the trial itself. The process can involve exhaustive interviews about prospective jurors' beliefs and prejudices. But in Britain jurors are selected randomly from the 94 Crown Court catchment areas in England and Wales. Most accept the call, and there is little chance to challenge a juror unless he actually knows the defendant. This has not prevented assertions that English juries produce verdicts that are racially biased because they do not accurately reflect society's ethnic mix.
A four-year study by a team at the University of Birmingham's law school, led by Cheryl Thomas, has shown those charges to be largely a myth. In over 95% of the 84 Crown Courts that were surveyed, ethnic minorities were not under-represented among either those summoned for jury service or those actually serving as jurors. Members of ethnic minorities and whites were equally willing to do jury service and to support the jury system.
The study punctured another myth too: that juries are largely made up of the retired and the unemployed. Women, young people and self-employed folk were all fully represented, the report's authors concluded. And far from shirking jury duty, fancy people in fancy jobs were found to be more conscientious than others, if anything. All in all, jury pools seem to reflect the local population quite closely in terms of race, gender, age and background.
Yet the perception of racial bias is not always unfounded. In London, where 45% of ethnic minorities live and a quarter of all jurors serve, juries are always racially mixed. But in 74 of the 94 court-catchment areas, ethnic minorities, though sometimes concentrated in pockets, make up less than 10% of the population overall. They therefore have little chance of being selected for jury duty.
Ms Thomas and her team chose to study racially mixed juries to see whether a defendant's race influenced deliberations. Contrary to widespread belief, no discrimination was found. In an elaborate case simulation at London's Blackfriars court, which involved more than 300 jurors on 27 juries, the verdicts were all remarkably similar, regardless of whether the defendant was black, Asian or white. This does not mean that a defendant's race did not influence individual jurors. Black and Asian jury members tended to show more leniency toward black defendants, whereas white jurors were usually softer on white defendants. But these individual biases did not affect the collective verdicts of the juries. Ten of 12 jurors must usually agree for a verdict to be reached, so individual biases cancelled each other out.
Lord Falconer, the newly styled justice secretary, hailed the report as a vindication of juries, which he believes are “utterly vital to our justice system”. This has not, apparently, changed his and the government's determination to abolish juries for complex and lengthy fraud trials, however—despite the opposition of most lawyers, civil-liberties groups and the vast majority of the British public.
1.The government of Britian wants to abolish juries in complex fraud cases probably because_____
[A] there is no significance of jury’s existence since civil trials do not need it any more.
[B] the system of juries has been under increasing attack by all people of the society.
[C] juries do not accurately reflect society’s ethnic mix.
[D] the selection of jurors makes jury inefficient and intricate.
2. From he study by the team led by Cheryl Thomas, we may make the following conclusions except _____
[A] the juries reflect society’s ethnic mix.
[B] the juries could fully represent people of all walks of life.
[C] the juries are made of members of whites and ethnic minorities of equal number.
[D] the juries make verdicts without discrimination.
3. About the racial bias of juries, which one of the following statements is TRUE?
[A] Racial bias is often counterbalanced with each other among individual jurors, resulting in a fair verdict.
[B] The jurors has almost none individual discrimination toward the defendant
[C] Racial bias exists in individual jurors but is seldom reflected in their final personal judgment.
[D] The jurors are usually well-trained in curbing their individual bias.
4. In the eyes of most Englishmen, the verdicts by juries are_____
[A] immune from discrimination.
[B] influenced by their prejudices.
[C] fair enough.
[D] influenced by the defendant.
5. Towards the determination to abolish juries for complex fraud trials, Lord Falconer’s attitude can be said to be_____
[A] supportive.
[B] opposing.
[C] indifferent.
[D] dubious.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了英国预废除诈骗案件陪审团的情况以及相关的研究。第一段讲述英国陪审团体制目前政府在考虑废除；第二段讲述英国民众对于陪审团的看法；第三、四段讲述某小组研究成果表示英国民众对于陪审团的看法是错误的；第五段讲述存在的一些偏颇；第六段讲述陪审团裁决不会受到偏见的影响；第七段讲述目前的废除进展。
词汇注释：
bulwark n. 壁垒，防御 catchment n. 流域，区域
puncture v. 刺破 shirk v. 逃避，推卸
conscientious adj. 尽责的 leniency n. 宽大, 仁慈, 温和
难句突破：
(1) This has not prevented assertions that English juries produce verdicts that are racially biased because they do not accurately reflect society's ethnic mix.
[主体句式] This has not prevented assertions that…
[结构分析]这是一个复合句，that 引导的是定语从句修饰前面的assertions，在该定语从句中又有一个that引导的定语从句修饰verdicts, because引导的原因状语从句是主语定语从句中的状语从句。
[句子译文] 但是即使这样还是有人难免认为英国陪审团所作出的裁决具有种族偏见，因为陪审团不能准确地反映社会的种族混合情况。
(2) In an elaborate case simulation at London's Blackfriars court, which involved more than 300 jurors on 27 juries, the verdicts were all remarkably similar, regardless of whether the defendant was black, Asian or white.
[主体句式] The verdicts were all similar.
[结构分析]这是一个复合句，前面的介词短语是句子的状语；在该状语中，which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰前面的case。
[句子译文] 在伦敦Blackfriars法庭的一次精心的案件模拟中，有27个陪审团的300个陪审员参加，不管被告是黑人、亚洲人还是白人，裁决都非常相似。
题目分析：
1. The government of Britian wants to abolish juries in complex fraud cases probably because_____
1. 英国政府要在诈骗案件中废除陪审团是因为_____
[A] juries no longer make verdict on civel trials.
[A] 陪审团在民事案件中不再作出裁决。
[B] the system of juries has come under increasing attack.
[B] 陪审团制度不断受到攻击。
[C] juries do not accurately reflect society’s ethnic mix.
[C] 陪审团不能体现社会种族混合。
[D] the selection of juries is too complex.
[D] 陪审团的选择过于复杂。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。第一段提到了英国政府正在将废除诈骗案件陪审团的提议提交国会，前面提到陪审团制度目前备受非议，后面又多次提到大众对陪审团的偏见，认为他们有歧视现象。因此，可以推断，之所以要废除陪审团可能就是受到责难的原因。因此，选项B符合题意。
2. From the study by the team led by Cheryl Thomas, we may make the following conclusions except _____
由CherylThomas小组的研究我们可以得出除_____外的以下结论。
[A] the juries reflect society’s ethnic mix.
[A] 陪审团反映了社会种族混合。
[B] the juries could fully represent people of all walks of life.
[B]陪审团可以充分代表各行各业的人
[C] the juries are made of members of whites and ethnic minorities of equal number.
[C]陪审团由相同数量的白人和少数民族组成。
[D] the juries make verdicts without discrimination.
[D] 陪审团作出裁决没有偏见。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，从第三段可以看出，陪审团体现了这种民族混合。选项B，从第四段可以看出，不论种族、年龄、背景等的不同，陪审团都充分代表了；选项C，第三段只提到白人和少数民族的人都愿意参加陪审工作、支持陪审制度，但并未说明数量相同，而且从第五段可以看出，有些地区的少数民族人数过少，就没有参与的机会，因此该选项说法错误；D，第六段可以看出这一点来。因此，答案为C选项。
3. About the racial bias of juries, which one of the following statements is TRUE?
关于陪审团的种族偏见，下列哪个陈述是正确的？
[A] Racial bias is often counterbalanced with each other among individual jurors, resulting in a fair verdict.
[A]由于陪审团成员之间的种族歧视互相抵消，因此最后的判决是公正的。
[B] The jurors has almost none individual discrimination toward the defendant.
[B] 陪审员对于被告没有个人偏见。
[C] Racial bias exists in individual jurors but is seldom reflected in their final personal judgment.
[C]陪审员都有自己的种族偏见，但却没有体现在他们最终的个人判断上。
[D] The jurors are not affected by their individual bias.
[D]陪审员不会受到他们个人偏见的影响。
[答案] A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。根据文章中小组所作的研究，陪审员单个人对于被告是会受到个人偏见的影响，但他们整体做出的裁决却不会受到影响。因此，选项中，A是正确的， C选项看上去与A选项的表述差不多，但是其错误在于personal judgment，其实陪审员的个人判断也受到了个人种族偏见的影响，只是最终的审判结果在众人的综合作用下是公正的。D是错误的。选项C在文章第五段提到，在一些地区其实存在着一些不平等。因此正确答案为A选项。
4. In the eyes of most Englishmen, the verdicts by juries are_____
在大多数英国人眼中，陪审团所作出的裁决是_____
[A] immune from discrimination.
[A] 不受偏见影响的。
[B] influenced by their prejudices.
[B] 受到他们偏见的影响。
[C] fair enough.
[C] 非常公正。
[D] influenced by the defendant.
[D] 受到被告的影响。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第一段就提到，有人认为陪审团不能充分反映各混合民族的利益；而文章第六段又提出，和广泛的意见相反的是，裁决中没有偏见的影响。那么，公众是认为他们的裁决受到他们偏见的影响。因此，答案为B选项。
5. Towards the determination to abolish juries for complex fraud trials, Lord Falconer’s attitude can be said to be_____
5.对于在复杂诈骗案件中废除陪审团的决议，Lord Falconer的态度是_____
[A] supportive.
[A] 支持的。
[B] opposing.
[B] 反对的。
[C] indifferent.
[C] 中立的。
[D] dubious.
[D] 不确定的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 推理题。最后一段提到，Lord Falconer将该报告视为对陪审团的辩护，“hail”也表明了他欢迎的态度，而他的话语也表达了他支持报告的结果，反对废除陪审团的决议。因此，答案为B选项。
参考译文：
陪审团公平程度如何呢？而本周公布的一项调查为该体制提供了及时的支持。一个原来被认为是每个英国人公民自由保障的制度，但是近来却受到了不断升温的攻击，与美国不同的是，在英国陪审团不再裁决民事审判。目前政府正在试图使一项议案获得议会同意，从而在复杂的诈骗案件中废除陪审团。
在美国，陪审员既要被原告方也要被被告方接受，选择陪审员花去的时间往往比审判本身的时间还要长。该程序还包括对陪审员信仰及偏见的详尽问询。但是在英国，陪审员却是从英格兰和威尔士94个刑事法庭附近区域中随机选取。大多数都接受传唤，除非本人确实认识被告，否则陪审员很少会被质问。但是即使这样还是有人难免认为英国陪审团所作出的裁决具有种族偏见，因为陪审团不能准确地反映社会的种族混合情况。
伯明翰大学法律学院Cheryl Thomas领导的一个小组进行了一项长达四年的研究，该研究表明这些指控大多都是莫须有的。所调查的84个刑事法庭的95%的法庭中，不管是被临时应急召集过去的人员还是真正的陪审团，少数民族都得到了充分的代表。少数民族成员和白人都愿意从事陪审工作或支持陪审团制度。
该研究还打消了另外一个说法：陪审团大多由退休和失业人士组成。研究报道的作者称，妇女、青年和半雇佣工人代表都有出席。那些在从事奇特行业的奇特人士并没有推卸陪审团责任，而是比其他人更加尽责。总而言之，陪审团在种族、性别、年龄和社会背景上所反映的情况都和当地人民相一致。
但是种族偏见也时有发生。伦敦生活着45%的少数民族，有1/4的陪审员在服务，因此陪审团经常是种族混合。但是94个法庭附近地区中有74个地区，虽然少数民族有时聚集在某一地区，但是只占总人口的10%。因此，他们几乎没有机会被选择来参与陪审工作。
Thomas女士及其团队选择研究种族混合的陪审团，从而了解是否被告的种族会影响陪审团的审议。和人们普遍的想法相反，其实不存在没有任何偏见。在伦敦Blackfriars法庭的一次精心的案件模拟中，有27个陪审团的300个陪审员参加，不管被告是黑人、亚洲人还是白人，裁决都非常相似。这并不能说明被告的种族并不会影响单个陪审员。黑人和亚洲陪审团成员对黑人被告更为宽容，而白人陪审员对于白人被告相对温和。但是这些个人偏见并不会影响陪审团集体的裁决。12个陪审员中必须有10个同意某个裁决，因此个人偏见会互相抵消掉。
新式司法秘书Falconer阁下将该报告作为对陪审团的辩护，他相信这“对于我们的司法体系是非常重要的”。显然，报告还没改变影响到他和政府在复杂、漫长的诈骗案审理中废除陪审团的决定，尽管大部分律师、公民自由组织和英国大部分公民都持反对意见。
UNIT NINE
TEXT ONE
For many college students, back to school also means back to downloading music over the university's high-speed Internet connection. But not so fast: The music industry's crackdown on piracy on campus didn't stop with the end of the spring semester.
In August, the Recording Industry Association of America sent pre-litigation letters to 58 colleges—coast to coast, from Boston University to San Diego State. More than 2,400 letters already have been sent to students at schools targeted by the RIAA. The letters offer students the option of paying a settlement fee based on the number of tunes the student allegedly downloaded illegally or taking the risk of a potentially more expensive lawsuit.
The music association isolates Internet addresses that generate high downloading and file-sharing traffic, then asks the school to turn over the identity of those students, so it can get in touch with them. Some schools, like the University of Wisconsin, have declined to assist the RIAA, explaining that "to identify the IP users and forward the letters to them would put the university in an uncomfortable and inappropriate alliance with the RIAA," says Meg McCall, a spokesperson for the university. "While we agree that violation of copyright law is serious and should be addressed, the only way to be certain of infractions is to pursue ac
Students also are a bit flummoxed by the pre-litigation letters, though many appear to be opting for the quick settlement. When Cassandra Hunt, then a sophomore at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, received a notice from the school stating she was identified for violating copyright law, she asked the RIAA about the settlement fees. Explaining that it had identified 272 songs, which could potentially cost $750 per song should her case go to trial, it offered her a settlement fee. "Now, I know what you're thinking," wrote the physics major in an op-ed for The Tech last year. "With a collection of 272 whole songs, no wonder the RIAA felt compelled to squash my threat to the sanctity of music. However the lady on the phone told me they'd be willing to settle for $3,750." And that fee, explains Hunt, was requested to be paid within 15 days (though the RIAA offers a six-month payment plan).
Colleges are taking their own measures to persuade students not to pirate music. Some schools are making deals with music download services such as Ruckus to provide their students with free, legal options. Penn State is one of the schools that have signed up for Ruckus, which also incorporates social-networking features. Users can "friend" others to see what playlists they are putting together and download those songs in seconds if their school has a Ruckus server installed. "We like to think of ourselves as a discovery tool," explains Charlie Moore, a senior vice president of Ruckus. But the songs downloaded can be listened to on the Ruckus player only, explains Moore. While some portable media devices can play the songs, Ruckus tunes can't be imported into iTunes or iPods. Students at Penn State also have reported some problems getting the Ruckus service to work on Apple's Mac computers. Nevertheless, that's still likely less commotion than they face from a pre-litigation letter.
1. Which one of the following is not the measure taken by RIAA to fight against music piracy on campus?
[A] Sending pre-litigation letters to students who have violated copyright law.
[B] Blocking the access to downloading music to the students.
[C] Asking schools to sign up for music download services.
[D] Providing schools with charged legal access of music downloading services.
2. University of Wisconsin declined to assist the RIAA because_____
[A] they wanted to protect the students’ privacy.
[B] they thought RIAA’s request was inappropriate.
[C] they considered that actions should be carried through legal procedures.
[D] they did not want to made an alliance with the RIAA.
3. The word “flummoxed” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
[A] perplexed.
[B] irritated.
[C] annoyed.
[D] disturbed.
4. The case of Cassandra Hunt implies that _____
[A] the students shows unexpected willingness to work with the RIAA on how to make the settlement fees more reasonable.
[B] there exists contradiciton between RIAA’s payment plan and the actual payment requirment.
[C] there exists some problems in RIAA’s acion against the students’ piracy.
[D] RIAA attempts to assist students by cutting off the fees and lengthen the payment period.
5. About services provided by Rucks to the students, which one of the following is NOT true?
[A]Those who are friended by the users of Rucks can download the songs in seconds given that both ends have access to Ruckus server.
[B] Music downloaded from the Ruckus server can only be played on the Ruckus player.
[C] Users can download songs freely and legally but have to face the problem of incompatibility.
[D] There are some problems in playing the songs downloaded with other players.
文章剖析：
这篇文章讲述美国唱片产业协会对校园音乐盗版现象采取的措施。第一、二段讲述美国唱片协会采取了一定措施惩戒校园盗版现象；第三段讲述学校的态度；第四段讲述学生的态度；第五段讲述学校也采取措施防止学生的音乐盗版。
词汇注释：
infraction n. 侵害 flummox v. 使惶惑
sophomore n. 大二学生 commotion n. 暴乱
难句突破：
The music association isolates Internet addresses that generate high downloading and file-sharing traffic, then asks the school to turn over the identity of those students, so it can get in touch with them.
[主体句式]The music association isolates Internet addresses ，then asks the school to turn over…so it can get …
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句。在前面的分句中，that引导的定语从句修饰addresses， 后面分句是带有目的状语从句的句子。
[句子译文] 音乐协会隔离了高速下载和文件分享的因特网地址，还要求学校移交那些学生的身份以便与他们取得联系。
(2) When Cassandra Hunt, then a sophomore at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, received a notice from the school stating she was identified for violating copyright law, she asked the RIAA about the settlement fees.
[主体句式]When Casandra Hunt received a notice，she asked …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句, 在状语从句中, then a sophomore…是主语的同位语; stating…现在分词结构做定语修饰前面的notice。
[句子译文] Cassandra Hunt是麻省理工学院的大学二年级学生，她从学校接到通知说已经被确定违反了版权法，于是就向美国唱片产业协会询问了解决费用。
题目分析：
1. Which one of the following is not the measure taken by RIAA to fight against music piracy on campus?
下列哪个不是美国唱片产业协会打击学校音乐盗版的措施？
[A] Sending pre-litigation letters to students who have violated copyright law.
[A] 给触犯了版权法的学生寄送预起诉信件。
[B] Blocking the access to downloading music to the students.
[B] 向学生封锁了下载音乐的途径。
[C] Providing schools with charged legal access of music downloading services.
[C] 为学校提供收费的音乐合法下载服务。
[D] Persuading schools to cooperate with them in supplying the students’ identity.
[D] 要求学校配合提供学生的身份。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A是全文中多次提到的；选项B，第三段提到了这一点。选项D，第三段也提到了这一点。C选项中所谓的“为学校提供收费的音乐合法下载服务”在文章中并没有具体的对应信息，属于空穴来风的选项。
2. University of Wisconsin declined to assist the RIAA because_____
威斯康星大学拒绝协助美国唱片产业协会是因为_____
[A] they wanted to protect the students’ privacy.
[A] 他们想要保护学生的隐私。
[B] they thought RIAA’s request was inappropriate.
[B]他们认为该协会的要求是不适当的。
[C] they considered that actions should be carried through legal procedures.
[C] 他们认为应该通过法律程序来进行。
[D] they did not want to made an alliance with the RIAA.
[D] 他们不想和该协会联合。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。文章第三段提到，该大学拒绝协助唱片协会，解释是如果这样做了就会让人认为该大学和唱片协会达成了一种不适当的联合，他们也承认违反版权法应该被制裁，但是执行的唯一途径应当是通过法庭。可以看出，该大学是怕自己名誉受损，认为应该通过法律程序来进行。选项中，C最为符合题意。B文中并没有具体的提及。
3. The word “flummoxed” (Line 1, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
“flummoxed”(第四段第一行)最有可能的意思为_____
[A] perplexed.
[A] 困惑的。
[B] irritated.
[B] 愤怒的。
[C] annoyed.
[C] 烦恼的。
[D] disturbed.
[D] 受烦扰的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]猜词题。第四段主要讲述学生的一些反映，大部分学生选择了快速解决，但是有的学生却是另外一种态度。而该段所提到的Hunt的例子就说明她对这样的办法有一些疑虑。可以推断，该词是疑虑的意思，选项A符合题意。
4. The case of Cassandra Hunt implies that _____
4. Cassandra Hunt的例子说明了_____
[A] the students shows unexpected willingness to work with the RIAA on how to make the settlement fees more reasonable.
[A]出乎意料的是，学生们表达了他们愿意与RIAA合作来制定最合理解决费用的意愿。
[B] there exists contradiciton between RIAA’s payment plan and the actual payment requirment.
[B]唱片协会支付计划和实际的支付要求之间有矛盾。
[C] there exists some problems in RIAA’s acion against the students’ piracy.
[C]唱片协会反对学生盗版的行动中存在一些问题。
[D]RIAA attempts to assist students by cutting off the fees and lengthen the payment period.
[D]RIAA试图帮助学生们减少要缴纳的解决费用并且延长支付时期。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章举Hunt的例子是为了说明学生中间有一些人对唱片协会的处决有一些疑惑，一是可以以较少的费用解决该问题；一是支付时间上存在一些问题。这个例子还是为了说明，唱片协会在处理该事件上还是有一些问题和争议存在。所有选项中，C最为符合题意。A的表述显然是错误的，因为首先Hunt的例子只是一个个例，并不代表所有的学生。此外，Hunt只是咨询相关的情况，这并不表明她持支持与合作的态度，相反她是对RIAA持讽刺态度的。D选项有一定的迷惑性，该例子中提到了RIAA减少了Hunt所需要交的费用，括号中也说明有一个六个月支付的计划，但这正是为了说明RIAA规定的不成熟性和随意性，与选项表述的态度是相反的，因此D选项也是错误的。
5. About services provided by Ruckus to the students, which one of the following is NOT true?
关于Ruckus提供给学生的服务，下列哪一个选项是错误的？
[A]Those who are friended by the users of Ruckus can download the songs in their playlists in seconds given that both ends have access to Ruckus server.
[A]Ruckus用户加为朋友的人可以在几秒钟内下载其播放列表的歌曲，如果双方都能够进入Ruckus服务器的话。
[B] Music downloaded from the Ruckus server can only be played on Ruckus player.
[B] 在Ruckus服务器上下载的音乐只能够用Ruckus的播放器来播放。
[C] Users can download songs freely and legally but have to face the problem of incompatibility.
[C]用户可以免费、合法地下载歌曲，但却必须面临无法兼容的问题。
[D] There are some problems in playing the songs of Ruckus downloaded with other players.
[D]用其他播放器播放下载的Ruckus歌曲时存在一些问题。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项B, 文章最后一段提到别列为朋友后，这些朋友所在学校也必须有Ruckus的服务器时才可以快速下载播放列表的歌曲因此，其前提是“用户可以让他人“成为朋友”，从而看到他们的播放列表，如果这些朋友的学校也有Ruckus服务器的话也可以在几秒内下载这些歌曲”，因此A是正确选项。关于选项B，最后一段提到“虽然一些可携媒体设备可以播放歌曲，Ruckus歌曲却不能输入iTunes 或 iPods”，可见不一定是要在Ruckus的播放器上使用，还可以在其他一些播放器上使用，可见B选项时错误的，同时D选项是正确的。选项C，最后一段也提到了，可以为学生提供免费、合法的音乐。因此答案为B选项。
参考译文：
对于许多大学生来说，回到学校就意味着可以重新通过学校的高速因特网下载音乐了。但现在不会快了：音乐界打击校园盗版的行动并没有因为春季学期的结束而告终。
八月份，美国唱片产业协会将预诉讼信送到了58所大学，从东海岸到了西海岸，从波斯顿大学到圣地亚哥州立大学。有2400多封信件已经寄到美国唱片产业协会注意到的学生手中了。信中给了学生两个选择，学生可以根据涉嫌非法下载歌曲的数量来支付一笔罚金，否则就可能面临更昂贵的诉讼。
音乐协会隔离了高速下载和文件分享的因特网地址，还要求学校移交那些学生的身份以便与他们取得联系。一些学校，如威斯康星大学就拒绝协助美国唱片产业协会，该校解释说“找到这些IP用户并把信件转交给他们，这会使学校与美国唱片产业协会结成不合适的联盟，” 学校发言人Meg McCall说道，“虽然我们也认为违反版权法的行为后果严重，应该被处理，但是应该是通过法院来进行确定。”
学生们对于预诉讼信件也颇为惶惑，虽然许多人选择了快速解决。Cassandra Hunt是麻省理工学院的大学二年级学生，她从学校接到通知说已经被确定违反了版权法，于是就向美国唱片产业协会询问了解决费用。协会解释说目前已经确定了272首歌，如果上升到法院的话可能每首歌要花费750美元，但协会说她可以交一笔解决费用了事。“现在我知道你是怎么想的，”去年这个物理学专业学生写道，“一共272首歌，毫无疑问美国唱片协会不得不压制我对音乐版权的侵犯。但是，电话上那个女士告诉我他们愿意以3750美元解决。” Hunt 解释说，这笔费用必须在15天内缴清（虽然美国唱片产业给出了一份6个月的分期支付计划）。
学校自己也在采取措施防止学生下载盗版音乐。大多数学校与一些音乐下载服务（如Ruckus）进行合作，为学生提供免费、合法的音乐。宾西法尼亚州立大学已经和拥有社会网络功能的Ruckus签订了协议。用户可以与他人“成为朋友”，从而看到他们的播放列表，如果这些朋友的学校也有Ruckus服务器的话，就可以在几秒内下载这些歌曲。“我们更愿意把我们想象成探索工具，” Ruckus资深副总裁Charlie Moore解释道。但是下载的歌曲只能在Ruckus播放器上播放，Moore解释说。虽然一些可携媒体设备可以播放这些歌曲，Ruckus歌曲却不能输入iTunes 或 iPods。宾西法尼亚州立大学学生也反映在苹果计算机上运行Ruckus服务存在一些问题。但是，比起预起诉的麻烦来说这已经不算什么了。
TEXT TWO
On the face of things, a fall in the number of people infected with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) from 39.5m to 33.2m over the course of a single year, as reported in this year's AIDS epidemic update from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNAIDS, should be cause for rejoicing. Indeed, it is, for it means there are fewer people to treat, and fewer to pass the infection on, than was previously thought. But the fall is not a real fall. Rather, it is due to a change in the way the size of the epidemic is estimated.
If you factor in that change, the number of infected individuals has actually risen since last year, by 500,000. Yet even that is not necessarily bad news in the paradoxical world of AIDS. As treatment programmes are rolled out around the world, death rates are falling. According to the revised figures, the lethal peak, of 2.2m a year, was in 2005. Now the figure is 2.1m. Since the only way for an infected person to drop out of the statistics in reality (as opposed to by sleight of statistical hand) is for him to die, such increased survivorship inevitably pushes up the total size of the epidemic.
The best news of all, however, is that the new figures confirm what had previously been suspected—that the epidemic has peaked. The highest annual number of new infections around the world was 3.4m in 1998. That figure has now fallen to 2.5m.
Both the change in the death rate and the change in the infection rate are partly a consequence of the natural flow and ebb of any epidemic infection. But they are also a reflection of the hard graft of public-health workers in many countries, who have persuaded millions of people to modify or abandon risky behaviour, such as having unprotected sex, as they have also created the medical infrastructure needed to distribute anti-retroviral drugs that can keep symptoms at bay in those who do become infected.
The revision of the figures is mainly a result of better data-collection methods, particularly in India (which accounts for half the downward revision) and five African countries (which account for another fifth). In India many more sampling points have been established, and in all countries better survey methods, relying on surveyors knocking on doors rather than asking questions at clinics, have gathered data from more representative samples.
Sceptics will feel vindicated by the revision. They have suspected for a while that the older survey methods were biased, and that the inflation thus produced was tolerated because it helped twang the heart-strings of potential donors. However, the structures for collecting and distributing money to combat AIDS are now well established, and accurate data are crucial if that money is not to be misdirected. The new information also means that the goal of treatment for all who need it will be easier and cheaper to achieve. The WHO and UNAIDS are planning to publish a report on the matter early next year, but Paul De Lay, UNAIDS's director of evidence, monitoring and policy, says that the financial requirements for 2010 will probably be about 5% less than previously estimated, and that by 2015 that figure will have risen to 10%. Good news for everyone, then, donors and sufferers alike.
1. Though the number of infected individuals has risen, it is still worth rejoicing because_____
[A] the number of people who are dying from AIDS has decreased.
[B] the total size of the epidemic is shrinking in a significant extent.
[C] it is only a rise in the sense of statistics, instead of a real number.
[D] in the paradoxical world of AIDS bad news can turn out to be good news.
2. About the changes in the death rate and the infection rate of HIV, which one of the following statements is NOT true?
[A] Any epidemic will naturally has such changes.
[B] They are mainly aroused by the new statistic methods.
[C] They clearly mirror of the essential achievements of public-health workers.
[D] The death rate has been greatly suppressed due to massive implementation of treatment programmes.
3. The word “vindicatde” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) most probably means_____
[A] confused.
[B] clarified.
[C] doubting.
[D] annoyed.
4. By 2015, the financial requirements will _____
[A] have risen by 10% more than what have been previously estimated.
[B] be 10% of what have been previously estimated.
[C] be 10% less than previously estimated.
[D] be 15% less than previously estimated.
5. Towards the revision, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____
[A] negative.
[B] positive.
[C] indifferent.
[D] neutral.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了艾滋病统计新方法实施带来的变化。第一段讲述根据新的统计方法对于艾滋病数量带来的变化；第二段讲述着这种统计方法带来的死亡率变化；第三段讲述数据修改证实了一些猜测；第四段讲述数字的变化也反映了公共卫生做出的贡献；第五段讲述数据修改的途径；第六段讲述正确数据的重要性。
词汇注释：
factor in v. 计算入内 sleight n. 诡计，手法
ebb n. 衰落 vindicate v. 证明…正确
twang v. 拨动弦声
难句突破：
On the face of things, a fall in the number of people infected with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) from 39.5m to 33.2m over the course of a single year, as reported in this year's AIDS epidemic update from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNAIDS, should be cause for rejoicing.
[主体句式]A fall should be cause for rejoicing.
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句。On the face of things是句子的状语，而as 引导的定语从句是用来修饰前面的a fall in the number…。
[句子译文] 世界卫生组织和UNAIDS报告的本年度艾滋病最新数据表明，在短短一年的时间内感染HIV(引发艾滋病的病毒)的人数从3950万人减少到3320万人，表面上来看这确实令人欣喜。
(2) But they are also a reflection of the hard graft of public-health workers in many countries, who have persuaded millions of people to modify or abandon risky behaviour, such as having unprotected sex, as they have also created the medical infrastructure needed to distribute anti-retroviral drugs that can keep symptoms at bay in those who do become infected.
[主体句式] But they are also a reflection of …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句, 表语的定语结构比较复杂；在该定语中，who引导的定语从句修饰前面的workers，后面such as结构用来修饰risky behaviour； such as后面是两个并列的成分， 一个为动名词短语，一个是句子；在这个并列成分的句子中，有一个以that引导的定语从句用来修饰drugs。
[句子译文] 但是也反映了许多公共卫生工作者的努力，他们成功说服了成百万上千万的人们改变或者放弃危险的性行为、如没有任何保护措施的性行为，他们还建立了医疗基础措施来分发反逆转药物，这种药物可以让那些已经被感染的患者症状消失。
题目分析：
1. Though the number of infected individuals has risen, it is still worth rejoicing because_____
1. 尽管感染艾滋病的人数上升了，但是还是值得高兴，因为_____
[A] the number of people who are dying from AIDS has decreased.
[A] 死于艾滋病的人数减少了。
[B] the total size of the epidemic is shrinking in a significant extent.
[B] 这种传染病整体的数量下降了。
[C] it is only a rise in the sense of statistics, instead of a real number.
[C] 这只是统计上的增加，而不是实际数目的增加。
[D]in the paradoxical world of AIDS bad news can turn out to be good news.
[D] 在荒谬、是非颠倒的艾滋病世界中，坏消息也能变成好消息。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。本题针对的是文章的第一段和第二段。文章第二段提到，虽然感染的人数上升了，但并不是坏消息，因为随着全世界医疗水平的提高，爱滋病死亡率下降了。这个上升的数据对应的是死亡人数的减少，因此，选项中A符合题意。B选项显然是错误的，因为整体染病的人数还在上升，而下降的是增加人数的比率。C选项是对第一段“但这个数量的减少却不是真正的减少，而是因为评估该传染病数量的方法发生了改变”的误解。D选项是对第二段“Yet even that is not necessarily bad news in the paradoxical world of AIDS”的曲解，选项的表述过于绝对，而原文的语气没有这么肯定。
2. About the changes in the death rate and the infection rate of HIV, which one of the following statements is NOT true?
2. 关于HIV死亡率和感染率的变化，下列哪个选项是错误的?
[A] Any epidemic will naturally has such changes
[A] 任何传染病都会很自然地有这样的变化。
[B] They are mainly aroused by the new statistic methods.
[B] 这些变化主要是因为新的统计方法引起的。
[C] They clearly mirror of the essential achievements of public-health workers.
[C] 这些变化清楚地反映了公共卫生工作人员的重要成绩。
[D] The death rate has been greatly suppressed due to massive implementation of treatment programmes.
[D] 由于大规模地实施了各种治疗项目，因此死亡率得到了极大的控制。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，第四段提到，死亡率和感染率所发生的变化一部分原因是由于每种传染病都会有这样自然的起伏。选项B，第五段提到，数据的变化主要是由于采用了更好的数据收集方法，而不是统计方法。因此B是错误的，D是正确的。选项C，第五段提到了这一点。那么，选项B是正确答案。
3. The word “vindicatde” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) most probably means_____
3. “vindicated”(第六段第一行)这个词最有可能的意思是_____
[A] confused.
[A] 迷惑的 。
[B] clarified.
[B] 澄清的。
[C] doubting.
[C] 怀疑的。
[D] annoyed.
[D] 懊恼的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。在第六段中，根据上下文，持怀疑态度者最开始怀疑老的调查方法有偏颇，但是现在新的方比较先进、科学，他们的疑虑应该打消了。因此，选项B最为符合题意。
4. By 2015, the financial requirements will _____
4. 到2015年,财政需求将会_____
[A] have risen by 10% more than what have been previously estimated.
[A] 比先前估计的上升10%。
[B] be 10% of what have been previously estimated.
[B] 是先前估计的10%。
[C] be 10% less than previously estimated.
[C] 比先前估计的少10%。
[D] be 15% less than previously estimated.
[D] 比先前估计的少15%。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。第六段中原文指出，到2010年财政需求可能要比先前估计的少 5%，而到2015年这个数字将涨到10%。那么也就是说，到了2015年，财政需求要比先前估计的少10%。选项C为正确答案。
5. Towards the revision, the author’s attitude can be said to be_____
5. 对于这次修订,作者的态度是_____
[A] negative.
[A] 否定的。
[B] positive.
[B] 肯定的。
[C] indifferent.
[C] 不关心的。
[D] neutral.
[D] 中立的。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 态度题。对于这次修订，作者在全文多次用了赞扬的语气，描述这样做了改变的好处，因此，作者的态度是肯定的，正确答案为B选项。
参考译文：
世界卫生组织和UNAIDS报告的本年度艾滋病最新数据表明，在短短一年的时间内感染HIV(引发艾滋病的病毒)的人数从3950万人减少到3320万人，表面上来看这确实令人欣喜。实际上也确实如此，因为这意味着需要治疗的人喝传播疾病的人比原来估计的要少。但这个数量的减少却不是真正的减少，而是因为估计该传染病规模的方法发生了改变。
如果将这种改变考虑进来，受感染的人数实际上比去年增长了50万人。但是即便如此，这对于艾滋病世界来说也不一定是坏消息。随着全世界治疗方案的大量出现，死亡率开始有所下降。根据修改后的数据统计，死亡高峰出现在2005年即一年220万人死亡。现在这个数字为210万。因为受感染的患者要真正退出统计数字（而不是通过数据统计办法），唯一的方法就是死亡，存活患者人数的增加不免增加了感染者的总数。
但是最好的消息就是新数据肯定了先前被怀疑的事实——感染人数已经过了最高点。1998年新感染者的最高总人数为340万人，现在降到250万人。
死亡率的变化和感染率的变化部分是由于每一种传染病都存在的自然起落规律，但是也反映了许多公共卫生工作者的努力，他们成功说服了成百万上千万的人们改变或者放弃危险的性行为、如没有任何保护措施的性行为，他们还建立了医疗基础措施来分发反逆转药物，这种药物可以让那些已经被感染的患者症状消失。
数据修改是实施了更好数据收集方法的结果，特别是在印度（该数据的下降有一半是因为印度数据的改变）和五个非洲国家（数据下降的1/5是因为这些国家）。印度建立了更多的取样点，而所有国家都实行了更好的调查方法，主要依靠上门调查而不是在诊所询问问题，这样收集到了更全面的病例数据。
持怀疑态度的人会因为数据修改而证实了他们先前的怀疑。他们曾怀疑过去的调查方法有一定偏颇，由此导致的数据上涨也是在容许范围内，因此这样就可以使许多潜在的捐赠人动心。但是，现在为抗击艾滋病建立了收集和分发资金的结构，如果想要这些正确使用资金，那么正确的数据是非常重要的。新信息也意味着治疗所有患者的目标实现起来会更简单，更廉价。世界卫生组织和UNAIDS目前计划在明年年初发布一个报告，但是UNAIDS取证、监测和政策主任Paul De Lay称2010年财政需求要比先前预计的少5%，到2015年该数字将达到10%。这对于那是的每个人来说，不管是捐献者还是患者都是好消息。
TEXT THREE
Depending on your age and memory, it was a week of radically new or reassuringly old developments in the advertising industry. To Mark Zuckerberg, the boss of Facebook, a popular social-networking website, it was the former. Standing in front of about 250 mostly middle-aged advertising executives on November 6th, he announced that Facebook was offering them a new deal. “For the last hundred years media has been pushed out to people,” he said, “but now marketers are going to be a part of the conversation.” Using his firm's new approach, he claimed, advertisers will be able to piggyback on the “social actions” of Facebook users, since “people influence people.”
Mr Zuckerberg's underlying idea is hardly new. But, says Randall Rothenberg, the boss of the Interactive Advertising Bureau, a trade association, the announcements this week by Facebook and its larger rival, MySpace, which has a similar ad system, could amount to a big step forward in conversational marketing. If new technologies that are explicitly based on social interactions prove effective, he thinks, they might advance web advertising to its fourth phase.
From the point of view of marketers, the existing types of online ads already represent breakthroughs. In search, they can now target consumers who express interest in a particular product or service by typing a keyword; they pay only when a consumer responds, by clicking on their ads. In display, they can track and measure how their ads are viewed and whether a consumer is paying attention better than they ever could with television ads. Yet now the holy grail of observing and even participating in consumers' conversations appears within reach.
The first step for brands to socialise with consumers is to start profile pages on social networks and then accept “friend requests” from individuals. On MySpace, brands have been doing this for a while. For instance, Warner Bros, a Hollywood studio, had a MySpace page for “300”, its film about Spartan warriors. It signed up some 200,000 friends, who watched trailers, talked the film up before its release, and counted down toward its DVD release.
Facebook, from this week, also lets brands create their own pages. Coca-Cola, for instance, has a Sprite page and a “Sprite Sips” game that lets users play with a little animated character on their own pages. Facebook makes this a social act by automatically informing the player's friends, via tiny “news feed” alerts, of the fun in progress. Thus, at least in theory, a Sprite “experience” can travel through an entire group, just as Messrs Lazarsfeld and Katz once described in the offline world.
In many cases, Facebook users can also treat brands' pages like those of other friends, by adding reviews, photos or comments, say. Each of these actions might again be communicated instantly to the news feeds of their clique. Obviously this is a double-edged sword, since they can just as easily criticise a brand as praise it. Facebook even plans to monitor and use actions beyond its own site to place them in a social context. If, for instance, a Facebook user makes a purchase at Fandango, a website that sells cinema tickets, this information again shows up on the news feeds of his friends on Facebook, who might decide to come along. If he buys a book or shirt on another site, then this implicit recommendation pops up too.
1. The fourth phase of web advertising is_____
[A] creating brands’ own pages on social-networking websites.
[B] the strategy of conversational marketing.
[C] on-line advertising through various means.
[D] interactive advertising.
2. The new advertising model makes breakthrough in_____
[A] allowing marketers to find consumers with a keyword.
[B] providing marketers access to measure their ads’ effectiveness.
[C] encouraging consumers to have more communication and interaction.
[D] endow marketers with the right of creating their own pages.
3. The case of Warner Bros implies that _____
[A] MySpace is having a step further than Facebook.
[B] the “friend request” approach is effective.
[C] some initial steps of the new advertising model have been taken.
[D] this kind of advertising model fits the film industry.
4. About Facebook, which one of the following statements is TRUE?
[A] It has reached a consensus with MySpace in pushing forward the new advertising model
[B] It is marching into a new phase of the advertising industry based on its expertise in advertisement.
[C] It will make full use of the social actions of its users in the new advertising model.
[D] It provides customized service to commercial organizations to facilitate their success.
5. Facebook’s principle of “people influence people” is best reflected in its_____
[A] special pages for famous brands like Coca-cola.
[B] “Sprit Sips” game on the Sprite page.
[C] tiny alerts of news feeds.
[D] profile pages and “friends request” to socialize people.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了广告行业最新的广告形式——会话式互动网络广告。第一段讲述Facebook宣布实行新的广告方法；第二段讲述实行新模式的意义；第三段讲述目前广告的情况和未来的方向；第四、五、六段讲述Facebook和MySpace采取的一些初步举措。
词汇注释：
marketer n. 市场商人 piggyback v. 象背负在别的东西上起作用
Spartan adj. 斯巴达的 clique n. 私党，小圈子
难句突破：
But, says Randall Rothenberg, the boss of the Interactive Advertising Bureau, a trade association, the announcements this week by Facebook and its larger rival, MySpace, which has a similar ad system, could amount to a big step forward in conversational marketing.
[主体句式] But, say Randall Rothenberg, the announcements could amount to…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句， the boss of…是主语的同位语；a trade association是前面the Interactive Advertising Bureau的同位语；宾语从句中，which引导的非限定性定语从句是用来修饰前面MySpace的。
[句子译文] 但是，一家名为互动广告局的贸易协会老总Randall Rotherberg 认为Facebook和其最大的对手——拥有相似广告体系的MySpace在本周发布的宣言将对话市场营销中向前迈出的一大步。
If, for instance, a Facebook user makes a purchase at Fandango, a website that sells cinema tickets, this information again shows up on the news feeds of his friends on Facebook, who might decide to come along.
[主体句式]If a Facebook user makes a purchase…, this information shows up …
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，在条件状语从句中，a websit …是前面Fandango的同位语；主句中who 引导的定语从句是修饰Facebook的。
[句子译文] 比如，一个Facebook的用户在卖电影票的网站Fandango进行了一笔交易，这个信息会出现在Facebook上的朋友新闻地带中，他们也可能会决定一起去。
题目分析：
1. The fourth phase of web advertising is_____
1. 网络广告的第四阶段为_____
[A] creating brands’ own pages on social-networking websites.
[A] 在社交网站上制作品牌自己的网页。
[B] the strategy of conversational marketing.
[B] 对话式的营销战略。
[C] on-line advertising through various means.
[C] 以各种方式进行的在线广告。
[D] interactive advertising.
[D] 互动性广告。
[答案] D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第二段提到，如果基于社会互动的新技术效果比较好的话，那么就可以把网络广告推向第四阶段。第三段又提到，目前的现存的网上广告种类已经代表了突破。 但是，目前观察、甚至是参与顾客的会话的圣杯仿佛近在咫尺了。可以看出，下一步就是这种会话式网上广告，答案中D最为符合。
2. The new advertising model makes breakthrough in_____
2. 新的广告模式作出的突破是在_____
[A] allowing marketers to find consumers with a keyword.
[A] 允许商人用关键词就可以找到客户。
[B] providing marketers access to measure their ads’ effectiveness.
[B] 为商人提供衡量他们广告效益的途径。
[C] encouraging consumers to have more communication and interaction.
[C] 鼓励顾客们进行更多的交流和互动。
[D] endow marketers with the right of creating their own pages.
[D] 赋予商人制作自己网页的权利。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。本题要注意不要和以前网络广告作出的突破混淆，第三段提出的两个突破也就是选项A、B是目前网络广告已经作出的突破，而新的突破第三段也提到了，是允许商家和用户会话互动，因此C选项符合题意。D只是达到这个突破的手段。
3. The case of Warner Bros implies that _____
3. 华纳兄弟的例子说明了_____
[A] MySpace is having a step further than Facebook.
[A] MySpace比Facebook走先进了一步。
[B] the “friend request” approach is effective.
[B] “寻找朋友”的方法比较有效。
[C] some initial steps of the new advertising model have been taken.
[C] 新广告模式方面已经有了初步的进展。
[D] this kind of advertising model fits the film industry.
[D] 这种新的广告模式适合电影产业。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。根据上下文，进行新广告模式的第一步就是在网上开办网页，然后说在MySpace一些牌子已经这样做了，接着就提到华纳兄弟的例子。可以看出，这个例子是为了说明本段的中心意思，就是进行广告模式的初期步骤，因此C选项符合题意。
4. About Facebook, which one of the following statements is TRUE?
4. 关于Facebook,下列哪个陈述是正确的?
[A] It has reached a consensus with MySpace in pushing forward the new advertising model.
[A] 它已经和MySpace达成共识，联合起来推进新的广告模式。
[B] It is marching into a new phase of the advertising industry based on its expertise in advertisement.
[B] 基于其在广告业务上的专业性，它迈入广告行业的新阶段。
[C] It will make full use of the social actions of its users in the new advertising model.
[C] 在新的广告模式中它将充分利用用户的社会作用。
[D] It provides customized service to commercial organizations to facilitate their success.
[D] 它为商业机构提供了定制服务，从而帮助它们达到成功。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，虽然文中提到了Facebook 和MySpace在进行一些相似的举措，但是文章第二段就指出它们是竞争对手，也未提到它们达成共识和联合行动，因此该陈述不正确。选项B，从文章可以看出它一直在从事广告业，但没有明确提出它的expertise。选项C，在文章第一段公司老总跟客户就提到这一点，它自身目前的一些举措也反映了着点。选项D，文章中提到了它们的服务帮助企业走向成功，但是却没有明确提到“customized service”。因此，C选项为正确答案。
5. Facebook’s principle of “people influence people” is best reflected in its_____
5. Facebook的 “人们影响人们”的理念在_____体现得最为充分。
[A] special pages for famous brands like Coca-cola.
[A] 为向可口可乐这样的著名品牌提供的特殊网页
[B] “Sprit Sips” game on the Sprite page.
[B] 在雪碧网页上的“雪碧吮吸”游戏
[C] tiny alerts of news feeds.
[C] 一些小的新闻提示
[D] profile pages and “friends request” to socialize people.
[D] 为了帮助人们社交的个人主页和“交友请求”
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。答案的选项都是文章最后两段提到的内容。可口可乐、雪碧网页和雪碧游戏都是一种手段和媒介，主要还是让其用户通过“新闻提示”来互相知道朋友间的买卖动向，这样朋友间就可能因为旁边的人买了某种东西也去购买。因此，这种理念在“新闻传播”上得到了最充分的体现。D选项虽然也可以体现这样的理念，但不如C选项能够更充分的体现。因此正确答案为C选项。
参考译文：
这一周对于广告行业来说可能意味着全新的发展, 但也可能是旧模式的发展, 这要视人们的年龄和记忆而定。对于社会网络网站Facebook的老总Mark Zuckerberg来说就是根本上的全新发展。 12月6日，他站在大约250名中年广告经理面前，宣布Facebook将为他们提供了一个新项目。 “在过去的百年中，媒体被推到人们面前，”他说，“今天，商人们也成为这场对话中的一员。”他声称采用该公司的新措施，广告客户就可以借助Facebook用户的“社会行为”，因为“人可以影响人”。
Zuckerberg先生的基本观点并不是很有新意。但是，一家名为互动广告局的贸易协会老总Randall Rotherberg 认为Facebook和其最大的对手——拥有相似广告体系的MySpace在本周发布的宣言将对话市场营销中向前迈出的一大步。他认为， 如果基于社会互动的新技术证明有效的话， 他们就可以将网络广告推向第四阶段。
从商人角度来说， 现有的各类网上广告已经代表了突破。 他们现在通过输入关键字就可以锁定对某种产品或服务感兴趣的顾客， 但只有顾客做出反应，也就是点击了他们的广告后，商人才付费。在展示中，他们可以跟踪其广告是如何被顾客观看的，以及相比广告顾客是否更好地关注网络广告。然而，目前观察、甚至是参与顾客会话的圣杯仿佛近在咫尺了。
品牌要和顾客取得交流的第一步就是在社会网络上启动图形页，从而可以从个人那里接受“友情邀请”。一些品牌在MySpace上这样做已经有一段时间了。 比如，好莱坞电影公司华纳兄弟在MySpace上有一个专门的页面服务于“300”，这是关于斯巴达勇士的一部电影。有20万个人注册成为该网页的朋友, 这些人观看宣传片, 在影片放映前进行讨论, 对DVD发行进行倒计时。
从这周起, Facebook允许品牌在其网站上制作自己的网页。比如，可口可乐已经开一个雪碧网页，还有一个“雪碧吸吮”的游戏，用户可以在其网页上用一个生动的小角色来玩这个游戏。Facebook通过小的“新闻”提醒自动通知玩家的朋友这种游戏的快乐，使之成为一种社会行为。这样，至少在理论上，雪碧“经验”可以穿越整个群体，正如Messrs Lazarsfeld和 Katz在线下世界所描述的那样。
在许多情况下，Facebook用户也可以象对待其他朋友一样对待品牌的网页，比如可以增加评论、照片或者注释。而且每一个活动都可以马上传到他们小圈子的新闻地带。很显然，这是一把双刃剑，因为他们可以轻易地批评一个品牌，也可以表扬一个品牌。Facebook甚至计划要在自己网站之外也采取一些行动，从而将之置于一个社会环境中。比如，一个Facebook的用户在卖电影票的网站Fandango进行了一笔交易，这个信息会出现在Facebook上的朋友新闻地带中，他们也可能会决定一起去。如果该用户在另外一个网站买了一本书或一件衬衫，这种暗示的推荐也会出现。
TEXT FOUR
This is a book you can imagine Alec Leamas, the miserable spook hero of “The Spy Who Came In From the Cold”, enjoying on the number 11 bus back to his dingy Hammersmith flat. “What do you think spies are: priests, saints, martyrs?” Leamas famously snarled. “They're a squalid procession of vain fools, traitors too, yes; pansies, sadists and drunkards, people who play cowboys and Indians to brighten their rotten lives.”
Plus ?a change, apparently. “Curveball” offers a squalid and up-to-date procession of real-life fools, traitors and game-players seeking to brighten their rotten lives. Principal among them is an Iraqi chemical engineer who pitched up in Germany without a visa in 1999. He asked for political asylum and knew that he would greatly improve his chances of getting it if he could make himself interesting to the intelligence services. Which he did. Before long he had their rapt attention, as well as his own code name, Curveball.
Bob Drogin, a reporter on the Los Angeles Times, relates how over the next couple of years Curveball impressed his interrogators with his detailed knowledge of Iraq's chemical and biological weapons programmes. He spoke at length of such things as mobile laboratories that were being used to cook up lethal bugs. The Americans were desperate to have a look at him too. But the Germans fobbed off their rivals with transcripts and reports, blocking direct access to their prize informer.
Nevertheless, Curveball's story became an important part of the American government's case for invading Iraq. Information taken from his testimony cropped up in the National Intelligence Estimate of October 2002 (which maintained with “high confidence” that Iraq had chemical and biological weapons); in George Bush's state-of-the-union message in January 2003 (which included a reference to “mobile weapons labs designed to produce germ-warfare agents”); and in Colin Powell's presentation to the UN the following month (which featured computer-generated images of those mobile weapons labs, based on descriptions and drawings by Curveball).
But it was all rubbish. Curveball was a low-level drone and borderline nutcase with a gift for telling people what they wanted to hear. In the run-up to the war—despite the doubts expressed by some experts about Curveball's reliability—nobody bothered to check out his story properly. It was not until 2004, a year after the invasion of Iraq, that the CIA admitted that Curveball had foxed them. He “appears to be fabricating in this stream of reporting”, the burn notice read.
Mr Drogin points out that, in the aftermath of September 11th 2001, critics lambasted American intelligence for failing to “connect the dots that might have prevented the terrorist attacks”. What makes the Curveball case so dreadful, he reckons, is that this time they simply invented the dots. “If Curveball fused fact and fiction, others twisted and magnified his account in grotesque ways,” he concludes. “Time and again, bureaucratic rivalries, tawdry ambitions and spineless leadership proved more important than professional integrity.” You can just about hear old Alec Leamas muttering “Told you so.”
1. The hero (heroes) of the book “Curveball” is (are)_____
[A] Alec Leamas who severely criticizes the profession of spy.
[B] a squalid procession of spies.
[C] an Iraqi chemical engineer named Curveball.
[D] the spies that work for CIA ahead of the Iraqi war.
2. Curveball successfully got political asylum in Germany because_____
[A] He was wanted by Americans.
[B] He was the principal of Iraq’s bio-chemical engineering project.
[C] He boasted of his adequate knowledge on Iraq’s information with full confidence.
[D] He succeeded in making the Germans believe that he was a reliable and useful informer.
3. Curveball’s reliability was not suspected despite some experts’ doubt because_____
[A] His knowledge of Iraq’s chemical and biological weapons programmes sounded true.
[B] He was good at providing information that catered to the demand of western governments.
[C] His story has been used in many important government reports.
[D] American intelligence neglected their duty.
4. The word “dots” (Line 4, Paragraph 6) most probably means _____
[A] points.
[B] marks.
[C] falsities.
[D] evidences.
5. By mentioning old Alec Leamas’ muttering “Told you so.”, the author implies that_____
[A] spies are good story teller.
[B] fact is often confused with fiction.
[C] people are easily trusting the spies.
[D] Alec Leams is more intelligent than Curveball.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了 Curveball成为间谍的内幕和骗局。第一段以Alec Leamas的言论引出对间谍的评价；第二、三段讲述Curveball是如何成为间谍的；第四段讲述Curveball的故事为美国重要报告所引用；第五段讲述Curveball的骗局；第六段分析了Curveball成功行骗的原因。
词汇注释：
spook n. 鬼，幽灵 dingy adj. 暗黑的，邋遢的
snarl v. 咆哮着说，怒骂 squalid adj. 下流的，卑鄙的
pansy n. 女性化的男子 sadist n. 虐待狂者
asylum n. 避难所 fob off （用借口）把……对付掉
drone n. nutcase n. 疯子
lambast v. 严责
难句突破:
(1) He asked for political asylum and knew that he would greatly improve his chances of getting it if he could make himself interesting to the intelligence services.
[主体句式] He asked for…and knew that…
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，后面分句结构较复杂。在该分句的宾语从句是一个带有条件状语从句的句子。
[句子译文] 他申请了政治庇护，而且他明白如果让情报机构对自己感兴趣的话，那么就可以增加申请成功的几率。
(2) Information taken from his testimony cropped up in the National Intelligence Estimate of October 2002 (which maintained with “high confidence” that Iraq had chemical and biological weapons); in George Bush's state-of-the-union message in January 2003 (which included a reference to “mobile weapons labs designed to produce germ-warfare agents”); and in Colin Powell's presentation to the UN the following month (which featured computer-generated images of those mobile weapons labs, based on descriptions and drawings by Curveball).
[主体句式] Information cropped up in…;in…; and in…
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，状语是由三个并列的介词短语组成的；每个介词短语后面括号中是对前面名词的修饰；最后一个介词短语括号中，based on…过去分词短语是用来修饰前面的images。
[句子译文] 他证词中的信息出现在2002年10月国家情报评估中（该评估将伊拉克拥有化学和生物武器定为“高级机密”）；也出现在George Bush 2003年1月的国情咨文中（该国情咨文提到了“旨在培养细菌战药剂的活动武器实验室”）；还出现在次月Colin Powell 向联合国的陈词中（该陈词用电脑中的活动武器实验室的图像，这些都是基于Curveball的描述和绘画而制作出来的。）
题目分析：
1. The hero (heroes) of the book “Curveball” is (are)_____
“Curveball”的主人公是_____
[A] Alec Leamas who severely criticizes the profession of spy.
[A] 严厉斥责间谍行业的Alec Leamas。
[B] a squalid procession of spies.
[B] 一群卑鄙的间谍。
[C] an Iraqi chemical engineer named Curveball.
[C] 一个名叫Curveball的伊拉克化学工程师。
[D] the spies that work for CIA ahead of the Iraqi war.
[D] Bob Drogin。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。虽然文章整篇都在谈论Curveball，再加上书的名字，很容易让人以为该书的主人公是Curveball，但是文章第二段提到该书介绍了一群这样的间谍，只不过其中最主要的人物是Curveball而已。因此，答案为B选项。
2. Curveball successfully got political asylum in Germany because_____
2. Curveball在德国成功地得到了政治庇护是因为_____
[A] He was wanted by Americans.
[A] 美国人想要得到他。
[B] He was the principal of Iraq’s bio-chemical engineering project.
[B] 他是伊拉克生物化学工程项目的一名主管。
[C] He boasted of his adequate knowledge of Iraq’s information with full confidence.
[C] 他满怀信心地吹嘘自己对于伊拉克高级机密信息的充分了解。
[D] He succeeded in making the Germans believe that he was a reliable and useful informer.
[D] 他成功地让德国人相信他是一名可靠且有用的告密者。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第二段提到，Curveball明白如果他能引起德方情报机构兴趣的话，他就能增加申请政治庇护的可能，最终他也成功了。文章第三段就提到他讲述了许多伊拉克的军事机密，让大家认为他很重要，但文章下面提到这些机密都是他捏造的。因此，他能成功得到庇护的原因就是让德国相信他有价值。选项中D最为符合题意。
3. Curveball’s reliability was not suspected despite some experts’ doubt because_____
3. 尽管一些专家表示过怀疑，但是Curveball的可靠性最终并没有受到怀疑是因为_____
[A] His knowledge of Iraq’s chemical and biological weapons programmes sounded true.
[A] 他对伊拉克化学、生物武器项目的了解听起来很真实。
[B] He was good at providing information that catered to the demand of western governments.
[B] 他善于为西方政府提供它们想要看到的信息。
[C] His story has been used in many important government reports.
[C] 他的故事在许多重要的政府报告中都被引用。
[D] American intelligence neglected their duty.
[D] 美国情报机构失职。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。第五段提到，Curveball的本领就是人们想要听到什么他就告诉什么，人们总是容易轻信自己潜意识中觉得可能的事情，他就是抓住了人们的这个特点进行欺骗的。所以虽然有一些专家表示怀疑，最终没有人去调查。因此，选项中B最为符合题意义。
4. The word “dots” (Line 1, Paragraph 6) most probably means _____
4. “dots” (第六段第一行) 最有可能的意思为_____
[A] points.
[A] 要点。
[B] marks.
[B] 记号。
[C] falsities.
[C] 谎言。
[D] evidences.
[D] 证据。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。该词所在的原文为“What makes the Curveball case so dreadful, he reckons, is that this time they simply invented the dots”，从上下文可以分析得出Curveball提供的信息大部分都是纯粹的谎言，答案中C选项比较符合题意。该句的中文译文是“他承认使得Curveball事件这么可怕是因为这次他们自己捏造了这些疑点”。
5. By mentioning old Alec Leamas’ muttering “Told you so”, the author implies that_____
5. 作者提到老Alec Leamas嘟囔着说“告诉你吧”，他暗示_____
[A] spies are good story teller.
[A] 间谍们是最会编故事的人。
[B] fact is often confused with fiction.
[B] 事实经常和编造的故事混淆。
[C] people are easily trusting the spies.
[C] 人们总是容易轻信间谍。
[D] Alec Leamas is more intelligent than Curveball.
[D] Alec Leamas比Curveball更加聪明。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章最后以老Alec的这句话结束是带有总结性的意味的，“Told you so.”意思好像就是说这些都是告诉你的，并不一定是事实。而且话从一个间谍口中说出，其实就是说间谍是最会编造的人，因此，选项A最为符合题意。
参考译文：
从这本书你可以想象AlecLeamas，这个《从寒冷而来的间谍》中幽灵式的主角坐着11路公共汽车，通往他那位于河北岸伦敦自治区的昏暗公寓。“你们觉得间谍是什么人？ 牧师？ 圣徒还是殉教者？” Leamas咆哮着，“他们不过是一群卑鄙的傻子，也是叛徒；还有女里女气的人、施虐狂和酒鬼，他们只是假扮牛仔或是印第安人来让他们腐烂的生活看起来光鲜一些。”
当然，这一切都已经变了。“Curveball” 展现给我们的是一群卑鄙的真实生活中的傻子、叛徒和游戏玩家，他们也在美化自己腐烂的生活。他们中的主角是一名伊拉克化学工程师，他于1999年在没有签证的情况下在德国扎根。他申请了政治庇护，而且他明白如果让情报机构对自己感兴趣的话，那么就可以增加申请成功的几率。他也这样做了。没过多久他就引起了情报机构的高度注意，也有了自己的代号——Curveball。
《洛杉矶时报》记者BobDrogin讲述了在过去的几年中，Curveball是如何通过详细描述伊拉克化学和生物武器项目，最终给审问他的人留下了深刻的印象。他详细地讲述了用来制造有毒细菌的活动实验室。美国人也急切地希望见到他。但是德国人用了一些转述和报告来应付他们的对手，这样美国人就不能与这个金牌告密者取得直接联系。
但是，Curvball的故事成为美国政府入侵伊拉克的重要组成部分。他证词中的信息出现在2002年10月国家情报评估中（该评估将伊拉克拥有化学和生物武器定为“高级机密”）；也出现在George Bush 2003年1月的国情咨文中（该国情咨文提到了“旨在培养细菌战药剂的活动武器实验室”）；还出现在次月Colin Powell 向联合国的陈词中（该陈词用电脑中的活动武器实验室的图像，这些都是基于Curveball的描述和绘画而制作出来的。）
但这些都是胡说八道。Curveball是一个低级的闲人，也是一个疯子，他的本领就是告诉大家希望听到的东西。尽管一些专家怀疑Curveball的可信度，但随着战争的升温，没人再去费心地查证他的故事了。直到2004年，也就是入侵伊拉克一年之后，中情局才承认Curveball愚弄了他们。他“好象在报道中捏造事实”， 欺骗通告这样写道。
Drogin先生指出，在2001年9月11日之后，批评家严厉地责骂美国情报机构没有“把疑点联系起来，本来还可以避免恐怖袭击的”。他承认Curveball事件的可怕在于这次他们自己捏造了这些疑点。“如果Curveball把事实和虚构混在了一起， 那么其他人则是以奇怪的方式把这些扭曲、放大了，”他总结道，“实践再次证明了官僚敌对、俗气的野心、没有骨气的领导要比专业的真正品质更为致命。” 你听，老Alec Leamas嘀咕着“告诉你吧。”
UNIT TWO
TEXT ONE
The bride and groom, a guitar-wielding rock vixen and a muscle-rippling dragon-slayer, make an odd couple—so it is hardly surprising that nobody expected their marriage. But on December 2nd the video-game companies behind “Guitar Hero” and “World of Warcraft”, Activision and Vivendi Games respectively, announced plans for an elaborate merger. Vivendi, a French media group, will pool its games unit, plus $1.7 billion in cash, with Activision; the combined entity will then offer to buy back shares from Activision shareholders, raising Vivendi's stake in the resulting firm to as much as 68%.
Activision's boss, Bobby Kotick, will remain at the helm of the new company, to be known as Activision Blizzard in recognition of Vivendi's main gaming asset: its subsidiary Blizzard Entertainment, the firm behind “World of Warcraft”, an online swords-and-sorcery game with 9.3m subscribers. The deal was unexpected, but makes excellent strategic sense, says Piers Harding-Rolls of Screen Digest, a consultancy. Activision has long coveted “World of Warcraft”, and Vivendi gets a bigger games division and Activision's talented management team to run it. As well as making sense for both parties, the $18.9 billion deal—the biggest ever in the video-games industry—says a lot about the trends now shaping the business.
The first is a push into new markets, especially online multiplayer games, which are particularly popular in Asia, and “casual” games that appeal to people who do not regard themselves as gamers. “World of Warcraft” is the world's most popular online subscription-based game and is hugely lucrative. Blizzard will have revenues of $1.1 billion this year and operating profits of $520m. “World of Warcraft” is really “a social network with many entertainment components,” says Mr Kotick.
Similarly, he argues, “Guitar Hero” and other games that use new kinds of controller, rather than the usual buttons and joysticks, are broadening the appeal of gaming by emphasising its social aspects, since they are easy to pick up and can be played with friends. Social gaming, says Mr Kotick, is “the most powerful trend” building new audiences for the industry. He is clearly excited at the prospect of using Blizzard's expertise to launch an online version of “Guitar Hero” for Asian markets. Online music games such as “Audition Online”, which started in South Korea, are “massive in Asia,” says Mr Harding-Rolls.
A second trend is media groups' increasing interest in gaming. Vivendi owns Universal Music, one of the “big four” record labels. As the record industry's sales decline, it makes sense to move into gaming, a younger, faster-growing medium with plenty of cross-marketing opportunities. (Activision might raid Universal's back catalogue for material for its music games, for example, which might in turn boost music sales.) Other media groups are going the same way. Last year Viacom, an American media giant, acquired Harmonix, the company that originally created “Guitar Hero”. It has been promoting its new game, “Rock Band”, using its MTV music channel. Viacom has also created online virtual worlds that tie in with several of its television programmes, such as “Laguna Beach” and “Pimp My Ride”. Disney bought Club Penguin, a virtual world for children, in August. And Time Warner is involved in gaming via its Warner Bros Home Entertainment division, which publishes its own titles and last month bought TT Games, the British firm behind the “Lego Star Wars” games.
1. The merger of these two companies are out of expection because_____
[A] they aim to design marriage games which sound really weird.
[B] it is difficult for big companies of two different nations to end up in successful cooperation.
[C] their games are by no means similar to each other in terms of their styles.
[D] it would be illegal for them to buy back the shares.
2. Why Piers Harding-Rolls thinks this marriage has strategic sense?
[A] Activision has been longing to cooperate with “World of Warcraft”.
[B] Vivendi could get bigger portion and better management resources from Activision.
[C] This deal is beneficial to both sides for they can combine their talents to make various games.
[D] This deal make them become decisive factor of this industry’s trend in the future.
3. The word “lucrative” (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
[A] profitable.
[B] luxurious.
[C] entertaining.
[D] populous.
4. The first trend shaping the industry is _____
[A] pushing people online to develop their own games.
[B] building new audiences for the new network of games.
[C] promoting games with new kinds of controller.
[D] expanding the reign of traditional games and creating new market.
5.From the two trends we can infer that_____
[A] this merger is a great success because it goes along with both trends.
[B] this deal can strengthen both parties to surpass the other media giants.
[C] this allied group is powerful enough to shape the industry’s trends.
[D] it is indeed of strategic sense to have initiate and carry out the merger.
篇章剖析：
本篇文章讲述了两个游戏公司Activision和Vivendi的“联姻”。第一段讲述两个公司的结合令人吃惊以及他们的联姻方式；第二段讲述这次联姻具有一定的战略意义；第三段和第四段讲述他们结合后塑造的第一个行业发展趋势；第五段讲述第二个发展趋势。
词汇注释：
wield v. 操纵，熟练掌握 vixen n. 泼妇, 悍妇, 刁妇
slayer n. 杀人者, 凶手 stake n. 股份
helm n. 领导或支配地位 in recognition of 承认……而; 为酬答……而
covet v. 垂涎, 觊觎 lucrative adj. 获利的，赚钱的
joystick n. 操纵杆 tie in结合成一体
难句突破：
Activision's boss, Bobby Kotick, will remain at the helm of the new company, to be known as Activision Blizzard in recognition of Vivendi's main gaming asset: its subsidiary Blizzard Entertainment, the firm behind “World of Warcraft”, an online swords-and-sorcery game with 9.3m subscribers.
[主体句式] Activision’s boss will remain at the helm.
[结构分析]这个一个简单句，具有复杂的表语。表语是由一个固定介词短语充当，介词的宾语比较复杂，带有复杂的修饰成分。to be known as…是作the new company的定语，冒号后面的成分是用来说明main gaming asset的，可以看作是同位语；冒号后面的成分中，后面两个短语都是前面一个的同位语，用来对Blizzard Entertainment作进一步的解释。
Similarly, he argues, “Guitar Hero” and other games that use new kinds of controller, rather than the usual buttons and joysticks, are broadening the appeal of gaming by emphasising its social aspects, since they are easy to pick up and can be played with friends.
[主体句式] He argues, “Guitar Hero” and other games are broadening the appeal… since…
[结构分析]这是一个简单句，argues后面是宾语从句，结构比较复杂，带有原因状语从句。宾语从句的主语有that引导的定语从句，by emphasising its social aspects是方式状语修饰are broadening …。
[句子译文]同样的，他说，“吉他英雄”和其他游戏也没有用普通的按钮和操作杆，而是使用了新式控制器，通过重点强调其社会性的特点来增加游戏的吸引力，因为这些游戏很容易就可以开始，而且可以和朋友一起玩。
题目分析：
1. The merger of these two companies are out of expection because_____
1.这两个公司的联姻出乎人们的意料是因为_____。
[A] They aim to design marriage games which sound really weird.
[A]他们计划要设计一些结婚游戏，听起来非常奇怪。
[B] It is difficult for big companies of two different nations to end up in successful cooperation.
[B]两家属于不同国家的公司要成功合作是非常困难的。
[C] Their games are by no means similar to each other in terms of style.
[C] 它们研发的游戏有完全不同的风格。
[D] It would be illegal for them to buy back the shares.
[D]他们要想买回股票是不合法的。
[答案] C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 细节题。文章开头就用形象的比喻说明这两家公司的结合很奇怪，挥舞着吉他的摇滚悍妇和一身肌肉的杀龙者是两家公司研发的不同的游戏的风格代表，因此是因为他们研发产品截然不同才令这次联合让人大吃一惊。因此，C为正确答案。A选项有一定的迷惑性，但是要注意到文中第一段的marriage不是“结婚”的意思，而是“合并、合作”的意思。B和D选项都与原文意思无关。
2.Why Piers Harding-Rolls thinks this marriage has strategic sense?
2.为什么Piers Harding-Rolls认为这次联姻具有战略意义？
[A] Activision has been longing to cooperate with “World of Warcraft”.
[A] Activision公司一直想要和“战舰世界”合作。
[B] Vivendi could get bigger portion and better management resources from Activision.
[B]Vivendi公司可以从Activision公司那里获得更大的份额和更好的管理资源。
[C] This deal is beneficial to both sides for they can combine their talents to make various games.
[C] 这个交易对双方都有益，因为他们可以充分结合各自的人才推出更加多种多样的游戏。
[D] This deal make them become decisive factor of this industry’s trend in the future.
[D]这个交易使得他们成为本行业未来发展趋势的决定性力量。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。Piers认为这项交易的达成有重大的战略意义，那么应该是对未来有一定的意义。紧接着就说Activision已经觊觎“战舰世界”很久了，而且Vivendi公司也可以获得对本公司有利的帮助，而更重要的是它们从此后将对本行业发展潮流有着决定作用。因此，比较而言，答案D最佳。
3. The word “lucrative” (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means_____
3.“lucrative”这个词（第三段第三行）最有可能的意思是_____
[A] profitable.
[A] 盈利的。
[B] luxurious.
[B] 奢华的。
[C] entertaining.
[C] 娱乐的。
[D] populous.
[D] 人多的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文来判断该词的意思，上文是说“战舰世界”是世界上最流行的基于网上注册的游戏，而下文说的是“暴风雪”今年可以赢利的数额，那么可以大致推断是关于“战舰世界”盈利方面的，答案A 最为符合。D选项populous 与 popular意思不同，但从字面上看有一定迷惑性，需要加强对形似单词的区分能力。
4. The first trend shaping the industry is _____
4. 塑造该产业的第一个趋势是_____。
[A] pushing people online to develop their own games.
[A] 促使人们上网来开发自己的游戏。
[B] building new audiences for the new social network of games.
[B] 为了新的社会交际游戏创造新的玩家。
[C] promoting games with new kinds of controller.
[C] 利用新的操作器推出游戏。
[D] expanding the reign of traditional games and creating new market.
[D] 拓展传统游戏的范畴并拓展新的市场。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。第三段和第四段讲述了塑造该产业的第一个趋势，其中第三段第一句话就提到了这一点，就是推进新的领域，包括传统的游戏和新开发的游戏，尤其是多人游戏和休闲游戏。接下来提到的社交性游戏等等都是为了说明这一点，因此，选项D是正确答案。A选项指出让玩家自己来开发游戏，这显然是超出很多人的能力的，因此是不现实的。B选项表示只是第一个趋势中的部分内容，其概述不如D选项更加全面。
5. From the two trends we can infer that_____
5.从这两个趋势我们可以推断出_____
[A] this merger is a great success because it goes along with both trends.
[A] 这个联盟是一个成功，因为它同时符合了两个趋势。
[B] this deal can strengthen both parties to surpass the other media giants.
[B] 这个交易对双方都有利，能帮助他们赶超其他的媒体巨头
[C] this allied group is powerful enough to shape the industry’s trends.
[C]新同盟集团又足够的能力来决定该产业的发展趋势。
[D] it is indeed of strategic sense to initiate and carry out the merger.
[D] 发起和实施这个联合确实具有战略性的意义。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章讲述了该产业的两个发展趋势，提及这两个趋势是由皮尔斯的一番话引起的，他认为这次联姻具有战略意义，189亿美元的成交足可以决定该行业的新趋势。那么紧接着讲述这两个趋势其实就是事实上的证明，因此，答案D最符合题意。A选项首先表述错误，因为现在没有人能够预言这项合作是否是一个成功。同时，B和C选项的表述过于夸大，不符合文章的客观语调。
参考译文：
新娘是挥舞着吉他的摇滚悍妇，新郎是一身肌肉的杀龙者，这一对实在古怪，也怪不得没有人相信他们能结合在一起。但是12月2日，“吉他英雄”和“战舰世界” 的两个视频游戏公司——Activision和Vivendi公司宣布了他们的精心策划的联姻。Vivendi是一家法国媒体公司，它准备将自己的游戏单元以及17亿美元现金注入到Activision公司。联合体自后再从Activision股东那里买回股份，将Vivendi在联合公司的股份提到到68%。
新公司仍由Activision公司老总Bobby Kotick来执舵，新公司名为“Activision 暴风雪”，取这个名字是为了酬谢Vivendi注入的主要的游戏资产——子公司“暴风雪娱乐”，该公司属于“战舰世界”，是一个拥有930万注册者的在线“剑与巫术”游戏。这笔生意出乎大家意料，但却有非凡的战略意义，Screen Digest的顾问Piers Harding-Rolls这样说。Activision 对“战舰世界”已经觊觎很久，而Vivendi公司也因此获得了更大的游戏份额，拥有Activision公司优秀的管理团队来为之运营。同样对双方有利的是，189亿美元的交易是视频游戏产业中最大的，因此其决策将对未来该产业的发展趋势起着举足轻重的作用。
第一个趋势是推进新的市场，尤其在风靡于亚洲的在线多人游戏领域和“休闲游戏”，这种游戏对那些不把自己当玩游戏的人有吸引力。“战舰世界”是全球最流行的在线注册游戏，盈利巨大。“暴风雪”今年收入将达11亿美元，操作利润就有5.2亿美元。Kotick 先生评价说，“战舰世界”是真正的“拥有众多娱乐成分的交际性网络”。
同样的，他说， “吉他英雄”和其他游戏也没有用普通的按钮和操作杆，而是使用了新式控制器，通过重点强调其交际性的特点来增加游戏的吸引力，因为这些游戏很容易就可以上手，而且可以和朋友一起玩。Kotick 先生说，交际游戏是为这个产业创造新玩家的“最强大的趋势”。很明显，他谈到利用“暴风雪”的技术来向亚洲市场推行“吉他英雄”在线版的前景时十分兴奋。Harding-Rolls说，像最先开始于韩国的“在线试听”这样的在线音乐游戏“在亚洲占有相当大的份额”。
第二种趋势就是媒体集团在游戏方面兴趣不断增加。Vivendi拥有“四大”唱片之一的“全球音乐”。由于唱片行业销售衰退，它就转向游戏，这是更为年轻且成长迅速的一种媒介，拥有很多跨市场型的机遇。（比如Activision 可能就要从“全球音乐”曲目中为自己的音乐游戏搜索一些素材，而这样反过来又促进了唱片的销售。）其他的媒体集团也大体一样。去年，美国媒体巨头Viacom收购了Harmonix公司——“吉他巨人”最初就是由该公司创造出来的。目前它利用自己的MTV音乐频道推展新游戏——“摇滚乐队”。Viacom还创造了在线虚拟世界，这个游戏和几个电视频道如“Laguna Beach”、“Pimp My Ride”取得了联合。迪斯尼也于八月份购买了“企鹅俱乐部”，这是专门为孩子创造的虚拟世界。华纳时代通过其华纳兄弟家庭娱乐公司也涉足游戏业，该公司出版了自己的名称，并于上个月收购了TT 游戏公司（该公司为“Lego 星际争霸”游戏旗下的英国公司）。
TEXT TWO
The haunting paintings of Helene Schjerfbeck, on show in the final leg of a travelling tour that has already attracted thousands of visitors in Hamburg and The Hague, may come as a surprise to many. Few outside the Nordic world would recognise the work of this Finnish artist who died in 1946. More people should. The 120 works have at their core 20 self-portraits, half the number she painted in all. The first, dated 1880, is of a wide-eyed teenager eager to absorb everything. The last is a sighting of the artist's ghost-to-be; Schjerfbeck died the year after it was made. Together this series is among the most moving and accomplished autobiographies-in-paint.
Precociously gifted, Schjerfbeck was 11 when she entered the Finnish Art Society's drawing school. “The Wounded Warrior in the Snow”, a history painting, was bought by a private collector and won her a state travel grant when she was 17. Schjerfbeck studied in Paris, went on to Pont-Aven, Brittany, where she painted for a year, then to Tuscany, Cornwall and St Petersburg. During her 1887 visit to St Ives, Cornwall, Schjerfbeck painted “The Convalescent”. A child wrapped in a blanket sits propped up in a large wicker chair, toying with a sprig. The picture won a bronze medal at the 1889 Paris World Fair and was bought by the Finnish Art Society. To a modern eye it seems almost sentimental and is redeemed only by the somewhat stunned, melancholy expression on the child's face, which may have been inspired by Schjerfbeck's early experiences. At four, she fell down a flight of steps and never fully recovered.
In 1890, Schjerfbeck settled in Finland. Teaching exhausted her, she did not like the work of other local painters, and she was further isolated when she took on the care of her mother (who lived until 1923). “If I allow myself the freedom to live a secluded life”, she wrote, “then it is because it has to be that way.” In 1902, Schjerfbeck and her mother settled in the small, industrial town of Hyvinkaa, 50 kilometres north of Helsinki. Isolation had one desired effect for it was there that Schjerfbeck became a modern painter. She produced still lives and landscapes but above all moody yet incisive portraits of her mother, local school girls, women workers in town (profiles of a pensive, aristocratic looking seamstress dressed in black stand out). And of course she painted herself. Comparisons have been made with James McNeill Whistler and Edvard Munch. But from 1905, her pictures became pure Schjerfbeck.
“I have always searched for the dense depths of the soul, that have not yet discovered themselves”, she wrote, “where everything is still unconscious—there one can make the greatest discoveries.” She experimented with different kinds of underpainting, scraped and rubbed, made bright rosy red spots; doing whatever had to be done to capture the subconscious—her own and that of her models. In 1913, Schjerfbeck was rediscovered by an art dealer and journalist, Gosta Stenman. Once again she was a success. Retrospectives, touring exhibitions and a biography followed, yet Schjerfbeck remained little known outside Scandinavia. That may have had something to do with her indifference to her renown. “I am nothing, absolutely nothing”, she wrote. “All I want to do is paint”. Schjerfbeck was possessed of a unique vision, and it is time the world recognised that.
Schjerfbeck’s paintings may come as a surprise to many because_____
[A] her paintings are rarely known outside the Nordic world.
[B] her paintings have never been on show out of the Nordic world
[C] her paintings have the power to haunt people whoever have seen them.
[D] her paintings focus on supernatural elements such as ghosts.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
[A] “The Convalescent” is in fact a portrait of Schjerfbeck in her childhood.
[B] “The Convalescent” is a reflection of Schejerfbeck’s sentimental childhood.
[C] “The Convalescent” is made as a result of an accident in Schejerfbeck’s childhood.
[D] “The Convalescent” is featured by the child’s stunned, melancholy expression.
3．Schejerbeck chose to live a secluded life mainly because of ____
[A] she was exhausted by her teaching job.
[B] her personality prefers this kind of style.
[C] she could not appreciate the work of the other local painters.
[D] her mother’s health condition required her to adopt such a life style.
4．Schjerfbeck remained little known outside the Nordic world probably because_____
[A] she did not make efforts to publicize her works.
[B] she knew that her works would gain worldwide recognition one day.
[C] she only cared about her painting instead of personal fame.
[D] the last thing she was interested in was to have people disturb her.
5. We can infer from the passage that the most outstanding characteristics of Schjerfbeck’s paintings is_____
[A] her vivid characterization of common people.
[B] her capture of the characters’ soul.
[C] the melancholy expression of the characters.
[D] her unconscious sense of some mysterious elements.
篇章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了画家Schejerfbeck的创作经历。第一段先由画展引出本文的主人公Schejerfbeck来；第二段讲述Schejerfbeck早期的创作经历和成绩；第三段讲述Schejerfbeck创作如何成熟的；第四段讲述Schejerfbeck创作的体会和特点。
词汇注释：
haunting adj不易忘怀的，常浮现在心头的 leg n. 最后一程
precociously adv. 过早地 convalescent n.恢复期病人; adj. 恢复期的;渐愈的
redeem v. 弥补，补救 sprig n. 植物的小枝
incisive adj. 尖刻的 moody adj. 喜怒无常的, 忧悒
pensive adj. 沉思的 seamstress n. 女裁缝
难句突破:
The haunting paintings of Helene Schjerfbeck, on show in the final leg of a travelling tour that has already attracted thousands of visitors in Hamburg and The Hague, may come as a surprise to many.
[主体句式] The haunting paintings may come as a surprise to many.
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，主语有一个比较复杂的介词短语作定语on show…，在这个介词短语中，充当状语的介词短语中介词的宾语带有以that引导的定语从句。
[句子译文] Helene Schjerfbeck那些让人不易忘怀的画在这次巡展最后的展出将会给人带来许多惊喜，而其实这次巡展已经吸引了汉堡和海牙成千上万的游客。
To a modern eye it seems almost sentimental and is redeemed only by the somewhat stunned, melancholy expression on the child's face, which may have been inspired by Schjerfbeck's early experiences.
[主体句式] It seems almost sentimental and is redeemed only by …
[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，第二个分句的状语比较复杂，介词短语的宾语expression带有一个由which引导的非限定性定语从句。
[句子译文] 在现代人看来这幅画仿佛是感伤的，只有孩子有点发呆、忧郁的表情算是一点缓和。这可能是Schjerfbeck小时候的经历触发而创作的。
题目分析：
1. Schjerfbeck’s paintings may come as a surprise to many because_____
1.许多人看到 Schjerfbeck的作品都会大吃一惊因为_____
[A] her paintings are rarely known outside the Nordic world.
[A] 日耳曼世界之外很少有人知道她的作品。
[B] her paintings have never been on show out of the Nordic world.
[B]她的作品从没在日耳曼世界之外的地方展览过。
[C] her paintings have the power to haunt people whoever have seen them.
[C] 她的作品给人来带挥之不去的印象。
[D] her paintings focus on supernatural elements such as ghosts.
[D]她的作品注重一些超自然的因素，诸如鬼神等。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第一段提到，Schejerfbeck作品巡回展在德国和海牙吸引了好多人，大部分人看到她的作品都会吃惊，紧接着就说日耳曼世界之外很少有人见过她的作品，但是她的作品理应受到更多人的观赏。可以推测，她的作品是比较优秀的作品，但因为大多数人从没见过，第一次看到会感觉震惊。因此，主要原因是日耳曼世界之外很少有人知道她的作品。B选项显然与原文不符，因为她的作品在日耳曼之外的地区也展示过。C和D只是片面概括了她作品的一些特点，并不符合题意。
2． Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
2．根据文章，下列哪一个论述是正确的？
[A] “The Convalescent” is in fact a portrait of Schjerfbeck in her childhood.
[A] “正在康复的人”实际上是Schjerfbeck描述自己儿童时期的一幅自画像。
[B] “The Convalescent” is a reflection of Schejerfbeck’s sentimental childhood.
[B] “正在康复的人”反应了Schjerfbeck感伤的儿童时代。
[C] “The Convalescent” is made as a result of an accident in Schejerfbeck’s childhood.
[C] “正在康复的人”是因Schjerfbeck儿童时期发生的一起意外才创作的。
[D] “The Convalescent” is featured by the child’s stunned, melancholy expression.
[D] “正在康复的人”主要突出描绘了儿童发呆、忧郁的表情。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。题目是有关Schejerfbeck早期作品“正在康复的人”，文中提到从现代人的角度看，这幅作品比较感伤，只是孩子有点发呆、忧郁的表情稍微缓和了这种情绪，这幅作品可能是受其儿童时期经历的影响才创作的，因为她小时候从楼梯上摔了下来。因此，四个选项中，A 并不是她的自画像；B 这幅画并不是要表现她感伤的儿童时代，只是儿童时期经历过一次意外摔伤是创作这幅画的诱因而已；C说明了创作诱因，是正确的；D与文章内容不符。
3．Schejerfbeck chose to live a secluded life mainly because ____
3．Schejerfbeck选择了一种隐居生活主要因为_____
[A] she was exhausted by her teaching job.
[A] 她厌倦了教书的生活。
[B] her personality prefers this kind of style.
[B] 她个性使得她选择了这样的一种生活方式。
[C] she could not appreciate the work of the other local painters.
[C] 她不喜欢当地其他画家的作品。
[D] her mother’s bad health condition required her to adopt such a life style.
[D] 她母亲身体不好，因此她必须以这种方式生活。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。Schejerfbeck选择了过隐居生活，这在文章第二段中有具体描述。首先她厌倦了教授绘画的工作，也不喜欢当地其他画家的作品，再加上她负担起照顾母亲的责任，她就最终选择了隐居，她自己提到这个时说：“如果我允许自己选择了一种隐居地生活，那是因为事情只能如此。”分析她隐居的原因，最主要的还是前两个，一个是厌倦了绘画工作，一个是不喜欢当地其他画家作品，这都与她的个性有关。因此，追根究底其原因是她本身性格所致。
4．Schjerfbeck remained little known outside the Nordic world probably because_____
4．Schejerfbeck 在日耳曼之外的世界少被人知道是因为_____
[A] she did not make efforts to publicize her works.
[A] 她没有花力气去宣传自己的作品。
[B] she knows that her works would gain worldwide recognition one day.
[B] 她知道自己的作品总有一天会得到世界的承认。
[C] she only cared about her painting instead of personal fame.
[C] 她只关心她的绘画，对名利并不感兴趣。
[D] the last thing she was interested in was to have people disturb her.
[D] 她最不感兴趣的事情就是让别人打扰她。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。文章最后一段提到，虽然有作品回顾展、巡回展出、传记，但是在斯堪的纳维亚半岛之外很少有人知道她。这也许和她对声望不予理会有关。“我不是什么名人，绝对不是，”她这样写道，“我需要的只是绘画。”文章强调她只关心绘画，不关心自己的名望，这是她不是很出名的主要原因。因此，C为正确答案。A和D都是她的一些行为，这些行为归根结底的原因还是在于C选项提及的内容。而B选项显得夸口很大，显然不符合她的低调风格。
5. We can infer from the passage that the most outstanding characteristics of Schjerfbeck’s paintings is_____
5．从文章可以推断出Schejerfbeck作品最显著的特点是_____
[A] her vivid characterization of common people.
[A] 她对于普通人的生动刻画。
[B] her capture of the characters’ soul.
[B] 她抓住了人物的灵魂。
[C] the melancholy expression of the characters.
[C] 人物忧郁的表情。
[D] her unconscious sense of some mysterious elements.
[D] 她有意识地使用了一些神秘因素。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。关于Schejerfbeck作品的特点，文章并没有直接提及，但是可以从字里行间判断出来。Schejerfbeck的作品主要是人物，在最后一段中提到她为了把握人物灵魂深处，运用了各种手段，可见，她作品的主要特点在于她对人物灵魂的把握，答案B正确。A和C都是她画作的一些表面特点，而其最根本特点还是在于抓住了人物的灵魂。D选项的表述虽然也是特点之一，但是也还是为B选项服务的。
参考译文:
Helene Schjerfbeck那些让人不易忘怀的画在这次巡展最后的展出将会给人带来许多惊喜，而其实这次巡展已经吸引了汉堡和海牙成千上万的游客。日耳曼世界之外很少会有人认出这位于1946年去世的芬兰艺术家的作品来，但更多的人应该认出她的作品。在这120幅作品中有20幅是她的自画像，这是她所有创作的自画像的一半。第一副创作于1880年，是渴望吸收一切的一个大眼睛少女，而最后一幅是艺术家即将成为鬼魂的一幕，而她正是在这幅作品创作完毕后的那年去世的。这个系列是最生动、最完美的自画像之一。
Schjerfbeck少年就富有天赋，11岁就进入了芬兰艺术协会的绘画学校。“雪中受伤的战士”是一幅历史画，由一位私人收藏家买走，这使得她在17岁就赢得了可以环游整个国家的资金。她在巴黎学习，后来又到不列塔尼的Pont-Aven，在那里她画了一年，随后又去了托斯卡纳区、康沃尔和圣彼得堡。1887年访问康沃尔的圣艾夫斯期间，她创作了“正在康复的病人”——裹着一条毯子的一个小孩靠着一把大柳条椅坐着，手里玩着一个小树枝。这幅作品在1889年巴黎世界展览上赢得了铜牌，并被芬兰艺术协会买走。在现代人看来这幅画仿佛是感伤的，只有孩子有点发呆、忧郁的表情算是一点缓和。这可能是Schjerfbeck小时候的经历触发而创作的。她4岁时从楼梯上摔了下来，后来再没有痊愈过。
1890年，Schjerfbeck在芬兰定居。她厌烦了教学生涯，她不喜欢其他当地画家的作品，而后来当她开始照顾她母亲（活到1923年）时就变得更孤立了。“如果我允许自己选择了一种隐居地生活”她写道，“那是因为事情只能这样。”1902年，Schjerfbeck和她母亲定居在工业小镇Hyvinkaa，在赫尔辛基北面50公里的地方。
不过与世隔绝倒是有一种理想的效果，因为就是在那里Schjerfbeck转变为一名现代画家。依旧，她画了许多静止的生命和景物，但最重要的是画了她那忧悒、尖刻的母亲，还有当地上学的女孩、小镇上的女工人（其中一位穿黑衣的、沉思的、具有贵族气质的女裁缝师的侧面像最为突出）。当然她还画了自己。人们将她的画和James McNeill Whistler、Edward Munch的做对比，但从1905年开始，她的作品变成纯粹的Schjerfbeck风格：
“我一直在寻找灵魂的最深处，但是它们还是没有找到自己，”她这样写道，“哪里有无意识的东西，哪里们就有最伟大的发现。”她尝试着使用了不同的画底色，刮了，擦了，画出了明亮的玫瑰红点；她做了一切自己能做的去捕捉潜意识——她自己的，还有她的那些模特的。1913年，Schjerfbeck被一位艺术商人兼记者Gosta Stenman重新发现。这一次她又成功了。作品回顾展、巡回展出，接着是一部传记，但是在斯堪的纳维亚半岛之外很少有人知道她。这也许和她对声望不予理会有关。“我不是什么名人，绝对不是，”她这样写道，“我需要的只是绘画。” Schjerfbeck有独特的眼光，现在是全世界该认识她的时候了。
TEXT THREE
When Catholic clergy or “pro-life” politicians argue that abortion laws should be tightened, they do so in the belief that this will reduce the number of terminations. Yet the largest global study of abortion ever undertaken casts doubt on that simple proposition. Restricting abortions, the study says, has little effect on the number of pregnancies terminated. Rather, it drives women to seek illegal, often unsafe backstreet abortions leading to an estimated 67,000 deaths a year. A further 5m women require hospital treatment as a result of botched procedures.
In Africa and Asia, where abortion is generally either illegal or restricted, the abortion rate in 2003 (the latest year for which figures are available) was 29 per 1,000 women aged 15-44. This is almost identical to the rate in Europe—28—where legal abortions are widely available. Latin America, which has some of the world's most restrictive abortion laws, is the region with the highest abortion rate (31), while western Europe, which has some of the most liberal laws, has the lowest (12).
The study, carried out by the Guttmacher Institute in New York in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO) and published in a British medical journal, the Lancet, found that most abortions occur in developing countries—35m a year, compared with just 7m in rich countries. But this was largely a reflection of population size. A woman's likelihood of having an abortion is similar whether she lives in a rich country (26 per 1,000) or a poor or middle-income one (29).
Lest it be thought that these sweeping continental numbers hide as much as they reveal, the same point can be made by looking at those countries which have changed their laws. Between 1995 and 2005, 17 nations liberalised abortion legislation, while three tightened restrictions. The number of induced abortions nevertheless declined from nearly 46m in 1995 to 42m in 2003, resulting in a fall in the worldwide abortion rate from 35 to 29. The most dramatic drop—from 90 to 44—was in former communist Eastern Europe, where abortion is generally legal, safe and cheap. This coincided with a big increase in contraceptive use in the region which still has the world's highest abortion rate, with more terminations than live births.
The risk of dying in a botched abortion is only part of a broader problem of maternal health in poor countries. Of all the inequalities of development, this is arguably the worst. According to a report published this week by Population Action International, a Washington-based lobby group, women in poor countries are 250 times more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than women in rich ones. （2）Of the 535,000 women who died in childbirth or from pregnancy-related complications in 2005, 99% were in developing countries, according to another report by a group of UN agencies, including WHO, also out this week. Africa accounted for more than half such deaths.As the UN report noted, countries with the highest levels of maternal mortality have made the least progress towards reducing it. A woman in Africa has a one in 16 chance of dying in pregnancy or childbirth, compared with one in 3,800 for a woman in the rich world.
1. The word “botched” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
[A] awkward.
[B] wrong.
[C] backward.
[D] bungled
2.The fact that the abortion rate in Africa and Asia in 2003 is almost identical to that in Europe implies that_____.
[A] the abortion rate has nothing to do with a country’s national wealth.
[B] the abortion rate has nothing to do with a country’s restricting measures on abortion.
[C] the abortion rate cannot be lowered through the legal measures.
[D] the abortion rate cannot be lowered by the implement of tightened abortion laws.
3. The conclusion of the study can be proved by the following proofs offered in the passage except that _____
[A] the abortion rate in countries with strict aboriton laws is higher than that of the counties with liberal laws.
[B] there are much more abortions occuring in developing countries than in developed countries.
[C] there was a dramatic drop in former communist Easter Europe between 1995 and 2005.
[D] there was a big increase in contraceptive use in the region which still has the world’s highest abortion rate between 1995 and 2005.
4. Women in poor countries are much more likely dying in childbirth or pregnancy than women in rich countires because of _____
[A] botched procedures of abortion in poor countries.
[B] inequalities of development between rich and poor countries.
[C] ignorance of and little emphasis on the maternal health in poor countries.
[D] strict abortion laws in poor countries.
5. The passage is mainly about_____
[A] a study on the aborition rate between developed and developing countries.
[B] a study on the aborition laws in different countries.
[C] a study on the general maternal health condition in different countries.
[D] a study on the influence of the aboriton laws on the abortion rate.
文章剖析
这篇文章介绍了严格限制堕胎的法律对堕胎率的实际影响。文章第一段提出一项全球调查表明限制堕胎对降低堕胎率影响很小；第二段给出一些数据说明严格的堕胎法律不能降低堕胎率，反而起到相反作用；第三段指出大部分堕胎发生在发展中国家；第四段用另外一组数据说明了堕胎法与堕胎率的关系；第五段是一个引申，引申到贫穷国家妇女健康问题。
词汇注释:
botch v. 做得拙劣 lest conj.以免, 免得
sweeping adj. 范围广大的, 总括的; 笼统的 contraceptive n. 避孕用具
难句突破：
The study, carried out by the Guttmacher Institute in New York in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO) and published in a British medical journal, the Lancet, found that most abortions occur in developing countries—35m a year, compared with just 7m in rich countries.
[主体句式] The study found that…
[结构分析]这是一个复合句，其主语的定语为两个并列的分词短语：carried out by… 和published in…，而宾语从句中破折号后面的成分可以看作是补语。
[句子译文]这项研究由纽约的Guttmacher研究所和世界卫生组织合作进行，发表于英国医疗期刊Lancet上，该研究发现大多数堕胎都发生在发展中国家，一年大约有3500万例，而在富裕国家中一年只有700万例。
Of the 535,000 women who died in childbirth or from pregnancy-related complications in 2005, 99% were in developing countries, according to another report by a group of UN agencies, including WHO, also out this week.
[主体句式] 99% were in developing country.
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，由of构成的介词短语是句子主语的定语，该介词短语中有一个who引导的定语从句修饰名词women；according to构成的介词短语是句子的状语，在该状语中also out this week是report的补语。
[句子译文] 而根据本周联合国机构（包括世界卫生组织）的一个组织的另外一个报道，2005年死于生产或怀孕相关并发症的53万5千名妇女中，99%是在发展中国家。
题目分析：
1. The word “botched” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____
1.“botched”这个词（第一段第六行）最有
可能指_____
[A] awkward.
[A] 笨拙的。
[B] wrong.
[B] 错误的。
[C] backward.
[C] 落后的。
[D] inferior.
[D] 低劣的。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析]猜词题。根据上下文，限制流产会逼迫妇女去进行一些非法的、不安全的秘密堕胎，从而引发死亡，还有另外一些妇女因为某些程序需要进行住院治疗。那么可以推断，这种程序因为是在非法的不安全的地方进行的，比如一些小诊所，那么应该是一些拙劣的手术程序，选项D符合。
2.The fact that the abortion rate in Africa and Asia in 2003 is almost identical to that in Europe implies that_____
2.2003年非洲和亚洲的堕胎率几乎和欧洲的相同，这个事实说明_____
[A] the abortion rate has nothing to do with a country’s national wealth.
[A] 堕胎率和一个国家的富裕程度无关。
[B] the abortion rate has nothing to do with a country’s restricting measures on abortion.
[B]堕胎率和一个国家限制堕胎的措施无关。
[C] the abortion rate cannot be lowered through the legal measures.
[C] 通过法律措施不能降低堕胎率。
[D] the abortion rate cannot be lowered by the implement of tightened abortion laws.
[D] 实施严格的堕胎法律不能降低堕胎率。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]推理题。文章第二段指出，虽然亚洲和非洲在堕胎方面限制严格，欧洲堕胎合法，但堕胎率却相同。下文又提到虽然拉美国家有最严厉的堕胎法，但堕胎率最高，而欧洲法律最宽松，堕胎率却最低。再结合 第一段提到研究发现限制堕胎并不能降低堕胎数量，可以得出，题目中的这个事实也说明了严格的堕胎法并不能有效降低堕胎率。
3. The conclusion of the study can be proved by the following proofs offered in the passage except that _____
3.下列选项除了_____都能证明研究得出的结论。
[A] the aboriton rate in countries with strict aboriton laws is higher than that of the counties with liberal laws.
[A]有严格限制堕胎法律的国家的堕胎率比实施宽松堕胎法律国家的高
[B] there are much more abortions occuring in developing countries than in developed countries.
[B] 发展中国家堕胎例数比发达国家多
[C] there was a dramatic drop in in former communist Easter Europe between 1995 and 2005.
[C]1995到2005年期间，前共产主义东欧的堕胎率急剧降低。
[D] there was a big increase in contraceptive use in the region which still has the world’s highest abortion rate between 1995 and 2005.
[D] 从1995年到2005年期间避孕措施大幅度增加的国家而今仍拥有世界最高的堕胎率
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 推理题。题干要求找出哪个论据不能证明本文中提到的研究得出的结论。首先由文章第一段得知该研究的结论是限制堕胎对降低终止怀孕数量影响颇微，而文章中心也是在论证限制堕胎并不能有效降低堕胎率。那么，选项A是文章第二段的论据，可以说明这一点。B在第四段中提到，但提到这一点主要是由于人口数量的原因，因此不能证明研究结论。C在第五段提到，世界整体放松对堕胎的法律限制引起了堕胎率的下降，特别是前社会主义东欧，这一点也可以说明。D也在第四段提及，虽然堕胎措施加大，但效果却相反，也可以证明。因此，只有B是不能证明该结论的。
4. Women in poor countries are much more likely dying in childbirth or pregnancy than women in rich countires because of _____
4. 相对富裕国家而言，贫穷国家的妇女死于生产或怀孕的可能性更大，这是因为_____
[A] botched procedures of abortion between rich and poor countries.
[A] 贫穷国家低劣的堕胎手术程序。
[B] inequalities of development in poor countries.
[B] 贫穷国家发展的不平衡。
[C] ignorance of and little emphasis on the maternal health in poor countries.
[C] 贫穷国家对妇女健康问题知之甚少且重视不足。
[D] strict abortion laws in poor countries.
[D] 贫穷国家实施严格的堕胎法律。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析] 细节题。题干提到的问题在最后一段中提到，首先提到因低劣的堕胎而死的危险只是贫穷国家妇女健康的一方面问题而已，因此A选项错误。而该段进一步指出，联合国的一个报道发现孕产妇死亡率最高的国家为降低该死亡率进行努力的进展也最慢，因此主要原因就是这些国家不注重这方面问题的解决。因此，选项C为正确答案。B选项显然与原文无关，而D选项与实际情况并不相符。
5. The passage is mainly about_____
5．这篇文章主要是关于____
[A] a study on the aborition rate between developed and developing countries.
[A] 对发达国家和发展中国家不同堕胎率的研究。
[B] a study on the aborition laws in different countries.
[B] 对不同国家堕胎法律的研究。
[C] a study on the general maternal health condition in different countries.
[C] 对不同国家妇女健康总体情况的研究。
[D] a study on the influence of the aboriton laws on the abortion rate.
[D] 关于堕胎法对堕胎率影响的研究。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 主旨题。这篇文章主要通过一个全球的研究说明实施严格的堕胎法对降低堕胎并没有作用，反而有相反的效果。因此，文章主要是关于堕胎法对堕胎率影响的研究，D为正确答案。文章的各个段落中也涉及到了其他三个选项的内容，但都不是文章的主题，而是围绕着主题分别展开论述的。
参考译文
天主教牧师或反对堕胎合法化的政治家们要求加紧堕胎方面的法律，他们这样做是因为相信这样就可以降低堕胎数量。然而迄今为止最大的全球堕胎调查却让大家对这个简单的主张产生了怀疑。该研究表明，限制堕胎对降低终止怀孕数量影响颇微，这样反而使得妇女寻求一些非法、不安全的秘密堕胎，而每年因此死亡的妇女达67000人，还有另外500万妇女因为手术拙劣需要住院治疗。
一般来说，堕胎在非洲和亚洲或是非法的，或是受到限制，2003年（可提供数据的最近年份）其堕胎率为每1000名15至44岁的妇女中有29名。这个数字和欧洲堕胎率几乎相同（欧洲为28名），而在欧洲堕胎广为可行。而拥有世界上最严格的堕胎法的拉丁美洲有最高的堕胎率（31名），在世界上拥有最宽松的堕胎法律的西欧堕胎率最低（12名）。
这项研究由纽约的Guttmacher研究所和世界卫生组织合作进行，发表于英国医疗期刊Lancet上，该研究发现大多数堕胎都发生在发展中国家，一年大约有3500万例，而在富裕国家中一年只有700万例。不过这在很大程度上也反映了人口规模。一个妇女不论在哪里，堕胎的可能性大致相同，在富裕国家是千分之二十六，在贫穷或中等收入国家是千分之二十九。
为了避免人们认为这些规模庞大的大陆性数字揭示了一些现象，但也同样掩盖了一些，那么只要看看那些改革法律的国家的情况，这一点也同样可以证实。1995年至2005年期间，有17个国家放宽了堕胎法律，有3个国家加强了堕胎的限制，然而堕胎数量却从1995年的近4600万例下降为2003年的4200万例，使得全世界堕胎率由千分之三十五下降到千分之二十九。而最大的降幅——从千分之九十降到千分之四十四——发生在前共产主义的东欧，在该国堕胎一般是合法的、安全的，而且是廉价的。而在同一时期，世界上堕胎率最高的地区（堕胎数比出生人数多），其避孕措施使用则增幅较大。
在贫穷国家，因拙劣的堕胎技术而死亡的风险只不过是妇女健康这个广泛的问题的一部分而已。但在所有的发展不平衡中，这可以说是最糟糕的。基地在华盛顿的一个游说团组织“国际人口行动”本周发表的一篇报道声称，贫困国家妇女在怀孕或生产中死亡率是发达国家妇女的250倍。而根据本周联合国机构（包括世界卫生组织）的一个组织的另外一个报道，2005年死于生产或怀孕相关并发症的53万5千名妇女中，99%是在发展中国家。半数以上的死亡妇女在非洲。正如联合国报道所指出的，孕产妇死亡率最高的国家为降低该死亡率进行努力的进展也最慢。一个非洲妇女因怀孕或生产的死亡几率是16次中有一次，而在富裕国家这个数字为3800次中有一次。
TEXT FOUR
After receiving a six-year prison sentence on July 31st, Sanjay Dutt, an Indian film star, begged for bail while he appealed against it. “Sir, I made a mistake,” he said. But the judge said no. Mr. Dutt's crime—to have procured two guns from Muslim mobsters who were responsible for bomb attacks in Mumbai in 1993—was serious. Yet he urged Mr. Dutt, 48, to return to the silver screen after serving his sentence. “Don't get perturbed,” he said. “You have many years to go and work, like the 'Mackenna's Gold' actor Gregory Peck.”
Thus ended one of the longest song-and-dances in India's criminal legal history. Mr. Dutt was convicted last year, having already spent 16 months in jail. He was acquitted of direct involvement in the bombings, which killed 257 people. They were carried out in 1993 in revenge for the demolition of an ancient mosque in the Hindu holy city of Ayodhya by Hindu fanatics, and subsequent Hindu-Muslim rioting. Some 100 people have been found guilty of the bombing. They have all been sentenced in the past three months, including a dozen to death and 20 to life- imprisonment. But the alleged masterminds of the attacks are still at large. One of them, a Mumbai gangster called Dawood Ibrahim, is alleged by Indian officials to be linked to al-Qaeda and to be hiding in Pakistan.
Despite the bleak immediate outlook, Mr. Dutt, who made his name playing tough-guy anti-heroes, is unlikely to find his career much damaged. The son of two of Bollywood's biggest stars, a Hindu-Muslim couple, he has garnered enormous sympathy for his suffering. Many Indians believe his claim that he wanted the guns to protect his family during the riots. Other Bollywood stars express support for Mr. Dutt as passionately as their Hollywood peers worry about global warming.
Then again, Bollywood is rather shady. Gangsters and crooked politicians have long laundered ill-gotten money through film productions. Indeed Mr. Dutt was investigated over money-laundering allegations in 2001. Other recent Bollywood stars to grace the courts include Monica Bedi, an actress convicted of dealing in fake passports. Her accomplice was another Mumbai gangster, Abu Salem, who delivered the guns to Mr. Dutt, and is currently awaiting trial for his alleged part in the 1993 bombings.
An even bigger Bollywood star, Salman Khan, is appealing against two prison sentences of five years and one year for poaching respectively an endangered antelope and two gazelles. A Bollywood film about the case has been scheduled. Mr. Khan has also had to battle a four-year-old charge that he recklessly drove his car over five people sleeping on a pavement in Mumbai, killing one of them.
Bollywood's biggest star, Amitabh Bachchan, also known as “the Big B”, is, in contrast, venerated. Where Mr. Khan is vain and brash, he has a reputation for humility and Hindu piety. But even this has been imperilled of late by revelations that Mr. Bachchan and his film-star son, Abhishek, bought valuable plots of land reserved for farmers. They registered themselves thus after being allotted farmland by a former government of the state of Uttar Pradesh, led by the Samajwadi party. Mr. Bachchan is close to one of the party's leading lights, Amar Singh, a famed socialite. Mr. Bachchan's wife, Jaya, an actress, is now also a Samajwadi politician.
1.The judge said no because _____
[A] he believed Dutt was wronged and showed no sympathy.
[B] he did not think Dutt had committed a crime.
[C] he thought Dutt had committed a serious crime.
[D] he thought Gregory Peck was Dutt’s good example.
2. The comparison of Bollywood stars’ support for Dutt to Holleywood’s worries about global warming implies_____
[A] Bollywood stars are more sympathetic than their Hollywood peers.
[B] Bollywood stars express their support in a modest way.
[C] Bollywood stars back up Dutt with strong support and full passion.
[D] Bollywood stars are also concerned with environmental issues.
3. The phrase “grace the courts” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
[A] present oneself in the courts.
[B] appeal against the courts.
[C] be sentenced by the courts.
[D]show respect to the courts.
4. Accroding to the passage, the following adjectives can be used to describe Mr. Khan except_____
[A] venerated.
[B] vain and brash.
[C] reckless and mindless.
[D] cruel.
5. The best title of this passage can be _____
[A] The Shady Bollywood.
[B] Mr Dutt’s Legal History.
[C] Shady Stars of Bollywood.
[D] Bollywood or Bullywood. 篇章剖析：
这篇文章主要介绍了Bollywood影星违反法律的一些个案。文章第一段、第二段介绍了影星Dutt先生的案件；第三段讲述民众对Dutt的宽容和支持；第四段开始转向Bollywood其他影星犯罪的一些情况介绍，主要介绍了影星Monica的个案；第五段介绍Khan的案件；第六段介绍Bachchan的案件。
词汇注释：
procure v.获得, 取得 perturb v. 使非常烦恼
demolition n.破坏, 毁坏 at large 不受控制的；逍遥法外的
anti-hero n.平凡的角色 garner v.储存
peer n. 同辈, 同等的人 accomplice n.同谋者, 帮凶
poach v. 偷猎 antelope n. 羚羊
gazelle n. 瞪羚 venerate v. 崇敬
socialite n. 社交名流
bail n. 保释
难句突破：
They were carried out in 1993 in revenge for the demolition of an ancient mosque in the Hindu holy city of Ayodhya by Hindu fanatics, and subsequent Hindu-Muslim rioting.
[主体句式] They were carried out …
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，具有比较复杂的状语，有一个时间状语，一个以in revenge for引导的目的状语；在该目的状语中，有两个介词宾语，the demolition 和rioting ；而在第一个宾语中，in the Hindu city of Ayodhya 和by Hindu fanatics都是用来修饰前面的the demolition的。
[句子译文]这些爆炸事件发生于1993年，是为了报复印度教狂热教徒毁坏了印度圣城Ayodhya一座古老的清真寺以及随后的印度—穆斯林暴乱。
They registered themselves thus after being allotted farmland by a former government of the state of Uttar Pradesh, led by the Samajwadi party.
[主体句式] They registered themselves…
[结构分析] 这是一个简单句，句子的状语比较复杂。该状语是一个时间状语，状语最后的成分led by …是一个过去分词短语，作前面the state of Utar Pradesh的定语。
[句子译文] Samajwadi领导的前Uttar Pradesh州政府分配给他们这些土地后，他们就进行了注册。
题目分析：
1.The judge said no because _____
1. 法官之所以说不是因为_____
[A] he believed Dutt was not wronged and showed no sympathy.
[A] 他认为Dutt没有被冤枉，对他不表示丝毫同情。
[B] he did not think Dutt had committed a crime.
[B] 他认为Dutt没有犯罪。
[C] he thought Dutt had committed a serious crime.
[C] 他认为Dutt 所犯罪行重大。
[D] he thought Gregory Peck was Dutt’s good example.
[D]他认为Gregory Peck是Dutt最好的榜样。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析]细节题。本题有一定的迷惑性，要结合上下文来看。Dutt被判六年监禁，他现在在争取保释，在这种情况下，法官说不行，紧接着文章就做了说明，Dutt所犯罪行比较严重。因此，答案应选C。而具有迷惑性的是，法官说不这句话前面是Dutt说自己犯了一个错，如果考生将这两句话错误地认为是连在一起的话，就容易选错。
2. The comparison of Bollywood stars’ support for Dutt to Holleywood’s worries about global warming implies_____
2.将Bollywood明星们对Dutt的支持和Hollywood影星对全球变暖的忧虑相比较暗示了_____
[A] Bollywood stars are more sympathetic than their Hollywood peers.
[A] Bollywood明星要比其好莱坞的同行们更富有同情心。
[B] Bollywood stars express their support in a modest way.
[B]Bollywood明星们以一种温和的方式表达他们的支持。
[C] Bollywood stars back up Dutt with strong support and full passion.
[C]Bollywood明星们强烈支持Dutt。
[D] Bollywood stars are also concerned about environmental issues.
[D]Bollywood明星们也很关心环境问题。
[答案] B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章第三段主要讲述了公众对于Dutt的同情和支持，在提到Bollywood明星们对他的支持时，说他们表达对他的支持就好像好莱坞影星们表达对全球变暖的担忧一样。而好莱坞影星们对全球变暖的担忧并不像科学家那么真切，大多数情况下只是一种态度的表示而已，可见Bollywood明星们对Dutt的支持也只是一种比较温和的支持而已，因此，选项B为正确答案。
3. The phrase “grace the courts” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____
3. 短语“grace the courts”（第四段第三行）最有可能的意思是_____
[A] present oneself in the courts.
[A] 出现在法庭上。
[B] appeal against the courts.
[B] 向法院上诉。
[C] be sentenced by the courts.
[C] 被法庭判处刑罚。
[D] show respect to the courts
[D] 向法庭表示尊重。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆
[分析]猜词题。结合上下文来推断这个短语的意思，文中提到近期其他的这类Bollywood影星有Monica，她被指控从事假护照交易。这是从Dutt转而描写其他影星，可以看出这些影星都被指控，但还没有完全证实。那么这个短语应该是受到法庭的审讯，而grace有“使……增添光彩”的意思，引申来看，意思应该是“在法庭出现”，答案为A。
4. Accroding to the passage, the following adjectives can be used to describe Mr. Khan except_____
4.根据本文，除了_____之外以下的形容词都可以
用来形容Khan 先生
[A] venerated.
[A] 受崇敬的。
[B] vain and brash.
[B] 自负的、无礼的。。
[C] reckless and mindless.
[C] 鲁莽的、愚笨无知的
[D] cruel.
[D] 残忍的。
[答案]A
[难度系数] ☆☆
[分析]细节题。本文第五段和第六段有关于Khan先生的介绍，第五段介绍他因捕杀濒临灭绝的动物而被判处监禁，他还曾鲁莽地压伤几个在人行道上睡觉的人，这两点可以说明他是残忍的，也比较鲁莽。而第六段提到他是为了和Bachchan作比较。文中提到，Where Mr. Khan is vain and brash, he has a reputation for humility and Hindu piety. 该句子是一个转折句，主句中的he指的是Bachchan而不是Khan，因此，Khan是自负、无礼的，而Bachchan是谦逊的、虔诚的。因此，答案为A。
5. The best title of this passage can be _____
5. 文章最好的题目是_____
[A] The Shady Bollywood.
[A] 阴暗的Bollywood。
[B] Mr Dutt’s Legal History.
[B] Dutt先生的法律纠纷历史。
[C] Shady Stars of Bollywood.
[C] Bollywood的问题影星。
[D] Bollywood or Bullywood?
[D] Bollywood还是Bullywood（注：bully为“欺凌弱小者”）
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆
[分析] 主旨题。这篇文章由Khan先生的案例出发，介绍了Bollywood一些明星触犯法律的情况，选项B只是说明了文章介绍的一部分内容，不能作为题目；而A、C、D都可以作为题目，但是三个题目中D最为形象，是最好的题目。
参考译文：
7月31日，印度影星Sanjay Dutt被判处六年监禁，他提起上诉同时要求保释。“先生，我犯了个错，”他这样说。但法官说不行。Dutt先生的罪行比较严重，他从穆斯林匪徒那里拿到两支枪，而这些匪徒是1993年Mumbai爆炸袭击的主犯。不过，法官规劝48岁的Dutt先生服完行后重返银屏。“别烦恼，”他说，“你前面的路还长着呢，就像 ‘Mackenna’s Gold’的演员Gregory Peck一样。”
这样就结束了印度刑事法律历史上最长的歌舞剧。去年Dutt被宣告有罪，已经在监狱服刑16个月。他被赦免直接参与爆炸事件的罪名，这些爆炸事件炸死了257人。爆炸事件发生于1993年，是为了报复印度教狂热教徒毁坏了印度圣城Ayodhya一座古老的清真寺以及随后的印度—穆斯林暴乱。到目前已有100人因该爆炸事件被判有罪，并且已在过去三个月里进行了量刑，其中十几个人被判处死刑，20个人终身监禁。但是这些袭击的所谓的策划者仍然逍遥法外，印度官员断言其中一个名叫Dawood Ibrahim的Mumbai歹徒与基地组织有关系，目前藏匿在巴基斯坦。
尽管Dutt先生短期的前景看起来比较黯淡，但他已经因扮演硬汉式的平凡主角而出名，不会觉得自己的事业会因此被毁坏。作为两个Bollywood最大的影星、印度—穆斯林夫妻的儿子，他已经为自己的遭遇攒够了同情。许多印度人都相信他所说的是为了在暴乱中保护自己的家庭才要枪支的。其他Bollywood明星也对Dutt先生表示支持，程度不亚于他们好莱坞同行对全球变暖问题的担心。
不过，Bollywood却是阴暗的。长时间以来许多匪徒和无耻的政客一直在通过电影业洗黑钱。实际上，2001年Dutt先生就因为洗钱受到过调查，其他在法庭出现的Bollywood明星还有Monica Bedi，她被控从事假护照交易。其同伙是另外一个Mumbai 匪徒叫Abu Salem, 就是此人将枪支交给Dutt先生，目前他因被指控参加了1993年的爆炸事件而在等待审判。
一位更有名的Bollywood明星SalmanKhan目前正在提起上诉，他因偷猎濒临绝灭的羚羊和瞪羚分别被判一个五年监禁，一个一年监禁。目前关于这起案子的一个Bollywood电影已经在策划中。Khan先生还得为自己之前的一个已经进行了四年的指控反抗，当时他鲁莽地驾车压过了五个躺在人行道上睡觉的人，其中一人死亡。
相反，Bollywood 最著名的明星Amitabh Bachchan，一般人都称“大B”,却受到崇敬。Khan自负而又无礼，而他但却因谦虚和印度教的虔诚而出名。但是目前有人揭发Bachchan先生和他的影星儿子Abhishek购买了本来预留给农民的宝贵土地，因此他们也处于危险境地。Samajwadi领导的前Uttar Pradesh州政府分配给他们这些土地后，他们就进行了注册。Bachchan和该党一位著名的领袖Amar Singh，一位前社交名流交往颇密。而Bachchan先生的演员妻子Jaya现在也是Samajwadi政治家。
