2022年外研版中考复习总结

目录
形容词和副词 1
冠词 8
名词 11
代词 17
动词(分类、时态、语态) 27
非谓语动词 37
数词 42
介词 47
连词 54
三大从句 55
疑问句、祈使句与感叹句 66
非谓语动词搭配 70
形容词和副词
【考点】
形容词词义以及短语辨析
副词词义辨析
形容词和副词的比较等级
用所给形容词和副词的适当形式填空
形容词和副词拼写
一、形容词的基本用法
1. 概念：形容词常用来表示人或事物的性质和特征，修饰名词或代词。
There is a small, white dog.
There is something wrong with his bike.
2. 基本用法：
(1)作定语，常位于名词之前；不定代词之后 a pretty girl; something interesting / important
(2)作表语，位于系动词(be动词, seem, keep, feel, look, smell, sound, taste, grow, get, go, become, turn等)之后，说明主语的性质、状态和特征等 The baby is/looks lovely. I don’t feel well.
(3)作宾语补足语，位于宾语后面，说明宾语的性质、状态和身份等 I find the book useful. I always make others happy.
(3)与定冠词the连用，表示一类人，作主语或宾语 The old always feel very happy.
二、副词的基本用法
1. 概念：副词常用来表示行为（或动作）特征或状态，修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句。
I speak very quietly. He speaks very loudly.
This book is very/extremely/ really interesting.
Luckily, more and more people are cured these days.
2. 基本用法
程度副词 (quite, too, very, far, so, enough, greatly, almost) fast enough (注意enough位置)
频度副词 (always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom,never) I sometimes get up early.
时间副词 (now, today, once, already,yet, before, since) We are very happy today.
地点副词 (home, here, there, inside, outside, upstairs) I go home at 9 every day.
疑问副词 (when, where, how, why, how long, how soon, how far, how often) How often do you play football
三、形容词变副词的一般规则
1. 一般情况下直接加 “ly”，如：
quick-quickly polite-politely sad-sadly
2. 元音字母+e结尾，要去掉e再加-ly，如：true-truly
绝大多数辅音字母+e结尾，直接加-ly，如：
polite-politely wide-widely nice-nicely
3. 以辅音字母加le结尾时,去e加y，如：
terrible-terribly gentle-gently possible-possibly
元音字母加le时加 ly，如：sole-solely。但是whole-wholly例外。
4. 以“y”结尾的，且读音为 /i/，先将“y”改成“i”，再加“ly”，如：
happy-happily heavy-heavily busy-busily
但是如果读音为/ ai /，直接加ly，如：dry-dryly; sly-slyly; shy---shyly
5. 有些以ly结尾的词是形容词而非副词，如：
friendly people motherly care
lovely dog monthly exam
6. 有些词既是形容词也是副词 (早晚又快又努力) early; late; fast; hard
( )1. Elephants eat______, but they can move _____ when necessary. 【2018山东威海】
A. noisy; silent B. noisily; silently C. noisily; silent D. noisy; silently
( )2. Life in the country is often _________ and people live _________ there.
A. peaceful; peacefully B. peaceful; peaceful
C. peacefully; peacefully D. peacefully; peaceful
四、（形容词和副词）比较级、最高级的构成及变化规则
1. 规则变化（口诀总纲：“直去双变多+more”）
规则 原级 比较级 最高级
(1)单音节词比较级+er，最高级+est short / tall shorter / taller shortest / tallest
(2)以e结尾的单音节词比较级+r，最高级+st nice nicer nicest
(3)重读闭音节，双写词尾的辅音字母，比较级再+er, 最高级+est big/thin bigger/ thinner biggest /thinnest
(4)以辅音+y结尾变y为i, 比较级再+er，最高级+est happy / easy happier /easier happiest / easiest
(5)多音节词 (3个或以上音节)形容词和双音节以上副词的比较级在前面+more或+less，最高级+the most或the least slowly /interesting more slowly /more interesting the most slowly /the most interesting
2. 不规则变化（口诀总纲：“两多，两好，两坏病；一老，一少，远距离”）
口诀 原级 比较级 最高级 口诀 原级 比较级 最高级
两多 many 一老 old (家庭中表年长)
much (岁数大,东西旧)
两好 good, well 一少 little
两坏病 bad, badly 远距离 far (距离远)
ill (程度深)
五、（形容词和副词）比较级、最高级的常见用法
原级 A “very, so, too, quite, rather +原级” The man is very (so, quite, rather) kind.
B 表示：和……一样…… “___________________________” 表示：不如…… “___________________________” Your desk is as messy as mine. The bus is not so/as crowded as the train.
比较级 A “比较级 + than” 修饰比较级的词：____________ ____________________+比较级 Health is (much) more important than wealth.
B 表示“越来越……” “___________________________” The car went down faster and faster down the hill. House are getting more and more expensive.
C 表示“越……越……” “___________________________” The worse children behave, the angrier the teacher gets.
D 比较级表示最高级： 同一范围:any other, else； 不同范围:any + 名词单数 He is taller than anybody else (any other boy) in his class. China is bigger than any country in Africa.
最高级 A “the + adj. / adv.的最高级 + of … / in… /among……” Kobe is the most excellent basketball player in the world.
B 表示“最…之一” “___________________________” Shanghai is one of the busiest cities in China.
C 表示“第几个最……” “___________________________” The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
D 最高级前省略the：已有形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、指示代词等 Today is my birthday. It’s my happiest day. This is Tom’s best book.
注意事项：副词最高级可以省略the。
【课堂巩固】
一、单项选择
( )1. —Hi, Ella, which is the street in your city (2010年温州)
—High Street. Many people go shopping there.
A. busier B. quieter C. busiest D. quietest
( )2. Yes, Dad, but I’m really sorry about not picking up my uncle. This will happen again. I promise. (2010年温州)
A. always B. never C. often D. usually
( )3. After practicing for several months, I can swim much ______ now.(2011年温州)
A. slower B. slowest C. faster D. fastest
( )4. Bobbie ______ went to any party during the winter. (2011年温州)
A. always B. often C. sometimes D never
( )5. My sister is ________. She likes making friends with others. (2012年温州)
A. shy B. quiet C. athletic D. outgoing
( )6. My cousins have collected stamps for two years. They have ______ stamps from different countries. (2012年温州)
A. a few B. many C. much D. little
( )7. I’ve _______ received any flower since we moved to the town. (2012年温州)
A. never B. usually C. always D. sometimes
( )8. It’s to listen to light music when you feel tired. (2013年温州)
A. dangerous B. scary C. relaxing D. difficult
( )9.—The girls are talking about the art festival .
—Yes. They have so many fun things to share. (2013年温州)
A. easily B. angrily C. sadly D. happily
( )10. “Tony, the bully, the bad boy!” I could believe my eyes. “Jesus! He’s so
thin now. (2013年温州)
A. hardly B. really C. almost D. always
( )11.Leo was so___that he rushed to the kitchen, hoping to find something to eat.(2014年温州)
A. thirsty B. hungry C. tired D. sleepy
( )12. —How often do you go skating
—________. I can’t skate at all.(2014年温州)
A. Always B. Sometimes C. Seldom D. Never
( )13. A person who is __________ does not tell lies or cheat people.(2015年温州)
A. careless B.stupid C.honest D.humorous
(　 )14.—I can’t believe it. Tony has invented a tree﹣planting machine.
—Really He is so_______________.(2016年温州)
A. shy B. rude C. creative D.friendly
(　 )15. Hearing the good news, Betty laughed and ran out of the classroom ______.(2016年温州)
A. sadly B. quietly C. angrily D. excitedly
( )16. Robert is_____ so that he even has no time to stay with his children at weekends. (2017年温州)
A. busy B. smart C. serious D. pleased
( )17. Seeing a bird resting by the window, the boy moved ____to have a look at it.(2017年温州)
A. politely B. quietly C. easily D. safely
( )18. —Did you find the way to the new library
—Sure. Mr. White gave me very ______ directions.(2018年温州)
A. clear B. private C. creative D. common
( )19. Mrs. Smith showed the boys how to behave _____ like a gentleman at the dinner
table.(2018年温州)
A. happily B. bravely C. politely D. differently
( )20. Uncle Wang spoke very _________ because his son didn’t pass the exam.
A. angry B. angrily C. angrier D. more angrily
( )21. Sara got ill yesterday. She felt a little ____ this morning. (2018燕山一模)
A. ill B. worse C. worst D. the worst
( )22. WeChat Wallet is making our life 　　more convenient than before. (2018自贡)
A.many B.much C.very D. so
( )23. —Do the twins look the same
—No, Jane is_____ taller than Claire. (2018湖南长沙)
A. little B. more C. a little
( )24. The　 　kids learn to be independent, the it is for their future. (2016云南)
A.early; good B.early; better C.earlier; better D.earlier; good
( )25. —How hard you are working, Helen! (2018湖北黄冈)
—We must! President Xi said that _____ we are, _____ we will be.
A. the more hard-working: the luckier B. the hard-working; the lucky
C. more hard-working; luckier D. the most hard-working; the luckiest
( )26. There are　　sharing bikes in many cities. So there will be　　 pollution. (2017云南)
A.less and less; more and more B.less and less; fewer and fewer
C.more and more; less and less D.fewer and fewer; less and less
( )27. —What do you think of the movie Operation Red Sea
—Wonderful. I’ve never seen a movie 　　　 than it.(2018广东)
A.more excited B.more exciting C.most excited D.most exciting
( )28. The bridge between the two islands is _______ one in Shanghai. (2018上海)
A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest
( )29. High-speed railways have developed rapidly in our country. Today China has 　　　
high-speed rail network(铁路网) among all the countries in the world. (2018襄阳)
A.long B.longer C.the longer D.the longest
( )30. —What do you think of your junior high school life
—I think it is one of 　　　 periods in my life. (2018云南)
A. wonderful B.more wonderful C.much wonderful D.the most wonderful
二、用所给词的适当形式填空
1. He find it was _______________(easy) to learn English after trying some suitable ways of learning.
2. If you want to be stronger and _____________(health), you should eat __________(little) and exercise more.
3. After several days’ travelling, we think ________________(high) of the beautiful city.
4. Nowadays, WeChat is _______________(wide) used in our daily life.
5. On snowy days, a driver must drive as _______________ (care) as possible.
6.The class teacher thinks that her class will be __________(friend) to the new classmates.
7. It rained so __________(heavy) that some old houses in the villages fell down last week.
8. I fell much ______________(好) after I told the problems to my close friends.
9. Tom fell off his bike, and his hand was hurt ___________________(严重地).
冠词
【考点】
1.不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词的使用
一、概念：冠词是对名词在范围和数量上进行限定的一种限定词。(冠后必有名)
1. a girl 一个女孩；在数量上对名词进行限定
2. the girl in the classroom 在这个教室的这个女孩；在范围上对名词进行限定
二、分类：不定冠词a, an（注意a,an的用法区别）; 定冠词the ; 零冠词
(1) 不定冠词a/an
冠词 (2) 定冠词：the
(3) 零冠词：/
注：以下需熟记
a European student
a uniform(制服)
a useful book
a university
a one-way street
an hour
an honor (荣誉)
an honest man
an “f”/ “m”/ “n”
an 8/11/18/80-year-old building
三、固定短语
第一组：不定冠词a/an
a few/little/bit 一点;
2. have a try 试一试
3. have a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/rest
游泳/散步/谈话/看一看/跳舞/喝点东西/休息;
have a headache / toothache / stomachache
cold/fever
头疼/牙疼/胃疼/感冒/发烧
have a good time玩得开心;
in a hurry匆忙;
for a while 一会儿;
keep a dairy 写日记;
do sb. a favor帮助某人;
have a sweet tooth 喜爱甜食
What a shame/pity! 真遗憾！
a number of 大量
第二组：定冠词the
in the morning/afternoon/evening
在早上/下午/晚上;
in the daytime在白天;
in the end最后;
all the time一直;
at the same time 同时;
by the way 顺便一提;
in the open air 在户外;
at the age of 在...的年龄;
at the beginning of 在…开始时;
on the other side of在...另一边;
in the middle of 在…的中间;
at the moment 此刻;
look the same 看起来很像
all over the world 全世界
take the medicine 吃药
the number of ...的数量
第三组：零冠词 /
day and night 日以继夜;
face to face面对面;
side by side肩并肩地;
step by step一步步;
by hand 手工;
at school/work/home在学校/在工作/在家;
at first/last 首先/最后;
in trouble处于困境中;
in danger 在危险中;
on foot 步行;
on duty/watch 值日/值班;
on time 准时;
in time 及时;
go to school/work 去上学/去上班;
at noon/night/dawn/dusk
在中午/晚上/黎明/黄昏
【课堂巩固】
一、用适当的冠词填空, 不需要用冠词的地方填“ / ”。
1. ―Lily, open door, please.
―I’m coming.(温州2010年)
2. Lucy is _______ good girl. She often helps others.(温州2011年)
3.－Who’s that man
－Jeremy Lin. He’s _________ American basketball player.(温州2012年)
4. A good beginning makes good ending.(温州2013年)
5. Cathy was very happy to meet _________old friend on the plane to Paris.(温州2014年)
6.—What do you know about kite surfing
—It is _________ exciting water sport.(温州2015年)
7. —This photo makes me think of trip to the Great Wall last year.
—Yeah, we had a great time there.(温州2017年)
8. —Will you go to _____ school-leavers' party tomorrow
—Certainly. I'm going with my parents.(温州2018年)
9. —Have you heard of the book The Wandering Earth
—Of course, It's __________excellent book.(2019年温州市一模)
10. We can never have _______ bluer sky unless a less polluted world is created.(2019瓯海区一模)
11. – Tommy, ________ train is leaving in five minutes. Hurry up!
– OK, mum. I’m coming (2019龙湾一模)
12. – What should I do to improve my English
– I think _______ best way to improve English is by using it. (2019二中2.5模)
13. Spending half _______ hour doing yoga is what my sister does every night.(2019二中三模)
14. It’s our tradition to plant _________ new little tree when there is a new baby born in our family.(2019娄外二模)
15. I have learned a lot from __________ American novel The Adventure of Tom Sawyer. (2018娄外三模)
名词
【考点】
1. 名词词义辨析及拼写
2. 所给名词的适当形式填空
3. 名词所有格
一、名词的分类
人名、地名、国名、星期、月份、节日
注：首字母大写
名词分类
有的名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。如：
fish 鱼肉—fishes鱼的种类　　
paper纸—papers试卷、论文、报纸
work工作—works 作品　　
glass玻璃—glasses眼镜、玻璃杯
light 光—lights灯　
exercise 锻炼—exercises练习
time时间—times次数、倍数
chicken 鸡肉—chickens小鸡
room 空间—rooms 房间
sand 沙子—sands 沙滩
experience 经验—experiences 经历
orange 橙汁—oranges橙子
wood 木头—woods树林
二、名词的数
1.可数名词
(1) 可数名词复数的规则变化
①_____________: pens books
②______________: buses, boxes, watches, dishes [记: 蛇(s)在树杈(x)上吃(ch)食(sh)]
③以 结尾的名词 字母 + y结尾的， : cities, babies
字母 + y结尾的， : boys, toys, keys, days
字母 + o结尾的 : heroes, potatoes, tomatoes
④以 结尾的名词 注：photos, pianos
字母 + o结尾的 : kangaroos, radios, zoos,bamboos
⑤以 结尾的名词, : knives, shelves, leaves
(2) 可数名词复数的不规则变化
①改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式；
man—men woman—women
tooth—teeth（牙齿） foot—feet（脚） child—children（孩子）
② 单复数形式相同；______________________________________
特殊情况
①集体名词people, police只表示复数，谓语动词要用复数；
There were a lot of people at the party.
Hundreds of police were trying to control the violence(暴力).
②glasses, trousers, scissors, shoes等由两部分构成的名词做主语时，谓语用复数；
当有pair等限定时，谓语取决于pair。
Shoes are on the floor.
A pair of shoes is on the floor.
Four pairs of shoes are on the floor.
【助记口诀】两部分名词做主语，没限定词用复数，有限定词看数目。
2.不可数名词
(1) 不可数名词需要计数时，要用“数词/冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”结构表示。
a cup of water a piece of paper a bowl of rice
two cups of water two pieces of paper two bowls of rice
抽象名词具体化【了解即可，不用记】
抽象名词一般是不可数名词，但是表示具体事物时可做可数名词，也可有复数形式，表示“具体的人或事”。此类名词有：
beauty 美 a beauty 美人或美丽的事物 danger 危险 a danger 危险的人或事
success 成功 a success 成功的人或事 failure 失败 a failure 失败的人或事
surprise 惊讶 a surprise 令人感到惊讶的人或事 worry 忧虑 a worry 令人感到忧虑的人或事
(3) 中考常见不可数名词
news 新闻
bread 面包
information 信息
work 工作
fun 乐趣
advice 建议
homework 家庭作业
housework 家务
trouble 麻烦
weather 天气
furniture 家具
cloth 布料
三、名词所有格（表示所有/所属关系）
(1) 's 所有格(有生命的名词)：
①单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加“ ’s”: the boy’s book, Children’s Day
②以 s 结尾的复数名词只加“ ’ ” : Teachers’ Day
③表示两个名词______________拥有，则在名词之后分别加’s；
Tom’s and Mary’s rooms (两间）
表示两个名词______________拥有，则在最后一个名词后加’s
Tom and Mary’s room（一间）
of所有格(无生命的名词)：a map of China / the leg of a table
注：’s 所有格和of所有格可以互换：the boy’s name = the name of the boy
四、常用名词用法辨析
1. advice(不可数) & suggestion(可数) 建议
2. people & person & human
(1) people 人们，集体名词 (2) person 人，可数名词 (3) human 人类，可数名词
3. noise & voice & sound
(1) noise 噪音 (2) voice 嗓音 (3) sound 泛指人们听到的各种声音
4. problem & question
(1) problem 需要“解决”的问题，往往是“难题”
solve/settle a problem 解决问题
(2) question 是需要“解答”的问题，往往是“疑问”
ask/answer a question 问/回答问题
【课堂巩固】
一、单词选择
( )1. —Father's Day is coming. What should I buy for my father
—Why not_____ He likes sports.（2010年温州）
a scarf B. a key ring
C. a pair of jeans D. a pair of running shoes
( )2. I am tired after the long walk. I want to have a _______.（2011年温州）
A. talk B. look C. party D. rest
( )3. —Where does your uncle work, Jack
—In a ________ in Paris. He is a policeman.（2012年温州）
A. TV station B. book store C. post office D. police station
( )4.— I like reading.
—Me too. I especially like the written by J. K. Rowling.（2013年温州）
A. homework B. numbers C. movies D. books
( )5. There are some_________in Dayton Art Museum. For example,no food or drinks is
allowed inside.（2014年温州）
jobs B.records C.rules D.paintings
( )6. Annie has a ___________,and she is going to see her dentist today.（2015年温州）
A. cold B.fever C.cough D.toothache
( 　)7. When an earthquake happens, I think the most important safety _______ is to keep
calm.（2016年温州）
A. rule B. doubt C. condition D. problem
( )8. I have the ___of reading before sleeping. It has been part of my life.（2017年温州）
A. courage B. chance C. spirit D. habit
( )9. —What was the _______ of the football match last night
—AC Milan won the game.（2018年温州）
value B. result C. choice D. decision
( )10. —Sir, did you enjoy your stay in our 　　
—Yes, I slept well and I like the breakfast.(2019温州)
A.hotel　　 B.school　　C.factory　　D.company
( )11. Be sure to read the 　 carefully first before you take the medicine.(2019温州一模,2)
A.notice　　 B.introductions C.instructions　　D.instruments
( ) 12. Tony has already made his_____ to go abroad. No one can change his mind. (2019六中一模)
A. tradition B. connection C. decision D. introduction
二、单词填空
People in mountains also work hard and lead busy (life).
Every year a lot of people lose their lives in traffic (accident).
There is a pair of (glass) on the table.
The nurses in the hospital take good care of their　　 (patient).(2017丽水,52)
It is said that the number of the ___________(music) is getting larger and larger in
China. They create a lot of wonderful music.
They saw a group of 　 　 (child) playing on one side of the mountains.
The____________ (pollute) of this river reminds me of the problem on the environment.
A month later, one day in 　 (八月), Harris appeared in Charlie's classroom. (2018温州)
Zhu Ting was born into a poor family in 　 　 (十一月)1994.(2019温州瓯海二模)
Sending text __________________(信息) is very popular.
　　 (叶子) fall off the trees in the autumn.
The Chinese women's volleyball team won a gold 　 　 (金牌) in the 2016 Rio Olympic Games. (2018杭州,69)
It’s well-known that ____________(机会) are always for those who are ready for them.(2019六中一模)
If you keep trying your best, I’m sure you will make some _____________(进步) in your study.
The water in these ______________(瓶子) is dirty; you mustn’t drink it. (南浦中考冲刺卷)
Daming always finds the best way to solve math ________________(问题).
I made a few ________________(建议) about how we could spend the afternoon.
Tony has lots of _______________(爱好), such as singing and playing ball games.
代词
【考点】
人称代词和物主代词的正确使用
反身代词的单复数形式及用法
指示代词、疑问代词和不定代词的用法
一、定义：代词是主要代替名词（或代替起名词作用的短语、分句和句子）的词。
例1：This is my phone, and I like it.
例2：I like to go swimming. Do you like it
例3：He doesn’t love me, which makes me unhappy.
二、分类：
1. 人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
(1) 人称代词：代替人或事物的名称的词。David asked me to go with him.
(2) 物主代词：表示所有关系的词。my books/ your bags
(3) 反身代词：反过来代替本身的词 He cut himself while chopping vegetables.
人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性
第一人称 单数
复数
第二人称 单数
复数
第三人称 单数
复数
做主语 做宾语 形代+名 =“形代+名” by+反身代词
【反身代词词组】
(1) enjoy oneself 玩得高兴
(2) hurt oneself 伤着自己
(3) teach oneself = learn…by oneself 自学
(4) by oneself 独立地
(5) help oneself to 请自便；随便吃
(6) look after oneself 自理；照顾自己
(7) make yourself at home 别客气，让自己像在家一样
(8) lose oneself in 沉浸于…；陶醉于…
Help yourself to some fish. Make yourself at home.
They both lost themselves in the beautiful music.
(　　)1. Last month the students in Changjiang Road Primary School held the “Ten Years
of Growth Ceremony” to celebrate 　　 10th birthday together.(2019江苏南京,4)
A.they　　 B.their　　 C.them　　 D.theirs
(　　)2. Good words can touch not only your heart but also ________. (2018陕西)
A. I B. my C. myself D. mine
(　　)3.—Do you know who taught ________ French
—Nobody. He learned it by________. (2018荆门)
A. his; himself B. him; him C. him; himself D. his; him
(　　)4. If we just think about ________, the boat of friendship will be overturned anytime.(2018东营)
myself B. himself C. yourself D. ourselves
2. 指示代词
【this/ that/ these/ those】
单数 复数 用法
this these (1)指时间上或空间上较近的事物或人。 This cake is delicious. These cakes are delicious.
(2)指下文要讲的事物。 Please remember this:no pain, no gain.
that those (1)指时间上或空间上较远的事物或人 例：That sandwich tastes bad. Those sandwiches look better.
(2)指前面讲过的事物；避免重复前面提到的名词。 例：He was ill. That’s why he didn’t go to school. The cars made in China are as good as those made in Germany.
【one/it/that】
it 上下文提到的同一对象同一事物（同类同物） 特指
one 上下文提及的同类事物中的一个（同类不同物） 泛指
that 上文中提及的同类事物（同类不同物） 特指
【注意】it的其他用法(做形式主语或形式宾语)
在主语或宾语很长的时候，放在原有的位置，句子结构会显得头重脚轻，所以需要代词it出现，起到形式上的完整。
常见句型：
It(形式主语) is + adj. + (for sb.) + to do sth. 对某人来说，做某事是怎么样的
主语+ make/find/think + it(形式宾语) + adj. + to do sth. 使/发现/认为做某事是怎么样的
(　　)1. —“Ed, do you like The Readers hosted by Dong Qing ”
—“Yes. I watch 　　 every week.”(2019贵州贵阳,37)
A.one　　 B.it　　 C.that D. them
(　　)2.—I am a little hungry, Daddy.
—See the cupcakes on the plate But you can only take .Dinner is ready soon.(2016广东,29)
A.it　　 B.one　　 C.this　　 D.that
(　　)3. After the new high-speed railway line began operations, the time on the trip from
Lianyungang to Qingdao now is much less than 　　 in the past.(2019江苏连云港)
A.one　　 B.this　　 C.that　　 D.it
(　　)4. The boy found _______ hard to get along well with other classmates.
A. one　　 B. this　　 C. that　　 D. it
3. 不定代词：不明确指代人、时间、空间等的代词。
(1) some, any
肯定句 否定句 疑问句
any
some
May I have ___________ water
He asked me for __________ paper, but I didn’t have __________.
If you have __________ questions, please ask me for help.
(2) few, a few, little, a little, many, much
“几乎没有” “有一点/几个” “许多” “太多”
可数名词复数 few a few many too many
不可数名词 little a little much too much
The story is easy to read. There are _____________ new words in it.
Bill didn't drink all the soda. There's ___________ left.
Don’t use five eggs. That’s ______________.
(3) both, neither, either, all, none
意思 用法 例句
both 两者都 作主语，谓语动词为复数形式 Both of the stories _________(be) interesting.
neither 两者都不 作主语，谓语动词为单数形式 Neither of the boys _________(be) my son.
either 两者中的任何一个 作主语，谓语动词为单数形式 －Do you want an apple or a pear －Either _________(be) OK.
all “全部的”（三者及以上） 作主语指代可数名词时，谓语动词为复数形式； 作主语指代不可数名词时，谓语动词为单数形式。 All of them are watching TV. All of the work is done.
none 没有任何东西（人） 若代替可数名词，谓语动词可为单数形式，也可为复数形式； 若代替不可数名词，谓语动词应为单数形式 None of us likes go swimming. None of money is yours.
【总结】
表达含义 都 都不 任一
两者 both neither either
三者及以上 all none any
( )1. Unfortunately I was sitting at the table with smokers on side of me.
A. either B. neither C. both D. all
(　　)2. —When are we going to see the movie ZooTopia, this afternoon or tonight
—________ is OK. I'm free today.(2018宜昌)
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. All
(　　)3. —Where would you like to go for your summer holiday, Beijing or Shanghai
—________. I will go to Sanya in Hainan.(2018德州)
A. Both B. Each C. Neither D. Either
(4) 复合不定代词
some某一 any任一 no无一 every每一
thing something某事 anything任何事 nothing没有事 everything每件事
one someone某人 anyone任何人 no one没有人 everyone每人
body somebody某人 anybody任何人 nobody没有人 everybody每人
考点1：复合不定代词与形容词的位置关系：复合不定代词+adj.
考点2：这些复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
(　　) 1.—Is there ________ in today’s newspaper
—No. I think everything in it is boring. (2018安顺)
interesting anything B. something interesting
C. interesting something D. anything interesting
(　　)2.As a child, I would sit for hours by the river doing —simply daydreaming. (2018河南,22)
A.nothing　　B.everything C.something　　D.anything
(　　)3.—What a bad day! —Everyone has one of those days when　　 goes right.(2016河南,23)
A.nothing 　　B.anything　　 C.everything　　D.something
(　　)4. —Is there ________ else in the classroom
—It is empty. ________ is listening to a speech in the school hall.(2018泰州)
anyone; Anyone B. anyone; Everyone
C. everyone; Anyone D. everyone; Everyone
(5) other, the other, others, the others, another
搭配 意思 范围 例句
one another 一个...又一个 三部分及其以上 This apple pie is delicious. Please give me another.
the other 一个...剩下这个 两部分 I have two hands. One is the left hand, and the other is the right hand.
the others 一个...剩余全部 两部分 I have six pens. One is red, the others are blue.
some others 一些......又一些 三部分及其以上 Many students are having P.E. class. Some are playing basketball, others are playing football.
the others 一些...剩余全部 两部分 There are fifteen students in our class. Four of them are boys, the others are girls.
备注 ①other +可数名词的复数=others other students=others ②the other +可数名词的复数=the others the other students=the others ③another+名词单数=another another apple=another
( )1.There are only big trees on one side of the street, different flowers lie on _______.
A. other B. another C. the other D. the others
( )2. I don’t understand what you said. Would you please give me _______ example
A. another 　 B. other 　　　 C. others D. the other
( )3. Some people are too shy to say a word in public. However, _____ aren’t
A. another B. the other C. others D. the others
(6)each, every区别
each 表示两者及以上中的每一个，强调个体。可与 of 短语连用。
every 表示三者及以上中的每一个，强调整体，不能与of短语连用。
There are trees and flowers on ___________ side of the street .
____________ student has read the story .
______________ of them should try their best to do the work.
【课堂巩固】
一、单项选择
( )1. ―Susan, I won' t be back for dinner this evening.
―Don' t worry, Mom. I can take care of .（2011年温州）
A. yourself B. herself C. himself D. myself
( )2. Peter is my best friend. He often helps ______ with science.（2012年温州）
A. me B. you C. him D. her
( )3. —I’ll have a tennis game tomorrow. I’m a little bit nervous.
—Believe in . You’re the best in our club.（2013年温州）
A. herself B. myself C. yourself D. himself
( )4. —Look，_____is dancing under the tree.
—Oh,that’s my cousin,Anna.（2014年温州）
A. everybody B. anybody C. nobody D. somebody
( )5. —Mom,what would you like,coffee or tea
—______. Just water,please.（2015年温州）
A. Either B. Both C. Neither D. None
( )6. Jenny has a sweet tooth. Let's make some cookies for______. (2016温州)　　 .
A.me　　 B.him　　 C.her　　 D.them
(　 )7. Although he suffered a lot from his foot problem, ______ could stop him from
finishing the race.(2016温州)
A. nothing B. something C. anything D. everything
( )8. —Did anyone call me when I was out
—Yes.A man who called　 Tom.(2017温州)
A.myself　　 B.himself C.herself　　 D.yourself
( )9. —Do you like rock music or light music
— _____. I like Beijing Opera.(2018温州)
A. Either B. None C. Both D. Neither
( )10.Sam finds sweeping robots useful, and he plans to buy 　 for his grandma.(2019温州)
A.it　　 B.one　　 C.this　　 D.that
( )11.My classmates make a tradition of our class to send our teachers a birthday
card on their birthday.(2019温州一模,9)
A.one　　 B.this　　 C.it　　 D.that
( )12. —How is your son in the new company
—He is doing very well, so there is ______ to worry about. (2019二中三模)
A.something　　 B.anything　　 C.nothing　　 D.everything
( )13.—I'm so nervous about tomorrow's interview. I know 　　 about it.
—Take it easy. You can do it well.(2018温州模拟三,6)
A.everything　　 B.something C.anything　　 D.nothing
( )14.—Excuse me, Lynn. Could I use your English book for a while
—Sorry, I've left 　　 at home. You can ask Sam.(2017温州乐清模拟,17)
A.my 　　 B.me 　　 C.I 　　 D.mine
( )15.In this TV program, we will watch several experts argue about one problem and
share 　　 ideas to find proper solutions.(2019绣山二模,3)
A.its　　 B.his　　 C.your　　 D.their
( )16.—Would your parents like to have a second child
—I'm not sure, but they are encouraged to have a second 　 by the government. (2017瓯海一模)
A.this 　　 B.that 　　 C.one 　　 D.it
( )17.Hurry up! The school bus is coming. We have ______ time left.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
( )18. Some people are too shy to say a word in public. However, ______aren’t.(2019淮安)
A. another B. the other C. others D. the others
( )19.—I tried several ways to work out the math problem, but _____ of them worked.
—Never give up. I believe you’ll make it.(2019鄂州)
A. all B. each C. none D. neither
( )20.—I really want to give up the final exam to the high school. What should I do on earth
—Take it easy. ________ is impossible if you set your mind to it.
A. Nothing B. Everything C. Anything D. Something
二、词汇运用
1. Susan cooked dinner for ____________(she) when she studied in Canada.（2011年温州）
2.We have only one earth, and we should do 　　 (we) best to protect it for a better
future.(2019绣山二模)
3.Sam, this is my room, and ______________(你的) is just across the hall. You can't miss
it. (2018杭州西湖一模)
4.I like the song I Believe I Can Fly because it encourages us to believe in __________ (we) (2019杭州滨江一模) .
5—Is that car Mrs Brown's
—Yes,it's 　 　 (她的) . Beautiful, isn't it .(2018杭州余杭一模)
6.The show has many fans and ___________(这些) fans consider the show helpful to make more people learn hip hop culture in China.(2018瓯海一模)
7.To everyone's surprise, their plan sounded similar to 　　 (our).(2018金华,48)
8.He gives lessons to 　　 (他的) students about American history.(2018金华,61)
9.During the party, many activities are organized for kids so that they can enjoy 　 (they). (2017台州,58)
10. It is also exciting for many people _____________(表达) Chinese in a more beautiful and different way, using the language at a higher level.(2018瓯海一模)
动词
【考点】
1. 动词和动词短语的词义辨析及拼写
2. 实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词的用法
3. 掌握动词八大时态
4. 动词的语态(4种情况)
5. 根据主谓正确使用动词的适当形式
6. 常用规则动词和少数不规则动词的变化形式
一、动词分类
根据意义和句法作用，动词可以分为行为动词（实义动词）、系动词、助动词和情态动词。
类别 概念 用法
实义动词 具有实际意义的动词 可以独立做谓语
连系动词 连接主语和表语的词 和表语一起构成句子的谓语
助动词 一般与实义动词构成谓语的词 帮助构成各种时态、语态、否定句和疑问句等
情态动词 表示说话人的语气、态度等的词 与主要动词一起构成谓语
行为动词
行为动词（实义动词）是表示行为、动作或状态的词，可以单独作谓语。按句法分可以分为及物动词和不及物动词；按延续性可以分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。
及物动词 本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使意义完整 S+V+O I like this book very much. S+V+O+C My friend asked me to play basketball. S+V+O+O Please pass me the salt.
不及物动词 本身意义完整，不需要接宾语 S+V Horses run fast. They dance together.
延续性动词 动作可持续，可以和段时间状语连用 stay, study, work, keep
非延续性动词 瞬间动作，不能和段时间状语连用 buy, lend, borrow, die
2.系动词
系动词 连接主语和表语的词，不能单独作谓语，必须跟表语(表明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词)一起构成谓语 S+V+P We are family. I am strong.
系动词可具体分为五类：（口诀：一be、二像、三保持、感官变化均为五）
(1)表示“是”的be动词。这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式(is, am, are, was, were等) 例如：
We are Chinese.
(2)表示“似乎”、“好像”的意思的词，如seem, appear
Everything seems/appears perfect.
(3)表示“保持”、“持续”的意思的词，如keep, stay, remain
Stay hungry, stay foolish. —— Steve Jobs
The trees want to remain quiet, but the wind will not stop.
(4)表示“感觉”的系动词，如look（看起来）, feel（觉得，摸起来）, smell（闻起来）, sound（听起来）, taste（尝起来）等。 用法：感官系动词+adj.(表语)
(5)表示“变”、“变成”的意思的词，如become, get, grow, turn, go
She became a college student. (become中性词，表示好坏变化均可)
His face turns pale.（turn颜色、性质的变化，强调结果）
The weather gets warmer when spring comes.（get多用于口语，“渐渐变得”,强调过程）
The milk went sour. Don't drink it. (go多用于往坏的方向变化)
The couple grew old together.（grow表示“逐渐变成新的状态”的含义）
3.助动词
这类词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语，例如：
He does not speak English well.
Did he have any milk for his breakfast
She has gone to Xiamen.
4.情态动词
(1)定义：表示说话人对某一个动作或状态的看法和态度，可表达建议、要求、可能、意愿等。不能单独作谓语，必须与行为动词（原形）一起作谓语。
He goes to hospital. （表示一般事实）
He should go to hospital. （通过should反映说话者的态度）
(2)情态动词的种类(+ do)
can may will shall must need had better
could might would should have to / /
能够 可能 意愿 应该 必须 需要 最好
★注：must引导的疑问句，肯定回答应该用must，否定回答用needn’t，表示“不需要”，相当于“don’t have to”
—Must/Need I finish this project today
—Yes, you must.
—No, you needn’t /No, you don’t have to.
(3)情态动词表示猜测汇总表
情态动词 肯定/否定 例句
must 肯定（“一定，肯定”） You must be kidding/joking!
can’t 否定（“不可能”） It can’t be Mr. Hu. He has gone home.
may/might 不确定（“可能”） He might come. But I’m not sure.
can/could Anybody can be hurt.
★ must > can > could > may > might >can't
(肯定推测) （可能性推测） （否定推测）
一定 也许，可能 不可能
注：mustn’t表示禁止，意为“不允许”，用于否定句
【注意动词变化】
1.动词的第三人称单数的变化规则：
情况 变化规律 示例
一般情况 直接加-s help-helps know-knows
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的 在词尾加-es fix-fixes teach-teaches
以辅音字母+y结尾的 变y为i再加-es carry-carries fly-flies study-studies
其他 go-goes have-has do-does
2.动词的ing变化规则：
情况 变化规律 示例
一般情况 直接加-ing look-looking go-going
不发音的e结尾的 去e再加-ing come-coming make-making
辅元辅结尾,重读闭音节 双写再加-ing run-running stop--stopping
以ie结尾的动词 变ie为y，加-ing die-dying lie-lying
3.动词的过去式及过去分词变化规则：
情况 变化规律 示例
一般情况 直接加-ed call-called-called open-opened-opened
不发音的e结尾的 直接加-d live-lived-lived move-moved-moved
辅音字母+y结尾的 变y为i，加-ed study-studied-studied cry-cried-cried
辅元辅结尾,重读闭音节 双写,再加-ed plan-planned-planned prefer-preferred-preferred regret-regretted-regretted
不规则变化（见不规则动词表） 示例: do-did-done go-went-gone see-saw-seen
二、动词时态
时态 构成 概念 标志性时间状语
一般现在时 1) 2) 1)表示现在的某种状态； 2)现在经常性动作； 3)客观真理等。 always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day/week/ month / year, once a week, on Sundays
一般过去时 1) 2) 1)过去某个时间里发生的动作或存在的状态； 2)过去习惯性动作/状态 just now, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week / month / year, in 1989, at the age of 5, long long ago, ...ago, once upon a time
一般将来时 1) 2) 1) 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态； 2)将来的打算、计划 soon, later, tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next day/ week / month / year..., in a few minutes (in+一段时间)
现在进行时 表示现在 (或说话时) 正在发生或进行的动作 now, these days, at the moment look, listen, keep quiet
过去 进行时 表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作 at this time yesterday, at that time, from3:00 to 5:00 yesterday afternoon, at 7 last night;when/while
现在 完成时 1)从过去一直持续到现在的动作； 2)已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 already; yet; just, ever (曾经), so far (到目前为止); in the last / past two years since; for.
过去 完成时 (了解) “过去的过去” before, by the end of last year (term, month…), by the time+一般过去时...
过去 将来时 (了解) 在过去看来即将发生的动作或存在的状态 the next day/week/year…, the following month /week..
三、动词的被动语态 be+ done (be动词可以随时态、人称数的变化而变化)
This kind of car is made in Shanghai.
The buildings were destroyed by the fire..
Hopefully, the thief is going to (will) be caught very soon.
The phone can be repaired in this shop.
时态 被动语态结构
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
含情态动词
【课堂巩固】
( )1. — We’ve ordered too much food. I eat any more.
—Never mind. Let’ take it home. （2017年温州）
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn't
( )2.We don't allow taking magazines out, but you 　 copy the article you need on the
machine over there.(2019温州)
A.can　　 B.must　　 C.should　　 D.would
( )3. You 　　 take food into the reading room. It's not allowed at school.(2017乐清模拟)
A.need 　　 B.needn't 　　 C.must 　　 D.mustn't
( )4.—Mummy, the toys on TV are really fantastic. Will you buy me one (2019绣山第二模)
—OK. You 　　 have one if you promise to put away your toys in time.
A.must　　 B.can　　 C.need　　 D.should
( )5.—Some people don't show their talents at the very beginning.
—I agree. Even Einstein 　　 read until he was seven.(2019江苏苏州)
A.can't　　 B.mustn't C.couldn't　　 D.needn't
( )6. The cheese cake ______ so good that I can’t wait to eat it.（2018年温州）
A. tastes B. feels C. sounds D. smells
( )7. —Alice’s room is tidy, isn't it
—Yes. She always _____ her toys after playing with them.（2018年温州）
A. looks for B. puts away C. sweeps away D. pays for
( )8. Over the next few days, we secretly_____all the videos. We watched and selected
until we were satisfied（2018年温州）
A. took up B. pointed out C. went through D. handed in
( )9. Tina comes to China in order to experience Chinese culture and 　　 which university is the best for her to attend.(2019江苏南京)
A.put out　　 B.stay out　　 C.find out　　 D.run out
( )10.—Bob has entered the high school that he always dreams of. It's a great success.(2019二中一模)
—Actually, I don't think it's so difficult to succeed, but most people just 　　 halfway.
A.put up　　 B.look up　　 C.give up　　 D.pick up
( )11.—Linda, Dad has finished his work and we 　　 to the gym to pick you up.
—Thank you, Mum(2019温州).
A.drive　　 B.drove C.have driven　　 D.are driving
( )12.Every year, a large amount of food 　　 all over the world. We need to do something to prevent it.(2019二中一模)
A.wastes　　 B.wasted C.is wasted　　 D.has wasted
( )13.—Where is Mr. Smith I can't find him.
—Mr. Smith 　　 London. He will be back in a week.(2019瑞安一模)
A.went　　 B.has gone to C.has been to　　 D.was going to
( )14.Amon his ship in a big storm when a giant fish came out of the sea.(2019江苏)
A.will sail　　 B.is sailing C.was sailing　　 D.has sailed
( )15.My father　　 in a panda protection center for 10 years, so he knows a lot about pandas.(2019广东)
A.was working　　 B.is working C.has worked　　 D.will work
( )16.The China International Search and Rescue Team has brought help and hope to people in disasters around the world since it 　　 18 years ago.(2019江苏南京)
A.set up　　 B.is set up C.was set up　　 D.will be set up
( )17.He　　 me his name, but I can't remember it now.(2019河北)
A.tells　　 B.will tell　　 C.told　　 D.is telling
( )18.We　　 a party for Kate. It's supposed to be a surprise.(2018江西)
A.were having　　 B.had C.will have　　 D.have had
( )19.—Look! Someone 　　 the flowers in our office.
—Well, it's me. I did it just now.(2017温州瓯海模拟)
A.water 　　 B.has watered C.will water 　　 D.is watering
( )20.—Oh, dear!A power cut!
—Sorry, I didn't know you 　　 the washing machine.(2016江苏苏州)
A.are using　　 B.used　　 C.use　　 D.were using
二、词汇运用
1. Jack is interested in environmental protection and he often (discuss)
the pollution problems with his friends.(2016年温州)
2. She often _____________ (wear) a white dress. White is her favorite. (2011年温州)
3. Mrs Wu was doing the dishes while her husband ___________ (repair) his bike. (2014年温州)
4. A reporter _______________(interview) Mr. President, and they’re talking about the
education problems.(2015年温州)
5. Hurry up, Tom. Grandma (arrive) in half an hour. (2017年温州)
6. Orange juice ______________(offer) after each meal when I stayed at the hotel. (2018年温州)
7. She said the program ___________________(design) for some of the brightest teenagers
to experience a different culture. (2016年嘉兴)
8. Tea __________________(produce) in many different areas in China.(2018年绍兴)
9. First of all, I think more bike lanes should ________________(build).(2018年湖州)
10. The city of Philadelphia　　 (be) an important city since the colony was founded.
It was even the capital of America, too!(2018山东)
11. Two weeks ago, after Jean came back from a yard sale, she _____________ (进入) her
store room．(2015年温州)
12. The wind is blowing and the sun _______________(照耀).（2016年温州）
13. She also said that her travel plan 　 　(包括) the Great Wall as well.
14. For example, it mentioned that the zipper ______________(发明) by Whitcomb Judison in 1893. (2018年宁波)
15.He 　　 (后悔) not listening to the teacher after he failed in the final exam. (2019宁波模拟)
16. To my surprise, our teammates all 　　 (点头)in agreement just now..(2018宁波模拟)
17.When she got home, Sally 　　 (摆放)the table and put the food on it.(2019瑞安一模)
18.In Ningbo, everyone knows that things in blue rubbish bins can 　　 (回收利用).(2019宁波)
19.The problems we face 　 　 (提及)in his speech, but he didn't come up with ways to solve them.(2018杭州余杭二模,66)
20.Things will go on better if they 　　 (计划) well.(2018温州模拟一)
非谓语动词
构成：（to）+动词原形
动词不定式
非 在句中的作用（除谓语动词外的任何成分）
谓 构成：V.-ing
语 动名词
动 用法（主、宾、表、定）
词
构成：V. -ing / V.-ed（规则变化）
分词
用法（表、补、定、状）
一、动词不定式
1. 动词不定式的构成
不定式的基本形式为：to+动词原形，有时可以不用to，这里的to 是不定式符号，本身无词义，动词不定式的否定形式是 。
功能 例句 说明
主语 1. ________(solve) the math problem is difficult for me. =It is difficult for me _________ the math problem. 2. It’s clever of you _______ (solve) the math problem. It be (is/was) +adj./n.(+for sb.)+ to do sth. It be (is/was) +adj.+ of sb. +to do sth.
表语 My job is ___________(teach) English. =_______________ English is my job. 多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换作为主语。
宾语 1.I hope _________________ ( help ) you. 2. He didn’t know where _________ ( go ) . I don’t know how I can get to the post office. (变为简单句 ) ________________________ 3. I find it easy _____________ ( read ) English every day. 宾语从句可以简化为疑问词+to do 的简单句 find/think/feel/make it + adj. + to do sth. 发现/认为/感觉/让做某事怎么样
宾补 1. Lucy asked him ____________ ( turn ) down the radio. 2. I heard him ________/ _________ ( sing ) in the classroom. 对比 ：_______________________________ My teacher makes him _______ (open) the door. 变为被动 ：__________________________ 一感(feel)、二听(hear/listen to)、三让(have/let/make)、四看(see/watch/look at/ notice) 等感官、使役动词后，不定式省略to，被动语态还原to。
定语 I have a lot of homework __________ ( do ) . There is nothing __________ ( worry ) about . 不定式作定语，要放在所修饰词的后面。
状语 I’m sorry _______________ ( trouble ) you. Let’s stop ________________ ( have ) a rest. I went to the library _______ (study ) English. The girl cried only _____________(make) her mother angrier. 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致，可作原因、目的、结果状语。
动名词
动名词的构成：动名词一般由“动词原形+ing”构成，否定形式为_____________。
动名词的句法功能
功能 例句 说明
主语 _________ (eat) too many sweets is bad for your teeth. Making a cake _______(take) a lot of time. 表示一种概念、习惯或经验。 谓语动词用单数形式。
宾语 动宾 I like ____________( see ) films, but I don’t like _________ ( see ) films today . Stamps are used for ______(send) letters. 动名词表示一般的习惯、抽象行为或经常性的动作。不定式表示偶尔的动作。
介宾
表语 His hobby is _________(collect) stamps. =_______________ stamps is his hobby. 多数情况下，动名词作表语可转化成作主语。
定语 She is in the ____________(read) room. Let's buy a ___________(wash) machine. 只表明它所修饰的词的用途、性质等。置于所修饰词之前。
三、分词
1. 分词的构成：分词分为现在分词和过去分词，现在分词基本形式：“动词原形+ing”; 过去分词的基本形式：“动词原形+ed”。
2. 现在分词/过去分词的句法功能
功能 例句 说明
定语 China is a ____________ (develop) country . America is a __________ (develop) country. 现在分词表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。
表语 The football match is ___________(amaze). The students are ______________(amaze). 现在分词修饰事物；过去分词修饰人。
宾补 We often see musicians ___________(perform) in the streets. I’m sorry to have you ________ ( wait ) so long. He’ll have his hair ________ ( cut ) after school. 能带现在分词做宾补的动词常见的有：feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, notice, keep, find, have等。
状语 _________ ( walk ) out of the room, he found the boy still there. _________(teach) by the teacher, she has made great progress. ___________( see ) nobody at home, she decided to leave a note. __________(give) better care, the cabbage will grow better. _______(work) hard, you will make a good mark. 在句中可表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步等状语。现在分词表示主动；过去分词表示被动。
【课堂巩固】
1. Thanks for (邀请) me to your birthday party. (2010年)
2. We all want to (放松) ourselves because we have been working hard these weeks.(2010年)
3. London is ready to _________________(欢迎) people from different countries.(2012年)
4. We spent several hours （待在）at the library every day, reading and surfing the Internet. (2013年)
5. I’m always working ____________(努力地) to be my best, first for my team, for the fans, and to try and ________________(赢). (2014年)
6. She doesn’t want to _____________(错过) any chance to buy good things.(2015年)
7. We really had a great time ______________(ride) along country roads.(2016年湖州)
8. Many fast food restaurant paint their walls red, play loud music and have hard seats __________(make) customers eat quickly and leave.(2016年杭州)
9. The boys are taken to small house _________________(叫做) the “Crocodile Nest ”.(2017年金华)
10. He is thinking about how ____________(spend) his money during winter vacation. (2017年嘉兴)
11. After ______________(停放) his car, he goes straight to take the plane. (2018年绍兴)
12. The robot teachers are used _______________(help) improve learning. (2018年绍兴)
13. Before that, pubs were filled with smoke which made you cough and made your hair and clothes ______________(发出气味). (2018年湖州)
14. The hen agreed _______________(do) so, and the eagle flew away. (2018年宁波)
15. I haven’t decide how _______________(循环使用) the phones so that they can be used again.(2019年六中二模)
16. Edward Isabel said that he could not stop (处理) with things on Meitu. (2019年六中二模)
17. It was enjoyable __________(拜访，游览) some places of interest.(2019绣山一模)
( ) 18. Try your best _________ with your parents, and they will understand your decision.(2014年金华)
A. to talk B. talk C. to play D. play
( )19. Martin was so busy ______ the old that he gave up his part-time job.
A. helping B. helped C. to help D. help
( )20. Mr. Drake called 5 minutes ago. He’d like your nephew _____his fence.
A. fix B. fixes C. to fix D. fixed
( )21. People held many activities ______ the 80th anniversary of Long March victory.
A. celebrate B. celebrating C. to celebrate D. celebrated
( )22. The story of “Fishing with birds” lets us _______ a lot about the traditional Chinese skills.
A. know B. knew C. to know D. knowing
( )23. It is getting darker and darker. We had better _______out before the storm comes.
A.set B.to set C.setting D.to setting
( )24. She ought to stop _______. She has a headache because she ______ too long.
A. to work; was reading B. to work; has read
C. working; has read D. working; read
( )25. The caring father seems ________ everything about his children.
A. know B. knowing C. to know D. to knowing
( )26. When we _______ the name of Taiwan, we can’t help ________ Mount Ali and Sun Moon Lake.
A. hear of, thinking over B. hear, thinking of
C. hear about, thinking about D. hear, thinking out
( )27. It’s very nice _______ a picture for me.
A. of you to draw B. for you to draw
C. for you drawing D. of you drawing
( )28. He saw a little boy ________ on the truck when he got off the train.
A. played B. to play C. playing D. is playing
( )29. — Are you afraid of _______ at home, Linda
— No, I’ve grown up.
A. alone B. being alone C. lonely D. being lonely
( )30. There are some dangerous fishes in this river, and I’ve warned Jack ______ here.
A.to not swim B. not to swim C. swim not to D. to swim not
数词
【考点】
1. 基数词和序数词的拼写及其用法
2. 掌握日期、点钟和年龄等的表示方式
定义：表示数目多少或顺序先后的词。分为基数词和序数词两种。
基数词 & 序数词 对照表
1 one→first 3 three→third 5 five→fifth 7 seven→seventh 9 nine→ninth
2 two→second 4 four→fourth 6 six→sixth 8 eight→eighth 10 ten→tenth
11 eleven→eleventh 14 fourteen→fourteenth 17 seventeen→seventeenth
12 twelve→twelfth 15 fifteen→fifteenth 18 eighteen→eighteenth
13 thirteen→thirteenth 16 sixteen→sixteenth 19 nineteen→nineteenth
20 twenty→twentieth 50 fifty→fiftieth 80 eighty→eightieth
30 thirty→thirtieth 60 sixty→sixtieth 90 ninety→ninetieth
40 forty→fortieth 70 seventy→seventieth
21 twenty-one→twenty-first 24 twenty-four→twenty-fourth 27 twenty-seven→twenty-seventh
22 twenty-two→twenty-second 25 twenty-five→twenty-fifth 28 twenty-eight→twenty-eighth
23 twenty-three→twenty-third 26 twenty-six→twenty-sixth 29 twenty-nine→twenty-ninth
百 hundred 千 thousand 百万 million 十亿 billion
注：
①21-99之间的非整十数，在十位和个位之间添加“ ”。
②101-999的三位数，在百位和十位之间（若十位为零则是与个位之间）上 。
365 three hundred and sixty-five 101 one hundred and one
③1000以上的多位数，从右往左数，每三位数，用一个逗号隔开。
第一个逗号前是 ，第二个逗号前是 ，第三个逗号前是 。
245________________________________
3,619_______________________________
89,743,221___________________________
1,234,567,891_________________________
④hundred, thousand, 具体的数目时: eight hundred meters
million, billion 模糊的数目时: hundreds of thousands of
millions of billions of
⑤序数词前一般要加定冠词the，例： She is the first to arrive.
当前面有形容词性物主代词、名词所有格时省略the，例：This is my fifteenth birthday.
三、数词的用法
1.表示分数：子基母序，分子＞1时，分母+s。
分子 基数词 1 2 1 1
分母 序数词 3 3 2 4
2/5:____________________ 3/8:____________________
3/4: ____________________ ：___________________
2.表示百分比 5%→five percent 20%→twenty percent
3.表示年龄
表示“在某人的几十多岁时”：in + one’s+ 整十基数词复数。
表示“具体岁数”：at the age of+基数词 = When he/she was +基数词+years old,...
He invented many things___________________. 他在他二十多岁时发明了很多东西。
4.表示时间
(1)表示“多少世纪”，用“in the+序数词+century” in the twentieth century 在二十世纪
表示“多少世纪多少年代”用“in+the+基数词复数”。
In the _____________, people had to lead a poor life. 在二十世纪六十年代，人们不得不过着贫困的日子。
(2)日期：年、月、日的英语顺序为月、日、年。
例：2020年6月15日 写作：June 15th, 2020 读作：June the fifteenth, twenty twenty
(3)时刻
①整点、半点、刻钟：
基数词+o’clock 30分钟=half 15分钟=a quarter 45分钟= three quarters.
“半”的表达：半小时→ half an hour;
1.5小时→ one and a half hours或one hour and a half.
②几点几分
顺读法：先读时钟，后读分钟。如: 3:25— three twenty-five
逆读法
分针≤30分钟：分钟+past+时钟。表示“几分钟经过几点”
如: 3:25—twenty-five past three
分针＞30分钟：60-分钟+to+时钟+1。表示“离下个钟头还差几分钟”
如: 3:55—five to four
5.表示编号
(1)用基数词编号时，用“名词+基数词”
502房间 Room 502 第一课 Lesson One
(2)用序数词编号时，用“the+序数词+名词”
第七页 the seventh page 第一组 the first group
【课堂巩固】
一、用正确的形式填空
1.My Australian friend Tony works in China. He goes back to see his parents (two) a year.(2010年温州)
2.May students fell into love with the ________(六) baby pandas when they saw them.(2011年温州)
3.It is the _________________(第三) time for London to hold the Olympics.(2012年温州)
4.I have （五）subjects this term. What a big challenge!(2013年温州)
5.He practiced _________________（七）hours or more each day. (2014年温州)
6.There are seven bicycles, _________(九) armchairs, and fifteen cameras...(2015年温州)
7. It is reported that there are over thirty﹣five　 　(千) works of art in Louvre Museum.(2016年温州)
8.In some parts of Southeast Asia, dogs are on the menu. （百万）of dogs are killed every year. (2017年温州)
9. There is a cinema on the _____________(twelve) floor of the shopping center.(2018年温州)
10.Lydia runs four or (五) times a week and takes a daily walk with her two dogs.(2019年温州)
11. Tagore(泰戈尔) wrote his _____________(one) poem when he was eight years old.
12. Our new term begins in September, the ____________ (nine) month of a year.
13. Tommy tried his best in the contest, and finally he got the ____________ (three) place.
14. In the United States, Mother’s Day is celebrated on the ________ (two) Sunday in May.
15. Please turn to Page ___________(nine). Let’s read the article together.(2018绣山三模)
16. Over _________(五十) students all over the country and ten English teaching experts from home and abroad took part in the activity. (2019绣山一模)
17. We have seen the great development of our country, especially in the ________ (twenty-one) century.(2019绣山二模)
18. And Internet users can find two (七) of the photos looked hand-down on social media sights, such as Facebook and Twitter.(2019六中一模)
19. He decided to travel around the world after he finished his ________(十二) book.(2019龙湾一模)
20. My grandmother likes to be with the young though she is in her ____________(七十) now.(2019温外三模)
二、单项选择
( )1. ________ of the students of Grade ________ are girls who like singing.
Three-fifths; Nine B. Three-fifth; Ninth
C. Three-fifths; Ninth D. Three-fifth; Nine
( )2. Bill is reading ________ composition. It was written all by his deskmate.
A. a 800-words B. an 800-words C. an 800-word D. a 800-word
( )3. The newly built dormitory building in our university is about ________.
A. 120 meters high B. 120-meter-high C. 120-meters-high D. 120-meter high
( )4. —How do you say "1:57" in English
—It's .(2018·天水)
A. three past two B. fifty-seven past one C. three to one D. three to two
( )5. ________ volunteers will be needed for 2020 Beijing Winter Olympic Games.
A. Two thousand of B. Two thousands of
C. Thousand of D. Thousands of
介词
【考点】
地点、时间、方式等常用介词的用法
介词短语及固定搭配
一、介词的基本概念
1.介词是一种表示词与词之间、词与句之间关系的词；
2.它是一种虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分；
3.介词后面一般加名词、代词或相当于名词的其它词类、短语或从句，作介词的宾语，共同构成介词短语。
Look at me. （ ）
He goes to school by bike. （ ）
He is interested in drawing. （ ）
I am still thinking of how I can finish this work on time. （ ）
二、介词的分类：介词包括时间介词， 地点和方位介词，方式介词以及其他介词。
1.时间介词：
(1) in , on，at，by，to
in ①世纪、年代、年、季、月； 泛指的早、中、晚等 ②“在...之后”，后接_________，表示以此刻为起点将来的一段时间之后； in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in one’s life, in one’s thirties
on 表示星期、日期、节日具体某一天； 特指某一天的早、中、晚 on Monday, on May 1st, on Christmas Day, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon
at 表示某一具体时刻； 也可用于短期节日名词前或用于固定搭配中 at 3:20, at noon, at the moment, at Christmas, at night, at the beginning of, at the age of
【注意】在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：We meet every Saturday.
(2)其他常见时间介词
before “在……之前”，时态比较灵活，根据题意进行判断
after “在...之后”，时态比较灵活，根据题意进行判断 注：in →“在...之后”→ 一般将来时
since “自从” 主句(现在完成时)+since+时间点/从句(一般过去时)
for “持续” 主句(现在完成时)+for+时间段
until/till 用于否定句：直到……才…… 用于肯定句：直到…… I’m really tired because I studied until midnight last night.
during “在...期间”
from “从”，说明开始的时间，句子可用过去、现在、将来的时态 from...to... 从...到...
by 表示最迟在某一时刻或某一日期之前“不迟于...” by next Monday by this afternoon
( )1. Flowers usually come out ______ spring every year. (2018密云一模)
A. in B. at C. on D. of
( )2. — When did the car accident happen (2018石景山区二模)
—It happened ______ a rainy night.
A. at B. on C. in D. to
( )3. If you sit in a chair ____ a long time, your back may begin to hurt. (2018山东临沂)
A. at B. in C. since D. for
( )4. —I joined the League ________ May, 2009. What about you (2018山东滨州)
—I’ve been a League member _______ three years.
A. in; for B. on; since C. on; for D. in; since
( )5. —How soon will the second class begin
—_________ two minutes. (2018宁夏)
A. For B. At C. In D. After
2.地点和方位介词：
(1)表示在某地的介词：in、on、at
①in—表示较大的地方；in London
②on—表示在一个平面上，还表示在左边、右边等方向。on the ground
③at—表示较小的地点；at the office
Tom told me his parents had arrived ________ Beijing.
You must ride your bike _______ the right side of the road.
Uncle Wang arrived __________ No. 14 Middle School half an hour ago.
(2)表示方位的介词：in、on、to
①in 表示“在…内”的某方位 B is in the east of A.
②on 表示“与…相邻”是一种接壤的关系 C is on the south of A.
③to 表示“在…之外”的某方位,不强调是否接壤 D is to the west of A.
Taiwan is a beautiful island and it’s _____ the east of Fujian.
Beijing is ______the north of China.
Mongolia(蒙古国) lies _________ the north of China.
(3)表示“在…之上/之下”的介词 above/below, over/under, on
在…之上 在…之下
不强调是否垂直；可以表示温度的高低 above below
指垂直的方位 over under
表示某物体表面并与之接触 on
Raise your arms______________ your head.
There is a bridge ______________ the river.
He put his watch _____________the desk.
Please stand _____________ the umbrella.
(4)表示“前、后”的介词
“在…之前” “在…之后”
在某一范围之外 in front of behind
在某一范围之内 in the front of at the back of
(5)表示在...之间：between, among
①between指在两个人或两个事物之间
②among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间
1) Mary sits _____________Lucy and Lily.
2) I found him ____________ the crowd.
(6)across & through & past & along的区别
across “从...表面穿过” 用于（游泳/乘船）过河、过海或过马路 (go across=cross)
through 表示“从...内部穿过”,用于穿过森林、窗户、隧道
past “从旁边经过”(pass=go past)go past the tall building
along “沿着” walk along the street
He can swim ____________ the river.
2) She had to push her way ___________ the crowd to get to her son.
(7)图解方位、地点介词
3.方式介词:表示交通方式与手段的介词with, by, in/on
(1)with表示“用什么工具”，用于具体的工具或身体器官前。 We see ________our eyes and hear ________ears.
(2)by指“靠…手段”，“用…方法”，“凭借…动作”，用于无形的工具或方式手段前，后接名词或动名词。 手工_______________ 靠卖花谋生 make a living _________ selling flowers
(3)in表示“所用的语言、声音、衣饰、材料等”。 用英语___________________ 穿红色衣服的女孩 the girl________________ 用很大的声音______________ 用墨水___________ 用不同的方法____________________
(4)by +交通工具 交通工具前不用任何修饰词 in/on +修饰词+交通工具 交通工具前要用修饰词（冠词、物主代词、指示代词等）【在开放型或半开放型交通工具前用on；在小型封闭交通工具前要用in】 by car /bus /train/ship/plane; by air/sea/water/land _______ a car/taxi; _______ my bike/ a horse/ a camel/ this bus/ the plane/ that ship
1.Genuine friendship can not be bought _______ money.真正的友谊是无法用金钱买到的。
2.Lin Lin often practices English _________chatting with her American friend.
3. They are talking _________ Japanese. 他们正用日语交谈。
4. The boy is always ___________a blue hat. 男孩常带一顶蓝帽。
5. Betty goes to school ____________ an underground.
6. The miners are digging _____________ spades. 矿工正在用铲子挖掘。
【课堂巩固】
一、单项选择
( )1. ―How can I go to the supermarket, Paul
― bike. It's not far from here.(温州2010年)
A. On B. By C. In D. With
( )2. He sat right behind me _______ Mrs. Pollack’s class.(温州2011年)
A. for B. on C. in D. with
( )3. Later, her father died, and her mother was sick ______ so many years that their money was all gone. (温州2012年)
A. for B. in C. at D. on
( )4. Ann often helps me math after school.(温州2013年)
A. for B. with C. on D. by
( )5. I tried to hold back my tears Yet, each time the thing______my shoe bit me, tears raced down my face.(温州2014年)
A.on B.near C.under D.in
( )6. One afternoon, I was practicing a new dance in my room when Maggie walked _______.(2015年温州)
A.out B.away C.through D.in
( )7. Vienna is famous for having many great musicians. _______, Johann Strauss the younger wrote hundreds of wonderful pieces of music there.(温州2016年)
A. In fact B. For example C. As a result D. In my opinion
( )8. One day when he was in Grade 11, Johnnie went school psychologist’s office to ask for help.(温州2017年)
A. into B.past C.along D.through
( )9. I've ordered some flowers for grandma and they will arrive _____ two hours.(温州2018年)
A. in B. after C. over D. for
( )10. The instructions tell us everything ______ about how to make the model ship. (温州2019年)
A. by hand B. by chance C. in detail D. in person
( )11. —I heard Mark was bitten by a dog yesterday,