2021-2022四川中考英语复习课件 第2篇专题1名词(共55张PPT)

(共55张PPT)
第二篇　攻专题 · 能力提升
一　语法专题突破
专题一　名　词
栏目导航
透析中考
四川中考真题精练
考点1
考点2
考点3
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1．可数名词
(1)可数名词是能够被数得清，前面可以被基数词、不定冠词a/an、many修饰的名词。例：three boys三个男孩；a banana一根香蕉；an apple一个苹果；many students许多学生。
透 析 中 考
考点1　可数名词及不可数名词
知识精讲
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(2)只能修饰可数名词的修饰语有：
few几乎没有　　　　　　　 a few有一些
several几个　　　　 many许多
a number of许多，若干
a great/large number of许多
a couple of两个
例：a few flowers一些花；a number of books许多书。
(3)可数名词有单数和复数之分。例：student→students。
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2．不可数名词
(1)不可数名词是指无法计数的物质名词和抽象名词，不可直接用数词修饰，无复数形式。常见的不可数名词如下：
类别 例词
物质名词 食物 bread面包　meat肉
液体 oil油　water水
自然物体 sand沙　wood木头
抽象名词 学科 math数学　physics物理
概念 money钱　advice建议
情感 sadness忧伤
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(2)只能修饰不可数名词的修饰语有：
little几乎没有　　　　　　 a little少许，一点儿
much许多　　　　 a good deal of很多
a bit of一点儿
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3．近义名词辨析
(1)辨析message、information与news
单词 用法
message 可数名词，意为“口信”，指口头传递的或书写的“消息”
information 不可数名词，意为“信息”，指在学习、阅读或谈话中得到的消息、资料等
news 不可数名词，意为“新闻”，指通过网络、广播、电视、报纸等新闻媒体向大众发布的社会各方面的最新消息，侧重“新”
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(2)辨析advice与suggestion
单词 用法
advice 不可数名词，表示“一条建议”用a piece of advice；“一些建议”是some advice
suggestion 可数名词，表示“一条建议”用a suggestion，“一些建议”是some suggestions, “许多建议”是many suggestions
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(3)辨析job与work
单词 用法
job 可数名词，指具体的职业或零工。复数为jobs
work 不可数名词，指人们日常生活和工作中从事的体力或脑力劳动；当它作可数名词时，常用其复数形式works，意为“著作，作品，工厂”
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1．首先弄清所给名词的意思，然后通过分析语境或逻辑关系来明确答案。
【例题】(2018·山东潍坊)The Three Gorges Dam produces________ for millions of people in China.
A．electricity　　 B．influence
C．transport　　 D．technology
方法指导
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【答案】A
【解析】electricity电力；influence影响；transport运输；technology技术。句意：三峡大坝工程为数百万中国人民发电。produce electricity发电。
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【跟进训练1】(2020·江苏徐州)Could you please pass me a ____ to write with
A．ruler　　 B．tape　　
C．pen　　 D．knife
C　
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2．在解答考查同类或近义名词辨析的试题时，首先要清楚所给名词之间的差异是什么，然后找到句子中的关键词(组)来明确答案。
【例题】(2019·重庆B卷)We have wider ________ in our village, so we can go out more easily now.
A．houses　　 B．roads　　
C．schools　　 D．hospitals
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【答案】B
【解析】句意：我们村里有更宽的路，所以我们现在可以更容易地出行了。house房子；road道路；school学校；hospital医院。根据go out more easily(出行变得更容易)可知是路更宽了。
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【跟进训练2】(2019·河北)I like this song.It's by one of my favorite ____.
A．singers　　 B．dancers　　
C．painters　　 D．writers
A　
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1．可数名词的复数变化规则
(1)规则变化
考点2　名词的数
知识精讲
情 况 构成方法 例词
一般情况 加－s clock→clocks，lion→lions，
day→days，gate→gates，
bird→birds
以s、x、ch、sh等结尾 加－es glass→glasses，fox→foxes，
watch→watches，wish→wishes
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情 况 构成方法 例词
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾 变y为i再加－es city→cities，factory→factories，
secretary→secretaries
以f或fe结尾 一般变f、fe为v，再加－es knife→knives，leaf→leaves，
shelf→shelves，wolf→wolves
以o结尾 o前为辅音字母加－es，o前为元音字母加－s hero→heroes，
potato→potatoes，
tomato→tomatoes，
kangaroo→kangaroos，
radio→radios，zoo→zoos
例外：photo→photos，piano→pianos，kilo→kilos
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巧学妙记
将词尾的f/fe改为v，再加－es变复数的单词：
小偷(thief)之妻(wife)生活难，拿刀(knife)田里去割粮，看到野狼(wolf)发了慌，躲在架(shelf)后保己(self)命(life)，半片(half)树叶(leaf)遮目光。
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(2)不规则变化
构成方法 例词
变内部元音 foot→feet，goose→geese，man→men，tooth→teeth
词尾加－(r)en child→children，ox→oxen
单复数同形 deer→deer，fish→fish，sheep→sheep
中文音译词无复数形式，用斜体 five fen，eight yuan, twenty li,100 mu
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构成方法 例词
表示“某国人”的名词，其复数变化有三种情况 单复数同形 Chinese→Chinese，
Japanese→Japanese
变词尾的
man为men Englishman→Englishmen，
Frenchwoman→Frenchwomen
词尾加－s German→Germans，
Australian→Australians，
Indian→Indians
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构成方法 例词
复合名词 一般将主体名词变为复数 brother－in－law→brothers－in－law
无主体名词，在词尾加－s grown－up→grown－ups，
look－out→look－outs
两部分都变为复数 man teacher→men teachers，
woman driver→women drivers
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巧学妙记,
巧记可数名词复数的不规则变化：
①男(men)女(women)孩子(children)的脚(feet)踩住老鼠(mice)的牙(teeth)。
②单复数同形的名词：中日鱼鹿羊，即Chinese、Japanese、fish、deer、sheep。
③各国人变复数，中日不变，英法变，其他各国－s加后面，即Chinese、Japanese、Englishmen、Frenchmen、Germans、Americans、Australians、Indians等。
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2．不可数名词的量化
情况 方法 举例
具体量化 数词/不定冠词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词 a piece of bread一片面包
大概量化 表示量的限定词(some、any、all、little、a lot of、much、lots of、plenty of等)＋不可数名词 some oil一些油
much/a lot of money许多钱
plenty of water许多水
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1．首先需要区分所考查的名词是可数名词还是不可数名词，若是可数名词，须明确其复数形式；若是不可数名词，则必须明确其没有复数形式；然后根据语境明确答案。
方法指导
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【例题】(2019·黑龙江哈尔滨)Tim got four ______ from his relatives on Children's Day.
A．toy　　 B．toys　　
C．toies
【答案】B
【解析】toy的词尾是元音字母加y，故其复数形式在词尾加－s即可。
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【跟进训练3】(2019·湖南益阳) Look at the two ____ over there.They are teaching the girls to play the guitar.
A．women teachers　　 B．woman teachers
C．woman teacher
A　
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2．根据空格前出现的冠词、修饰词或空格后出现的动词单复数形式判断名词的数，然后根据上下文语境明确答案。
【例题】(2019·贵州毕节)Jane is very thirsty, so she needs some ____.
A．water　　 B．bread　　
C．cakes　　 D．rice
【答案】A
【解析】some后面既可跟不可数名词，也可跟可数名词复数形式。water水，不可数名词；bread面包，不可数名词；cakes蛋糕，可数名词复数；rice米，米饭，不可数名词。根据thirsty(口渴)可知应该选water。
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【跟进训练4】(2020·江苏徐州改编)
I wish to have a chain of restaurants in many different _________(city).
cities　
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3．根据生活常识、固定搭配等来明确答案。
【例题】(2019·江苏宿迁)—Anna, how does the dress look on me
—To tell you the ________， it doesn't fit you well.
A．trade　　 B．trust　　
C．truth　　 D．treat
【答案】C
【解析】trade贸易；trust信任；truth真相；treat款待。答句的后面部分是告诉对方一个真相，所以应该用truth构成固定短语：to tell you the truth说实话。
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【跟进训练5】(2018·湖北武汉)—Kate, I'm going shopping.Anything to buy for you
—Yes, that will save me a_______.
A．hand　　 B．trip　　
C．visit　　 D．bill
B　
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考点3　名词的所有格
知识精讲
类型 构成方法 举例
有生命的名词(人或动物) 普通单数名词或不以－s结尾的复数名词 在词尾加－'s Tony's camera；
Children's Day；
the policemen's office；
sheep's wool
以－s结尾的复数名词 在词尾加－' Teachers' Day；
the students' books
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类型 构成方法 举例
有生命的名词(人或动物) 共同所有(常修饰单数名词) A and B's Jack and Lucy's
classroom
分别所有(常修饰复数名词) A's and B's Jack's and Lucy's desks
无生命的名词 表时间、距离、世界、国家、城市、团体、机构等的名词 在词尾加－'s或－' today's newspaper；
twenty minutes' walk；
the world's population；
China's capital
其他名词 一般用 “of＋名词”结构 a picture of my family；
the door of the classroom
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类型 构成方法 举例
无生命的名词 双重所有格 of＋－'s所有格 a friend of her mother's；
the plays of Shakespeare's
of＋名词性物主代词 a little dog of mine；
some photos of theirs
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首先熟记名词所有格的构成，然后根据上下文语境明确答案。
【例题】(2020·黑龙江七台河)Look at the big and clean room.It's ________.
A．Lucy's and Lily's B．Lucy and Lily's
C．Lucy's and Lily
【答案】B
【解析】由单数名词room可知是表示两人共同所有的一个房间，在第二个人名后加's，故选B。
方法指导
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【跟进训练6】(2019·山东临沂)If I leave my house at 9 o'clock and drive to the airport, I'll arrive at about 11.So it's about two ____ drive from my house to the airport.
A．hours'　　 B．hour's　　
C．hours
【跟进训练7】(2020·江苏连云港)Have you read the report Those ___________(英雄)stories really touched me deeply.
A　
heroes's　
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1．(成都)She'll take her son to the d________ to have his teeth checked.
2．(2020·成都)Ms. Wang is very strict with us. She always asks us to do everything according to her i__________.
3．(2020·遂宁)In autumn, quite a few_________(树叶) turn yellow and fall off the trees.
4．(2020·成都改编)The doctor told me that many _________(year) smoking had weakened my health.
四川中考真题精练
entist's　
nstruction　
leaves　
years'　
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5．(达州)—Could you please offer me some____ in my research
—Yes, sure.
A．idea　　 B．message
C．suggestion　　 D．advice
6．(2020·广元)Sandy really likes eating meat，but she doesn't like eating ____.
A．breads　　 B．vegetables
C．chickens
D　
B　
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7．(2019·广安改编)Tomb－Sweeping Day has been a public ____ in China since 2008.
A．weekend　　 B．weekday
C．journey　　 D．holiday
8．(2019·乐山)One day, the village leader sent a ____ to a great hunter(猎人), Jones, asking him to come and kill the lion.
A．map　　 B．message　　
C．gift
D　
B　
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9．(2019·自贡)—What else do we need to make cold beef
—____.
A．Two spoons salt
B．Two spoons of salts
C．Two spoons of salt
10．(2020·自贡)—A boy is flying a kite over there. Who is he
—He is ____ brother.
A．Lucy's and Lily's　　 B．Lucy and Lily's
C．Lucy's and Lily
C　
B　
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11．(2018·眉山)—How many _______ doctors are there in your hospital，David
—________them ________over one hundred.
A．woman；The number of；is
B．women；A number of；are
C．woman；A number of；is
D．women；The number of；is
D　
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12．(2018·凉山州)Many foreigners came to our school last week，including three _______ and four ________.
A．German；American　　 B．Germans；American
C．Germans；Americans　　 D．German；Americans
C　
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一、词汇运用。
1．(2019·江苏宿迁)Leo is an honest boy.He never tells a l____.
2．(2019·湖北随州)I like Friday because the next day is S_________.
3．(2019·湖北随州)The British teacher is very humorous.He always tells us j______.
4．(2019·山东济宁)M_______ is the day after Sunday and before Tuesday.
2021年迎考特训
ie　
aturday　
okes　
onday　
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5．(2019·山东济宁)China is the biggest country in A_____.
6．(2020·黑龙江七台河)Now many wild animals are in_________ (dangerous)．We should protect them.
7．(2020·湖北荆门)Doing outdoor _____________(activity)can help students improve their abilities and skills.
8．(2020·湖南常德)
They like pears, but they don't like _______________ (strawberry)．
9．(2020·江苏苏州)The_________(秘密) of true friendship is to understand and to be understood.
sia　
danger　
activities　
strawberries　
secret　
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10．(2017·江苏连云港)Some classical pieces at the concert are traditional and have a lasting ________(价值)．
11．(2020·浙江杭州)Many young people look up to these basketball h_____ such as Yao Ming and Michael Jordan and want to become like them.
12．(2018·吉林长春)Li Fang is one of the most beautiful __________ (teach) in our country.
13．(2019·浙江杭州)His team had lost the game because of him.He felt like there was a heavy w_____ on his shoulders as he walked home alone.
value　
eroes　
teachers　
eight　
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14．(2019·浙江杭州)J_____ 1st is Children's Day.
15．(2019·浙江杭州)It takes me 45 m________ to get to school by bike every morning.
16．(江苏盐城)Lily often helps her classmates and teachers and she often gets _________(表扬) from them.
une　
inutes　
praise　
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二、单项选择。
1．(2020·浙江温州)Lucy's father works in No.1 Hospital. He is a____.
A．teacher　　 B．doctor
C．postman　　 D．policeman
2．(山东青岛)Fruit is good for health，so I often have breakfast with one ____.
A．candy　　 B．cake
C．banana　　 D．hamburger
B　
C　
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3．(2018·海南)David likes taking photos, so his father bought him a ______ last week.
A．camera　　　 B．dictionary　　　　
C．bicycle
A　
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4．(2020·黑龙江哈尔滨)—According to a recent survey，many students have poor eyesight(视力)．
—In my opinion, reading on mobile phones too often is the____ of having poor eyesight.
A．cost　　 B．result　　
C．cause
C　
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5．(2018·河南)—It's useless to regret what has been done. Don't make those mistakes again.
—I won't. That's a(n) ____.
A．order　　 B．decision
C．promise　　 D．agreement
6．(2019·安徽)You can see the ____ in our faces when we talk about the great achievements in the past 70 years.
A．doubt　　 B．pride　　
C．regret　　 D．ability
C　
B　
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7．(2019·江西)My daughter helps me cook but she isn't old enough to be left alone in the ____.
A．bedroom　　 B．classroom　　
C．lab　　 D．kitchen
8．(山东泰安)It is accepted by everyone that knowledge is the most valuable ____ for human beings.
A．standard　　 B．treasure
C．invention　　 D．instruction
D　
B　
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9．(2019·上海)I couldn't get much ____ of the exhibition of clean－energy products from the website.
A．news　　 B．photos
C．posters　　 D．advertisements
10．(2019·辽宁营口)I'm sure he is an honest boy.I have no ____ to doubt(质疑) what he said.
A．reason　　 B．action
C．feeling　　 D．decision
A　
A　
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11．(2019·山西)To keep our city beautiful, the ____ are always very busy in the streets.We shouldn't throw rubbish everywhere.
A．policemen　 B．cleaners　
C．drivers
12．(2018·广西北部湾经济区)The woman in a hat is ____ aunt.
A．Jack and John　　 B．Jack's and John
C．Jack's and John's　　 D．Jack and John's
B　
D　
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13．(2019·山东青岛)—Lucy, how about going to the ____？
—Sounds great! Reading books can give us much pleasure.
A．library　　 B．cinema　　
C．museum　　 D．concert
14．(2018·重庆B卷)—How far is it from Chongqing to Guiyang
—It's about two ____ ride by high－speed train.
A．hour 　　 B．hour's 　　
C．hours　　 D．hours'
A　
D　
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15．(2019·辽宁铁岭)WeChat(微信) is one of the most convenient ways of ____.
A．information　　 B．competition
C．communication　　 D．pollution
C