2022年中考英语 考点专项突破课件: 第二章 第十节 构词法(41张PPT无素材)

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名称 2022年中考英语 考点专项突破课件: 第二章 第十节 构词法(41张PPT无素材)
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更新时间 2022-05-11 22:43:07

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(共41张PPT)
01
考点解读
02
03
04
考点梳理
真题剖析
实战提分
第二章
第二节 构词法
01
考点解读
02
考点梳理
(一)合成法 ★★★
由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法叫作合成法。如: classroom(名词+名词),goodlooking(形容词+分词)等。
(二)派生法 ★★★
在一个单词前面或后面加上一个词缀构成新词,这种构词法叫作派生法。加在单词前的词叫前缀,加在后面的词叫后缀。
前缀: un?(不、非,表示否定),inter?(相互、交互、在一起),re?(又、再、重新),tele?(远),bi?(两个、双边的),
如: unfriendly, disagree, rewrite。
(二)派生法 ★★★
后缀: ?or/er(从事某种职业的人),?full(充满),?tion(表情况、状态),?less(无……的,不……的),?ese(人、语言),?y(表性质),?ing(形容词后缀),?ly(形容词或副词后缀),?ed(形容词后缀),?al(……的),?ist(人)
如:homeless, population, Chinese。
(三)缩写和简写 ★★
缩写和简写(也被称为截断法或缩短法)主要采取“截头”或者“既截头又去尾”的方法来生成新词。如:
telephone→phone, mathematics→math, influenza→flu
(三)缩写和简写 ★★
另外还有很多缩写词,通常是由各个单词的首字母组成,如:
CD(compact disk),CCTV(China Central Television),kg(kilogram),NBA(National Basketball Association),UFO(Unidentified Flying Object), UN(United Nations), ID(identification),USA(United States of America),WWF(World Wide Fund for Nature or World Wildlife Fund).
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
一个单词由一种词类转换为另一种词类,这种构词法叫转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。包括名词转化为动词,形容词转化为动词,动词转化为名词等,如water(n. 水)→water(v. 浇水),sun(n. 太阳) →sunny(adj. 有阳光的), play(v. 打) →player(n. 运动员)。
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
1. 动词转化为名词
(1)v. +(e)r
work→worker teach→teacher clean→cleaner
drive→driver dance→dancer write→writer
speak→speaker listen→listener
farm→farmer play→player build→builder
buy→buyer sell→seller travel→traveller
own→owner keep→keeper kill→killer
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
run→runner swim→swimmer win→winner
rob→robber grab→grabber begin→beginner
(2)v. +or
visit→visitor invent→inventor
inspect→inspector operate→operator
act→actor instruct→instructor
conduct→conductor
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
(3)v. +ion
invent→invention operate→operation
inject→injection educate→education
pollute→pollution instruct→instruction
act→action
类似的有:
decide→decision discuss→discussion
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
(4)v. +ing
begin→beginning end→ending
shop→shopping swim→swimming
fish→fishing boat→boating
farm→farming build→building
cross→crossing park→parking
smoke→smoking skate→skating
(5)sit→seat fly→flight enter→entrance
disappear→disappearance
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
2. 名词转化为形容词
(1)
rain→rainy sun→sunny wind→windy
cloud→cloudy snow→snowy fog→foggy
mist→misty health→healthy fun→funny
sleep→sleepy noise→noisy luck→lucky
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
(2)
use→useful help→helpful care→careful
thank→thankful wonder→wonderful
forget→forgetful pain→painful
success→successful colour→colourful
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
3. 形容词转化为副词
(1)
careful→carefully bright→brightly
bad→badly clear→clearly
usual→usually quick→quickly
kind→kindly sad→sadly
slow→slowly real→really
strong→strongly loud→loudly
successful→successfully most→mostly
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
(2)
wide→widely safe→safely
polite→politely complete→completely
但下面4个以e结尾的形容词变副词时要去掉e:true→truly terrible→terribly
possible→possibly horrible→horribly
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
(3)
heavy→heavily easy→easily
angry→angrily hungry→hungrily
lucky→luckily happy→happily
busy→busily noisy→noisily
healthy→healthily
(4)good→well
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
特别提醒:
(1)有些单词既是形容词,又是副词,其后不用加?ly。如:far,high,early,late,near。
(2)下列单词本来就是副词,加?1y后还是副词,但意思已经完全变了。如:hard“努力地,辛勤地,猛烈地”,hardly“几乎不”;late“迟,晚”,lately“近来”;near“在附近”,nearly“几乎,差不多”。
(3) friendly,lonely, lively,lovely都是形容词。
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
4. 动词转化为形容词
很多动词的过去分词和现在分词可以作形容词用。如:
(1)break→broken close→closed
worry→worried fry→fried
lose→lost frighten→frightened
marry→married
(2)move→moving miss→missing
follow→following come→coming
amaze→amazing
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
(3)
interest→interesting→interested
excite→exciting→excited
develop→developing→developed
【注意】 open既可作动词,也可作形容词。
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
5. 表示事物的名词转化为表示人的名词
science→scientist art→artist
novel→novelist piano→pianist
violin→violinist library→librarian
robbery→robber
(四)转化法 ★★★★★
6. 其他一些常考的词
(1) ill→illness happy→happiness
good→goodness
(2)usual→unusual like→unlike
happy→unhappy lucky→unlucky
possible→impossible with→without
known→unknown appear→disappear
(五)按语法规则进行词形变换★★★★★
1. 名词的复数形式,名词所有格形式。
2. 人称代词(主格、宾格),物主代词(形容词性、名词性)和反身代词的相互转换。
3. 基数词与序数词的相互转换,含糊数与确切数的用法。
4. 动词的5种形式:原形、第三人称单数、过去式、现在分词、过去分词。
5. 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级。
03
真题剖析
真题链接
【例1】These in beautiful dresses will have a party this evening.
A. man B. men
C. woman D. women
【解析】考查名词单复数的不规则变化。根据句意,穿着裙子、将要参加派对的一般是女性,these(这些)表明要用复数形式,故答案选D。

真题链接
【例2】We are required to write a_____________
composition in this exam?
A. five hundreds words B. five hundred words
C. five hundred word D. five hundreds word
【解析】考查名词短语做定语。有连字符号时,名词使用单数形式。故答案选C。

真题链接
【例3】LEGO is one of the ______ (toy)that can develop children’s creativity.
【解析】 根据句意:乐高玩具是可以培养孩子创造力的玩具之一。可知考查:one of+名词复数,表示……中的一个。故答案为:toys。本题考查用所给单词的适当形式填空,首先要根据语境明确句意,然后再根据相关语法对所给单词在形式上做出正确的变化。
toys
真题链接
【例4】To be lovely Shanghainese, we should be helpful and ____________(friend) to others.
【解析】 根据语境判断,答案为friendly。该句的意思是:要成为可爱的上海人,我们就应当乐于助人,待人友善。
friendly
真题链接
【例5】It is _________(fool) of Peter to pay so much money for clothes.
【解析】 “It is+adj.+of...”是英语中的一个常用句式。因此,正确答案是foolish。
foolish
易错剖析
【例1】This is a good idea, and he has an ____thought.
A. opened B. open C. opening
【解析】本题中的 “open”既可作动词,也可作形容词。句意:这是一个好主意,他有着开放的思想。如果学生不知道“open”也可以作形容词的话,就容易误选答案A,所以答案为B。

易错剖析
【例2】 I live ______(near) a clean river, so I often go swimming in it.
【解析】有些单词既是形容词,又是副词,其后不用加ly。如:far,high,early,late, near。如果我们不知道这点,很可能就会填nearly, 但nearly的意思是“几乎、差不多”,所以应用原形near。
near
04
实战提分
基础过关
按词性转化要求,写出相应的英语单词。
1. act (n.)
2. play (n.)
3. drive (n.)
4. invent (n.)
5. swim (n.)
6. sit (n.)
7. wind (adj.)
8. colour (adj.)
9. north (adj.)
actor
player
driver
invention
swimming
seat
windy
colourful
northern
基础过关
按词性转化要求,写出相应的英语单词。
10. America (adj.)
11. England (adj.)
12. slow (adv.)
13. angry (adv.)
14. safe (adv.)
15. ill (n.)
16. lucky (反义词)
American
English
slowly
angrily
safely
illness
unlucky
拓展提升
词形变换。用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空
1. When you lend the new camera to others,please tell them to use it (proper).
2. Shenzhen Special Economic Zone(经济特区) celebrated its
(forty)birthday on Oct.14, 2020.
3. (2019年长春)Please think (clear)before you make any choice.
4. Yangtze River is the (three)longest river in the world. It runs across China from the west to the east.
properly
fortieth
clearly
third
拓展提升
5. (2019年兴安盟)Nothing is (possible) if you set your mind to it.
6. (2019年大连)I don’t use my mobile phone a lot at night,as its blue light is (harm)to my eyes.
7. (2019年莱芜区)He is a (love)boy, very gentle and caring.
8. (2019年徐州)Thomas Edison, one of the greatest
(invent) in the world, created over 1000 things.
impossible
harmful
lovely
inventors
拓展提升
9. Xiaoming (usual) works as a volunteer and visits an old people’s home at weekends.
10.Zhurong,China?s Mars explorer, (land) safely on the red planet in May 2021, making China the third nation to do so in human history.
11. The little girl dreamt of becoming a good ballet (dance).
12.(2021年百色) We can see many (different) in our villages which are getting far more beautiful.
usually
landed
dancer
differences
拓展提升
13.(2021年无锡)The beans of this kind (sell) in only a few coffee shops in Shanghai at present.
14. What should we do to help the (home) people after the earthquake?
15. World Environment Day is on the (five) of June.
16. I’m sure Jim will succeed as long as he believes in (him).
are sold
homeless
fifth
himself
本 课 结 束