课件23张PPT。第27讲 (半)开放作文 (2012·湖南卷)生活中，你自己或他人曾有过物品不慎丢失而又找回的经历，其间有烦恼、有惊喜、有感慨……请就此写一篇英语短文。
主要内容包括：
1)丢失的物品；
2)物品失而复得的经过；
3)你的感想。注意：
1. 词数不少于120个；
2. 不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。思路点拨：这是一篇命题作文。要求同学们根据所提供的材料，写出一篇不少于120字的短文。短文内容包括： 丢失的物品；物品失而复得的经过；你的感想。可见文章的中心和重点要放在“经过”的描写之中，但是也要描写自己的感受，写出作者自己的烦恼、惊喜、感慨；尤其包含有失而复得的复杂过程，是一篇夹叙夹议的作文。 【参考答案】
Oh, my God! Where is my iphone? I made a call just now on the bus. Suddenly I remember I put it on the seat next to me. It's my birthday present from my father. He would be sad if he knew I lost it.
I went to school as usual this morning, trying to stay calm. The first two classes seemed so slow as I was a little upset and absent-minded. During the break, my Math teacher asked me to his office. I was very uneasy because I didn't know what I had done wrong. Unexpectedly, my teacher showed me my iphone the moment he saw me standing before him. Overjoyed, I grasped it back quickly. It turned out that the driver of the bus I often take saw the picture of me on my iphone screen. Knowing that I was a student of this school, he sent it to our reception office.
There is no happiness which is better than that acquired by getting back what has been lost. Moreover, I am greatly moved by what the driver did for me. Ordinary as he is, he is indeed a worthy man and respectable. The event will always remind me to be kind and helpful. 【作文点评】
本文由问句Oh, my God! Where is my iphone? 引入话题，吸引读者的注意。然后直接点明话题“我的手机掉了”。接着第二段完整地描写了其经过和失而复得的全部过程。最后一段谈到了作者自己的感受。本文要点齐全，很好地完成了写作任务。尤其是文章中用一些形容词巧妙地表达了作者态度的转变： sad, uneasy, overjoyed, moved, kind and helpful。文章多处使用各种从句，非谓语动词和各种固定句型，几乎每一个句子都是高级句型，读起来流畅自然。 (半)开放作文是一种比传统的“书面表达”限制更少，留给考生自由发挥空间更多的书面表达题型。这样的考试模式注重突出语言的应用，突出在语境中对学生语言能力的考查。与传统的“书面表达”相比，这种“开放作文”对学生构思、表达、写作以及语句的组织应用能力有了更高的要求。它要求考生在写开放作文时，要注意审题，尽可能做到内容充实、逻辑清晰、表达得体、语言准确。这样的考试模式能让考生发挥出自己的特长，有利于高校选拔优秀学生。 湖南的写作命题既有别于北京和上海的开放作文，又有别于其他省份的情景作文，其开放程度介于他们中间。从近几年的湖南考题来看，都是给定了写作范围，但没有明确写作要点，给了考生较大的自由发挥空间。对于(半)开放作文，同学们写作时要注意以下事项。
1. 认真审题，即：审语境、审人称、审时态；
2. 要紧扣主题，符合要求，首尾呼应；
3. 注意写作对象和语言风格，要有读者意识；
4. 要进行细致描写，有细节的支撑；
5. 要有主次之分，详略得当；
6. 要力求内容新颖，必须符合逻辑；
7. 要做到思想健康，积极向上。例：(2012·湖北卷)请根据以下提示，并结合事例，用英语写一篇短文。
You cannot choose what you are given, but you can choose how you make use of it.
注意：
①无须写标题，不得照抄英语提示语；
②除诗歌外，文体不限；
③文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称；
④词数为120左右。思路点拨：文章仅给出一句提示句，是半开放式作文。写好该文，考生首先应认真审题，考题要求结合事例写作，故本文宜夹叙夹议，不可全写成议论文；在叙事时应注意用一般过去时。其次，应注意安排好文章结构。在遣词造句上，考生应多用一些高级词汇和高级句型，如定语从句、倒装结构、非谓语动词等，多用一些连词如： on the one hand, on the other hand, besides等，以提高文章的档次。【参考答案】
Three years ago I failed an important exam in my life and became a student in an ordinary school. Disappointed as I felt at the shabby campus and the poorly-equipped classroom, I found the teachers patient and considerate. Besides, I enjoyed the friendly atmosphere in class. I decided to make the best of it. I worked hard and got along well with my teachers and classmates. Whenever I had difficulties, they were always available. Soon, I became one of the top students in my class, which greatly increased my confidence and got me motivated.
My experience tells me that it is not what you are given but how you make use of it that determines who you are. 一、提供建议型
I'm glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to 书信主题．_
Here are a few suggestions. First, it is important to第一件应该做的事情， as you'll be able to 手段. Then, it also helps to第二件应该做的事情. Besides, it should be a good idea to第三件应该做的事情. You can also第四件要做的事情. 这样做的好处．
Best wishes. 二、释疑解惑型
As a 作者身份， I understand your situation. The problem you are facing is common among our teenagers/students. However, 作者的基本看法或观点. Here are a few suggestions.
First, 第一个建议. 这样做的理由．
Second, 第二个建议. 这样做的理由．
Hope you get better soon and make great progress. 三、主题演讲型
Ladies and gentlemen，
Today I will talk about 演讲主题. As you know, there are many advantages of 演讲主题．
First of all, 分要点一. 展开一句或两句. Besides, 分要点二. 展开一句或两句. Last but not least, 分要点三. 展开一句或两句．
In a word (In my opinion/Personally), 重申主题/总结主题. 四、阐述谚语/名言型
A famous saying goes that名言或谚语， which reminds us that释义. Indeed, we can learn many things from it.
First of all, 理由一. For example, 举例说明. Secondly, 理由二. Another case is that 举例说明. Furthermore, 理由三．
In my opinion, 我的观点． 【基础练习】 目前，全国书市上各种各样的教辅、参考书(teaching reference books)泛滥，已成师生共同关注的问题。请以“How to Make Use of Reference Books” 为题，按照下列要点写一篇不少于120词的英语短文，表达自己的观点。首句已给出，不计入总词数。
要点包括：
1. 教辅、参考书泛滥已成师生共同关注的问题；
2. 教辅、参考书泛滥带来的影响；
3. 作为在校学生你该如何选择和使用它们。How to Make Use of Reference Books
Nowadays there are too many kinds of teaching reference books available in the book market.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ 根据(半)开放作文的写作技巧，我们分步进行翻译写作：
第一步：事由
1．教辅、参考书泛滥已成师生共同关注的问题。
They have become a problem of great concern for both teachers and students.
2．如果教辅、参考书使用恰当，会给学生带来好处。但如果使用不当或滥用将会造成很多问题。
If used properly, these books will definitely do us good, but the misuse and overuse of them may cause a lot of problems.
第二步：教辅、参考书泛滥带来的影响 3．首先，它会使学生变得懒惰。有一本参考书在手里，很多学生可能认为他们已经知道了老师要讲的内容，上课就不会认真听讲。
Firstly, it might make the students less active in class. Armed with reference books in class, many students may think that they know what the teachers are going to talk about. So they may not listen to the teachers at all.
4．第二点，有些学生过分依赖参考书，这对培养他们解决问题的能力很不利。
Secondly, some students depend on these books too much, which is not beneficial for the development of their ability of solving problems. 5．第三点，有些教辅书粗制滥造，错误百出，误导学生。
Thirdly, there are some reference books with many mistakes, which might mislead students.
第三步：如何选择和使用教辅、参考书
6．我认为我们应该精心挑选和使用教学参考书。
I think we should be very careful selecting and using teaching reference books. 7．我们不但要检查这类书的质量，而且也要限制使用教辅书的时间。
We should not only check the quality of the books carefully but also pay attention to the time we use them.
8．另外，听从老师的意见也不失为一个好的选择。
In addition, following the teacher's instructions would also be a wise option.课件35张PPT。第7讲 三大类从句 考点1: 引导名词性从句的连接词
例1: It suddenly occurred to him ______ he had left his keys in the office. (2012·江西卷 25)
A. whether B. where
C. which D. that【解析】选D。考查名词性从句中的主语从句。 it作形式主语，真正的主语为that he had left his keys in the office。且that在句中无意义，并不充当任何成分。考点1: 引导名词性从句的连接词
例2: We promise ______ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star. (2012·福建卷 35)
A. who B. whom
C. whoever D. whomever【解析】选C。句意：我们承诺向参加聚会的人提供一个和电影明星合影的机会。不定式作chance的定语，此处whoever相当于anyone who。考点2: 名词性从句的语序
I really wonder ______ will stop Japan from its annual whale hunt in the Antarctic. (2011·山西太原五中月考)
A. that it is what B. what it is that
C. what is it that D. that is it what【解析】选B。空白处为一个宾语从句作动词wonder的宾语。而宾语从句是一个强调句，强调what。宾语从句要采用陈述语序。考点3: 由reason作主语时，表语从句的连接词
The reason why he can't go to school is ______ he is ill.
A. because B. why
C. that D. which【解析】选C。reason作主语时，其后的表语从句一般用连词that。考点4: 后接同位语从句的名词
Evidence has been found through years of study ______ children's early sleeping problem are likely to continue when they grow up. (2012·重庆卷34)
A. why B. how
C. whether D. that【解析】选D。分析句子结构可知，空白处后面为句子主语“Evidence”的同位语从句，在这一从句中，句意完整，不缺少成分，应该使用“that”作为引导词。因此，正确答案为D选项。 考点1: that与which引导定语从句的区别
Maria has written two novels, both of ______ have been made into television series.(2012·山东卷23)
A. them B. that
C. which D. what【解析】选C。句中的先行词是two novels，而且后面是一个非限制性定语从句，因此用both of which引导。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，也不能跟在介词后面；如果选them，则后面需要有并列连词and或者是独立主格结构，即both of them made into…考点2: “介词 ＋ 关系代词”引导的定语从句
In our class there are 46 students, ______ half wear glasses. (2012·四川卷13)
A. in whom B. in them
C. of whom D. of them【解析】选C。本题考查介词后的定语从句。前后两句话之间无连词，故不能用人称代词them，而应用关系代词whom引导定语从句；“在46个学生当中”，表所属，应用of。故答案选C。考点3: as和which引导非限制性定语从句的比较
例1：Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, ______ is a stupid thing to do in such weather. (2011·全国大纲卷7)
A. this B. that
C. what D. which【解析】选D。which引导非限制性定语从句。代指前面整句内容。考点3: as和which引导非限制性定语从句的比较
例2：______ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As
C. That D. What【解析】选B。A、D不能引导定语从句，C不能引导非限制性定语从句。As is known to everybody＝As everybody knows “正如大家所知道的”。该句也可换成It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. ＝What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 考点4: 关系代词与关系副词的选择
例1：I will never forget the day ______I came to my university and the day ______I spent in a new city.
A. when; which B. which; when
C. what; that D. on which; when【解析】 选A。第一个时间名词the day 在从句中作状语，因此要用关系副词when；第二个时间名词the day 在从句中作动词spent的宾语，因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句或省略关系代词。考点4: 关系代词与关系副词的选择
例2：Men are more suited to occupational environments ______ require decisive action while women are better at jobs ______ a considered approach is most important. (江苏南京金陵中学高三模拟)
A. which; that B. /; when
C. which; when D. that; where【解析】选D。第一空用关系代词that或which 作主语，不可以省略。第二空用关系副词where，因为句子意思完整，不缺主语或宾语。根据先行词jobs和定语从句的意义，确定用关系副词where(＝at which)表地点，作地点状语。考点1: 时间状语从句
例1: He smiled politely ______ Mary apologized for her drunken friends. (2012·山东卷27)
A. as B. if
C. unless D. though【解析】选A。此处是as引导这个时间状语从句，smile和apologize同时进行，as意为“当……的时候”。句意： 当玛丽为她喝醉了的朋友道歉时，他礼貌地微笑着。考点1: 时间状语从句
例2: I had hardly got to the office ______ my wife phoned me to go back home at once. (2012·全国大纲卷11)
A. when B. than
C. until D. after【解析】选A。考查固定句型hardly…when…。句意： 我刚到办公室，我妻子就给我打电话让我立刻回家。考点2: 条件状语从句
It is hard for the Greek government to get over the present difficulties ______ it gets more financial support from the European Union. (2012·福建卷30)
A. if B. unless
C. because D. since【解析】选B。根据句意“除非有来自欧洲联盟的更多的经济支持，否则希腊政府很难克服目前的困难”，只能选择unless“除非”才能使句意完整。考点3: 让步状语从句
例1: I don't believe we've met before, ______ I must say you do look familiar. (2012·全国新课标卷25)
A. therefore B. although
C. since D. unless【解析】选B。句意： 尽管我不得不说你确实看起来熟悉，然而我相信我们以前并未见过。考点3: 让步状语从句
例2:— Look at those clouds!
— Don't worry. ______ it rains, we'll still have a great time. (2012·北京卷21)
A. Even if B. As though
C. In case D. If only【解析】选A。考查状语从句连接词。even if 即使；as though似乎；in case 以防；if only要是……多好。考点4: as引导让步状语从句的用法
Hot ______ the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey. (2012·陕西卷18)
A. although B. as
C. while D. however【解析】选B。考查状语从句。该句为倒装结构，即在as引导的让步状语从句中，要将从句中的表语，状语，或动词原形提到as之前，故选B。1. Mr. Smith has bought a little house in the country, around ______ some green trees.
A. which is B. it is
C. which are D. them are【解析】选C。此题容易误选A或B，将A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。其实，此题的最佳答案为C，around which are some green trees 是一个由“介词＋which”引导的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 some green trees，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用are，而不是 is。请看下面的例子：
The police found a large box under his bed, in which were some sex books.警察在他的床底下找到一只大箱子，里面装的是一些黄色书籍。(in which were some sex books 为非限制性定语从句，在该从句中，in which 是表语，some sex books 是主语，所以谓语动词用复数were)2. Is there a shop around ______ we can buy some toilet articles?
A. that B. which
C. where D. what【解析】选C。此题很容易误选 B，认为 around 是介词。用which代替前面的名词 shop，作介词 around 的宾语。其实此题的最佳选项应是 C，其中 around 是副词(意为“在附近”)，其后 where 引导的定语从句修饰其前的地点名词 shop，句意： 附近有没有我们可以买到梳妆用品的商店？3. She promised ______ he had enough money she would marry him.
A. that B. if
C. that if D. if that 【解析】选C。此题将条件状语从句 if he had enough money 插入动词 promised 与其宾语从句之间，从而导致许多同学误选。4. The judge paid no attention to ______ he had just lost his wife.
A. that B. which
C. what D. the fact that【解析】选D。此题容易误选 A 或 B。通常情况下，介词后不能直接跟 that 从句(极个别介词如except, but 等除外)，遇此情况，应在 that 从句前加上 the fact(此时 the fact 用作介词宾语，其后 that 从句用作 the fact 的同位语)。 5. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ______.
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is【解析】选D。此题首先应排除A和C，因为空格处为一个宾语从句，所以不能用疑问句语序。按英语的习惯，当用于指代身份不明的人时，应用代词it，而不用 he 或she等。所以此题应选D。6. His lecture was difficult and I didn't know ______ he said meant in his lecture.
A. that B. what
C. that that D. what what【解析】选D。第一个what 用作动词 meant 的宾语，第二个what 用作动词 said 的宾语。又如：
He was honest and told us all all he knew.
他很诚实，他把他知道的都告诉了我们大家。
句中的第一个 all 为 us 的同位语，意为“我们大家”或“我们所有的人”；第二个all 实为 all that 之省略，其中的 all 为动词 told 的直接宾语，被省略的关系代词 that 为定语从句中谓语动词 knew 的宾语。当然此句也可说成：He was honest and told us all what he knew. 7. — Was it under the tree ______ you were away talking to a friend?
— Sure. But when I got back there, the bike was gone.
A. that B. where
C. which D. while【解析】选D。此题很容易误选A，认为这是强调句型。其实此题的最佳答案是D。从上下文的语境来看，句中的 it 应是指代 the bike，句意为： “当你离开去同朋友谈话的时候，你的自行车是在这树下吗？”“肯定是的，但当我回来时，自行车就不见了。”8. He likes living alone, and says that he wants to go and live in a place ______ nobody knows.
A. where B. that
C. when D. what【解析】选B。此题易误选A，认为place表示“地点”，应使用关系副词where。其实，根据句子结构可知，空格部分为knows的宾语，故应用which或that。
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件20张PPT。第20讲 主旨大意题 1
65. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Some places for weekend break.
B. A way to become creative in art.
C. The colourful life in the countryside.
D. Unknown stories of Cambridge University.
本文是一篇应用文。介绍了距离某大学较近的风景点。
65. A 主旨大意题。 考查对文章内容整体把握的能力。根据全文第一段There are some places which are probably a mere walk away from your college.可以推知，文章是推荐几个学校附近值得走走的风景点，选项A符合文意。 主旨题是阅读理解中最常见的题型之一，测试阅读理解的基本能力。这种题型考查学生在语言水平上对文章的把握：能否分辨主题和细节、是否具备提纲挈领的能力。
一、 主旨大意题的出题方式虽说比较固定，但也有大致如下3种情形：
1. 标题与大意题
What's the best title for this passage?
What is the passage mainly about?
What does the passage mainly tell us?
What is the main idea of the passage?
2. 写作目的
写作目的与文章主题不同，但与它关系密切，所以也可以算作主旨题的一种变体。二者的异同可以从下面的对比中看出：文章主旨是中心思想、文章大意，而写作目的则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想，等于“文章大意＋论述方法(或作者口吻)”。文章大意可以根据前面所述的方法找到。至于论述方法，可以根据高考阅读理解的主体文章确定。advice…(建议，劝告)
argue for(论证)，argue against(驳斥)(这两种答案仅适用于议论文体裁)
illustrate…(说明)
present…(阐述)
propose…(提出)
warn…(警告)
既然全文的写作目的与文章的主旨密切相关，那么段落的写作目的也与段落的大意密切相关，只有反映了段落大意的答案才是段落的写作目的。 3. 作者态度
解答作者态度(attitude)或语气(tone)题，关键在于把握作者对全文主体事物(与主题有关)或某一具体事物的态度。表达作者态度——褒义、中性和贬义的手段主要有：1)加入形容词定语；2)加入副词状语；3)特殊动词。英语中有些动词也表明说话者的正负态度，如：fail(未能)，ignore(忽视)，overestimate (估计过高)等动词表示一种负态度。由上可知，确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。 二、解题方法：
1. 把握文章逻辑结构，抓主题句，概括段落大意，根据论述详略确定。
主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕它进行说明或议论。它在文章中的位置通常为第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等地方。所以阅读时对这些地方要特别关注。高考阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构有：
(1)时间顺序。按时间先后说明某一理论的发展，或某一研究成果由过去至现在的情况。属于这种结构的主题通常在首段或末段。
(2)总分顺序。首段做总的说明，其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段的观点。属于这种结构的文章主题在首段。
(3)分总顺序。前面几段分别说明，末段总结。主题在末段。
(4)对比。进行对比的各事物之间的基本共同点或差异为主题。
(5)分类。分类说明的各大项相加为主题。【基础练习】66. Paragraph 1 of the passage is mainly about shrilk's ______.
A. remarkable design B. interesting name
C. major features D. basic elements 本文是一篇科普说明文。介绍了科技新发现： 从动物外壳提炼的具有可生物降解的特性，因此对环境保护意义重大。
66. C 主旨大意题。考查对段落主题的理解和判断能力。根据第一段Harvard researchers have created a tough, low-cost, biodegradable…可以推知，选项C符合文意。答案及解析【基础练习】70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. Recent Progress in Environmental Protection
B. Benefits of Insects in Scientific Research
C. The Harm of One-time Products
D. A Possible Alternative to Plastic 70. D 主旨大意题。考查对文章整体把握的归纳理解能力。根据文章第一段The material's…could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic.以及后文具体谈论的该材料优于塑料的内容，可以推知，选择D项符合文意。答案及解析 2. 文章标题的选择或拟定
标题用来帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图，点明文章主题。标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。它的特点是：短小精悍，涵盖性强，简洁新颖。 要恰当地选好标题，需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。要选好标题，还要注意三个原则，一是概括性原则，要求标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题要旨。二是针对性原则，针对性原则是对标题外延的一种界定。概括性原则要求文章标题包括文章的主要内容。但如果标题过大，就违背了针对性原则。针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主要特点。即标题的外延既不能太大也不能太小。要量体裁衣，大小适度。三是醒目性原则。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。相应的要避免下列三种错误： ①概括不够(多表现为部分代整体，以点代面，以偏概全，从而导致范围太小)；②过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。【基础练习】50．This article is mainly about ______.
A. the lives of school children
B. the cause of arguments in schools
C. how to analyze youth violence
D. how to deal with school conflicts 本文是一篇议论文。学生在学校和同学发生冲突在所难免，那么究竟该如何应对呢？本文进行了分析并给大家提供了一些有效的应对策略。
50. D 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段最后一句Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit？和整体理解，可知D项符合文意。答案及解析
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件20张PPT。第11讲 五大高效解题步骤 1. 细读首句，预测主题
“完形填空”所选短文的第一句往往是全文的关键句或是主题句。它是文章的“窗口”，通过它，可以大致了解全文的概貌与作者的立意。所以，细读首句，重视首句，正确理解首句是解题的关键，是正确预测的基础。要细心阅读，客观分析，理性思索，以期挖掘出更多的有用的潜在信息，为后面的解题打下坚实的基础。 2. 跳读全文，领会大意
要学会跳读技巧。借助首尾句所给启示，捕捉文中关键词的词义信息，跳过空格，快速把短文从头到尾通读一遍，大概了解文章的体裁、背景、内容、结构、情节发展、前因后果、论点论据等，进一步从整体上理解短文大意。同时对空格估计填什么词可作试探性的猜测，为下一步选择答案做好准备。切忌急于求成，看一句填一空。若一开始就忙于填空，势必无法掌握文章中心，造成顾此失彼，错误百出的不良结果。 3. 通读全文，试选答案
根据大意，以全文为背景，以上下文为依托，选取语法上正确，文义上贴近的词语填入，初步完成空格。试填选项时，一定要注意在语境理解上下工夫，要抓住上下文的内容联系和逻辑关系，进行多角度、全方位分析。可先读所要填词的句子，复读上一句，兼顾下一句，即“瞻前顾后”。在阅读全文时，不要忽略连接词、代词、插入语、转折语等的作用。因为这些词往往是改变语境的关键词，具有因果、让步、递进、转折、指代、列举、承上启下的特殊功能。 4. 细读全文，推敲难题
有些空格在初步完形时就可以定局，可部分空格答案还不明朗。做到这一步，我们将短文中被挖去的词“复位”了一些，对语境的了解更清晰，更准确了。我们要充分利用这一有利条件，联系上下文，根据常识，运用逻辑推理，结合语境和已选答案所提供的信息，对候选项再次进行仔细推敲，缜密考虑，选出最佳答案。 5. 复读全文，调整答案
在完形空格后，要把全文再浏览一遍，仔细检查一下你选的答案是否能使文义上下连贯、前后照应，逻辑顺畅，能否自然地融入语篇。既要检查语境、语法、惯用法的正确性，也要考虑内容和逻辑的合理性。对感觉有问题的地方，要仔细揣摩，准确定夺。【基础练习】答案及解析1. C 考查名词辨析。根据下文的“Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.”可知。technique“技术”；style“风格”；career “事业，生涯”都不符合题意。答案及解析2. A 考查动词辨析。skip“跳远”；reject“拒绝，抵制”；replace“取代”都不符合题意。人们观看的是完美的表演，但表演之前作品经历了(undergo)多次修改，与上段的“Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.”对应。答案及解析3. A 考查动词辨析。动词release“释放，赦免，发行”；record“记录，录音”；reserve“保留，预订”都不符合题意。动词rewrite表示“重写，修改”，与动词revise同义，符合语境。答案及解析4. B 考查介词短语辨析。介词短语in addition to表示“而且，除……之外还有”；in opposition to表示“与……的意见相反”；in contrast to表示“与……形成对比”，都与本题不符。in response to“作为对……的反应”在本句表示“你修改作品是对你想改进作品目的的一种回应”。答案及解析5. B 考查副词辨析。副词moreover“而且”，表递进含义。副词however“然而”，表转折关系；instead“作为替代、反而”，表相反含义；therefore“因此”，表原因，都不符合题意。答案及解析6. B 考查动词辨析。switch topics“变换标题”属于修改作品的一部分。discuss“讨论”；exhaust“使筋疲力尽”；cover“覆盖，包含”都不符合题意。答案及解析7. D 考查动名词辨析。drafting“起草”；rearranging“重新安排”；performing“表演”都与题意不符。training“培训”在本句表示“排练”，与上文dress rehearsals / tryouts同义。答案及解析8. B 考查形容词辨析。valuable表示“做自己作品的观众能给你有价值的新信息”。personal“个人的”；basic“基本的”；delicate“娇贵的，纤弱的，精美的”都与题意不符。答案及解析9. A 考查动词辨析。动词mix在本句表示“修改就是把作品所有方面的有效性和适当性融合在一起”。答案及解析10. D 考查形容词辨析。形容词clear在本句表示“我的文章大意或写作意图是否清晰”，与下文confuse readers对应。amazing“令人惊讶的”；bright“明亮的，聪明的”；unique“独特的”都与题意不符。答案及解析11. C 考查名词辨析。后句的facts, opinions, inferences都属于information，与上句newly discovered information对应。答案及解析12. A 考查形容词辨析。形容词unnecessary details表示“多余的信息”。uninteresting“单调的，乏味的”；concrete“具体的”；final“最终的，决定性的”都与题意不符。答案及解析
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件42张PPT。第24讲 信息的表述 1
本文着重讲述了美国的政府特许学校(charter school)的相关情况：它的定义、与传统学校对比之异同以及存在的问题等。
71. Charter schools 直接题。综合全文可以得出。
72. Definition / Meaning 概括题。
73. Receiving tax money 改写题。根据第三段“It receives tax money to operate a number of students.”可得出。
74. agreement (or charter) 直接题。根据第三段“These governments provide the school with the agreement, or charter that permits it to operate.”可判断。
75. Differences 概括题。对比上面similarities可得。
76. teaching contents 改写题。根据第四段“Local, state or federal governments cannot tell it what to teach.”可判断。
77. how to reach / ways to reach / ways of reaching 改写题。根据第五段 “Each school can choose its own goals and decide the ways it wants to reach those goals.”可判断。
78. fewer 改写题。根据第五段 “Class sizes are usually smaller than in many traditional public schools.” 可判断。
79．traditional public schools 直接题。由倒数第二段“They say these schools may receive money badly needed by traditional public schools.”可判断。
80. (needed) space 直接题。根据最后一段 “Many also lack needed space.”可判断。 理解是前提，而表述是目的和归宿。要正确、有效地表述信息要注意以下几点：
一、注意文字的简洁性
有以下几个规律可循：
(1)用名词所有格形式“'s”代替介词of。
(2)词性转换。 (3)句子结构转换。主要通过加工压缩信息抓住要点。言简意赅， 击中要害。因此怎样加工压缩信息就成了广大考生必备的一种技能。 阅读填空题要掌握以下几种技能：
①词形转换的能力。主要是看其前后的动词形式再作确认。如果前后都是动词原形那就不变；如果前后是v.-ing形式， 那就要随其变形。
②删减多余词汇的能力。一般主要是删去不影响主要意思表达的修饰词汇。如形容词、副词、冠词等等。
③以群体代替个体。如有的将a/an ＋n.变为其对应的复数形式。
④原意改换能力。可以用同义或近义词代替；或用反义词或派生词改换；或用从句改写；或用意思接近的名词短语代替原句较长的句子。同义、近义词归纳
1. run out (of) — lack — use up — give out 用光， 用尽
2. take place of — replace代替， 替代
3. no matter what — whatever不管什么
4. international — worldwide — global — universal — throughout the world — all over the world全世界
5. come into being — come into existence — appear形成， 源于
6. in the countryside — in rural areas在乡下
in the city — in urban areas在城里7. besides — as well as — what's more — apart from — in addition而且， 除了
8. split — break sth. apart — destroy — damage撕裂， 毁坏
9. come out — publish出版， 发行
10. remove — get rid of拆除， 移走
11. immediately — directly — instantly — secondly — the moment — the minute — upon/on doing — as soon as一……就……
12. solutions to do sth. — ways to do sth./ways of doing sth. — approaches to do sth.做某事的方法
13. every year — yearly — annual每年， 年年14. make sb. have the ability to do sth. — enable sb. to do sth.使某人能够做某事
15. a growing number — an increasing number越来越多
16. work out a plan — make a plan 制订计划
17. like sth. better — prefer更喜欢
18. make sth. better — improve使某物变好
19. take the advantage of — make full / good use of 充分利用
20. be aware of — know — realize — become conscious of知道， 意识到21. believe in — trust — have faith/trust in相信， 信任
22. give up — abandon — stop — quit放弃
23. go to a foreign country — go abroad出国
24. be not present at — be absent from缺席
25. be present at — attend出席， 参加
26. take in — absorb吸收
27. speed up — quicken — accelerate加速28. occasionally — accidentally — incidentally — once in a while偶尔
29. accomplish—complete — get through完成
30. because of — due to — on account of — owing to — thanks to因为，由于
31. occupy — account for — make up构成， 占
32. accuse of — charge with控告
33. look up to — admire — show respect for钦佩，仰慕34. grown-up — adult成人(的)
35. move forward — advance前进
36. have an effect/influence on — affect影响
37. later on — afterwards 之后
38. be afraid of — be scared of — be terrified at — fear — be frightened 害怕
39. disapprove of — oppose — object to — disagree to — be against反对
40. by oneself — alone 独自地41. lose one's temper — get angry/annoyed发怒
42. make sth. known to the public — announce — declare宣布
43. reply to — answer — make response to — react to回答
44. be anxious about — be concerned about — be worried about担心
45. make an apology to — say sorry to — apologize道歉
46. appeal to — interest — attract吸引47. give birth to — bear生育
48. cause trouble to — bother — disturb打扰， 妨碍
49. have the courage to — be brave to有勇气， 勇敢
50. refuse to accept — boycott拒绝接受
51. out of breath — breathless上气不接下气
52. figure out — calculate计算
53. call off — cancel取消
54. hold a celebration — celebrate — in celebration of — observe庆祝
55. one hundred years — century世纪56. run after — chase追赶
57. mix sth. up — combine with混合
58. at ease — comfortable 舒适， 放松
59. make up for — compensate弥补
60. take part in — compete in — participate in — join in — attend参加
61. draw a conclusion — conclude作结论
62. carry out — conduct — perform实施
63. contribute to — lead to — result in造成， 导致64. be convinced of — believe信服， 相信
65. be important —count — matter重要
66. rely on — count on — depend on依赖， 依靠
67. at risk — in danger处于危险中
68. know nothing about — in the dark一无所知
69. turn a deaf ear to — refuse to listen to充耳不闻
70. deal with — handle — cope with — do with处理， 对付
71. ten years — decade 十年72. make up one's mind — decide to do — determine to — be determined to下定决心
73. win over — defeat击败
74. delay — put off — postpone推迟
75. on purpose — deliberately — by design故意
76. give a description of — describe描述
77. in spite of — despite尽管
78. be worthy of — deserve值得
79. be different from — differ from与……不同80. on display — on show — on exhibition展览
81. be drunk with — be bent on — be addicted to — be crazy about沉溺于， 着迷
82. run away — escape逃跑
83. earn a living — make a living谋生
84. employ — adopt — use — take on采用
85. full of energy — energetic 精力充沛的
86. would like to do sth. — enjoy doing sth. — feel like doing sth. — be fond of doing sth.想要做某事
87. make sure — ensure确保88. at last — eventually最后， 终于
89. here and there — everywhere到处， 处处
90. work out — exercise锻炼
91. as a matter of fact — in fact/effect — actually事实上
92. make fun of — laugh at — play tricks/jokes on — make a fool of嘲笑，捉弄
93. grasp — take hold of — catch hold of抓住
94. body language — gesture肢体语言
95. go hungry — starve挨饿96. pay no attention to — ignore — overlook — take no notice of不关注
97. at a loss — feel puzzled at — be confused at不知所措
98. go with — match相配
99. keep up — maintain保持
100. at the same time — meanwhile同时
101. take place — occur发生
102. be well received — popular受欢迎
103. take the possession of — own — possess拥有104. in public — publically公开地
105. take pride in — be proud of 以……为自豪
106. set free — release释放
107. look like — resemble像
108. stand for — represent代表
109. seek — search — search for — hunt for — look for寻找， 搜寻110. all of a sudden — all at once — suddenly突然地
111. put up with — tolerate — stand — bear忍受
112. put on weight — gain weight长胖
113. speak in a low voice — whisper低语 二、注意表述的概括性
概括性是英语阅读填空所考查的重点，要求对阅读信息具有较强的综合归纳能力。在解答这类题时，要找出共性，根据标题词的特点表达，平时注意积累典型的概括性词汇及其常用搭配，以便迅速锁定最佳词语。阅读填空的概括性词汇分类归纳
表原因： reason (for), cause (of)
目的： purpose, aim, destination(目的地), goal, target
种类： kind of, type of, sort of, variety of, category of, style(风格)
方式： means, way, method
方位： location, position
建议： advice, suggestion, recommendation, tip
观点： attitude, idea, opinion, aspect, concern
用途(功能): usage, fun_ction变化，趋势： trend, development, raise, increase, decrease, change, spreading
描述： description, appearance, look, color, size, length, width, distance, height, shape
来源，历史： history, source, origin, root
影响，结果： effect, influence, result, consequence
措施，行动： measure, action, activity
益处，不利： benefit, advantage, convenience, disadvantage
概括，总结： summary, conclusion
主题： topic, theme, main idea, subject特点： feature, characteristic
评论： comment, remark, assessment
问题： problem, question, issue
需求： demand, need, requirement
内容，项目： content, item
事实，细节： fact, detail
信息： information
情绪，感觉： feeling, emotion物质，材料： substance, material
步骤： beginning, ending, step, procedure, process
比例： rate (比例，速度), percentage
天气，气候： weather, climate
灾难，事故： disaster, accident, threat
关系： relation, relationship
不同： difference, diversity
交通： traffic, transportation
时间，年代，年龄： date, time, age性别： sex
国籍： nationality
质量，数量： quality, quantity, number
速度： speed
事件： incident, event
反应： response
实践： practice
定义： definition
产品： product
防止： prevention, precaution
程度： degree相同，不同： similarity, difference
信仰： belief
答案： solution, answer
人口： population
资源： resource
职位： position
职业： work, job, occupation, profession
设备： equipment
任务： task组织者：organizer, sponsor
参加者：participant
种族： race, peoples 三、注意表述的对称性
对称性是英语阅读填空的又一要求。考生必须对试题所在表格中的上下、左右进行研究，挖掘出其表达形式的共性，如名词短语、介词短语、非谓语动词短语及特殊符号等都应该保持一致。 四、注意表达的正确性
正确表达是英语阅读填空的基本要求。考生在找出相关信息后，必须仔细研究，作出正确的表达。务必要避免时态、人称、单复数形式的错误，更不能出现拼写、标点符号等错误。
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件26张PPT。第16讲 判断词性、词义和词形(一) 1. 主要考查的知识点：
定冠词的基本用法、抽象名词具体化和固定搭配等。
2. 复习重点：
(1)定冠词的用法(基本用法必须熟记。下面几句顺口溜可以帮助记忆：特指双熟悉，上文已提及；世上独无二，序数最高级；普转专有名，习语及乐器。)
(2)不定冠词的基本用法。
几种特殊用法：
①专有名词前用不定冠词，表示“像……的一个人或物”，如：a Napoleon。
②姓名前用不定冠词，表示“某个叫……的人”，多指不认识的人，如：a Miss Smith。
③用于某些物质名词前，表示“一种、一份、一阵”等，如：a tea and a coffee。
④用于某些抽象名词前，使抽象概念具体化。这种用法的名词有a surprise/knowledge/success/failure/
pleasure/interest/joy等等。3. 冠词的判断：
根据冠词修饰名词这一特点，如果空格位于名词前(或名词前还有形容词)时，该空格可能是填冠词。【基础练习】1. He bought his daughter who is a senior-three student ______ useful book. 【答案】 a 【基础练习】2. He has never seen ______ more interesting film. 【答案】 a 【基础练习】3. The little girl burst into crying because the man with a mask was really ______ horrible sight to her. 【答案】 a 【基础练习】4. ______ 800-meter-long bridge has been put up over the river. 【答案】 An 【基础练习】5. She had ______ X-ray examination yesterday. 【答案】 an 【基础练习】6. His task is to take care of ______ wounded. 【答案】 the 【基础练习】7. You must turn to ______ man responsible for this. 【答案】 the 【基础练习】8. He is ______ taller of the two. 【答案】 the 1. 主要考查的知识点：
不定代词的用法，it的用法和人称代词的格。
2．复习重点：
①指代必须准确无误。
②在使用人称代词、反身代词、物主代词这3类代词时，要注意它们在句中的人称、单复数及性别与所有格的一致性。
③疑问代词的用法。3. 代词的判断：
①空格所在的句子缺主语或宾语时，需考虑填代词或名词(多考代词)。缺主语，用主格；缺宾语，用宾格；人称代词、不定代词、反身代词、指示代词等主要通过上下文来判断其语义和根据语法规则来判断其词形。
②名词在句子中作主语、宾语或表语且名词前面没有限定词，该名词前的空格可能是填some, any，other，another或与前面名词或人称代词对应的物主代词等限定词。【基础练习】 1. From Monday until Friday, most people are busy working or studying, but in the evening or on weekends they are free to relax and enjoy ______. 【答案】 themselves 【基础练习】2. Every year, on Spring Festival, CCTV broadcasts ______ Spring Festival Gala live to millions of viewers. 【答案】 its/the 【基础练习】3. If they didn't pass, they would have to retake the exams in September. There were usually a few who failed, but Kate decided not to be ______ of them. 【答案】 one 【基础练习】4. He makes ______ a rule to drink some tea before going to bed.【答案】 it 【基础练习】 5. ______ is no use arguing with him about it.【答案】 It1. 主要考查的知识点：
形容词作定语；形容词和副词的比较级、最高级等。
2. 重点复习：
①形容词和副词的基本用法及相关语法规则。
②比较级的程度修饰语(much，very much，far，even，still，rather，any等)。
③表示起承转合的副词。此功能与关联词相似，只是这种副词在用法上更加灵活多变。典型的有though, however, also, therefore, still, besides, or，otherwise, first, second, then, finally等等。3. 形容词/副词的判断：
①根据形容词与连系动词连用及修饰名词的特点，如果空格前的动词是连系动词或空格在名词前(尤其是“冠词＋______ ＋ 名词”结构)时，该空可考虑填形容词；如果空格所填的词是修饰行为动词、形容词、副词、过去分词及整个句子(此时抽去空格，句意基本完整)，则考虑用副词。
②两个事物进行比较应用比较级，三个或三个以上事物进行比较应用最高级。【基础练习】 1. He dug for 12 hours…______， in the 38th hour, he pulled back a large stone and heard his son's voice. 【答案】 Finally/Eventually 【基础练习】2. It was cold yesterday, but it's ______ colder today.【答案】 much 【基础练习】 3. When we got there, to our disappointment, we found the situation was much ______ than expected. 【答案】 worse 【基础练习】 4. Other than daily meals, the school also passed out some chess boards and cards to help students kill time, but they couldn't go out ______ for snacks at a nearby shop. 【答案】 even
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件21张PPT。第17讲 判断词性、词义和词形(二) 1. 主要考查的知识点：
从属连词和并列连词的基本用法及意义。
2. 复习重点：
①各种从句(名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句)连词的基本用法及在语言环境中的活用；引导各种从句的从属连词：如名词性从句的引导词what, who, which, when, where, whatever, whoever, whichever, whether；状语从句引导词where, wherever, when, if, how, unless, until; 定语从句引导词that, which, who, whom, whoever, whomever, whichever, where, when, why 等。
②“介词＋连词”引导的定语从句。
③特殊句型中的连词。
④并列连词的基本意义及语法作用；并列句的各种关联词：如and, but, or, though, although, so等。3. 连词的判断：
(1)从属连词的判断：
①设空前面为名词，后面的句子可能是定语从句或同位语从句。如果是定语从句而从句缺主语或宾语时则该空应填关系代词that, which(先行词指物), who, whom(先行词指人)；如果空格前面的名词(即先行词)在定语从句中充当状语，应填where, when, why 等连接副词；作定语时用whose(whose＋ 名词＝the ＋名词＋of which)。如果是同位语从句，则根据句意判断所缺连词。特别注意：
a. 空格前面是句子，且有逗号与空格后的句子隔开，可考虑为非限制性定语从句的连词，连词的选用同样根据先行词及先行词在从句中的作用而定；若是前面的整个句子作先行词，连词用which 或as(这一点)。
b. 设空形式为：“……名词 ＋介词______……”时，多为“介词＋连词”引导的定语从句。②设空位于句首，且包含空格的句子与后面的句子有逗号隔开，该空可判断为状语从句的连词。设空位于句中，空格前后的两个句子都分别是完整意义的句子，该空可考虑填状语从句的连词。再根据上下文句子的逻辑关系，填写恰当的状语从句引导词。
③设空前面为动词或短语动词，空格部分一般为宾语从句连词。从句缺主语或宾语时则该空应填连接代词who, whom, what(所……的)；从句不缺少任何成分时，填that；从句缺少状语时，则应考虑填连接副词where, when, why等；或者根据前后句子之间的逻辑意义，可填if/whether(是否)。系动词后为表语从句。④设空位于句首且包含空格的句子在句中充当主语时，该空连词为主语从句连词，再根据主从句的逻辑关系，填写恰当的连词(特别注意用it作形式主语后的连词用法)。
(2)并列连词的判断：
两个句子意义完整(有时有逗号分开，有时没有)。只能根据两个句子之间的关系确定连词的选用。【基础练习】1. Man differs from animals in __________ they can think and speak.【答案】 that 【基础练习】2. The old temple __________ roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair. 【答案】 whose 【基础练习】3. Because of the heavy traffic, it was already time for lunch break __________ she got to her office. 【答案】 when 【基础练习】4. Today, we will begin __________ we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out. 【答案】 where【基础练习】5. The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, __________accompanied by an adult. 【答案】 unless 【基础练习】6. In that age, they couldn't do __________ they like. 【答案】 what 【基础练习】7. It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village __________ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner. 【答案】 that 1. 主要考查的知识点：
①介词的基本用法及在语境中的活用。②固定搭配
2. 介词的判断：
①在句子中不缺主语、宾语或表语的情况下(即名词或代词在句子中不作主语、宾语或表语时)，设空在名词或代词前面一定填介词(设空前后名词或代词并列关系除外)。
②不及物动词后带宾语时，设空在动词与宾语之间应填介词(或副词)。
③设空形式为：“……名词 __________ 连词……”时，空格处要填介词。再根据语境填写恰当意义的介词。【基础练习】1. ______ working hard, he started his own company.【答案】 By 【基础练习】2. My father warned me ______ going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists. 【答案】 against 【基础练习】3. You look well. The air and the sea foods in Sanya must agree ______ you, I suppose. 【答案】 with 【基础练习】4. Wind power is an ancient source of energy ______ which we may return in the near future. 【答案】 to
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件36张PPT。1
第5讲 动词的时态和语态 英语中，动词有16种时态，而湖南高考要求考生掌握10种时态，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时以及现在完成进行时。考点1：一般现在时与现在进行时
“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say, “because every step ______.”(2012·全国新课标卷 23)
A. has shown B. is showing
C. shows D. showed【解析】选 C。此处是直接引语。句子的内容是生活哲理，所以用一般现在时。句意： 奶奶过去常常说： “人生就像在雪中行走，因为每一步都看得见(留下了你的足迹)。”考点2：现在完成时与一般过去时
It is the most instructive lecture that I ______ since I came to this school. (2011·湖南卷30)
A. attended B. had attended
C. am attending D. have attended 【解析】选D。句意：自从我来了这所学校以后，这是我听过的最有教育意义的一场讲座。这里考查了定语从句和时态两个知识点。因为前面的谓语动词是is，并且谈论的是从过去开始持续到现在的一段时间里发生的动作，所以用现在完成时。故选D。考点3：过去进行时与一般过去时
— That must have been a long trip.
— Yeah, it ______ us a whole week to get there. (2011·北京卷27)
A. takes B. has taken
C. took D. was taking【解析】选C 。 根据上句must have been可知trip发生在过去，因此第二句选用一般过去时took。句意：——那一定是一次漫长的旅行。——是啊，我们花了整整一星期才到达那儿。考点4：过去完成时与一般过去时
After Jack had sent some e-mails, he ______ working on his project. (2012·山东卷 28)
A. had started B. has started
C. started D. starts 【解析】选 C。 根据前半句的谓语动词用了过去完成时，可知后半句用一般过去时，这样才能符合“过去的过去”这一条件。句意： Jack发了几封电子邮件之后，他才开始研究他的项目。考点5：现在完成时与现在完成进行时
The manager ______ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am. (2012·全国大纲卷18)
A. has told B. is telling
C. has been telling D. will have told【解析】选 C。 现在完成进行时表示： 过去某一动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，现在刚刚结束或还在进行。句意： 经理从早上9点开始就一直在不停地告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。根据句意选C。考点6：一般将来时与将来进行时
— Can I call you back at two o'clock this afternoon?
— I'm sorry, but by then I ______ to Beijing. How about five? (2012·陕西卷 24)
A. fly B. will fly
C. will be flying D. am flying 【解析】选C。根据问句中的two o'clock和应答句中的by then可知所填词表示的动作在将来正在进行，用将来进行时，选C。考点1：注意各种时态的被动语态形式
They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house ______.(2012·四川卷11)
A. is being rebuilt B. has been rebuilt
C. is rebuilt D. has rebuilt【解析】选A。本题考查动词的时态和语态。句意为： 他们现在暂时和父母一起居住，因为他们自己的房子正在重建。根据句意可知，应使用现在进行时，且house与动词rebuilt之间为被动关系，故使用现在进行时态的被动语态。考点2：“get＋过去分词”结构
Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I ______ on Friday. (2012·辽宁卷 35)
A. get paid B. got paid
C. have paid D. had been paid【解析】选A。句意： 妈妈，能否借几美元给我，星期五发工资后还给你。until引导的时间状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来，get paid相当于一般现在时的被动语态。考点3：不及物动词没有被动语态
Food supplies in the flood-stricken area ______. We must act immediately before there's none left. (2012·重庆卷 27)
A. have run out B. are running out
C. have been run out D. are being run out【解析】选B。分析题干语境可知，食品供应即将耗尽。run out为不及物动词短语，不能使用被动形式，由此可排除C和D两个选项。B选项为现在进行时态，可以表示将来，符合题意。因此，正确答案为B选项。考点4：主动表被动的若干情形
例1：— Shall we go fishing tomorrow?
— Sounds great, but with so much homework ______， I really can't afford the time.
A. done B. to do
C. being done D. doing【解析】选B。“with＋宾语＋不定式”结构中的不定式表示将来，且常用主动表被动。考点4：主动表被动的若干情形
例2：This machine is very easy ______. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. (2012·辽宁卷 29)
A. operating B. to be operating
C. operated D. to operate【解析】选D。在句型“主语＋be＋adj.＋to do”中，如果这个主语是动词do的逻辑宾语，常用主动表被动，所以选D。考点5: 双宾语动词的被动语态
She was ______ the bike for 25 dollars，but she wouldn't take it.
A. provided B. supplied
C. offered D. gave【解析】选C。 offer 作“出价，开价”讲，常有offer sb. money for sth.和offer sb. sth. for money两种搭配。此处是将后者用于被动语态中。考点6：短语动词的被动语态
— Why does Lingling look so unhappy?
— She ______ by her classmates.
A. has laughed B. has laughed at
C. has been laughed D. has been laughed at【解析】选D。由by短语可知该用被动语态，即可排除A、B。laugh是不及物动词，没有被动语态，而laugh at是及物动词短语，可用被动语态。考点7：不及物动词和有些及物动词(短语)无被动语态
Great changes ______ in the city and a lot of factories ______.
A. have been taken place; have been set up
B. have taken place; have been set up
C. are taken place; are set up
D. were taken place; were set up自我评估【解析】选B。take place 为不及物动词短语，一般不用被动语态，即可排除A、C、D。1. — You've left the light on.
— Oh, so I have. ______ and turn it off.
A. I'll go B. I've gone
C. I go D. I'm going【解析】选A。此题的A和D不易分清，因为两者均可表示将来。will 和 be going to后接动词原形均可表示意图，但意图有强弱之分，如果是事先考虑过的意图，要用 be going to；如果不是事先考虑过的，而是说话时刻才临时想到的意图，则用 will。比较：
— I've come out without any money.
——我没带钱出来。
— Never mind, I will lend you some.
——没关系，我借给你。(句中用will lend表示“借”钱给对方是临时想到的，即听了对方的话后临时作出的反应)
I've bought a typewriter and I'm going to learn to type.我买了部打字机，我想学打字。
(句中用 be going to learn to type表示说话人“学打字”是事先准备的，并为此买了台打字机)2. By the window sits his wife, who, dressed in black, ______ like my aunt.
A. look B. looking
C. looked D. looks【解析】选D。但B和C可能被误选。此句的基本结构是 His wife sits by the window，由于句子主语 his wife 带有较复杂的修饰语，所以采用了倒装语序(By the window sits his wife…)。who, dressed in black, ______like my aunt是定语从句，其中dressed in black是插入语，故应填looks作定语从句的谓语。3. The bridge, which ______ 1688, needs repairing.
A. is dated from B. was dated from
C. dates from D. dated from【解析】选C。此题容易误选B或D，认为句中用了 1688 这个过去时间，所以应选过去时态，又因为 date from 不用于被动语态，所以只能选D。其实此题的最佳答案应是C，因为 date from 的意思是“自某时起存在至今(＝have existed since)”，它通常用于一般现在时，而不用于过去时态(尽管其后接的是表示过去的时间)，除非所谈论的东西现在已不复存在，如： The church, which dated from the 13th century, was destroyed in an earthquake two years ago. (那座教堂是13世纪建成的，两年前在一次地震中被毁了。)(注意： 与 date from 同义的 date back to 也有类似用法。) 4. — Do you like the material?
— Yes, it ______ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt
C. feels D. is felt【解析】选C。此题容易误选D，认为应用被动语态。其实，此题正确答案为C，因为 feel 在此为连系动词，不能用于被动语态。 6. — He will come tomorrow.
— But I'd rather he ______ the day after tomorrow.
A. will come B. is coming
C. came D. had come【解析】选C。此题容易误选A或B，因为上文的 He will come tomorrow 以及下文的时间状语 the day after tomorrow 似乎都表明空白处应用一般将来时态。但实际上此题的最佳答案是 C，这与 would rather 的用法有关。按照英语习惯，would rather 后接that 从句时，其谓语的时态规律是： 用过去时表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。又如：
I'd rather you went home now.
我宁愿你现在就回家。I'd rather you hadn't done that.
我真希望你没有做过那件事。
“I've told him about it.” “But I'd rather you hadn't.”
“我把这件事告诉他了。”“但我倒宁愿你没有告诉他。”
“He will take you as well.” “But I'd rather he didn't.”
“他将把你也带上。”“但我倒宁愿不要带我去。”7. Mr. Smith ______ a book about China last year but I don't know whether he has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote
C. had written D. was writing【解析】选D。这是由 but I don't know whether he has finished it 这一句话的语境决定的，全句意为“史密斯先生去年在写一本书，但我不知道他现在是否写完了”。有的同学可能由于受 last year的影响而误选B。但若选B，则句子前半部分的意思则为“史密斯先生去年写了一本书”，既然是“写了”，那么这与下文的“但我不知道他现在是否写完了”相矛盾。8. — Your phone number again. I ______ quite catch it.
— It's 4331577.
A. didn't B. couldn't
C. don't D. can't【解析】选A。此题容易误选C，认为此处要用一般现在时态，表示现在“没听清对方的话”。其实，答案应选A，根据上文的语境“请把你的电话号码再说一遍好吗？”，可知“没听清对方的电话号码”应是在说此话以前，故应用一般过去时态。9. — Please don't make a noise.
— ______. I'll be as quiet as a mouse.
A. Yes, I do B. No, I don't
C. Yes, I will D. No, I won't【解析】选D。有的同学由于受前一句don't 的影响，认为下文的答句应选A或B，这些同学主要是忽略了上文的真实语境： 上文是一个祈使句，而祈使句表示的时间应是“将来”，这从空格后的 I'll be…这个将来时态也可看出。另外，从 I'll be as quiet as a mouse 这一语境来看，此题的最佳答案应选D而不选C。No, I won't. 为 No, I won't make any noise.之省略。10. I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I ______ too busy.
A. was B. had been
C. would be D. would have been【解析】选A。此题容易误选B或D，认为前句用了had hoped，所以此句谓语要用B或D与之呼应。正确答案为A。前一句谓语用had hoped，表示的是过去未曾实现的想法或打算，可以译为“本想”，而后一句说“我太忙”，这是陈述过去的一个事实，所以要用一般过去时。1
课件21张PPT。第8讲 助动词和特殊句式(一) 考点1: 代词作主语
Nothing but stamps and envelopes ______ for sale.
A. are B. is
C. are left D. remain 【解析】选B。nothing作主语表单数概念，谓语动词用单数。but后的名词不影响谓语动词的单复数。考点2: 名词作主语
Apples of this kind ______ well.
A. sells B. sell
C. is sold D. are sold 【解析】选B。n. ＋ of this kind后的谓语动词由名词单复数来定。sell well 畅销，用主动表被动。考点3: 两个或两个以上的名词连在一起作主语
The basketball coach, as well as his team, ______ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance. (2012·陕西卷 12)
A. were B. was
C. is D. are【解析】选B。考查动词时态和主谓一致。主语中心词是the basketball coach，是单数，根据shortly after the match可以推断出题干时态是一般过去时，故选B。考点4: “the＋形容词或分词”作主语
The wounded ______ been carried to hospital already.
A. is B. are
C. has D. have【解析】选D。“the＋分词”指人作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。考点5: 句子、短语作主语
例1：Most of what has been said about the Smiths______also true of the Johnsons.
A. are B. is
C. being D. to be【答案】选B。考点5: 句子、短语作主语
例2：Barbara is the only one of the athletes who ______ a winner of the 100-metre race in our town since 1998.
A. is B. are
C. have been D. has been 【解析】选D。 当one 之前有the 或the only/very/just时，定语从句则是修饰the (only/very/just) one 的，谓语动词用单数。此题中后有时间状语since 1998，故用现在完成时。考点1: 强调句型的基本结构
It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic ______ Zheng He had sailed to East Africa. (2012·重庆卷 32)
A. when B. that
C. after D. since【解析】选B。句子虽然比较长，但是其主干为强调句型，是对“80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic”进行了强调，由此可知，空白处应该填写“that”。因此，正确答案为B选项。考点2: not…until…用于强调句
It was not until ______ that I knew the truth.
A. you told me B. did you tell me
C. had you told me D. you have told me【解析】选A。该句强调了not until you told me。在强调not…until…句型时要将not 与until放在一起，并且语序不变。考点3: 对谓语动词的强调
She ______ that the film is not as commercial as some audiences are used to.
A. admit B. is admitted
C. does admit D. had admitted【解析】选C。考查强调句的用法。句意为： 她一再表示，该电影不是某些观众所熟悉的商业化的电影。does admit用于表示一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数时对动词admit的强调。故选C。考点1: 部分倒装
The headmaster will not permit the change in the course, nor ______ it a thought.(2012·重庆卷 33)
A. does he even give B. he even gives
C. will he even give D. he will even give【解析】选C。空白处前为否定词“nor”位于句首，句子应该使用部分倒装结构，而且根据语境空白处应使用一般将来时，C选项符合题意。 考点2: 完全倒装
Out ______， still discussing the fashion show with great interest. (江苏南京金陵中学高三第4次模拟卷)
A. walked a crowd of young girls
B. did a crowd of young girls walk
C. were walking a crowd of young girls
D. a crowd of young girls were walking【解析】选A。方位副词out 放于句首，后用全部倒装。即谓语动词全部在主语之前。 例1：—I don't know about you, but I'm sick and tired of this weather.
—______. I can't stand all this rain. (2012·山东卷 31)
A. I don't care B. It's hard to say
C. So am I D. I hope so 【解析】选C。 根据后面一句中的I can't stand all this rain可知，此处与上一句中的I'm sick and tired of the weather表达同样的感受，因此应该用So am I，表达“我也是”。选项A和D都与后面一句话矛盾；B的意思是“很难说”，不符合句意。例2：— Will he fail in the exam?
— ______.
A. Don't hope to
B. Let's hope not
C. Not hope so
D. Let's hope not to【解析】选B。考查用so, not省略前面提到的事，表肯定与否定。so可代替单词、词组、句子，作believe, do, expect, guess, hope, fear, imagine, suppose, think等词的宾语；not代替否定的句子，用法与so相似。根据句意“(让)我们希望他考试不要失败”和语法规则，为了不重复别人的话，表示否定意义时， hope只用(I) hope not的形式。
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件31张PPT。第9讲 助动词和特殊句式(二) 例1: Had they known what was coming next, they ______ second thoughts. (2012·浙江卷 19)
A. may have B. could have
C. must have had D. might have had【解析】选D。本句是一个倒装句，可还原为：If they had known what was coming next, they might have had second thoughts.根据had known提示，可知是与过去事实相反，因此虚拟语气主句中应该用would/might ＋have done，由此可见答案D符合语境。例2: We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ______more places of interest yesterday. (2012·福建卷 31)
A. visited
B. had visited
C. would visit
D. would have visited【解析】选D。句意： 我们在那个小村庄迷路了，要不然的话，我们昨天就游览了更多的名胜古迹。本题关键是从时间状语yesterday知道是对过去的虚拟，前半句是过去的客观事实“我们在那个小山村迷路”，otherwise(否则)，后半句是用对过去的虚拟would have done，答案为D项。对虚拟语气的做法主要是看时间状语或是看里面的关键词是对什么时间的虚拟，这就很容易了。故选D。 考点1：if从句的3种虚拟形式考点2：wish 后的宾语从句
1．表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式。
2．表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用had＋ done。
3．表示将来难以实现的愿望，谓语动词用should/would(情态动词) ＋ 动词原形。考点3：含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。其常见结构有：
1．if only要是……就好了(与wish后面的虚拟语气类似)
If only you hadn't told him the news.
要是你没有告诉他这个消息就好了。2．without/but for如果没有……
Human beings would die without water.
(＝Human beings would die if there were no water.)
如果没有水，人类就会灭亡。
3．otherwise/or否则，不然的话
I had no money then. Otherwise I would have bought that book.
我当时没有钱，要不然，我就买那本书了。考点4：虚拟语气的其他常见表现形式
1．would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。表示与现在或将来的事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式；表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用had＋ done。
2．一想要(desire)一宁愿(prefer)一坚持(insist)二命令(order, command)三建议(advise, suggest, propose/recommend)四要求(demand, require, request, ask)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用 “should ＋ do”，其中should可以省略。 3．表示 “早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为： It is (high / about) time that ＋ 主语＋ 动词的过去式/ should ＋ do(优先使用动词过去式)，即从句用虚拟过去式。
4．“情态动词＋have done”的结构，也带有“虚拟语气”的意义。
①could have done 本来能够做而实际上未做
②might have done 本来可以做而实际上未做③should/ought to have done本来应该做而实际上未做
④ought not to have done/shouldn't have done本来不应该做而实际上做了
⑤needn't have done本来不必要做而实际上做了考点1：转折并列句
转折并列句主要由but(但是), yet(可是), while(而，却)等连词连接。
1．but 用作并列连词，意为“但是”，“然而”，表示转折意义。
Rick made some more records, but he wasn't as popular as he had been before.
里克虽然录制了更多唱片，但不像以前那样受欢迎了。此时要注意 but 与 however 的区别。 however 表示“可是”，“但是”的意义时，常用作副词，可以放在句首、句中、句尾，并常用逗号将它与句子分开。
However，he didn't make his mark in the end.
然而，他终未成功。 2．but 可置于表示歉意的话(如 Excuse me 或 I'm sorry )之后，提出请求或说出可能触犯对方的话，它没有实际意义，只起连接作用，可以省去。
I am sorry, but I don't think I know you.
很抱歉，我想我不认识你。
Excuse me, but can you tell me how to surf the net?
劳驾，你能告诉我怎么上网吗？考点2: 选择并列句
You have to move out of the way ______ the truck cannot get past you. (2012·新课标卷 34)
A. so B. or
C. and D. but【解析】选B。or表示“否则”。表示另外一种选择所造成的结果。______ at the door before you enter my room, please. (2012·北京卷 31)
A. Knock B. Knocking
C. Knocked D. To knock【解析】选A。祈使句考点，用动词原形。There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent, ______？ (2012·江苏卷 25)
A. is there B. isn't there
C. is he D. isn't he【解析】选A。根据前面there be 句里含有否定意义的词little，所以反意疑问句用肯定形式，其主谓应与陈述部分的主谓保持一致，故选A项。1. — Where is it?
— Where is ______？ I don't know what do you mean?
A. what B. that
C. it D. so【解析】选A。句意：什么在什么地方？ 其实，这类用法在口语中经常使用。如：
It was so dark that I couldn't tell who was who.
当时一片漆黑，我分不清谁是谁。
“What are you going to do next fall？” “Next what？”
“下一个秋季你打算要干什么？”“你说下一个什么？”
They look exactly the same, and I really don't know which is which.
它们看起来一模一样， 我实在分不清哪个是哪个。2. The man in prison insisted that he ______ nothing wrong and ______ set free.
A. had done; should be B. should do; should be
C. had done; had been D. should do; had been【解析】选A。insist意为“坚决要求”时，其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气(即“should＋动词原形”，其中should可省略)；insist意为“坚持认为”时，其后的宾语从句用陈述语气。3. Hard ______ he studies, he cannot pass the examination.
A. when B. how
C. as D. while【解析】选C。属于让步倒装结构，其基本句式为“名词(不带冠词)、形容词、副词、动词等＋as/though＋主语＋谓语”。又如：
Child as he is, he did it very well.
他虽是个孩子，但已干得很不错了。4. More than one student ______ read the novels, which ______ written by David.
A. has; was B. have; were
C. has; were D. have; was【解析】选C。more than one student (不止一个学生) 从形式上看是单数，但从意义上却是复数，它用作主语时，谓语动词用单数。第二空前的which指的是novels，故谓语用were。5. —It looks as if he were drunk.
—So it does. ______.
A. He'd better give up drinking
B. He shouldn't have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so【解析】选D。做此题要抓住关键词were，因为它表明此句的谓语为虚拟语气，也就是说，“他喝醉了”不是事实，只是他看起来好像喝醉了，所以此题的最佳答案是D。另外注意，句中的 so it does 表示强调，意为“他看上去的确像是喝醉了”。6. I'm quite willing to help and ______ are the others.
A. they B. who
C. so D. even【解析】选C。在“so ＋ 倒装句”这一结构中，so 的意思与 also 相似，主要用来回答或补充前面句子的意思，表示“……也一样”。
此结构的前后句的时态和助动词通常是一致的，但有时由于语境不同，可能有例外。如：
If you stay for dinner, so will I.
你要是留下来吃饭，那我也就留下。
但是，如果前面一句是否定句，则后面一句不用 so，而用 neither 或 nor。如：
He didn't like the house and neither / nor did his wife.
他不喜欢这房子，他妻子也不喜欢。7. The boys and the girls each ______ to do something different, which ______the teacher uneasy.
A. want; make B. wants; makes
C. want; makes D. wants; make【解析】选C。第一空应填动词 want，因为此句的主语是 the boys and the girls，而 each 只是主语的同位语；第二空前的which指前句的整句内容，表单数意义，故填makes。8. Every boy and girl ______ the book and they each ______ to buy one.
A. like; want B. likes; wants
C. likes; want D. like; wants【解析】选C。此题容易误选D，认为前面一空要用复数动词，因为它的主语是 boy and girl，是复数；而第二空则应用单数动词，因为其前有 each 表示“每一个”。而事实上，此题应选C。因为按英语习惯，every 后接两个单数名词作主语时，谓语要用单数，即第一空应填 likes；而第二空要填复数动词 want，因为其前的主语是 they 而不是 each(each 为主语同位语)。
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件22张PPT。第14讲 妙用常识及排除法 背景常识
完形填空命题的基本形式是独立的语篇，它以自身的内容提供完整的语篇信息，但其中有时渗透着相关的如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读。例：(2012·广东卷)
We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be __1__ to other people. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are __2__ wrong, too. For instance, we should not hurt or bully (欺负) others, nor should we litter. Rules often tell us what is right or wrong.
1. A. kind B. sensitive
C. fair D. generous
2. A. equally B. slightly
C. clearly D. increasingly 思路点拨：
1. A 根据right和后文的提示，再结合常识可知： 对待别人要有一颗善良的心。
2. C 根据全文第一句中的obviously获得信息。49. A 根据常识，司机说“羡慕” Susan时是On Friday morning，即星期五的早上了，就是过了一个星期。所以是在过去的这一个星期里。答案及解析【基础练习】妙用排除法，缩小选择范围
解答完形填空题需要考生进行认真的阅读、理解、推理和判断，需要对4个选项进行仔细的辨别、分析，从而去伪存真。有时我们会遇到这样的情况，对某个题目的正确选项的含义、用法不甚明白， 但发现其他选项有显而易见的谬误。这时，我们可以尝试着用排除法。所谓排除法就是将干扰项逐项检查、验证，发现错误的选项立即剔除。随着选择范围的缩小，选中正确选项的几率逐渐增大。排除法如果运用得好，可以大大节省时间和精力。例：(2012·江苏卷)
The concept of solitude (独处) in the digital world is almost non-existent. In the world of digital technology, e-mail, social networking and online video games, information is meant to be __36__. Solitude can be hard to discover __37__ it has been given up. In this respect, new technologies have 38.(shaped) our culture.
36．A. updated B. received
C. shared D. collected
37．A. though B. until
C. once D. before思路点拨：
在现代社会中，由于数码技术的发展，我们独处的概念几乎不复存在。尽管人们对现代技术的发展持有不同的看法，但是技术的进步，我们的生活会完全不同。让我们尽情地享受生活。
36. C 根据第一句The concept of solitude (独处) in the digital world is almost non-existent.“在数码时代里，独处的概念几乎是不存在的”可知，此处表示信息是被共享的。故选C项。
37. C 根据上下文的语境，“一旦被放弃，独处是很难发现的”。once意为“一旦”，符合语境。though意为“尽管”；until意为“直到”；before意为“在……之前”，都不符合题意。【基础练习】答案及解析1. C 从后文My father __2__ when I was one, my mother paid.可推知面试官是问是否他父亲为他付学费。答案及解析2. D 从语境可推知他父亲去世了。pass away去世。set off出发， 动身； turn over打翻， 翻身， 折腾， 翻阅； spit out吐出。答案及解析3. B 从上下文可知主任是要求他展示双手。request请求， 要求。persuade说服， 劝说；beg请求， 乞求； suggest建议， 提出， 使想起， 暗示。答案及解析4. B 从下文“Have you ever helped your mother to wash the clothes before？”可推知主任看到的不是干过活的手。smooth光滑的，平坦的。答案及解析5. A 从后文…he happily requested his mother to let him clean her hands.可知让他给他妈妈洗手。答案及解析6. C 从前文felt strange, happy可知是复杂、百感交集的感觉。mixed混合的。cheerful愉快的， 高兴的；sorrowful悲伤的； relaxed不拘束的，放松的。答案及解析7. D 从文章第二段的my mother paid以及后文the school fees可知是付在学校上学等费用。答案及解析8. A 从前文可知他看到妈妈的手百感交集，因此可推知他悄悄地帮妈妈洗剩下的衣服。答案及解析9. B 从后文的in the youth's eyes可知眼里是泪水。答案及解析10. D 从前文和后文的cleaning all the remaining clothes可知是帮妈妈洗完了剩下的衣服。答案及解析11. C 从前文how difficult可推知答案。答案及解析12. A 从本句可知是家庭关系的重要性和价值。value价值， 估价， 评价；difficulty困难， 难点；experience经验， 体验， 经历， 阅历； distance距离， 远离。答案及解析
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件20张PPT。第12讲 巧用文章信息及逻辑关系 巧用首句信息
完形填空通常首句不设空，目的是让考生迅速进入主题，熟悉语言环境，建立正确的思维导向。英语中首句通常是文章的主题句，把握了主旨句对于理解全文和解题很有帮助。注意原词复现
完形填空试题中，某一词语常常重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现的语用意义是使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。在阅读文章过程中，有时也会发现一些与选项意义紧密相连的同义词或近义词。因此要学会充分利用这些词提供的有效信息合理地推测判断，选出正确答案。注意暗示信息
完形填空主要考查学生对语境的理解。所以学生在做题时要有全局观念，进行连贯性思维，做题时要把每个空白处的含义与前后句的意思联系起来理解，进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。难选之处通常前后多有暗示。这种暗示多为后面暗示前面。
一般来说，完形填空的4个选项形式完全相同，如都是动词原形、副词、名词复数形式等。所以要注意它们之间在意义上和搭配上的细微差异，形义兼顾。同时，一定要把这些选项放到特定的语境里进行区分、判断，从而选出正确答案。理清逻辑关系
语篇一般指比句子长的语言单位，如句群、段落、篇章等。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，这些词语被称为“语篇标志”。如：
表示结构层次的语篇标志语有：firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等；
表示逻辑关系的语篇标志语有thus, therefore, so等；
表示改变话题的语篇标志语有by the way等；表示递进关系的语篇标志语有besides, what's more, further等；
表示时间关系的语篇标志语有before, so far, yet, meanwhile, later等；
表示转折关系的有but, while, on the other hand, although等。
在做完形填空时，如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文的关系。【基础练习】答案及解析1. C 首句暗示，也可用词汇复现法得出答案。首句中的receive即为get的同义词。答案及解析2. C 短语辨析。break in 闯入，插话；settle down定居，安定；show up 出现；turn off关闭。句意：三个女士带着礼物出现在门口。答案及解析3. B 逻辑推理题。上文逻辑：母亲告诉我们，因为没钱，今年我们将不会收到圣诞礼物了。我因此感到伤心，想到其他同学到时问我收到了什么礼物，我会无言以对。现在好了，有了礼物，返校时就不用面对这样的尴尬了。答案及解析4. A 上文暗示。关键词：new。在新房子里过第一个圣诞节。答案及解析5. B 用排除法可以确定答案。hardly几乎不；regularly经常；occasionally 偶尔，间或。三个词均不符合情景。答案及解析6. D 用排除法可以确定答案。所有孤儿应该是他们能邀请到的，只有reach可表达此意。答案及解析7. B 原词复现。第二段第4题后出现该词。答案及解析8. A 上下文暗示。给孩子们分发礼物时，提醒他们暂时还不能打开看。答案及解析9. C 句型搭配。the moment…came 意为“……的时刻来到了。”答案及解析10. A 短语搭配。light up点燃，照亮。答案及解析11. D 上文暗示。整个房间充满了欢乐。答案及解析12. A 全文逻辑推断。第二段最后一句中的the same feeling of importance也暗示了此处用matter(重要，有关系)最符合行文逻辑。答案及解析
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件25张PPT。第22讲 推理判断题 1
(2012·湖南卷B篇)
…
Byron's Pool
Many stories surround Lord Byron's time as a student of Cambridge University. Arriving in 1805, he wrote a letter complaining that it was a place of “mess and drunkenness”. However, it seems as though Byron did manage to pass the time pleasantly enough. I'm not just talking about the pet bear he kept in his rooms. He spent a great deal of time walking in the village.
…1
63. We can infer from the passage that Byron seemed ______.
A. to fear pet bears
B. to like walking
C. to be a heavy drinker
D. to finish university in 1805
B 推理判断题。考查对文章特定细节的判断推理能力。根据该段第三句中的it seems as though Byron did manage to pass the time pleasantly…He spent a great deal of time walking in the village. 可以推知，选项B符合文意。 英语阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，这就是推理判断题。
推理题在提问中常用的词有： infer, imply, suggest, indicate等。 要求学生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。判断推理是一种创造性的思维活动。但它并非无章可循。
推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，掌握文章的真正内涵。
①从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。
②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。
③要忠于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。【基础练习】59. Which of the following is true about the novel?
A. The story has a sad ending.
B. The story takes place in the city of London.
C. The characters are vividly described.
D. The turning point comes after the hero meets his birth mother. 本文是一篇书评，每段的内容都很明确，做题时要注意每段黑体开头的提示。
59. C 细节推理题。A: 这个故事有一个悲伤的结尾。(错误原因： 文章第五段说The Snake-Stone also provides its readers with a happy ending. The Snake-Stone给读者提供了一个开心的结尾)；B: 这个故事发生在伦敦。(错误原因： 文章第五段： Instead of going to London, James decides to find his birth mother.而不是去伦敦，James决定去找他的亲生母亲)；C: 角色都被生动的描述。答案及解析(正确原因： 文章第三段： The other characters in The Snack-Stone, James's parents, his diving instructor, best friend, the villagers, people he meets on his journey, are pictured realistically.答案及解析在The Snack-Stone, 当中的其他角色，James的父母，他的潜水老师，最好的朋友，村民们，在他旅途当中遇见的人，都被描述的很真实。vividly described对应着pictured realistically)；D: 故事的转折点发生在英雄遇见自己亲生母亲之后。(错误原因： 文章中第四段： The turning point in the story comes while James' foster parents are away in London, and he wonders about the identity of his birth mother.在故事中的转折点发生在James的养父母离开在伦敦的时候，他很想知道他亲生母亲的身份。)答案及解析【基础练习】 60. It can be concluded that James' journey is ______
A. worthwhile B. boring
C. comfortable D. disappointing 60. A 推理判断题。通过文章的最后一段Although the meeting is not long, it leaves him with a feeling of completeness. As a journey of self-discovery The Snake-Stone also provides its readers with a happy ending.可以得知，形容这个旅程的词一定不是负面的。所以排除B“无聊的”，和D“令人失望的”。根据James has painful, challenging, but also humorous, and happy travels.这句话当中说到了painful，也就意味着这一定不是“舒适的”，排除C项，故选A。答案及解析Ⅱ. 人物性格、态度及观点判断题 高考阅读测试中有些是考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定注意：
(1)由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，不能主观臆断，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
(2)特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度观点的词语。要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，悟出作者的弦外之音。
(3)能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。 有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述)，要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。摸准逻辑发展的方向，从而作出比较科学的、合情合理的预测。
有时题目要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图、短文组织结构及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型要求同学们不但能理解文章的内容，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作方法及文章结构进行归纳总结和分析的能力。【基础练习】64. The story of Queen Victoria is to show that ______.
A. the Queen is rich in tour experience
B. the Castle is a good place to go in Scotland
C. tasting whisky is better than going fishing
D．1873 is a special year for the Queen 短文介绍了苏格兰是一个好地方，是一个著名的旅游胜地，漂亮的城堡、美丽的河流等会令人流连忘返。
64. B 文章结构题。短文第一段提到“‘I never saw a lovelier spot.’ And she didn't even go fishing.”，由此结合上下文可知，苏格兰的这座城堡是值得去的好地方。在4个选项中，B选项内容与此相符。因此，正确答案为B选项。答案及解析【基础练习】65. How is Paragraph 2 mainly developed?
A. By giving descriptions.
B. By following time order.
C. By analyzing causes.
D. By making comparisons.65. A 文章结构题。浏览短文第二段，会发现作者以描写的方式来展开内容要点的。由此可知，A选项符合题意。因此，正确答案为A选项。答案及解析 有时，阅读理解题还要求考生推断所读材料的来源或所读材料的读者对象。判断材料的来源主要根据文章的体裁和题材。一般来说，广告类，时事新闻类，娱乐新闻类，影评，应用文类通常出现在报纸、杂志、海报上。说明文通常出现在教科书或实用技术手册里面。判断读者对象主要通过寻找关键的信息词。【基础练习】52. This text is most probably taken from ______.
A. a computer book
B. a library guide
C. a project handbook
D. newspaper report 大量的数字化信息和日新月异的网络技术以及电子书的问世，正在逐渐改变人们接受信息的观念，英国伯明翰中心图书馆将经历电子化和网络化的变革。
52. D 推理判断题。本篇文章具有很强的时效性，而且多次采用直接引用，所以应该出自报纸上的一篇报道，故选D。答案及解析
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件36张PPT。第28讲 漫画作文 (2011·湖南卷)
假设你参加所在年级的英文写作比赛，请按如下要求完成一篇短文：
1．简要描述下图内容，并点明主题；
2．联系实际，表达该图带给你的启示。 注意：1. 词数不少于120个；
2. 不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________思路点拨：本文为一篇看图作文，要求考生简要描述图画内容，并点明主题。同时要求联系实际，谈谈该图带来的启示。属半开放性作文。应用第一人称写作，基本时态为一般现在时。可按“三段式”来写此文——描写图画、联系实际和谈谈启示。开头段描写图画，就图写图，无需发挥任何的主观意见和言论。首先描写图画：海洋由水滴组成、森林由树木组成、社会由个人组成。最后一句点明主题“积少成多”。要力求句式多变，避免表达的单调。第二段为文章主体段，此段可联系学生学校生活的实际，分析 “积少成多”的哲理。结尾段谈启示和感受，要注意前后呼应，深化主题。 2004年湖南单独命题以来，看图作文就出现过两次：第一次是2004年，试题呈现两幅城乡生活环境的对比图；第二次是2008年，试题呈现爱迪生、海伦·凯勒和莎士比亚的头像及提供三位伟人的简单信息。
看图作文主要属于记叙、描写或说明方面的文章。根据所给图画的数目和形式不同，看图作文考查的方式有组图(记叙类)、对比图、单张图画(漫画评论类)3类。 看图作文首先要看懂图画内容，分清内容的主次，确定所写内容的详略，要做到所写内容既要符合图画所描绘的情景，又要连贯流畅。在确定写作内容后，要进一步将所写内容概括成“写作要点”，以便为后面的写作确定框架。最后，依据所概括的要点写成合乎要求的短文。
图画提示实质上与文字提示如出一辙，都反映一个整体思想。一篇成功的看图作文不外乎3个部分：
●简述图片。针对每幅图片写一至两个句子，也就是我们口试中常用的就事论事进行看图说话而已。如：
As can be seen in the picture…
The picture tells us… ●发表感想。就每幅图片或整体主题发表自己的一些看法。如：
The implied meaning of this picture should be taken into consideration seriously. In the first place…In the second place…
●简短结论。最后用一至两个简短句子进行小结，起到画龙点睛的作用。如：
As far as I am concerned./As for me, we should take strong measures to deal with the problem. On the one hand…On the other hand…Only in this way can we solve the problem of… 在看图写作过程中，无论哪一部分都要蜻蜓点水似的点到。切忌顾此失彼，写得出的地方使劲写，写不出的地方避开它，会最终导致遗漏内容而失分。简述图片，发表感想，简短结论，各个部分既要有自己独立的内容，又要自然联成一休，结合起来表达一个完整的主题。即“开头——发展——结局”或“概括——分析——结论”。 常见的3种看图作文的写法：
★组图
组图通常呈现一件事情发生的始末，考生要根据几幅图的先后顺序介绍事情的全过程。有时需要发表考生个人的感想。写作时，要根据主题的需要来概括每幅图的写作要点，一定要分清主要内容和次要内容，必写内容和非必写内容。 例：假设你是白云中学高三一班的学生李华，为校刊英语园地写一篇题为 “Our Social Practice Activity”的英文稿件。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，叙述上周你们班从准备参观首都博物馆到参观结束的完整过程。注意： 词数不少于150。
提示词： 讲解员 guide 脸谱 a paint mask
剪纸 paper-cutsOne possible version：
Our Social Practice Activity
Our class visited the Capital Museum last week，and it is one of the most impressive social practice activities since high school.
Last Thursday before our visit, my classmates and I searched for as much information as possible through the Internet，such as its location and the latest exhibitions and shows. On Friday morning we gathered at the entrance at nine o'clock，and then a beautiful guide showed us around the exhibition on the traditional buildings in Beijing, where we learned the development of our city architecture. After that，we got to know our folk culture by watching the digital film and learning to make some paper-cuts and paint masks in DIY area. Before we left at twelve, we also went to the craft show that I was interested in.
The capital Museum is very large and attractive and the activities there aroused our great excitement and interest in our traditional culture and custom. We enjoyed the visit so much that most of my classmates decided to come again later. The story took place 时间和地点.
事件起因(要点一，图片一的内容). 事件的发展(要点二、三……，图片二、三……的内容). 事件结局(最后一个要点，最后一张图片的内容)
From the story, I feel自己的看法或感想． ★对比图
对比图通常是提供两到三张图画，考生应对图画进行全面而细致的研究，除了掌握每一幅图画的信息，还应该对图画之间的相应联系或彼此之间的差异有所理解，从而在整体上把握图画所传达的信息。这种命题形式主要是考查考生描写和议论的表达能力。例：(2011·福建卷)为纪念汶川大地震三周年，某英文报发起关于灾区新貌的征文活动。请根据以下图片提示，以“Great Changes”为题，用英语写一篇短文应征。内容要点如下：
1. 某中学灾后三年来的变化，如教学与活动场所，以及师生精神面貌等；
2. 发生变化的原因；
3. 你的感想。注意：
1. 短文标题与开头已给出，不计入总词数；
2. 可根据图片提示适当发挥；
3. 词数：120左右。思路点拨：本篇书面表达是一篇看图作文。要求学生描述汶川大地震灾后三年来的变化，上面两幅图实质上是前后对比图。第一幅图是发生地震时的情景，我们可以看到楼房倒塌，财产受损，满目疮痍。第二幅图是重建后的情景。我们可以看到教学楼，实验楼在废墟上拔地而起，师生在新建的校园里愉快地生活和学习。第三幅图描述的是在一张中国地图上伸出很多只手，寓意全国人民伸出援助之手帮助灾区重建家园，这实际上是灾区发生变化的根本原因。感受部分属开放性写作，考生可从“众人拾柴火焰高”、“团结就是力量”、“一方有难，八方支援”等角度来发挥。可按题目提供的内容要点来安排写作顺序。写作时要注意详略得当，重点突出，应重点描述灾后的变化及变化的原因。【参考答案】
Great_Changes
I am deeply impressed by the great changes that have taken place in the school over the past three years.
On May 12, 2008, a severe earthquake destroyed almost everything in the school, leaving badly-damaged buildings. It is now, however, taking on a new look. Tall buildings have been put up, including classroom and laboratory buildings, and a library. There is also a newly-built standard playground. In the new environment, teachers and students are living happily and working hard. It is really amazing that the once-ruined place has now been turned into a beautiful school, full of life.Obviously, without the help of the whole society, there would be no new school today. It is love and concern that have brought about the great changes. Many hands make light work. We can work wonders if we unite as a family, caring for each other and helping those in need. Union is strength. 作文主题 have taken place in地点since时间．
In the past, 描述过去的情景(图片一的内容). But now our village/school/city is taking on a new look. 描述现在的情景(图片二的内容).
There are many reasons for 作文主题. First, 第一个理由. Second, 第二个理由. Third, 第三个理由 …Last but not the least, 最后一个理由.
I think自己的感想． ★单张图画
单张图画通常是提供一幅图画(一般是漫画)并配以一定的文字提示。考生要仔细观察图画所传达的表面信息，结合文字提示，还要能深刻挖掘该幅图画所表达的深层含义，即现实意义。这种命题形式主要是考查考生说明和议论的表达能力。 例：(2011·江苏卷)下面这幅照片展现了女儿为回家的妈妈拿包的情景。请根据你对这幅照片的理解用英语写一篇短文。
你的短文应包含以下内容：
1．描述照片内容，如情景、人物、动作，等等；
2．结合自身实际，谈谈你的感想；
3．举例说明你能为家长减负做些什么。注意：
1. 可参照图中文字及下面文章开头所给提示，作必要的发挥想象。
2. 词数150左右。开头已经写好，不计入总词数。
3. 作文中不得提及考生所在学校和本人姓名。思路点拨：本文为看图作文，考查角度独到新颖(为家长减负)，主题是孝敬父母。描述图片内容时应使用第三人称，在写自己的感想和减负措施时应用第一人称。短文基本时态应为一般现在时。可按题目提供的内容来安排写作顺序。文章可分为三个部分：(1)描述图片内容；(2)自己的感想；(3)举例说明自己为家长减负可做的事情。后两个部分为开放性写作，考生可根据自己的生活体验来自由发挥。【参考答案】
The burden of students has been a hot topic for years, but the load of parents has received little attention, especially from their own children.
The picture shows us a touching moment when a little girl comes to greet her working mom. Realizing her mom must be very tired after a day's work, the girl helps to remove the bag from her shoulder. In response, the mom kneels down to show how happy and thankful she feels.【参考答案】
All this reminds me of my mother who has been doing whatever she could to let me have the best. But, totally engaged in my own study, I seldom pay attention to what mother needs and feels, and always think studying well is the only thing I could do in return. Now I know I can do my bit to help with the everyday washing, bedroom cleaning, or at least prepare breakfast myself, so as to share mother's daily burden. The picture convinces me it is even more important to be a good daughter than a “good” student. As can be seen in the picture, 图画内容. The picture tells us概括图片大意．
The implied meaning of this picture should be taken into consideration seriously. To begin with, 揭示含义/原因/结果一. Second, 揭示含义/原因/结果二.
In my opinion/ As for me, we should take some measures to deal with the problem. First we should具体措施一. Second, we must具体措施二. Only in this way can we solve the problem of 图画内容．【基础练习】第一步：图片所反映的问题
1．冬天正在消失。
Winter is disappearing.【基础练习】2. 松鼠显得满不在乎，因为他不用储备冬粮了。
A squirrel doesn't care about it, because it needn't store the winter food.【基础练习】3．但其他的动物却忧心忡忡。棕熊抱怨说他无法冬眠了，而北极熊则为无法冬泳而苦恼。企鹅则发出感叹：“人类好自私哦。”
However, other animals are worried. “I can't hibernate，” a bear complains to a polar bear, who agrees, adding, “I am nowhere to go winter swimming”. “How selfish the mankind is！” a penguin thinks.【基础练习】第二步：后果
4. 这些动物面临灭绝的危险，因为它们的栖息地正在遭到因人类活动引起的全球变暖的破坏。
These animals are dying out, because their habitats are being destroyed by the global warming caused by human activities. 【基础练习】第三步：原因
5．汽车和工厂排放废气，家庭使用煤炭和木材，人类砍伐森林。所有这些导致了全球变暖。
Cars and factories give off gases. Families burn coal and wood in their homes and forests are lost. All these contribute to global warming. 【基础练习】第四步：措施
6. 该是采取措施的时候了。例如，离开家时关好灯和电脑。步行或骑自行车上班，而不是开车上班。栽更多的树等。
It is time to take action. For example, when we leave homes, we should turn off lights and computers. We had better go to work on foot or by bike instead of driving a car. People should plant more trees.【基础练习】第五步：结论
7. 从小事做起。我们才能“冷却”地球，拯救生活在地球上的人类和动物。
Start small. Only in this way can we “cool” the earth and save people and animals living on it.
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件0张PPT。课件26张PPT。第19讲 细节理解题 1
(2012·湖南卷A篇)What makes a gift special? Is it the price you see on the gift receipt? Or is it the look on the recipient's face when they receive it that determines the true value? What gift is worth the most?
This Christmas I was debating what to give my father. My dad is a hard person to buy for because he never wants anything. I pulled out my phone to read a text message from my mom saying that we were leaving for Christmas shopping for him when I came across a message on my phone that I had locked. The message was from my father. My eyes fell on a photo of a flower taken in Wyoming，1
and underneath a poem by William Blake. The flower, a lone dandelion standing against the bright blue sky, inspired me. My dad had been reciting those words to me since I was a kid. That may even be the reason why I love writing. I decided that those words would be my gift to my father.
I called back. I told my mom to go without me and that I already created my gift. I sent the photo of the cream-colored flower to my computer and typed the poem on top of it. As I was arranging the details another poem came to mind. The poem was written by Edgar Allan Poe; my dad recited it as much as he did the other. 1
I typed that out as well and searched online for a background to the words of it. The poem was focused around dreaming, and after searching I found the perfect picture. The image was painted with blues and greens and purples, twisting together to create the theme and wonder of a dream. As I watched both poems passing through the printer, the white paper coloring with words that shaped my childhood. I felt that this was a gift that my father would truly appreciate.
Christmas soon arrived. The minute I saw the look on my dad's face as he unwrapped those swirling black letters carefully placed in a cheap frame, I knew I had given the perfect gift.1
57. The author's inspiration for the gift came from ______.
A. a photo of a flower
B. a story about a kid
C. a call from the mother
D. a text about Christmas
作者一直不知道给父亲买什么礼物，但是偶尔看到父亲的信息使其想到了爸爸“读诗歌”的爱好，因而用心制作了“诗配花”的图片的礼物。最后作者看到父亲对待礼物的态度，知道自己做对了。
57. A 细节理解题。考查对文章细节的理解和判断能力。根据文章的第二段可知： 作者拿出手机时看到了妈妈发来的信息，偶尔看到了爸爸发来的信息。信息是一朵花，花儿使作者想到了爸爸的话，因而使作者想到了给爸爸的礼物。1
59. The author made the gift by ______.
A. searching for the poems online
B. drawing the background by hand
C. painting the letters in three colors
D. matching the words with pictures
D 细节理解题。考查对文章的细节的理解和判断能力。根据第三段的第二句可知： 作者先在电脑上找到这种花，然后在花上打上字。可见其礼物是“配上字的图片”。 一篇文章在确定主题之后，通常要通过大量的事实和细节对主题进行解释和说明。因此有很多的题干是根据短文的细节而设计的。文章的细节题有可能是直接理解题，如事物的起因、过程、结果及发生的时间、地点等。也有些是间接理解题，要求你在理解的基础上，通过自己的思维将理解的内容系统化，条理化。选项的表述通常不是用文章的原话，而是使用同义的词语来表达。考生一定要回到短文中找出与答题内容相关的词语和句子，在理解原文的基础上选择答案。
一、所谓细节题的表现形式多种多样，大致可总结如下：
1. 是非题
出题形式：
三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)：
Which of the following is TRUE except…？
Which of the following is mentioned except…？
三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)：
Which of the following is true? 2. 例证题
例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为The author provides in Line…(或Paragraph…)an example in order to…意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。如果文章是说明文和议论文，文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置，但不管如何，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；否则，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。 3. 其他形式的细节题
(1)定义
①与主题有关的篇章定义，理解它有助于做主旨题。
②具体对某个现象或术语加以定义，有时成为词义题的考试内容。
(2)年代与数字
这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。 (3)比较
比较考点的表现形式主要有：①比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构；②表示绝对意义的字眼：first(第一)，least(最不)，uttermost(最)等；③表示唯一性的词汇：only，unique等。
阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、唯一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题时对回原文定位。 (4)原因
这种题的答案在原文中通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示：
①表示因果关系的名词：result，reason；
②表示因果关系的动词：result in(结果)，result from(由于)，base…on…(以……为基础)，be due to(由于)；
③表示因果关系的连词或介词：because，for，why；
④表示因果关系的副词：as a result，consequently等，阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。 除了上述原文有因果关系提示词的显性原因考点之外，隐性原因(两个句子之间为因果关系，但无有关提示词)也是常见考点。不管是显性原因考点，还是隐性原因考点，原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。 二、解题方法：
1. 直接理解题
多数细节理解题是直接考查考生对具体信息的近义或反义理解能力。寻找相关的近义或反义表述，是一种有效的解题方式。
代词复指题也属于一种直接理解题。一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用这种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。可采用“逻辑关系梳理法”，使人物或事件关系条理化、简明化。【基础练习】26. How does the author understand Maxie's words?
A. Maxie shows her anxiety to the author.
B. Maxie really wishes the author a good day.
C. Maxie encourages the author to stay happy.
D. Maxie really worries about the author's security. 本文主要介绍了人们相互之间常说 “Have a nice day”这一习惯。
26. B 细节理解题。由第一段最后两句可知，特别是“cares about me and wishes me well”等字眼。答案及解析【基础练习】28. By saying “Have a nice day，” a stranger may ______.
A. try to be polite to you
B. express respect to you
C. give his blessing to you
D. share his pleasure with you 28. A 细节理解题。由第四段可知，特别是 “has tried to be nice to you”最为明显。答案及解析 2. 转换理解题
转换理解题要求考生在理解具体事实的基础上，通过自己的思维将理解的内容系统化，条理化，形象化，具体化。
一是“首尾定位法”。比如计算、排序、选图等题。排序题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序，即先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。
二是利用同义词、近义词和反义词：即命题者常常会利用近义词或反义词来考查学生对细节的捕捉与理解能力。【基础练习】51. After a short overseas holiday, people tend to ______.
A. notice small changes
B. expect small changes
C. welcome small changes
D. exaggerate small changes 本文讲述侨居国外的英国人离开英国多年后重回英国的不同感受，这些感受我们司空见惯而无法察觉，只有他们才能体会。
51. A 细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句中“…small changes have probably surprised you…”可知，在短期海外度假后，人们会注意到小变化，故A项正确。答案及解析【基础练习】53. When arriving at the airport in Britain, Christine was shocked by ______.
A. the relaxed policemen
B. the messy arrivals hall
C. the tight security
D. the bank robbers 53. C 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句中“To see policemen with guns in the airport for the first time was frightening…”可知，当到达英国机场，Christine为紧张的安全措施所震惊。故C项正确。A项与语意相反，B、D项未提及。答案及解析
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件33张PPT。第29讲 表格作文 (2012·江苏卷)生活中冲突时有发生。假设你班同学苏华和李江打篮球时发生争执，导致关系紧张。请你结合此事，并根据以下提示，用英语写一篇短文，向学校英文报“Happy Teens”专栏投稿。注意：
1. 对所有要点逐一陈述，适当发挥， 不要简单翻译。
2. 词数150左右。开头已经写好，不计入总词数。
3. 作文中不得提及有关考生个人身份的任何信息，如校名、人名等。思路点拨：本篇书面表达只给出写作框架，并未给出所有的写作细节，题目比较贴近学生的话题。主要是两个学生闹矛盾，让他们提出观点和解决方法。这样的题型也需要同学平时多留心身边发生的事，多思考生活。这给考生留有自由发挥的空间。因此考生要合理展开行文，简要描述引发冲突的经过、分析发生冲突的原因并谈谈避免冲突的做法，同时要注意文章的逻辑性和段落层次性，注意不得透露个人姓名和学校名称。 【参考答案】
Conflicts_with_others_are_common_in_everyday_life. During the basketball game yesterday afternoon, Su Hua and Li Jiang bumped into each other, trying to catch the ball. Then they started shouting and yelling, and it turned into a horrible quarrel.
To be honest, it was Su's fault but Li was also to blame — they were not calm enough and both said some really mean things. They cared too much about winning and losing. As a matter of fact, blocking, pushing and bumping are just part of a tough game.【参考答案】
To avoid such conflicts, we should be kind to one another, which is essential to enjoying a harmonious life. It is also a virtue to forgive and forget, especially in such a competitive and stressful society. Instead of blaming each other, we should communicate more and put ourselves in others' place.
Don't be self-centered and try to be considerate. We must learn to handle conflicts calmly and wisely.【作文点评】
本文包含了所有表格中出现的要点，语言严谨，时态使用正确。本文最好的两点是恰当地使用连接过渡词，以及复杂的句式，这样可以使行文更加流畅。 图表作文是近几年高考常选的命题方式之一。在高考中常以两种形式对学生进行考查，一种是文字表格式，另一种是柱形或饼形图表式。文字表格式在近几年全国各省每年都考查过，而柱形或饼形图表式作文则在2006年的湖北卷及2004年的北京卷出现过。湖南省在2008年的高考中，是另一种形式的图表作文：文字表格＋人物图像。这些数据说明，高考命题者对图表作文还是比较青睐的。 ●文字表格式
文字表格式作文的体裁相对稳定，以说明文、议论文为主，辅之以记叙文。题材丰富多样，有书信、发言稿、介绍等，通常情况下，试题明确规定了所使用的写作格式。因此，考生只需根据表格的提示内容，确定所要表达的写作要点，运用自己所掌握的句型和词汇知识，做到：要点齐全、语句通顺、条理清楚、表达明确、思路灵活、书写工整。 具体操作时注意以下两个方面：
一是布好局、谋好篇。动笔前，一定要根据表格的提示内容，先确定表达文章所需的体裁，然后根据所给题材确定文章的整体结构。
二是确定写作要点。在心中布局谋篇后，根据表格内容确定写作要点，尤其是自由发挥或谈感想的要点。全文最好以要点或短语形式列一个写作提纲，以便不遗漏要点。 因此，同学们平时训练写作时，在认真审题，分清体裁和题材后，应逐个地、完整地把表格中的要点及需要自由发挥的要点找出来，然后根据不同体裁把要写作的内容清楚地表达出来。对于记叙文，根据表格提示，注意故事发生的时间、地点、人物、事件、起因和结果，写作时常使用一般过去时态和第一人称。对于说明文，把需要解说的事物性质、对象、目的、用途等解释清楚，写作时常使用一般现在时。对于议论文，根据表格所给提示把要点(论点和论据)以及自由发挥的观点和论据阐释清楚，写作时常用一般现在时。对于应用文，首先要注意它的写作格式，如2010年高考阅卷对格式是这样给分：发言稿的格式正确，给1分。 当然，所有的写作都要做到“结构合理，内容连贯，行文流畅，给6分(2010年湖南高考阅卷评分要求)”。 例：长沙最近计划修建地铁，这件事引发了人们的广泛争论。请根据所给信息写一篇英文报道，客观陈述人们的不同看法，并表明自己的观点。注意：
1. 不要逐句翻译，可适当增加内容使行文连贯；
2. 词数：不少于120。思路点拨：本文为利弊分析型作文。基本时态应为一般现在时态。可按三段论的方式来陈述题目所规定的三个要点：赞成观点；反对观点；自己的观点。前面两个部分题目给出了具体的内容，写作时要注意句式的正确性和多样性。同时要注意恰当地运用连接词，使文章显得流畅自然。第三部分为开放性作文，你需要表明你自己的观点，同时说明你的理由。 【参考答案】
Recently, people are having an argument on whether the subway should be built in Changsha or not. Opinions vary from person to person.
Some people think it necessary to build the subway. For one thing, building the subway can help solve traffic problems and people will enjoy a more convenient life. For another, it provides a new means of transportation, which is environmentally friendly.【参考答案】
One coin has two sides. On the other hand, others hold the opposite opinion. From their point of view, the long process of construction is bound to influence people's daily life. What's more, too much money will be spent building it, and it will take a long time to get the money back.
Weighing the pros and cons, I support the idea that the subway should be built because not only will the environment be protected but also more space will be saved. 一、利弊型
Recently, our class had a heated discussion on whether 作文主题. Opinions vary from person to person/Opinions are divided among students.
Some people think it necessary to 正方观点. For one thing, 理由一. For another, 理由二．
On the other hand, others hold the opposite opinion. From their point of view, 反方理由一. What's more, 反方理由二．
In my opinion, I support/oppose that idea that作文主题. 你的理由． 二、观点对比型
Recently, a survey has been carried out in our school on whether 作文主题.
As can be seen from the result of the survey, opinions are divided. About 持有第一种观点的人数. The reasons are as follows. First, 第一种理由. Besides, 第二种理由．
On the contrary, others say 他们的观点. They think 第一种理由. What's more, 第二种理由．
As far as I'm concerned, we should自己的观点. Only in this way美好前景预测． ●柱形或饼形图表式
柱形或饼形图表式作文的体裁多为议论文、说明文和应用文，内容大多涉及前后变化对比、正反观点对比或产品介绍等。要求考生通过数据、文字内容分析，系统准确地表达出突变含义，并得出令人信服的结论。必须做到行文切题，紧扣中心思想，不漏要点，并且意思连贯，文理通顺，语言准确、得当。 柱形或饼形图表式作文写作形式和要求与文字表格式有所区别。写图表作文时，要注意遵循以下步骤：
(1)认真分析图表的含义，弄清图表中所含的信息及不同信息间的关系；柱形图用来表示各种事物的变化情况及相互关系，要求考生通过宽度相等的柱形的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势，因此考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。饼形图表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系，旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的饼形图所传达的信息。考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系通常是以百分比的数字形式给出的。 (2)确定文章的主题思想，构思出文章的基本框架，筛选出能说明图表主题思想的典型数据；
(3)编列文章的提纲；
(4)根据文章的提纲，将各段的提纲内容扩展成段落，然后将各个段落组成文章，注意段与段之间的衔接与过渡。
实际写作时，常采用三段式的谋篇方式。
第一段：概述图表反映的主题思想；
第二段：分析产生的原因；
第三段：展望未来或提出办法或建议。例：下面是某高中学校对150名高三学生睡眠时间不足及原因所作的调查，结果如下。请根据图1提供的信息描述高三学生的睡眠情况，并针对图2中任何一个数据所反映的情况写出你的看法。
参考词汇：图表chart n.思路点拨：本文属图表类作文，要仔细读图和图前的文字说明。本文要求考生说明学生睡眠情况的调查结果。基本时态应用一般现在时态。以第三人称的口气来表达内容。从写作步骤来看，可先描述学生睡眠时间不足的具体数据，然后针对图2中任何一个数据所反映的情况写出你的一个看法。在介绍数据变化时应特别注意表达的多样性。【参考答案】
Chart 1 shows the sleeping time that senior 3 students can have every day. Sixty-two percent of the students sleep just less than seven hours each day, while thirty-seven of them can sleep seven to eight hours. However, only one percent can sleep over eight hours.
From Chart 2, we learn the reason why most senior 3 students don't have enough sleep. One of the reasons is that thirty-five students stay up late studying hard. I think it's not wise to do so. We should sleep well at night and wake up feeling more refreshed. So we can make the best of daytime and study better in an effective way. Recently, a survey has been done to find out 所要表达的主题. As is shown in the pie chart，表中的内容1, 表中的内容2. 表中的内容3 and表中的内容4.
In conclusion, the survey shows that总体规律、趋势或呈现的问题. Many factors contribute to the problem. One is that原因之一. Another is that原因之二.
In my opinion，自己的观点， 如何解决问题．1 As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/
percentageinthe table (graph/pie chart), 作文题目的议题 has been on rise (goes up/increases/drops/decreases). 具体变化数据. Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that 得出结论．
There are 至少两个 reasons why this happened. On the one hand, 原因之一 . On the otherhand, 原因之二. In addition, 原因之三 is also responsible for it.
It is high time that we 发出倡议. We should 解决问题的方法或对策. 2【基础练习】 央视《时空调查》栏目针对目前我国现行的高考填报志愿的3种形式作了一个网上调查，调查的结果如下。你作为即将参加2013年高考的一名考生，请你简要的描述调查的结果，谈一谈你对此事的看法并说明你的理由。注意：
1．词数不少于120；
2．可以适当添加内容；
3．文章的开头已为你写好，不计入总词数。
According to a survey carried out by Horizon Research, Chinese senior high school students have different opinions on when to choose their majors or universities. _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________ 根据图表作文的写作技巧，我们先分步进行翻译写作。
第一步：提出主题(考生填报志愿的3种方式)
1. 央视《时空调查》栏目针对目前我国现行的高考填报志愿的3种形式作了一个网上调查。
According to a survey carried out by Horizon Research, Chinese senior high school students have different opinions on when to choose their majors or universities. 第二步：调查结果
2. 方式一：82%的考生要求先考试，在知道成绩后再填报志愿。
Most students, about 82%, insist that the choice should be based on their score after the College Entrance Exams.
3. 方式二：12%的考生选择考试后，在成绩揭晓前，估分填报志愿。
12% of the students, however, believe that the choice should be made right after the exams. 4. 方式三：6%的考生喜欢在考试前就填报好志愿。
Interestingly, 6% of the students hold the idea that the choice should be made before the exams.
第三步：我的观点
5. 我选择成绩揭晓后再填报志愿，这样可以做出正确的、恰当的选择。
Personally, I would rather choose my favorite major and university after knowing the exact test score so that I can make a proper choice. 6. 另外两种填报方式带有很大的盲目性。
The other two options would seem to blindfold us.
7. 如果考前就填好了志愿，可能会使学生考试时产生焦虑情绪，对考场的发挥带来负面的影响。
In addition, if the big choice were made before the exams, it might bring anxiety during the exams, which naturally would have a negative effect on our performance.
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件27张PPT。第30讲 要点作文 (2012·辽宁卷)假定你是某中学的学生李华。请用英语给出版社的编辑写一封信，表达你对现在使用的英语教材的看法，内容主要包括：
优点：
1. 话题广泛；
2. 图片丰富；
3. 有助于提高学习兴趣。
建议：适当降低词汇难度。注意：
1. 词数120左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 开头语已为你写好，不计入总词数。思路点拨：本文为一篇半开放性作文，书信体裁，在写作时要注意： 1. 不要遗漏要点： (1) 话题广泛；(2)图片丰富；(3)有助于提高学习兴趣；(4)建议： 适当降低词汇难度。2. 要恰当合理的使用连接成分，高级词汇和复杂句式，使文章更具文采。3.在答题过程中还要注意卷面的整洁和书写的美观。However, some of the texts have too many new words and expressions which are hard for us. Therefore, I'd like to suggest changing them into easier ones.
Best regards,
Li Hua【作文点评】
本文行文紧凑，过渡自然；要点完整，表达清楚；语法正确，时态准确；用词无误，很好地完成了写作任务。文中使用了衔接用语，如： such as, I think, What's more, However, Therefore等，还用了复杂句式，如： 表语从句that we can find a variety of topics；定语从句which can help us understand English better和who used to dislike English have turned out to be interested in the subject等。书信格式规范。 要点作文分为提供全部写作要点和提供部分写作要点。提供全部写作要点的作文要求考生根据给定的内容，在增加适当的过渡词汇的基础上，写出一篇内容完整的短文。而另一种情况是命题者给出了部分写作内容，同时又要求考生根据提示作一定程度的合理发挥，具有一定的开放性，也就是通常所说的半开放性作文。 要点作文是高考常考题型，也是最为基本的考查考生写作能力的题型，学生写好要点作文是写好其他类型作文的基础。这类试题通常考查的是根据提示语写短文、书信、演讲、报道、介绍和说明人物或情况等，以检查考生是否掌握所学文体的基本格式。具体写作时，同学们还应注意以下几个方面：
1．认真审题，防止走题。动笔前，考生应仔细阅读命题要求，确定写作体裁，写作格式在湖南省2011年高考阅卷中定为1分；确定写作要点：一是背景材料的部分内容是否需要在写作中予以体现，二是命题者给定了写作方向，需要考生自己发挥，这个发挥范围有多大，考生都要做到心中有数，做到不过于发挥也不遗漏要点；确定人称和时态，一般情况下，说明文、议论文多用一般现在时态，记叙文常用一般过去时态。 2．根据提示，理顺写作要点。理顺要点是防止多写、漏写、乱写的保证。高考中，遗漏一个要点起码是扣3分的。有时要点作文所提供的要点顺序并非就是写作时的顺序，因此，写作前将要点标出，并按照一定的逻辑关系，如时间顺序、空间顺序、事件发生的先后顺序等，把这些要点排列并整理好。 3．紧扣要点，组句成文。在理顺要点后，把这些要点清楚地表达出来是非常关键的一步。要点作文不是简单地把汉语提示转换成英文，不能简单地直译。考生要用平时自己最有把握的单词、短语和句型，围绕主题，将意思完整清楚地表达出来。在遇到自己想不起来或找不着相应的英语词汇或句型时，学会用相近的句子来表达。同时，还要注意使用一些表示并列、递进、让步、转折、因果等意义的关联词语，以增强文章的连贯性和流畅性。对于基础比较好的考生，提倡有意识地用“高级词汇”来代替“低级词汇”，用较“复杂结构”来取代较“简单结构”，使文章呈现亮点，增加得高分的机会。例：(2012·浙江卷)你校正在进行“英语读书周”活动。该活动要求学生摘录名言佳句(quote)并相互交流。以下是某同学摘录的句子： “Your future depends on many things, but mostly on you.”请按下列要求用英语写一篇100－120词的短文：
1. 针对摘录句中的观点谈谈你的看法；
2. 举例说明理由。
注意：短文的开头已给出(不计词数)。思路点拨：试题材料新颖，贴近考生实际生活，属于要点话题作文。 对既定的话题进行讨论，考生有一定的自由发挥空间，畅所欲言，各抒己见。论点明确，论据充分是得分的关键。如能灵活运用学过而且熟练的亮点词汇、短语和句型，尽量变换句式，长短句交错使用，并且恰当地穿插一些过渡性词语，使文章自然、流畅，有较强的逻辑性，文章一定会脱颖而出。【参考答案】
In_the_English_Reading_Week,_one_of_my_classmates_recommended_a_quote_to_us,_which_goes_like_this:_“Your_future_depends_on_many_things,_but_mostly_on_you._” I can't agree more with this view. It's true that our future is determined by many things, such as opportunities and help from others, but our own attitude, determination, and hard work play a more important role. In other words, we are the master of our own future.【参考答案】
Take Abraham Lincoln for example. He was born in a poor family, and only received a limited education in his childhood. Yet through his painstaking efforts, he changed not only his own fate but also the history of America. Even to this day, Lincoln is regarded as one of the most inspiring figures in the world. Therefore, I firmly believe that our future is in our own hands. 一、问题解决型
In recent days, we have to face a problem A，which is becoming more and more serious. First说明A的现状. Second, 举例进一步说明现状．
We should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, 解决方法一. For another thing, 解决方法二. Finally, 解决方法三．
Personally, I believe that我的解决方法. I'm confident that a bright future is awaiting us because带来的好处. 二、积极有利型
Nowadays, 主题plays an important role in our life. For example，举例说明主题的现状．
Generally, its advantages can be listed as follows. First，好处一. Besides, 好处二．
Through the above analysis, my attitude toward this matter is positive, and the reasons are simple. It not only brings us 好处之一， but also gives us 好处之二 we have not expected.
Therefore, I can see its bright future from now on.【基础练习】 假定你叫李平。你的美国笔友David是个中国武术迷，他给你写了一封E-mail，要求你用英语简单介绍一下中国武术。请你根据下面提供的要点，给他回封E-mail。
1．中国武术产生于4,500年前，有着悠久的历史。
2．是中国文化的重要组成部分。
3．流派很多，以少林武术最为出名。
4．中国武术可用来强身、健体、自卫。深受青少年的喜爱。【基础练习】
5．最具影响力的武术明星有李小龙、李连杰、成龙等。
6. 目前全球有100多个国家的人们在习武。武术目前还不是奥运会比赛项目，但人们一直在努力使中国武术早日进入奥运会。【基础练习】
注意：
1．词数：不少于120；
2．参考词汇：项目—n. event 流派—n. style
3．文章的开头和结尾已经给出。
Dear David,
Very glad to read your E-mail. You say you are a Wushu fan, and so am I. Now I will tell you something about the Chinese Wushu (the Chinese martial art).
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________【基础练习】
I hope you can come to China to learn the Chinese martial art.
Yours,
Li Ping 根据要点作文的写作技巧，我们按题目提供的要点顺序分步进行翻译写作：
要点一：武术的历史
1. 中国武术产生于4500年前，有着悠久的历史。
Wushu has a long history. It was developed 4500 years ago.
要点二：武术的地位
2. 它是中国文化的重要组成部分。
Wushu has a great effect on the Chinese culture. Now Wushu is an important part of the Chinese culture. 要点三：武术的流派
3. 流派很多，以少林武术最为出名。
There are a variety of Wushu styles, of which Shaolin Wushu is the most famous.
要点四：武术的作用
4. 中国武术可用来强身、健体、自卫，深受青少年的喜爱。
Wushu, which is intended to build up one's health and defend oneself, appeals to young people. 要点五：武术明星
5．最具影响力的武术明星有李小龙、李连杰、成龙等。
Film stars like Bruce Lee, Jet Li and Jackie Chan have made great contributions to the spread of Wushu around the world. 要点六：武术运动的现状
6. 目前全球有100多个国家的人们在习武。
Wushu is practised in over 100 countries in the world.
7. 武术目前还不是奥运会比赛项目。但人们一直在努力使中国武术早日进入奥运会。
It is a pity that Wushu is not the event of the Olympic Games. But people have been making every effort to enter Wushu into the Olympics as soon as possible.
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件20张PPT。第15讲 解题步骤 1
(2012·湖南卷)Keeping in touch with our friends is an important part of friendship. This does not mean that __48__ have to write or call our friends every day. It does mean, however, that we __49__ care enough about our friends to find out how they are doing from time to time.
People have different habits about keeping in touch with others. Some like to call their friends, sometimes many times __50__ day. Others prefer to e-mail their friends. Still __51__ prefer writing letters so that they can include photos or interesting articles __52__ the envelopes along with their letters. 1
Some even write postcards while they are on vacation __53__ send them to friends.
Every kind of communication is important. It is __54__ important what kind of call we make or letter we send. __55__ is important is that we let others know we care about them.
本文是一篇议论文。谈到了保持友谊的方式。
48. we 考查代词的用法。动词mean后that引导宾语从句，该从句缺主语。根据上文中的our可知填we。
49. should 考查情态动词的用法。 that引导的宾语从句中有主语we，有动词care，根据上文中48空后的have to可知应该用情态动词should。单项选择中没有考查到情态动词的辨析。考生应该预测到此题中有考查情态动词的题。
解题的一般步骤是：
一、通读全文，把握语篇。弄清文章的体裁、题材(话题)、写作主线、段落大意、段落层次等有利于考生真正读懂全文大意，也有利于在“填空”时进行必要的逻辑推理。 二、先易后难，尝试填空。在通读全文，基本把握文章大意之后，就可以动手填空了。主观填空的过程是一个判断空白处应填词语的“语义”和正确的语法“形式”的思维过程，要坚持从易到难的原则。根据我们的英语知识积累和语感，有些答案可能不需要过多的思考一眼就能看出来。如有关习惯用语、常用句式等，通常就可在这一步完成。遇到一时想不起来的空，先跳过去，不要用太多的时间停留在一个单词上。填出容易的词语后，大意更趋明朗，语境更加清晰，有助于后面的难题的推敲和判断。 三、利用语境，推敲语义。要抓住上下文的内容联系和逻辑关系，进行多角度，全方位分析，从而准确地判断所填词的意义。推敲语义时，不要忽略连接词、代词、插入语、转折词等的作用。因为这些词往往是改变语境的关键词，具有因果、让步、递进、转折、指代、列举、承上启下的特殊功能。 四、复读全文，确认答案。进行复查是必要的。复查的方法是将填好空的短文从头至尾通读一遍，以最后确定答案。这一步要解决两个问题。第一是从语义和逻辑的角度审视全文，看看所填单词语义上是否正确和最佳。检查一下所填单词是否能使文义上下连贯，前后照应，逻辑顺畅，能否自然地融入语篇。第二是从语法的角度审视全文，检查所填单词的词性和词形的正确性。从语法的角度看看所填词语词形变化是否正确。【基础练习】答案及解析1. before 考查从属连词。引导时间状语从句，表示“不久……就……”。 答案及解析2. past/last 考查形容词。根据主句的现在完成进行时可以确定答案。 答案及解析3. which 考查关系代词。引导介词后的非限制性定语从句，先行词为the last/ past three y 答案及解析4. good 考查形容词。根据such as后面列举的例子可以判断此处指“优秀”品质。答案及解析5. Never 考查否定副词。根据该句子的倒装和意义可知答案。 答案及解析6. only 考查副词。根据前面的limitless可以判断。 答案及解析7. of 考查介词。表示所属关系。 答案及解析8. an /your 考查冠词或人称代词。college是可数名词。答案及解析
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件27张PPT。第21讲 词义猜测题 1
(2012·湖南卷A篇)
…
I called back. I told my mom to go without me and that I already created my gift. I sent the photo of the cream-colored flower to my computer and typed the poem on top of it. As I was arranging the details another poem came to mind. The poem was written by Edgar Allan Poe; my dad recited it as much as he did the other. I typed that out as well and searched online for a background to the words of _it_.
…1
58. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refers to a poem by ______.
A. the father B. the author
C. William Blake D. Edgar Allan Poe
58. D 词义推测题。考查上下文中代词的指代。根据第三段中的I typed that out as well and searched online for a background to the words of it.可知，作者在见到这第二首诗时 “也”打印出来了。这就是Edgar Allan Poe写的诗。故选D。 猜词是英语阅读的重要技巧，也是高考中常考的题型。考生要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索(各种已知信息)确定词义。要求猜测词义的词一般为实词(动词、名词、形容词等)。就方法来说，主要根据上下文线索和构词法。高考阅读文章中更侧重前者。 通过定义、定语从句/词组或同位语从句/词组等来确定词义。
1. 直接定义：如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。
例句：In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
分析：根据上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。 定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent等。 2. 同位语：构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i．e. 等副词或短语出现。 3. 定语从句：定语从句有时起着解释和说明的作用，据此我们可以推断出所修饰词的含义。
例句：The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
分析：定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧羊人”。【基础练习】62．The underlined word “burning” in Para. 3 probably means ______.
A. annoyed B. ashamed
C. ready D. eager D 我不知道发生了什么，所以在我发言后，希望知道为什么大家如此反应的原因，即eager to find out what I had done wrong。答案及解析 1. 根据对比关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中，有时对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词来猜测其词义。英语中表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。
例句：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.
分析：该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的，相对比的)提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。
2. 根据类比关系猜测词义
表示类比关系的词和短语主要有similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。
例句：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
分析：该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间为类比关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。
3. 根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。
例句：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
分析：根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。
4. 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。
例句：Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
分析：作者为避免重复使用endanger一词用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知jeopardize词义为“使……陷入危险，危及、危害”。 1. 我们可以根据上下文与生词密切相关的句子，对生词进行合情合理同时合乎上下文语境的推测。我们也可以根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳，猜测生词的词义。
例句：You can take any of the periodicals:_The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning.
分析：根据下文举出的英语杂志名称可知，periodicals是“期刊”之意。
2. 有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。
例句：The snake slithered through the grass.
分析：根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither的词义为“爬行”。【基础练习】 (2012·福建卷D篇)
A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to ( for example: “The hand took hold of the ball” ) , the same mirror neurons were _triggered_ as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball)．
The underlined word “triggered” in the third paragraph probably means “ ______”．
A. set off B. cut off
C. built up D. broken up A 根据下文的perform和本句的含义可知“如果他们给人们一些句子来听，那么他们就会发出同样的神经元和进行一些行为动作一样。”所以画线部分单词意为“发出”和set off近义。答案及解析 英语单词的构成方法主要有3种，即复合法、派生法和转化法。英语单词大多是由词根、词头(前缀)、词尾(后缀)所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前头或后头加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头、词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易地猜测所构成的新词的含义了。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：
super-(超), inter-(在……之间), -able(能……的), mini-(极少的，微型的)，micro-(极微小的), re-(再，反复), sub-(分支的，底下), co-(共同), post-(后), pre-(前), trans-(超越；转换), under-(在……之下；低于……；不足), -hood(状态；性质；时期), -ish(如……的；有点儿……的); -proof(防……的；……不能穿透的), -scope(景), -ship(身份；资格；权力；性质), -some(易于……的), -wards(向), mis-(误；恶), un-(不；非), in-(不；非), im-(不； 非), dis-(不), non- (不；非)，-less(不；无), anti-(反；防), sino-(中国)。如： He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious,_for a few minutes. 根据词根conscious(清醒的，有意识的)，结合前缀semi(半，部分的，不完全的), 我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。【基础练习】 (2010·广东华南师大附中高三综合测试)
Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts. Understanding why can help us improve human health. Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory animals, a research that someday could help prolong your life.
The underlined word “prolong” in the paragraph means ______.
A. save B. protect
C. lengthen D. improve C 可根据构词法来判断词义。prolong 是个派生词，前缀pro-是“支持，亲”之意，long是“长”之意，故可判断prolong是“延长(寿命)”的意思。答案及解析 代词that/it/they/them所指代的内容多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句)，或者前几个句子中，找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看看这句话是否合理，与前面的内容是否一致，然后再判断它是否为正确答案。
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件34张PPT。第10讲 词汇辨析 考点1：情态动词的基本用法
例1：—______you interrupt now? Can't you see I'm on the phone?
—Sorry Sir, but it's urgent. (2012·重庆卷 25)
A. Can B. Should
C. Must D. Would【解析】选C。句意：——你现在一定要打断我吗？难道你看不到我在打电话吗？——对不起，先生，事情很紧急。根据语境，must“非得，偏偏”符合题意。例2：I got close enough to hear them speaking Chinese, and I said “Ni Hao”， just as I ______ do in China. (2012·四川卷19)
A. must B. might
C. can D. should【解析】选B。句意为： 我靠他们足够近去听他们说汉语，而且我会像我在中国可能做的那样说“你好”。might “可能”， 表示一种委婉客气的说法。故选B。例 3：I'm going to Europe on vacation together with John if I ______ find the money. (2012·全国大纲卷17)
A. can B. might
C. would D. need【解析】选A。句意： 如果能弄到钱，我准备与约翰一起去欧洲度假。此处考查了can的本义“能”，表示“能力”。 故选A。例 4：Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but ______ say where he was. (2012·江苏卷 28)
A. mustn't B. shouldn't
C. wouldn't D. mightn't【解析】选C。句意： 几天后，我哥哥打电话说他一切很好，但不愿意说他在哪儿。mustn't意为“禁止”；shouldn't意为“不应该”；wouldn't意为“不愿意”；mightn't意为“或许不”。根据句意可知，应选C项。故选C。例5：One of our rules is that every student ______ wear school uniform while at school. (2012·辽宁卷 24)
A. might B. could
C. shall D. will【解析】选C。句意： 我们学校的规则之一就是： 在学校时，大家都要穿校服。shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。这儿是说根据学校规定学生在校时都必须要穿校服。故选C。例6：We ______ have bought so much food now that Suzie won't be with us for dinner. (2012·江西卷 22)
A. may not B. needn't
C. can't D. mustn't 【解析】选B。句意： 既然Suzie不和我们一起吃晚饭，所以我们就不需要买这么多食物。needn't“不需要”，符合题意。may not“不可以”；can't“不可能”；mustn't“绝不可能”。故选B。考点2: 情态动词表示推测
例1：Jack described his father, who ______a brave boy many years ago, as a strong-willed man.
(2010·安徽 32)
A. would be B. would have been
C. must be D. must have been【解析】选D。句意： 杰克把他的父亲描述为一个意志坚强的人， 他的父亲多年前肯定很勇敢。用must have been表示对过去事情的肯定推测。例2：It ______ be the postman at the door. It's only six o'clock. (2011·江西卷 23)
A. mustn't B. can't
C. won't D. needn't【解析】选B。句意： 不可能是邮递员在门口，才6点钟呢。mustn't 禁止，不允许；can't 不可能；won't 不愿意，就是不，偏不；needn't 不需要。例1：—Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?
—$4, 000, or ______ like that. (2012·福建卷 22)
A. anything B. everything
C. something D. nothing【解析】选C。考查不定代词辨析。 句意： “你算出这次旅行的花销了吗？”“差不多4000美元吧。”something like有3种用法：①大约，约摸。It cost something like ten pounds. ②有点像。The building looked something like a church.③大致如此。I see them once every two months, or something like that.例2：—John, when shall we meet again, Thursday or Friday?
—______. I'll be off to London then. (2012·重庆卷 21)
A. Either B. Neither
C. Both D. None【解析】选B。不定代词用法。根据答语“I'll be off to London then.”可知，约定的星期三或者星期五对John来说，都不行。B选项是“两者都不”之意，符合语境。1. You ______ be right, but I don't think you are.
A. can B. could
C. must D. should【解析】选B。从语境上看，C、D不宜选，在剩下的A和B中，许多同学想当然地选了A，认为整个句子为现在时态，所以选can，而不选过去式 could。但是按照英语语法，情态动词can表示可能性时，通常只用于否定句或疑问句中，而不用于肯定句中；但 could 表推测时，却不仅可用于否定句和疑问句，也可用于肯定句，且此时用 could 比 can语气更委婉。2. The boy likes football ______， but doesn't like basketball ______.
A. much; much B. much; very much
C. very much; much D. much; very【解析】选C。许多同学只是认为 very much 比 much 语气强，除此之外，其用法是完全一样的。但是按英语习惯，副词 much 修饰动词时，通常只用于否定句或疑问句中，不能用于肯定句中(除非其前有 very, too, so 等之类的修饰语)。 3. ____ of her parents wanted her to ____ her cousin.
A. None; marry B. Neither; marry
C. None; marry with D. Neither; marry with【解析】选B。neither 与none 均表示否定，但词义不同，neither 指“两者都不”，而 none 则指“三者或多者都不”，父母只有两个，当然第一空只能填 neither；marry 可用作及物或不及物动词，用作及物动词时意为“与……结婚”。4．—I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.
—It ______ true because there was little snow there.
A. may not be B. won't be
C. couldn't be D. mustn't be【解析】选C。主要由下文的 because there was little snow there 这一语境所决定，既然“没有什么雪”，那么“滑雪”就应是“不可能”，所以选 couldn't be。5. I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with ______.
A. everything B. anything
C. something D. nothing【解析】选A。此题容易误选 B，生搬硬套不定代词用法规则： something 用于肯定句，anything 用于否定句或疑问句。其实此题应选 A，not 与 everything 构成部分否定，意为“不是所有的都同意”，前后两部分用转折连词 but 连接，语气通顺、连贯。6．—Is John coming by train?
—He should, but he ___ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can
C. need D. may【解析】选D。句中的 He should 为 He should come by train 的省略。转折连词 but和下文的 He likes driving his cars可知选D，may not 意为“可能不(会坐火车来)”。7. The radio isn't good enough; I want to change ______.
A. another B. a good one
C. it with another D. it for another【解析】选D。很容易误选A或 B，因为从句意看，此句表达的意思是“这部收音机质量不够好，我想去换成另外一台”。但是英语中的 change sth. 表示的是“改变，更换某物”，sth. 是被改变，更换的东西，而 change sth. for sth. 表示的才是“用某物换另一物”。8. He fell down to the ground, his mouth ______ and eyes ______.
A. open; close B. opened; closed
C. opened; close D. open; closed【解析】选D。此题很容易误选A，其实应选 D。open 和 close 均可用作动词，前者表示“开”，后者表示“关”。但是 open 和 close 也可用作形容词，此时前者意为“开着的”，后者意为“接近的”、“亲近的”等，而并不表示“关着的；闭着的”，要表示“关着的；闭着的”，用 closed。9. —Is he a man with good manners?
—No, he is ______ but polite.
A. anything B. anyone
C. anybody D. anywhere【解析】选A。此题容易误选B或C，因为句子主语指人，只有B、C才与之一致。其实，正确答案应选A。因为 anything but 是习语，意为“根本不是”或“一点也不”，不仅可用于事物，也可用于人。如：
That old bridge is anything but safe.
那座桥一点也不安全。
Her father was anything but a poet.
她父亲根本不是诗人。
Such a man was anything but a hero.
那样的人绝不算英雄。10. —Would you like a cup of coffee or a glass of beer?
—______ will do, but milk is ______ popular with me.
A. Neither; not B. Both; more
C. Either; the most D. All; the most【解析】选C。此题容易误选B，认为前文提到 coffee 和 beer 为两者，故其后应选 both 和 more 与之对应(more 为比较级，指两者比较)。但是，这样想的同学忽略了下文的语境已发生变化——后者谈的既不是 coffee 也不是 beer，而是 milk，即第二空涉及的不是两者，而是三者，故第二空应填 the most；第一空用either，表示“两者任选其一”，即此题最佳答案为C。
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件20张PPT。第13讲 词语知识考查 注意习惯用语，熟记常见句型
主要是答题时通过分析词语习惯用法、固定短语等搭配关系和句子结构，进行有效地判断推理，从而选出正确选项。因此，同学们平时要有意识地记忆一些常用的词语习惯用法、固定短语搭配，学会分析句子结构。这类题目要求我们不仅能够记忆这些词和词组，还要学会灵活使用，准确判断。常见句型的掌握也很重要。有些句型在经过反复使用刺激后，会形成一定的思维定势，这对确定题目答案很有帮助。例1：(2012·广东卷)
For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is 6.(never) acceptable. Such people always stick to their views, even if it means that they may get into __7__.
7. A. trouble B. power
C. prison D. control 思路点拨：本篇是一篇议论文。主要谈到了对日常生活中规则的作用，以及给人们带来的一些迷惑。
7. A 根据上文中的stick to their views和even if可知。get into trouble固定短语“惹上麻烦”。例2：(2011·陕西卷)
The second rich man, seeing the 31.(worrying) situation, stopped for a short time and gave 32.(the_villagers) all his food and drink, since he 33.(could) see that money would be of little __34__ to them.
34. A. interest B. concern
C. use D. attraction思路点拨：
34. C be of little use为惯表达，意为“没什么用处”。【基础练习】答案及解析1. C 有时候一醒来，发现生活不是按照我们原先的计划进展的。有的时候是因为我们内心的变化，有些时候是因为影响全人类的大变化引起的。两个sometimes并列的句子提示了答案。答案及解析2. A 见上一题的解析。该空是一个定语从句，其先行词是change，这样的一个大的变化很显然是对全人类都有“影响”的。答案及解析3. D 变化的速度是如此的快以至于我们很难预言将来会发生什么。注意首句就谈到了“一夜醒来，就发生了变化”。答案及解析4. D 既然一切都在快速地变化，那么原先的计划当然就不“合适”了。第5空后的reasonable也是提示。答案及解析5. B 与4空前的planning对应。如果我们坚持原先的计划，我们就会觉得与现实格格不入；但如果我们跟上周围的人或事的节奏，我们就不免要质疑那些几年以前还非常合理的计划了。答案及解析6. C 简单地说，我们现在所经历的变化与要自我意识到我们自己是人类息息相关。根据第8空前的realization获得提示。答案及解析7. C 与前面的bodies相对应。soul精神，灵魂。答案及解析8. B 与后面的suddenly相对应。这种意识有些只能慢慢领悟，而另外一些人就是能豁然开朗。答案及解析9. A 根据后面的“搬家”可知是要“卖掉”房子。答案及解析10. D 根据后面“另起一段职业生涯”可知答案。答案及解析11. A 上一句表示变化是立刻进行的。此句表示变化慢慢进展。答案及解析12. B 经历成长。go through“通过，穿到，审查，经历”。break through“突破，挤出，克服”；get through“到达(目的), 完成(任务)，通过(议案)”；let through“让……通过”。答案及解析
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件28张PPT。第18讲 长难句理解 1
(2012·湖南卷A篇)
…
I pulled out my phone to read a text message from my mom saying that we were leaving for Christmas shopping for him when I came across a message on my phone that I had locked.
…1
56. The idea for a special gift began to form when the author was ______.
A. doing shopping
B. having a debate
C. reading a message
D. leaving for Wyoming
C 该题正确答案就是根据这一长句推断的。该句的主干是I pulled out my phone to read a text message from my mom，而saying that we were leaving for Christmas shopping for him是Verb-ing短语作定语修饰主干中的名词a text message；when I came across a message on my phone是时间状语从句，that I had locked是定语从句修饰先行词a message。由此可知答案为C。 在阅读理解中，考生会经常碰到许多结构复杂的句子，也就是所谓的长难句。命题者在句子理解难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。长难句在阅读理解中容易给考生造成阅读障碍，形成一种心理压力，使考生失分。
一、长难句的基本特征
(一) 含多重从句和修饰语的复合句。
这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生不明白整个句子结构。考生应通过仔细分析找出主干和修饰成分，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。 (二) 分隔结构和成分省略的干扰。
为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，英语中将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。
省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。 (三)正常语序的改变。
改变语序主要指倒装句式。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。
当然，被动句、双重否定句等句式在阅读考试中也屡屡出现。希望考生能结合阅读实践来体会上述句法特征。 二、长难句的理解技巧
一般说来，长难句理解主要采用“主干成分分析法”，按“先干后枝”的原则处理，即按“主句→从句→修饰语”的顺序进行。具体步骤如下：
第一步：整句结构分析。
通过语法分析，迅速弄清整个句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架，确定整个句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。例句：“I felt there was a need for a book like this.” she says. “I didn't want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when we're self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease.” 分析：整个句子是个简单句，即：she says “…”。只不过，前后两个引号为两个并列的宾语从句。第一处引号“I felt there was a need for a book like this.”的主语为I，felt后跟了一个宾语从句“there was a need for a book like this”。第二处引号“I didn't want to lecture, but…managing the disease.”由but连接两个分句，第二个分句有主句I wanted other diabetics to know…， 宾语从句that things get better 及时间状语从句when we're self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease。 第二步：主干成分确定。
找出句子的核心成分，确定主句的主语和谓语。
例句：Miss Germaine's mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell's parents are reported to be less than delighted.
分析：本句由两个分句组成，and连接两个并列单句。句意： Germaine小姐的母亲在整个婚礼过程中看上去很焦虑，Cordell先生的父母亲据报道也不开心。 第三步：从句功能分析。
找出句中从句的引导词，分析从句类型(是否为定语从句、名词性从句或状语从句等)和从句之间及从句和主句之间的关系。
例句：Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.分析：whereas引导了一个从句，即 a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, 而it wasn't unusual to hear a…if he could sleep on the sofa.为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式 to hear a man…。省略to的不定式say作宾语补足语，say后面接了一个宾语从句he didn't know，know后面又接了一个宾语从句his friend's marriage was in serious trouble和时间状语从句until he appeared one night，现在分词短语asking 作伴随状语，asking 后面又接了一个宾语从句if he could sleep on the sofa。句意：一个女人最亲密的女友，很可能第一个奉劝她结束不幸的婚姻。然而，我们常听到男人说，他是在朋友突然来到自己家里并要求睡在沙发上时，才明白朋友的婚姻有了麻烦。 第四步：短语功能分析。
找出非谓语动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语、名词短语等短语，分析其功能以及它们与谓语动词/非谓语动词/从句/主句之间的关系等。
例句：If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”， and “Webster”， but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English — William the Conqueror. 分析：首先找出并列复合句，即but连接的两个句子，再看but前的并列句中有一个if引导的条件状语从句，but后的并列句中有一个who引导的定语从句，修饰a man。句意：如果你要求别人说出对英语的影响最大的人，你可能会得到像“Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”和 “Webster”之类的答案。但是与一个甚至不会说英语的人——“征服者”William相比，这些人就毫无影响力了。【基础练习】【基础练习】译文： 在看到父亲打开仔细镶嵌于一个廉价框架，并看到那些龙飞凤舞的黑色文字时的表情的那一刻，我就知道我送的礼物非常完美了。【基础练习】2. (2012·湖南卷B篇)Arriving in 1805, he wrote a letter complaining that it was a place of “mess and drunkenness”．
结构： 主句为he_wrote_a_letter,_complaining that…为非谓语动词形式作伴随状语；引导宾语从句，Arriving in 1805作状语。【基础练习】译文：他1805年到达，写了一封投诉信，抱怨说，这是一个醉醺醺的一团糟的地方。【基础练习】3. (2012·湖南卷B篇)It is also said that on occasion Byron swam naked by moonlight in the lake, which is now known as Byron's Pool.
结构：主句为It_is_also_said，that引导主语从句，naked_by_moonlight是形容词短语作状语，which引导非限制性定语从句修饰先行词lake。【基础练习】译文：人们说，拜伦偶尔会在河里借着月光裸泳。这条河也就是现在闻名的“拜伦池”。【基础练习】4. (2012·湖南卷C篇)The material, made from shrimp (虾) shells and proteins produced from silk, is called “shrilk”．
结构：主句为The_material_is_called_“shrilk”. made from…是过去分词短语作定语修饰The_material，produced from silk同样是过去分词短语修饰proteins。【基础练习】译文：这种名为“虾客”的物质，是由虾壳和丝绸构建的蛋白所组成的。【基础练习】5. (2012·湖南卷C篇)Decades later, however, plastic's very durability (耐用性) is raising questions about how appropriate it is for one-time products such as plastic bags, or short-lived consumer goods, used in the home for a few years and then cast into a landfill where they will degrade for centuries.
结构：主句为plastic's_very_durability_(耐用性)_is_raising_questions，how引导介词后的宾语从句，used…and then cast…为过去分词短语作定语修饰前面的名词，where引导定语从句修饰名词landfill。【基础练习】译文：然而几十年后，塑料的耐用性受到了质疑，那就是使用一次性的产品比如塑料袋或者一次性的消费品，在家里使用几年之后扔到垃圾堆里好几个世纪才能降解合理吗？
感谢您的关注 Thank you for your attention !课件38张PPT。第6讲 非谓语动词与with复合结构 考点1：非谓语动词的逻辑主语
______ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad.(2012·陕西卷 15)
A. Standing B. To stand
C. Stood D. Stand【解析】选A。非谓语动词短语后有逗号，说明非谓语动词作题干的状语。逻辑主语是句子的主语we，非谓语动词与逻辑主语是主动关系，且其动作与谓语动词wait的动作同时进行，用动词Verb-ing的一般式，选A。考点2：独立成分作状语
______you the truth, I feel like ______ to bed now.
A. Telling; going B. To tell; going
C. Telling; to go D. To tell; to go【解析】选B。to tell you the truth作独立成分；like是介词，其后跟动名词作宾语。考点3：非谓语动词的时态
例1: ______ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. (2012·重庆卷 23)
A. Having been asked B. To ask
C. Having asked D. To be asked【解析】选A。逗号前为原因状语，空白处与句子的主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，由此可排除B和C选项，D选项常作目的和结果状语，不作原因状语，也可排除，而A选项为现在分词完成式的被动形式，可作时间状语、原因状语、结果状语、伴随状语等。考点3：非谓语动词的时态
例2: George returned after the war, only ______ that his wife had left him. (2012·山东卷 26)
A. to be told B. telling
C. being told D. told 【解析】选A。此处only to do/be done表示意料之外的结果；现在分词作结果状语则表示自然的结果。这里George和tell之间是被动关系，因此用to be told。句意： 乔治战争后回到家，结果被告知妻子已经离开了。考点4：非谓语动词的句法功能
3. 作宾语补足语：
例1：Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ______. (2012·四川卷 12)
A. washed B. wash
C. washing D. to wash【解析】选A。考查过去分词作宾语补足语。此题中使役动词get后接的宾语car与作宾语补足语的动词wash之间为被动关系，构成短语： get sth. done。故答案选A。句意为： 在驱车进城之前，你必须将你的车洗了。考点4：非谓语动词的句法功能
3. 作宾语补足语：
例2：I looked up and noticed a snake ______ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. (2012·四川卷 8)
A. to wind B. wind
C. winding D. wound【解析】选C。此题考查现在分词作宾语补足语。winding its way与宾语snake之间为主动关系且此动作正在进行，故选C。考点4：非谓语动词的句法功能
4. 作定语：
例1：We're having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______ at the meeting will influence the future of our company. (2012·重庆卷 28)
A. to be made B. being made
C. made D. having been made【解析】选A。分析句子结构可知，空白处为后置定语，与被修饰的名词是逻辑上的被动关系，而且是将要发生的动作。由此可知，表示被动和将来的A选项符合题意。B表示被动进行；C表示被动完成；D表示被动完成，但不作定语。考点4：非谓语动词的句法功能
4. 作定语：
例2：After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ______. (2012·山东卷 35)
A. providing B. provided
C. having provided D. provide【解析】选B。分析句子结构可知，空白处为后置定语，此处动词provide与其逻辑主语envelope之间是被动关系，在句中作定语，相当于which is provided。句意为： 完成并签名后，请把表格放入我们提供的信封内送回。考点4：非谓语动词的句法功能
5. 不定式与现在分词作结果状语的区别：
Tom took a taxi to the airport, only ______ his plane high up in the sky. (2012·四川卷 6)
A. finding B. to find
C. being found D. to have found【解析】选B。本题考查非谓语动词。句意为： 汤姆乘的士赶到机场，结果却发现他要乘坐的飞机已经飞入高空了。此处only后接动词不定式表示意想不到的结果。考点5: 非谓语动词的省略形式
Film has a much shorter history, especially when ______ such art forms as music and painting. (2012·全国新课标卷 32)
A. having compared to B. comparing to
C. compare to D. compared to【解析】选D。此处是被省略的时间状语从句，相当于 when film is compared to such art forms as music and painting。film和compare之间是被动关系，故用过去分词。句意： 电影的历史短的多，尤其是当它和像音乐和绘画这样的艺术形式相比时。考点6: 独立主格结构
The party will be held in the garden, weather ______. (2012·全国新课标卷 28)
A. permitting B. to permit
C. permitted D. permit【解析】选A。此处前后主语不一致，构成独立主格结构。weather与permit之间是主动关系，故用现在分词。句意： 如果天气允许，聚会将在花园举行。例1：The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ___them. (2012·辽宁卷 25)
A. to follow B. following
C. followed D. follows【解析】选B。with的宾语后面可加形容词、副词、分词、不定式、名词等作宾补，这里pet dog与follow构成主谓关系，所以用following。例2：With his mother ______ him, he is getting on well with his work.
A. help B. to help
C. helping D. helped【解析】选C。这是with的复合结构， his mother与help是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以排除D, 如选B则有将来的意思，显然不合语境，选C表示“他的妈妈一直在帮他”， 正合句意。1. Considering the dangerous situation, they asked for ______ another meeting.
A. there be B. there to be
C. there being D. there was【解析】选B。此题很容易误选C，因为空白前有介词 for。但是正确答案应是B。在通常情况下，there be 结构出现在介词后时，要用 there being 的形式，但这有一个例外，就是在介词 for之后只能用there to be。比较：
They planned on there being another meeting.
他们打算再开一次会议。
They planned for there to be another meeting.
他们打算再开一次会议。2. He is a man of few words, and seldom speaks until ______ to.
A. spoken B. speaking
C. speak D. be spoken【解析】选A。此题容易误B，认为until 是介词，后接动名词形式。其实，此题应选A，until spoken to 为 until he is spoken to 之省略。句意为“他是个沉默寡言的人，除非别人同他说话，否则他很少说话”。按英语习惯，一些表示时间、地点、条件、方式、 让步等的状语从句，若其主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语包含动词be, 那么可将从句的主语和动词be省略。例如：
You must study hard while (you are) young, or you will regret when (you are) old.
趁年轻时要努力学习，不然到老了你会后悔的。
I won't go unless (I am) invited.
我不会去， 除非请我。3. ______ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A. Found B. Founded
C. Founding D. Being founded【解析】选B。但容易误选A。比较： find 意为“发现”，其过去式和过去分词均为 found。found意为“建立”，其过去式和过去分词均为 founded。4. I found I could easily make myself ______ by using sign language.
A. understood B. understand
C. to understand D. being understood【解析】选A。但容易误选B，即硬套“make ＋ 名词或代词 ＋ 动词原形”这一结构。但是该结构中的名词或代词应与其后动词有逻辑上的主谓关系，而对于此题，myself 与其后的动词 understand 是动宾关系，故此时的动词应用过去分词表被动。5. The husband advised ______ to the south, but his wife advised him ______ up the idea.
A. moving; giving B. to move; to give
C. moving; to give D. to move; giving【解析】选C。此题容易误选A。advise 后接动词作宾语时，要用动名词，不用不定式；但若其后接的动词前有宾语，此动词用作宾语补足语时，则此动词要用不定式。6. Charles Babbage was considered ______ the first telephone.
A. inventing B. having invented
C. to invent D. to have invented【解析】选D。此题容易误选A或B。consider可表示“考虑”和“认为”两种意思。表示“考虑”时，其后不能接不定式，而接动名词作宾语；表示“认为”时，则其后不接动名词，但可接不定式的复合结构，即用于“consider＋宾语＋不定式”的结构，此题即为该结构的被动语态形式。而且从时间上看，invent 应在 be considered 之前，故应用完成式，即 to have invented，故选D。7. Please make my excuse at tomorrow's meeting — I've got too much work ______.
A. to do to come B. doing coming
C. to do coming D. doing to come【解析】选A。不定式 to do 与 have got much work 搭配，即 have got much work to do (有许多工作要做)；不定式 to come 与 much 前的 too 搭配，构成 too…to…句式，句意为“我有太多的工作要做，不能来”。8. Whom would you rather ______ with you, Jim or Jack?
A. have go B. have to go
C. have gone D. has to go【解析】选A。有的同学从一看选项便首先排除了A，认为 have go 这种结构本身就有问题。而事实上此题的正确答案正是 A。请同学们先看下面一句： I would rather have Jim go with me. (我宁愿要吉姆同我一道去。) 句中的 have 为使役动词，所以其后用作宾语补足语的不定式 go with me 不带 to。假若对此句中的 Jim 提问，就是 Whom would you rather have go with you?9. We solved the problem by reducing our costs and ______ more money.
A. borrowed B. borrowing
C. would borrow D. had borrowed【解析】选B。此题容易误选A，认为 borrowed more money 与 solved the problem 为并列谓语。其实，根据上下文的语境，应选 B，即 borrowing more money与 reducing our costs并列。句意为“我们靠减少费用和多借钱的办法解决了问题”。10. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.
A. carried out B. carrying out
C. carry out D. to carry out【解析】选A。此题结构比较复杂，正确的句子结构是这样的： that they would like to see ______ the next year 是修饰名词 the plan 的定语从句，而在这个定语从句中，关系代词 that (指先行词 the plan)用作动词 see 的宾语，所以定语从句的本来面目便是 they would like to see the plan ______ the next year。显然，其中的 the plan 与空格处的 carry out 有被动关系，故应填过去分词 carried out。Homework 精练40
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