2022年牛津译林版中考英语语法复习复合句梳理

复合句
复合句（中考）
宾语从句 定语从句 状语从句
动介之后做宾语的从句 一般名词后做定语的从句 从属连词引导作状语的句子
I think mooncakes are delicious. I like music that I can dance to. I will call you when I arrive.
I.宾语从句
宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：
一 引导词
A 由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish, hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear, feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。
例：I told him that he was wrong.
在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。
例：I don’t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)
在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。
例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)
B 由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否…”的宾语从句。
Whether, if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。
例：I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.
注意：
1 在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导
例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。
2 宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.
例：I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.
3 和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.
例：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.
C, 由wh-引导的宾语从句。
连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。
例：Do you know which film they are talking about (which做定语)
I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)
二 宾语从句的语序
　　宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序，即连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
　　例：I believe that they will come soon.
　　He asked me whether I was a teacher.
　　They wanted to know what they can do for us.
三 宾语从句的时态
　宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，
　　1 主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。
　　2 主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。
如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。
　　例：
She says that she is a student.
She said that she was a student.
She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.
She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
He told me that he had been to Beijing twice.
　◆　如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。
　　例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
　　He told me that Japan is an island country.
　◆ Could you tell me…是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。
　　例：Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum
注意事项：
由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。
例：She said: “I have been to England before.”
She said that she had been to England before.
宾语从句与简单句的交换。
由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。
例：I don’t know what I should do next.
I don’t know what to do next.
LET’S DO SOME EXERCISES:
　一、选择填空：
　　( ) 1. It's so dark. I can't find out _______ it's a boy _______ a girl.
　　 A. if, and B. that, and C. either, or D. whether, or
　　( ) 2. Could you tell me if he _______ to Shanghai
　　 A. has gone B. had gone C. went D. go
　　( ) 3. He told me _______ she would catch the early bus.
　　 A. which B. whether C. why D. that
　　( ) 4. Mrs. Green asked me _______ I would go with her.
　　 A. what B. which C. why D. that
　　( ) 5. I don't know _______ the coat _______ cheap enough.
　　 A. if, is B. where, were C. that ,was D. if, were
　　( ) 6. Call you tell me why _______ yesterday
　　 A. you didn't come B. did you not come C. didn't you come D. you don't come
　　( ) 7. He said that they _______ Yunnan.
　　 A. have been to B. had gone to C. have gone to D. has gone to
　　( ) 8. Jack isn't sure _______ students there are in his class.
　　 A. how many B. what C. which D. whether
　　( ) 9. Can you tell me _______ yesterday
　　 A. what they do B. what they did C. what do they do D. what did they do
　　( ) 10. I want to know _______ his homework yesterday evening.
　　 A. if he finished B. whether he had finished　　
C. had she finished D. has she finished
　　( ) 11. Do you know what _______ this time yesterday
　　 A. they are doing B. are they doing　 C. they were doing D. were they doing
　　( ) 12. Excuse me, can you tell me _______ ？
　　 A. why was the train late B. why the train was late　　
C. why is the train late D. why the train is late
　　( ) 13. Do you know where _______ Someone is looking for him.
　　 A. he is B. he was C. is he D. was he
　　( ) 14. He wanted to know how long _______ in hospital.
　　 A. she is staying B. she had stayed C. did she stay D. she stay
　　( ) 15. My brother said he _______ going _______ his friend the next day.
　　 A. was, to meet B. would go, has　 C. will go, was going to D. will go, will
　　( ) 16. He told me that he _______ to London the next day.
　　 A. would go B. go C. went D. has gone
　　( ) 17. He said that light _______ much faster than sound.
　　 A. traveled B. will travel C. travels D. is traveling
　　( ) 18. Our teacher said that the moon _______ around the earth.
　　 A. turn B. turned C. has turned D. turns
　　( ) 19. He said that April _______ the _______ month of a year.
　　 A. is, third B. is, fourth C. was, fourth D. was, third
　　( ) 20. Do you know _______
　　 A. is it whose pen B. whose pen is it　 C. whose pen it is D. it is whose pen
　　( ) 21. Can you tell me _______
　　 A. who are you B. who you are C. you are who D. who you be
　　( ) 22. Do you know _______ of the three
　　 A. which book she likes best B. which best book does she like
C. that which book she likes best D. which book she best likes
　　( ) 23. I hear _______ the teacher will come back from the UK soon.
　　 A. which B. that C. when D. whether
　　( ) 24. Can you tell me _______ language she speaks
　　 A. which B. what C. that D. whether
　　( ) 25. Can you tell us _______ you grow cotton in your country
　　 A. that B. whether C. which D. whose
　　( ) 26. I don't understand _______ you said.
　　 A. when B. that C. where D. what
　　( ) 27. Do you know _______ made him angry last time
　　 A. when B. that C. where D. what
　　( ) 28. Can you tell me _______ the meeting will begin
　　 A. what B. whether C. when D. where
　　( ) 29. _______ surprised me most was _______ he didn't go to school yesterday.
　　 A. What, how B. What, that C. That, that D. Whom, that
　　( ) 30. I wondered _______ they had been to America.
　 A. if B. what C. who D. that
　　( ) 31. You will feel hungry _______ you don't have breakfast.
　　 A. what B. why C. if D. how
　　( ) 32. Do you know _______ Jack left so early
　　 A. what B. why C. until D. though
　　( ) 33. You must do _______ I told you.
　　 A. after B. before C. where D. as
　　( ) 34. I am sure _______ you said is true.
　 A. what B. that C. which D. who
　　( ) 35. It has not been decided _______ they will leave.
　　 A. why B. when C. which D. what
　　( ) 36. Go back _______ you come from.
　　 A. until B. where C. when D. that
　　( ) 37. Do you know _______ she will go to the cinema with us
　　 A. if B. where C. who D. which
　　( ) 38. The children said _______ they _______ themselves very much.
　　 A. if, enjoy B. why, enjoyed C. where, enjoy D. that, enjoyed
　　( ) 39. I don't think _______ I _______ out the problem.
　　 A. if, can work B. how, will work C. that, can work D. when, will work
　　( ) 40. She is afraid _______ he _______ cold at night.
　　 A. that, will catch B. that, catches C. whether, will catch D. is, catches
二、将下列简单句改成宾语从句
　　1. He's gone to Hunan. I forgot _______ .
　　2. She said, "They are waiting for a bus."
　　3. Whose bag is it Do you know _______ .
　　4. What will you do He asked _______ .
　　5. Who teaches you maths He asked me _______ .
　　6. I have seen him. I remembered _______ .
　7．Does Jack come from Japan Do you know (合并成一个句子)
Do you know _____ Jack _____from Japan？
　三、完成句子
　　1． I wanted to know_______________________________(她在和谁交谈)
　　2． He said_______________________________________(他以前见过我)
　　3． I'm sorry for__________________________________(我所做的事)
　　4． The teacher asked______________________________(谁能回答这个问题)
　　5． Jane said that__________________________________(她将乘飞机去那里)
　　6． I wanted to know_______________________________(她是否有一些钱)
　　7． We haven't decided____________________________(我们下一步该做什么)
　　8． I think that English is___________________________(没有数学难)
　　9． I'm not sure___________________________________(昨天天气是否晴朗)
　　10．He asked me__________________________________(是如何处理这件事的)
　　11．Do you know_________________________________(是否要下雨)
　　12．I wanted to know______________________________(她是否来还是不来)
II.状语从句Adverbial Clause
状语从句 常用连词
时间状语从句 after, before, once, since, when, while, as, each/every time, till/until/no sooner….than, scarcely…when, hardly…when, whenever, as soon as, by the time
地点状语从句 where, wherever
条件状语从句 If, unless, as/so long as, once, in case, on condition that, supposing (that),given (that), provided (that)
让步状语从句 although, though, as, even if, even though, when, while, whether...or...,whether...or not, whatever, whenever, wherever, however, no matter what/how/where/when
原因状语从句 because, as, since, because of, owing to, now that, for the reason that, in that, seeing that, considering that
结果状语从句 so that, such that, so...that...,such...that...,that...
目的状语从句 so, so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, for the purpose that, lest
方式状语从句 as, as if, as though, the way
比较状语从句 as, than, the+比较级+the+比较级..., as...as...
状语从句语法点分述：
一、时间状语从句
常用连接词：
词义 连接词
当 when while as
直到 until till
一……就 no sooner …than hardly…when scarcely…when
as soon as… the moment/the second once
在……之前/后 before／after
到……为止 by
when 的用法
“当……时”，两件事情相继发生（从句动作在主句动作之前发生）
When I receive your email, I will reply soon.
Attention
此句为“主将从现”原则，即在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，从句用一般现在时代替一 般将来时。
（正在……时）突然
★小试身手★
The smiths were spending their holidays in Paris _ B__ a terrible tsunami happened.
A once B when C since D while
while 的用法
“在……期间”，用延续性动词
While he was eating his breakfast, he heard the doorbell ring.
表对比
Some courses in college are required while others are optional.
虽然，尽管（放句首，主从句主语为同一人或物）
While I think living in poverty is bad, I don't care about money.
Attention
和although相比，while语气比较弱，比较口语化。Although正式，语气也强烈。
as的用法
“正当……的时候”(动词可短暂，可延续)
As they were walking together in the shrubbery（灌木丛）the next day， she said something.
As I was going out, it began to rain.
“随着”
As she grew older she gained in confidence.
★小试身手★
选词填空：
Tom is very outgoing, _____ (when/while/as) Jane is shy and quiet.
Some people waste food ____ (as/when/while) others haven’t enough.
before 的用法
Jane had not been gone long before it rained hard.
吉英刚走不久就下起大雨。
★小试身手★
Long before he was born, his grandpa______A_____.
A. had died B. passed away C. had dead D. had been dead
by the time/by the end of用法
By the end of the war, the small work-shop had become a large factory.
回顾：by + 将来时间搭配什么时态？
Workers will have completed the new roads by the end of this year.
as soon as/the moment/ the minute/ the second/no sooner…than／hardly…when／scarcely….when “一……就”
as soon as
讲过去的事情
As soon as I entered the house, I singled you out as a companion of my future life.
（动作同时发生）
As soon as he had finished, Jenny told him she wanted to go home.（动作有先后）
讲一般的情况
Researchers found that women are overcome by a burning desire to share gossip as soon as they hear it.
研究人员发现，女性一旦听到什么八卦新闻，就难以克制要去和其他人分享。
the moment/the second/ the minute
The moment I saw her, I fell in love with her. （首字母）
no sooner….than; hardly/scarcely…when
They had no sooner dined than they set off again.
★小试身手★
No sooner _____ the fans ______ (see) the movie star than they cried.
I _________ got back to the kitchen than the door-bell rang loud enough to wake the dead.
A. no sooner B. had no sooner C. no sooner had D. had hardly
The party had hardly started when the police arrived. (连词成句)
once用法
Once you cross that line, once you’ve given in to fear, you’ll never go back.
whenever, no matter when, every/each time 的补充用法
They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket.
=
=
★小试身手★
连词成句
Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark _______ someone opened the gate.
无论你去哪里，无论你做什么，我都会在此等候着你。
The springs in the armchair creak（发出咯吱声） I change position.
until的用法
延续动词/状态+until
not +瞬间动词+ until
Everything went well until the day a twenty-dollar bill disappeared.
You don't know what you can achieve until you try.
★真题试炼★
Mr. Zhang didn’t have a rest _____ he finished the project with his workmates in the company.
A. after B. while C. until D. when
The fireman stopped working when all the workers were saved.（保持原意，改写句子）
The fireman _____ _____ all the workers were saved.
My father started the engine after we all went downstairs. （保持原意，改写句子）
My father _____ _____ we all went downstairs.
强调句结构：It is not until...that...
She didn’t realize that her idea was wrong until she experienced a series of defeats.
It is not until she experienced a series of defeats that she realized that her idea was wrong.
★小试身手★
It was not until dark that he realized it was too late to return home.(同义句转换)
He __________it was too late to return home _____ dark.
二、地点状语从句
常用连接词：where, wherever
You had better make a mark where you have any questions.
主语 谓语 宾语 地点状语从句
辨析：
He was free to go where he liked
主语 谓语 宾语 补语 地点状语从句
I first saw him in Paris where I lived in the early sixties.
主语 谓语 宾语 地点状语 定语从句
Wherever/No matter where there is smoke, there is fire.
判断对错：
I’ll go no matter where you are. ( )
Attention
wherever no matter where
地点状语从句
让步状语从句
名词性从句
★小试身手★
判断对错：
I’ll go wherever you are. ( )
I’ll go no matter where you are. ( )
No matter where her mum goes, she’ll follow her. ( )
Wherever her mum goes, she’ll follow her. ( )
★小试身手★
判断题：
I will give you no matter what you want. ( )
No matter what you recommend, I will buy it. ( )
I believe whatever he says. ( )
Whatever he says, I believe him. ( )
No matter what I do, you won't like it. ( )
三、原因状语从句
because
语势最强，用来说明直接的原因，回答why提出的问题。当主句为否定句时，从句 because与主句间有无逗号，意思不同。
I didn’t invite him, because I wanted to borrow some books.
I didn’t invite him because I wanted to borrow some books.
since
“既然，由于”表示对方已知的、无须加以说明的既成事实的理由，只是一个附带说明，如从句表示的原因不是确定的事实，通常用because。
Since everybody is here, let’s begin.
He must have taken the book since it isn't here.
.as
“由于，因为”，表示十分明显的原因，所引导的从句常位于主句之前，一般说明因果关系，着重点在主句。
As she was no horsewoman, walking was her only alternative c_______.(首字母)
for
不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断;
不能用在句首，只能用在逗号后面。
由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，可以用for引导的并列句来代替
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
The news that the carriage was not available till next Tuesday annoyed him, for he was impatient to get home.
其他表示原因的词
now that /because of/owing to/due to /thanks to
Attention
引导原因的词分成两大类：
从句 词组
because, since, as, for, now that because of, owing to, due to, thanks to
★真题试炼★
Every Double Ninth Festival people climb up high _A____ they think they can get good luck and live a long life.
A. because B. so that C. as soon as D. though
★小试身手★
用because, as, since, for 填空：
There must be nobody in the classroom, ______ the light is off.
______he was not feeling well，I decided to go there alone.
_____ you have known the news, I won’t repeat it.
We stayed at home______ it rained.
四、目的状语从句
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
★小试身手★
用连词连接两句句子：
He got up early that morning. He wouldn’t be late for school.
Attention
in order (not) to 为了，可放句首句尾
so as (not) to 为了，不能放句首
so that 为了，表目的
so….that 如此……以至于，表结果
I'll run slowly so that you can catch up with me.
★真题试炼★
She raised her voice loud in order that she might be heard. (保持原意，改写句子)
She raised her voice loud _______ _______ _______ be heard.
Mr. Jones prefers to stay at home in order to care for his sick mother.(保持句意基本不变)
Mr. Jones prefers to stay at home ____ _____ he can care for his sick mother.
This morning I got up early _________ be late for the English Exam.
A. in order to B. in order to not C. so as to D. so as not to
五、结果状语从句
Attention
such so
词性 形容词 副词
修饰 名词／名词词组 形容词／副词
连用 such (a,an) so many/much/little/few
结构 such (a, an)+(adj.)+n. so + adj.+ (the+n.)
★小试身手★
The weather is so nice that all of us want to go to the park.
用such改写：_______________________________________________________________
She is so clever a girl that the teachers like her very much.
用such改写：_______________________________________________________________
★真题试炼★
The price of flat is so high that many people can’t afford it now. (保持句意基本不变)
The price of flat is _______ _______ for many people to afford now.
The problem is too difficult for us to work out. (保持句意基本不变)
The problem is ________ ________ can work it out.
The problem is _____ _____enough for us to work out.
六、条件状语从句
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
=If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk.
★小试身手★
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
Each of us is unsocial and unwilling to speak, if we don’t expect to say something that will amaze the whole room.
Each of us is unsocial and unwilling to speak, ______we expect to say something that will amaze the whole room.
主将从现原则
As long as you feed him, he will be cooperative.
祈使句+and/or/otherwise +一般将来时
If you use your head, you’ll find a way.
=Use your head and you’ll find a way.
★小试身手★
--Do you know if ______ finished the work --Not yet. If he ______ , he will give me a call.
A. he’s, will finish B. he’ll, finishes C. he’s, finishes D. he’ll, will finish
★真题试炼★
You’ll probably fail the P.E. exam again __B____ you practise more.
A. when B. unless C. if D. after
--Would you like to go to the park with me, Susan --I’d like to, _____ you don’t want to go alone.
A. until B. before C. if D. after
You will be out of date ______ you keep on studying from time to time.
until B. although C .or D. unless
You won't find a good solution_______ you put your heart into the project on environment.
A. unless B. if C. though D.because
Be quick, or you will miss the school bus. (保持句意基本不变)
You will miss the school bus ______ you _______ quick.
Jack won’t go to have a barbecue with us. He should finish the work first. (合并为一句)
Jack won’t go to have a barbecue with us ______ he______ he work on time.
Put on your coat, or you’ll catch a cold. (保持句意基本不变)
________ you ________ put on your coat, you’ll catch a cold.
七、比较状语从句
You drank a great deal more than you ought.
Mr. Darcy must know that Elizabeth was as amiable and unpretending as we have found her.
(just) as…so…
正如……一样，……也/同样
Just as some people are born artists, so some are born sportsmen.
★真题试炼★
The wonderful special effects make Transformers（《变形金刚》）one of ______films of the year.
A. exciting B. more exciting C. exciting D. the most exciting
2） In exams, the more careful you are, the ____ mistakes you’ll make.
A. more B. less C. fewer D. few
no more than =only
仅仅；只不过……
She has got ________ 3 pairs of shoes. =She has got ________ 3 pairs of shoes.
Jack is________ a poor street boy. =Jack is ________ a poor street boy.
★小试身手★
As water is to fish, so air is to man.
Just ______ we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
八、方式状语从句
as
通常位于主句后。
Always do to others as you would be done by.
as if, as though
仿佛……似的，从句谓语常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。
The old man runs very fast as if he were a young man. (虚拟)
It looks as if it’s going to rain. (真实)
in the way that…
以…的方式
We like pictures in the same way that we like pretty curtain material.（首字母）
九、让步状语从句
though, although
虽然，尽管
Although it's ______, they are still working in the field.（ 首字母）
as
虽然，尽管，必须用倒装。
Sweet as he is, he doesn't pay his bills.
Attention
当有though, although时，主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用；although和still 可连用。
★小试身手★
单项选择
___ she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless
He didn’t know anyone at the party, ____ he had a very good time.
A. because B. when C. if D. but
__ Thanksgiving Day is a western festival, it’s still a chance for us to thank our parents.
A. Although B. If C. When D. Because
首字母填空
For most big fire survivors, though the sore may be healed, yet a scar may remain.
Though Tom worked hard in his shop for too long, he felt happy every day.
even if就算（带假设）, even though即使（表事实）
Even though he was bigger, he never looked down on me.
★真题试炼★
Mrs. Shute wouldn’t leave the TV set, ______ her children were waiting for their supper.
A. if B. because C. even though D. as soon as
Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, ______ they knew it to be valuable.
A. as if B. now that C. even though D. so that
whether… or 不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is beyond a walk.
不管主人是否高兴，加菲猫狼吞虎咽的吃(devour)着肉酱千层面 (beef lasagna) 。
"no matter +疑问词"或"疑问词+后缀ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
=Whatever happened, he would not mind.
no matter what = _________ no matter who = _________
no matter when = ________ no matter where = _______
no matter which = ______ no matter how = _________
★小试身手★
判断下列句子的对错。
No matter what you say is of no use now. ( )
Whatever you say is of no use now. ( )
Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given. ( )
Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. ( )
保原意，改写句子。
You may go wherever you like.
You may go to _______ ________ ________ you like.
Whenever she comes, she says the same word.
________ _________ _________ she comes, she says the same word.
I will buy the picture, no matter how expensive it is.
I will buy the picture, __________ expensive it is.
Review
一、用适当的连词填空：
1. I’m staying in all weekend ___________ I can get my work done.
2. He spoke to me _______ it was all my fault.
3. He didn’t react ________ I’d hoped; he was actually rather angry.
4. He’d like to be an actor ___________ his father would like him to be an artist.
5. I am sorry to be late but I ran ________ I could to the office.
6. She is _______ interested in her work ____ she never seems to do anything else.
7. ________ I like him, I sometimes find him irritating.
8. I won’t believe you ________ I’ve seen it for myself.
9. ________ I didn’t feel well, we decided to leave early.
10. I will meet you __________ you like. I don’t mind where it is.
二、选择题：
We were half an hour late for dinner ________ we had taken the wrong bus.
A. if B. while C. unless D. because
You won’t catch the last bus ________ you hurry up.
A. if B. when C. unless D. because
--When will Peter telephone us --As soon as he ________ home.
A. gets B. got C. will get D. has got
No matter how much you think you hate school, you will still miss it ________ you leave it.
A. when B. unless C. until D. since
-- Time to go to bed, Tony.-- Oh, Mum, I won’t go to bed ____ I have finished the article.
A. after B. though C.until D.as soon as
__________ it rains this Saturday, we’ll have a picnic in Century Park.
A. if B. Unless C. Because D. When
The old man still coughed a lot________he took sonic medicine.
A. If B. since C. because D. although
Some citizens grow vegetables themselves______they are worried about the safety of the food.
A. if B. although C. until D. because
________the government has promised to improve road safety, little has been achieved so far.
A. If B. Although C. Unless D. Because
The cottage will be cold. Make sure ________ the heater.
A. you light B. if you light C. you'll light D. for lighting
__________ is well-known to all, too much stress can cause disease.
A. Which B. It C. That D. As
We were heatedly arguing about the financial matter, _________ the telephone rang unexpectedly.
A. while B. as C. when D. as soon as
The reason I plan to go is ________ she will be disappointed if I don't.
A. that B. because C. because of D. in that
They decided to chase the cow away ___________ it did more damage.
A. unless B. until C. before D. although
It was not until he got a map ____________ he started on his way.
A. and B. that C. which D so that
No sooner had the robber entered the bank __________ he was caught.
A. then B. than C. so D. thus
Give me your telephone number ___________ I need your help.
A. whether B. unless C. so that D. in case
________ we have all the materials ready, we should begin the new task at once.
A. Since that B. Since now C. By now D. Now that
三、句型转换
The boy was so generous that he shared all his snacks with his classmates. (保持句意不变)
The boy was________ ____ to share all his snacks with his classmates.
There were so many people that we couldn't enjoy the beautiful view. (改为简单句)
There were_________many people for us _________enjoy the beautiful view.
I will buy a T-shirt for my father. I don’t think of a better idea for a present. (保持句意基本不变)
I will buy a T-shirt for my father__ ______ __of a better idea for a present.
I will call the police if that noise doesn't stop in a short while. (保持句意基本不变)
I will call the police_______ _______in a short while.
I won’t start the car unless you put on your seat belt.(保持句意基本不变)
I won’t start the car___ _____ ______ ____ put on your seat belt.
Lydia was very tired. She almost fell asleep at the dinner table. (保持句意基本不变)
Lydia was ______tired _______ she almost fell asleep at the dinner table.
III.定语从句
一、定义
在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的有关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词，既起到连接作用，又在定语从句中担任句子成份。总结定语从句的一般结构为：先行词+关系词+定语从句。
二、关系代词
1. 关系代词指代先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，基本用法如下表：
关系词 作用 先行词 例句
who 主语/宾语 人 This is the boy who often helps me. 这就是常帮我的那个男孩。 I happened to meet the professor (who/ whom) I got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday. 昨天在购物中心，我碰巧遇到了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授。
whom 宾语 人 The man whom you are waiting for has gone home. 你等的那个人已经回家了。
that 主语/宾语 人或物 This is the pen that writes well. 这是那支很好写的笔。 This is the pen that you want. 这是你想要的钢笔。 The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Fujian. 我们足球队的最高的那个运动员来自福建。
which 主语/宾语 物 The room in which there is a machine is a workshop. 有个机器的房间是车间。 The river which is in front of my house is very clean. 从我家前面流过的河流非常清澈。
whose 定语 人或物 The room whose door is blue is mine. 蓝色房门的那个房间是我的房间。
注意：一般情况下，that既可以指人又可以指物，可以代替who, whom和which，在句子中充当主语、宾语或表语；which指物，在从句中也做主语、宾语或表语，所以which和that在指物时，大多时候可以互换，如：
This is the movie that I like best.
=This is the movie which I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的电影。
2. 关系代词的省略
一般情况下，关系代词作宾语时可以省略，但若关系代词在从句中作介词宾语，且介词在关系代词前，不能省略，如：
I’ll never forget the day that we spent together.
我永远都不会忘记与你共度的时光。（可省略）
I’ll never forget the day on which we met each other.
我永远不会忘记我们初次见面那一天。（不可省）
三、关系副词
关系词 作用 先行词 例句
when 状语 时间 I’ll never forget the day when I met you for the first time. 我永远不会忘记初次见你的那一天。
where 状语 地点 This is the place where we have lived for 5 years. 这就是我们住了五年的地方。
why 状语 原因 I don’t know the reason why he was late. 我不知道他迟到的原因。
注意：与关系代词不同，关系副词在从句中作状语，状语并不是句子必须成分，所以即使没有关系副词，从句的内容也完整。这是关系副词与关系代词最大的不同，也是我们选题的关键。同时，关系副词大多可以拆分成介词+which的形式，如：
This is the house where Luxun once lived.
=This is the house in which Luxun once lived.
这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
四、考点延伸
我们都知道，若先行词为物，关系词可以用that或which，而且大多数可以互换。但以下几种情况，必须用 that引导定语从句：
1. 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等，如：
All that we have to do is to practice English.
我们要做的事情就是去练习英语。
2. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如：
The first letter that I got from him will be kept.
我收到他的第一封信将会被保存起来。
3. 先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰，如：
I’ve eaten up all the food that you gave me.
我把你给我的所有事物都吃光了。
4. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，如：
He is the only person that I want to talk with.
他是我唯一想与之交谈的人。
5. 先行词既有人又有物时，如:
They talked about persons and things that they met.
他们谈论了他们见到的人和事。
五、方法总结
定语从句考查形式比较单一，单选一般考关系词的选择。在学习定语从句过程中，我们会发现，关系词的选择往往跟先行词有着很大关联，比如先行词是人往往用“who”或“whom”，先行词为物往往用“which”或“that”等，所以我们很容易根据先行词判断出关系词选谁最合适。初中阶段我们要求会判断定语从句中的关系词，并能在作文中写出简单的定语从句。高中会系统讲解定语从句，所以我们在初中阶段还要了解从句中的各个成分，为之后的学习做好准备。
随堂练习
关系代词
1、Do you know the girl_______ is drawing a picture？
when B. whose C. which D. who
【答案】 D
【解析】 when副词，指时间，在定语从句中作状语． whose关系代词，指人或物，定语从句中只能作定语；which 关系代词，指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；who关系代词，指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语； 根据 the girl _______ is drawing a picture，本句中先行词girl，是定语从句的主语，指人，故选用主格who．
Anyone who is a server or ________ has been one knows that customers always come first．
whom B. what C. who D. which
【答案】 C
【解析】 whom谁, 宾格;what什么, 不能引导定语从句;who谁, 主格;which哪一个, 指物．根据先行词是anyone, 并且引导词在定语从句中作主语, 所以要用who来引导定语从句, 因此可知这句话的意思是"任何服务员或曾经做过服务员的人都知道顾客至上．"
David is a fantastic singer can play different kinds of music.
which B. who C. where D. whom
【答案】 B
4、 ---Do you know everyone at the party
--Almost, but I don't know the one ______ you talked with at the door．
what B. whose C. who D. which
【答案】 C
【解析】 考查关系代词．A什么．B谁的．C谁．D哪个．句意"--你认识聚会上的每个人吗 --差不多了, 但我不认识你在门口跟你说话的那个人．"．这里是定语从句, 先行词the one代指人, 用who引导．
5、李老师是一个喜欢踢足球的英语老师。
Mr. Li is an English teacher _________ loved playing soccer.
【答案】 who
【解析】 考查关系代词。从句缺少主语，再结合语境，先行词为人，所以填who。
6、我生命中对我最重要的女人是我母亲。
The woman _________ is the most important in my life is my mother.
【答案】 who
【解析】 考查关系代词。从句缺主语，选关系代词；先行词是人，所以用who。
7、钓鱼是一种爱好，它需要很多耐心。
Fishing is a hobby _________ needs much patience
【答案】 which/ that
【解析】 考查关系代词。从句缺少主语，先行词为物，用that和which都可以；所以填which/ that。
I don't know the man _________ called you just now．
who B. which C. whom D. whose
【答案】 A
【解析】 分析句子，结合选项，推测意思是我不认识刚才打电话给你的那个人．这是一个定语从句，先行词是the man，在从句中充当主语，故用who．故选：A．
Do you know the American girl __________ sunglasses
that wear B. who is wearing C. who is putting on D. that puts on
【答案】 B
10、看！叫赛门的那个男孩在和他的朋友踢足球。
Look! The boy _________ name is Simon is playing soccer with his friends.
【答案】 whose
【解析】 考查关系代词。先行词boy与name之间有很明显的所属关系，故用whose。
11、我觉得我们正学的第一课非常简单。
I think the first lesson _________ we are learning is very easy.
【答案】 that
【解析】 考查关系代词。先行词为物，被序数词first修饰，关系词只能用that。
12、我不相信他所说的迟到原因。
I don’t believe the reason _________ he has given for his being late.
【答案】 which/ that/ \
【解析】 考查关系代词。从句中缺少give的宾语，用关系代词；先行词为reason，为事物，故填which, that或省略。
13、---Which is your new neighbor, Liu Hua --- The man _________ T-shirt is red.
that B. who C. which D. whose
【答案】 D
The young lady _________ is interviewing Lin Zhixuan about the program I am a singer is from China Daily.
who B. whom C. which D. whose
【答案】 A
I have a friend _________ likes reading:
which B. who C. when D. where
【答案】 B
The computer _________ I bought a week ago broke down today.
what B. who C. which D. whom
【答案】 C
关系副词
1、Newton was playing under an apple tree ________________ an apple fell on his head．
A.when B.while C.after D.before
【答案】 A
【解析】 根据语境推测句意是"当一个苹果落在牛顿头上的时候，他正在苹果树底下玩．"，由于设空处所在的时间状语从句用了一般过去时，所以用when表示"当…时"；注意while也表示"当…时"，通常与延续性动词连用，且用于进行时中．
2、Is this the place _________ Lincoln once lived.
A.that B.which C.where D.when
【答案】 C
【解析】 考查关系副词的选择。live一词为不及物动词，不能直接跟宾语，所以要选关系副词，排除AB；又本题先行词为地点，故选 C。
3、Dad prefers the places _________ there are a lot of places of interest.
A. where B. which C. who D. that
【答案】 A
Is that the reason _________ you are interested in computer games
Which B, what C. why D. for that
【答案】 C
【解析】 考察定语从句，先行词是物the reason，从句解释的是原因具体是什么，故选C。
Do you remember the year _________ you met the girl in the countryside
which B. that C. when D. on which
【答案】 C
【解析】 考察定语从句，the year在从句中做状语，故选C。
Is this the factory _________ he worked ten years ago
that B. where C. which D. the one
【答案】 B
【解析】 考察定语从句，先行词是物the factory，此时引导词修饰的先行词在句中做地点状语，故选B。
I'll never forget the days _________ I stayed with you.
When B. in which C. that D. for which
【答案】 A
【解析】 考查关系副词的选择。本题从句完整，要选关系副词；先行词指时间，故选 A。
课后练习
1、---Have you ever heard of Chen Guangbiao
---Yes, I think he is a kind man _________ often helps people in need.
Who B. where C. which D. what
【答案】 A
【解析】 分析句子得知，often helps people in need这是一个定语从句，修饰先行词man，在从句中充当主语，故关系词可以用that或who，结合选项，故选A．B哪一个，C什么。
It is hard to imagine a student does not know how to skate in Harbin.
whom B. which C. what D. who
【答案】 D
I like the actors ________ are very famous now.
Which B. who C. whom D. why
【答案】 B
【解析】 which意思是"哪一个"指物;who意思是"谁"指人;why意思是"为什么"根据先行词是"the actors"是指人的词语,又根据"________ are very famous"空格后面是系动词are,所以空格处需要一个可以作主语的词语来填空,综上所述.
I’d like to congratulate all the students are here today.
What B. which C. who D.where
【答案】 C
5、完成句子
(1). 人们都喜欢那些有礼貌的人。
People all like those _________ have good manners.
(2). 这是我障碍寻找的那本书。
This is the book _________ I’m looking for.
(3). 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。
This is _________ _________ interesting _________ _________ I’ve ever seen.
(4). 我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。
I still remember the day _________ I first came to Beijing.
(5). 你能告诉我他上班的办公室吗？
Can you tell me the office _________ he works
【答案】 1. who 2. that/which 3. the most; movie that 4. when 5. where
【解析】 1. 考查关系代词。从句缺少主语，再结合语境，此处those指那些人，所以填who。
2. 考查关系代词。从句缺少宾语，需要关系代词；又先行词为book，所以填which和that都可以。
3. 考查关系代词。最高级修饰只能用that。
4. 考查关系副词。从句成分完整，填关系副词，先行词为day表时间，故填when。
5. 考查关系副词。从句中动词为work，为不及物动词，所以不缺宾语，用关系副词；又先行词为office，表地点，故填where。
6、— Wang Jia went to the village ______ her family lived ten years ago.
— That’s good to recall the past.
A. when B. which C. where D. that
【答案】 C
7、 This is the primary school _________ I studied three years ago.
A.where B.when C.that D.which
【答案】 A
【解析】 考查关系副词的选择。从句是完整的句子，选关系副词，排除CD；又先行词为primary school为地点，故选A。
8、 这是他为什么没有参加你生日的原因。
That is the reason _________ he didn't come to your birthday.
【答案】 why
【解析】 考查关系副词。从句不缺成分，用关系副词；先行词为reason，故用why。
9、 Have you seen the man _________ plan we were talking about yesterday
A. who B. its C.whose D.which
【答案】 C
The girl _________ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister.
Who is singing B. is singing C.sang D. was singing
【答案】 A
【解析】考察定语从句，先行词是人，可用who和that，在从句中做主语不可省略，故选A。
11、 This is the book _________ I am looking for.
A. what B. which C. who D. whom
【答案】 B
【解析】 考察定语从句。修饰物，从句缺少宾语，用which/ that或者不填，故选B。
12、 All _________ can be done has been done.
A. that B. which C. what D. when
【答案】 A
【解析】 考察定语从句。修饰all，不定代词，用that，故选A。
13、 He got to the village_______ his family once lived before liberation.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
【答案】 D
【解析】 考察定语从句。从句中live为非及物动词，不能直接跟宾语，缺状语排除AB；又先行词为地点，故选D。
VI.并列连词
连词定义: 用来连接词、短语或句子的词。
I study English and Chinese.
Does he work at school or in the hospital
I get up early, but my brother gets up late.
一.and,but,or,so
1.We use “______” to join ideas that are similar. 我们使用and连接相似的想法。
(In negative sentences, we use “_____" to join two or more ideas.)
2.We use “______" to join ideas that are different. 我们使用but连接不同的想法。
3.We use “______” to introduce another possibility. 我们使用or引出另一种可能性。
4.We use “______" to express the result of sth. 我们使用so来表示某事的结果。
二.把下列句子连为一句话
1.I am active and energetic. I love working with people.
2.He does not like to talk much. His work shouts!
3.I can be a good teacher. I can be a good doctor.
4.He does not like singing. He does not like dancing.（在否定句中，我们使用or连接两个或者多个想法）
5.I want to share the best art with people. I am always searching for something better or different.
考点一：and (“和，并且”)
1）判断改错：
They sat down and talk about something.
They started to dance and sang.
I saw two men sitting behind and ate there.
考点二： and 和or
1）① 我喜欢英语和数学。
I like English _____ math.
② 我不喜欢英语和数学。
I don’t like English ____ math.
（1）肯定句中用“and” 表“和”；
（2）否定句中用“or”表“和” 。
2 ）用 “and” 或“or” 填空：
Study hard, _____ your math will be better.
= Study hard, _____ your math will be worse.
“and”意为“这样，那么”
“or” 意为 “否则”
考点三：表转折的连词but 和however
He worked hard, ______ he failed at last.
He worked hard. _________, he failed at last.
区别: but 后没有逗号，直接连接分句；however 后有逗号相隔，可放句末。
考点四 ：
although/ though虽然和but这两个关联词不能同用。
Although he is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.
改为：
考点五 ：
Because John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.
改正：
[提示] because 和 so 等关联词都不能同时使用
考点六 ： both ... and…, ... not only ... but (also)…, either ... or ... neither ... nor ...
我们使用像both ... and..., not only ... but (also) ..., either… or...，and neither ... nor ... 这样的连词来连接两个句子中相同的成分以避免重复。
both ... and ...使用来强调某事不仅对一个人、一件事或一种情况是对的，对另外一个人、另外一件事或另外一种情况也是对的。
Both Kitty and I have known something about the four people.
(我们使用这些连词来连接两个主语时，both...and...后的谓语动词总是复数形式)
我们使用not only ...but also ...来向你提到的某事添加另外一个事实。
Careless will be a disaster to ourselves.
Careless will be a disaster to patients.
Careless will be a disaster not only to ourselves but also to patients.
either... or...或者...或者...
我们使用either... or...说明一个或另一个，这个或那个，他或她等。
You take the lead. You fall behind.
You either take the lead or fall behind. 你要么领先，要么落后。
neither... nor...既不...也不...
My parents do not think I can make a good accountant.
I do not think I can make a good accountant.
Neither my parents nor I think I can make a good accountant.
[注意]
either A or B “或者A或者B”
neither A nor B “既不A也不B”
not only A but also B “不仅A而且B”
【连接主语 时，谓语“就近原则”】
①Either you or I _____ going to the party.
(或者你或者我将去晚会。)
②Neither I nor he ______ seen the movie.
（我和他都没有看过这部电影。）
③Not only you but also he ________ French.
（不但你而且他也讲法语。）
练一练：
1. Mary likes music ___ Tom is found of sports.
A. and B. but C. both A and B
2. I failed again, ___ I won’t give up.
A. and B. but C. so
3. This is my first lesson, __ I don’t know your names.
A. and B. but C. so
4. Which do you like better, apples, __ pears
A. and B. but C. or
5. Now we have no time _____ money.
A. so B. and C. or
6. Try your best, ____ you’ll make more progress.
A. and B. but C. or
7. Don’t lose heart, ____ you’ll lose all.
A. and B. so C. or
8. It’s getting warmer __ warmer.
A. and B. but C. or
9. He or the twins __ the USA.
A. comes from B. come from C. is from
10. Not Tom but I ___ going to give the talk.
A. am B. is C. are
11. Although I have passed the exam, ___I am not pleased with the result.
A. and B. but C. /
12. Both Peter and I ___ going to Guangzhou.
A. are B. is C. am
13. Either apples or rice __ok, and I am hungry.
A. are B. is C. /
14. Neither I nor my parents ___ to tell you the truth.
A. wants B. want C. is going to
15. Not only I but also Jane __ sure that we’ll win.
A. is B. are C. am