2022年中考英语二轮语法专题学案：介词和连词

中学英语语法（介词、连词篇）
英语十大词类中介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类或短语等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词用法多而杂，是考察的重点。一个介词有很多意思和很多用法，以及介词搭配也很多也是考察的重点。常用介词、易错介词的辨析以及介词固定搭配的考查将是近几年介词考查的主要方向。
下面主要是从介词的分类、功能、搭配和考点来讲解，并配以习题练习。
介词的分类
介词由字形上可分为以下两种：
1.简单介词：只是一个单词，如：in，on，after……。
2.短语介词：由两个（以上）单词集合而成，如：out of，in front of，because of，instead of。
介词的基本意思
about（关于）, above（在.....上面）, across(穿过）, against（反对，倚靠着）, along（沿着）, among（在......之间）, around（在.....周围）, as（作为）, at（在 以）, below（在.....下面）, between（在......之间）, by（被，由， 乘、坐、通过，在旁边， 不迟于）, during（在......期间）, except（除......外）, beside（除......外）, for（为了，由于，达、计，给, 对.....来说）, from（从）, in（在.....里,在.....以后，用）, of（.....的）, on（在.....上面）, to（朝、向、对着）, through（穿过）, under（在.....下面）, with（和、跟、与，带、有，用），into（到.....里）, onto（到....上）, throughout（在各处）, upon（在.....上面）, without（没有），according to（根据）, because of（因为）, instead of（代替）, thanks to（多亏）, next to（在.....旁边), in front of(在.....前面）like（像）, unlike（不像）, near（在.....附近）, after(在....以后）, before（在....之前）, until（直到....为止）, since（自从）, as（作为）
易混介词辨析
1． 表示时间的介词
(1) in表示“在某一时间段”或“在某一时候”，如用在月、季、年份、时代、世纪等时间名词的前面，或用来泛指一天的某一段时间。in也可以指“在……之后”，表示从说话起的若干时间内。如：
in July/summer/2000/ancient times
The bus will be here in ten minutes.
(2) on表示“在特定的某一天”，也可用于带有修饰语的一天的某个时间段之前。如：on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st
(3) at表示“在某一时间点”，或用来表示不确定的时间和短期的假日、时节等。如：
at six o'clock, at Easter, at the age of eight
(4) over, through (out)两者均指“经过的全部时间”。如：
Stay over the Christmas. She worked through the night last Friday.
(5) for与since：for表示动作或状态延续的全部时间长度，为“长达……”之意；since用于指从过去特定的某个时刻到说话时为止的一段时间；含有since时间短语的句子要用完成时，但含有for时间短语的句子不一定要用完成时。如：
I have been there for six years.
We have not seen each other since 1993.
(6) during指“在……时期/时间内”，必须接表示一段时间的词或词组作宾语。如：
She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little.
2． 表示地点的介词
(1) above, below，over, under，on: above和below分别表示“高于”和“低于”的意思，不一定指垂直方向上的上下；over和under分别表示垂直方向上的上下或高低；on和beneath表示“和表面相接触”意义上的上下。以上三组介词互为反义词。如：
The temperature today is between 5 below zero and 10 above zero.
There is a bridge over the river. Under the bridge you can see a boat.
The pen is beneath the book. There is a lamp on the desk.
(2) at, on, in：at指小地点或集会场合at一般用在：家、角、店、站、口等可能有和露天接触的地方；on表示线或面上的位置，收音机、电视、电话、网络、手机、问题、纸张（所有有形的，无形的“新闻媒体上”都是用on）；in表示在立体、区域或环境内，特别是那些较大，能够容纳相应事物的环境。如：
He stays at home. His kid was lost at the foot of a hill.
Your radio is on the desk. She works on the market. He’s surfing on the Internet.
He's sitting in the sun. Is your mom in the room
(3) between与among：between用来说明“在……两者之间”或“三个以上人或事物中的每两者之间的相互关系”；among用来说明“在……三者以上之间”的相互关系；among可以用来表示没有确定数目的物体之间的相互关系。如：
There is a small river between the two villages.
The book is the best among these modern novels.
The relations between various countries are very important.
3． 表示原因的介词。
(1) for常常表示褒贬、奖惩的原因或心理原因。如：
They will reward you for your help.
(2) from和out of常常表示动机或原因；through表示消极或间接的原因。如：
He feels weak from lack of sleep.
He broke down through overwork.
4． 表示目的的介词
for和to都可以引导目的地。for表示拟定的接收人或目的，for跟在含有出发或开始意义的动词后，如：leave, set out, start, depart, sail等；to表示实际的接收人或目的，to跟在含有方向性的动词后，如：go, come, run, walk, move, fly, drive, ride等。如：
We have left for Hong Kong.
He flew to America.
5． 表示“关于……”的介词
一般about用于比较随便的谈话或非正式的文体；on用于正式的讲话、著作或报告中；of用于动词talk, read, know, hear等的后面。如：
What are you talking about
in terms of natural resources
6． 表示原料的介词
of和out of表示制成品的材料仍保持原材料的性质；from表示制成品已失去了原材料的性质。如：
His house was built of brick.
He made these toys out of old cigar boxes.
Paper is made from bamboo.
7． 表示价格的介词
at和for都可表示价格，at表示单价,常跟“price”；for表示总价，后跟“总钱数”，还表示“交换”。如：
Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here. She sold her car at a high price.
I bought that box for five pounds. She sold her car for $ 50,000.
表示原因(通常在句中作状语), 意为“由于，因为”。
because of：表示实际原因(表达一种较强的因果关系)；
9. 表示“除……之外”。
except“除……之外”；（不包括）
besides“除……之外，(还，也)”(包括）
10. 表示“工具或手段”的介词：by, with, on
（1）by凭借工具或手段(多用于交通工具)
如： by bus 乘公共汽车，by plane 乘飞机
He usually goes to work by bike.他通常骑车去上班。
He sent the news to me by e-mail.他通过电子邮件发给了我这一消息。
I learn English by watching English movies.我通过看英语电影来学习英语。
表示搭乘交通工具时，既可用by，又可用in或on，区别在于用by时，表示交通工具的名词前不能加冠词，而用in/on时名词前必须加冠词。
如：He usually goes to work by car. He usually goes to work in his car.
(2)with用……工具
He broke the window with a stone.他用石头把玻璃打破了。
He stopped the ball with his right foot.他用脚把球停住。
with表示“用……工具”时，工具前必须加冠词或物主代词。
(3)on以……方式。多用于固定词组
They talked on the telephone.他们通过电话进行交谈。
She learns English on the radio /on TV.她通过收音机/电视学英语
表示“穿过”，across表示从表面上穿过，而through 表示从内部穿过
across the desert 穿过沙漠 through the forest 穿过森林
四、常见的介词搭配
1． “介词＋ 名词”型
(1) in ＋ 名词
in common 共有，共同，公有
in fact 事实上
in surprise 吃惊地，惊讶地
in danger 在危险中
in a moment 马上，立即
in the morning/afternoon/ evening 在早上/下午/晚上
in the open air 在野外
(2) on＋ 名词
on sale 出售
on duty 值日
on foot 走路
(3) at ＋ 名词
at work 在上班
at lunch 在吃午饭
at school 在学校（上学）
at home 在家
at noon 在中午
at night 在晚上
at first 首先
at last 最后
at least至少
at that time 在那个时候
at times 不时，有时
at the moment 现在，此时
to +名词
to one’s surprise/excitement/joy/anger 使某人吃惊/兴奋/高兴/愤怒的是
（5）out of ＋ 名词
out of breath 上气不接下气
out of balance 失去平衡
out of date 过时
out of patience 不耐烦
out of control 失去控制
out of business 破产
out of style 过时，不时髦
out of touch 失去联系
2．“形容词＋介词”型
at前的adj.：angry, good, bad, surprised, excited, puzzled等。
of前的adj.：afraid, sure, certain, full, tired, fond, proud, worthy等。
with前的adj.: angry, strict, busy, careful, popular, patient等。
in前的adj.：strict, weak, interested, successful, rich等。
to前的adj.：polite, kind, cruel, rude, close, available等。
for前的adj.：sorry, famous, fit, unfit, eager, anxious，(be) hungry/thirsty等。
from前的adj.：far, different, free, safe等。
about前的adj.：worried, anxious, careful，curious等。
3． “名词＋介词”型
the key/answer/visit/apology/introduction/way…to；
wish/desire/prize/respect…for；
congratulation/effect/advice/impression/influence…on
一、单选
1.1. ______ the afternoon of March 8, the woman in the city had a big party.
A. To B. In C. At D. On
【解析】答案为D 。on表示“在特定的某一天的下午”。句意是“在三月八号的下午，城里的那个女人举办了一次大聚会”。
2.Try on this red skirt; you will look great it.
A. on B. by C. in D. for
【解析】答案为C。 Sth. be on sb. “衣服穿在某人身上”；sb. be in sth“某人穿着什么衣服”。由此可知答案为C。
3.—How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space!
—It’s a challenge, I guess, man against nature.
A. of B. for C. by D. about
【解析】答案为A。应答句中的I guess是插入语，因此所填介词与challenge连用，表所属，用of，选A。
Does your father go to work, _______ foot or _______ bike
A. on; with B. with; on C. by; on D. on; by
【解析】答案为D。on foot是固定搭配，by凭借工具或手段(多用于交通工具)。
Children need friends their own age to play with.
A of B for C in D at
【解析】答案为A。考查名词的双重所有格。friends of their own age意思是“跟他们自己年龄相同的朋友”，选A项符合句意。其他选项不能构成所有关系。
A great person is always putting others’ interests _________ his own.
A. below B. above C. in D. on
【解析】答案为B。put other’s interests above one’s own意思是把别人的利益放在自己的利益之上。
We walk ______ the park and enjoy our meal under a tree.
across B. on C. between D. through
【解析】答案为D。句意：“我们走过公园， 在树下津津有味地吃饭。”从内部通过要用through。
一、单项选择
（ ）1. Lucy was _______ duty yesterday, but she forgot to clean the classroom.
A. in B. on C. at D. of
（ ）2. －How are you going to the train station to meet your aunt
－I’m going there _______ my car.
A. by B. in C. to D. on
（ ）3.When the school building began to shake,the teachers ran downstairs _____all the students.The teachers are real hero.
A .after B .with C .before D. until
( )4.No hurry.The bus will arrive _______ten minutes.
A .at B. for C.in D. by
( )5.Taiwan is a beautiful island and it’s _____east of Fujian.
A.in B.on C.to D. with
( )6. Betty， let’s make a cake _____some flour, sugar, butter and milk.
A. at B. of C. in D. with
( )7. .Does your father go to work, _______ foot or _______ bike
A. on; with B. with; on C. by; on D. on; by
( )8. Steven Hawking was famous________ a scientist, he made a great contribution to the world, and he died _______ March 14th ,2018.
A. for; on B. as; in C. as; on D.for;in
( )9. There’s one taken by the River Seine_________ these photos. Can you find it out
A. except B. including C. between D. among
( )10. –Junior high school days will be over________ a week. How are you feeling
--I’m trying to keep my cool because we’ve been together _________ three years.
A. in; in B. for; in C. in; for D. for; for
二、单句语法填空
1． His parents were very worried ________ him.
2．First celebrated ________ 1970，the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions (地区)．
3．Fish can’t live ____________ water.
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend，________a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and ________work.
6．________tracking people's e mails and online posts，scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.
7．________the amazement of these scientists，they discovered that blood passing through the brain，when it is active，shows no fatigue (疲劳) at all.
8．I wonder what you had ________mind when asked about your dream university.
9．Many of today's travelers are looking________an unusual experience and adventure travel is becoming more and more popular.
10．Kunming is known ______ its weather.
11. everyone’s surprise, he handed the owner a million-pound bank note to pay for the meal.
12. There is a restaurant ______ the library and the school.
13. The school is _______ from the bank.
14. －Where is the bank －It’s ______Bridge Street.
15. The broom (扫帚) is ______ the door. We can’t see it.
16. They will arrive _____the small village next Monday.
17. Walk ______ Seventh Avenue. The hotel is _____ your left.
18. I put some flowers next ______my window.
19. We go to school every day ________weekends.
20. Lucy didn’t go to bed _____ 11:30 last night.
三、短文语法填空
When I was a child in the 1970s，my family was very poor，just 1.________ other average families in the countryside.The second hand clothes，rain leaking roof of old house became part of my memory.However，the worst 2.________ (impress) is that I was feeling hungry all the time.Sometimes hunger hit me so severely 3.________ I regarded dried sweet potato slices as delicious snack.At that time，my dream was getting enough to fill my empty stomach.
In the early years of 1980s，as the reform and opening up policy 4.________ (carry) out，the children's dream came true.And then，5.________ dream became clearer and clearer in my mind.I must try my best to escape out of my poor and backward hometown.I worked 6.________ (hard) at my study than most of my classmates，and，after luckily 7.________ (succeed) in the national college entrance examination，I realized my dream again: after graduation，I became a citizen working in a city.8.________ the first college graduate out of a remote village，my success set 9.________ example for my folks.They came to realize that schooling is a good way to change one's fate (命运)．In the following years，there were fewer drop outs and more college graduates in my village，of 10.________ I am proud even today.
I.连词分类及作用
连词是连接单词、短语或句子的一种虚词，起辅助作用，在句子中不能单独作成分。根据在句中所起的作用不同，连词通常分为并列连词和从属连词。
并列连词 表示平行或对等关系 and， neither…nor ，not only…but also，both…and...，as well as
表示转折关系 but，while
表示选择关系 or，not...but，either...or...
表示因果关系 for,so
从属连词 引导宾语从句 that，if，whether
引导时间状语从句 when，while，as，after，before，until/till，since，as soon as
引导原因状语从句 because，since，as
引导条件状语从句 if，unless，once，so long as
引导目的状语从句 so that，in order that
引导让步状语从句 although，though，even if，even though
引导地点状语从句 where， wherever
引导比较状语从句 than，as
引导方式状语从句 as，as if，as though
引导结果状语从句 so，so that，so...that...，such...that...
II.常用连词用法解析
一： 并列连词
1．表示平行或对等关系 。 and和 ； or或者； both...and...两者都； neither...nor...既不......也不......；not only...but(also)....不但......而且...... ；as well as也
They are singing and dancing in the classroom.
My father never smokes or drinks.
Not only you but also she has to clean the classroom.
Jack as well as his sisters likes to play the piano.
特别用法
and在祈使句中的作用
　　句型：祈使句， and…=If you…， you'll…
　　Use your head，and you'll find a way.
　　动动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。
　　=If you use your head，you'll find a way.
　　如果你动动脑子，你就会想出办法。
2．表示转折关系。 but但是；however 然而（其后通常加逗号）；yet然而； while然而； while而，常用来表示前后鲜明的对比
She hasn't got a computer, but her brother has.
It will be sunny but cold.
Some people love pets, while others hate them.
These apples don't look nice, yet lots of people buy them.
3．表示选择关系。 or或者；否则 not...but...不是......而是......； either...or...或者......或者......连接两个主语时，谓语动词应当与or后面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
在并列的否定句中，用or代替and构成完全否定，如果所连接的两部分都有否定词，用and而不用or连接。
Don't ride so fast or you'll get hurt.
Either he or I am going to the movie.
特别用法
　　句型：祈使句， or…=If you don't…， you'll…
　　同and一样，or在祈使句中的用法，译成“请…，否则…”，有转折的意思。
　　Hurry up，or you'll miss the bus.
　　快点吧，否则你就会误了公共汽车。
　　=If you don't hurry up，you'll miss the bus.
　　如果你不快点，你就会误了这班车。
4. 表示因果关系。 for因为 so因此，所以
It must have rained last night. For, the ground is wet now. I felt very tired so I went to bed early.
二：从属连词
1. 引导宾语从句的从属连词。主要有that(无词义，可省略)，if和whether。whether可与or not连用，在句中不作成分，在ask，wonder，not know, want to know，not be sure等后常用whether或if从句，而不用that从句。
The foreigner asked me if I could speak English.
2．引导时间状语从句的从属连词。主要有when，while，as，after，before，until/till，since，as soon as等。
I arrived at the airport after the plane had taken off.
The boy left the classroom before the teacher came in.
How long is it since you moved to Beijing
3. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词。主要有because，since，as等。
She isn't going with us because she has a bad headache.
Since you are busy, I have to go there alone.
4．引导条件状语从句的从属连词。主要有if，unless，once等。当从句中需用一般将来时的时候，总是用一般现在时去代替。
The sports meeting will continue unless it rains this afternoon.
If (it is) necessary, call me at once.
You'll fail the test unless you work harder.
5．引导目的状语从句的从属连词。主要有so,so that，in order that等。
Give her a map so she won't get lost.
Read loudly so that we can hear you clearly.
6．引导让步状语从句的从属连词。主要有even if，even though，(although)though等。but和(although)though不能同时出现在一个句子中。although 比though更正式。
The story is hard to understand though there are no new words in it.
Although everyone tried his best, we lost the match.
7．引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要有where wherever。
Please stay where you are.
I'll be thinking of you wherever you are.
8．引导比较状语从句的从属连词。主要有than，as等， 在as(so)...as中，后一个as是连词，引导比较状语从句。
Do you think that art is as interesting as music
She doesn't study as hard as her brother.
My sister dances better than I.
9．引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要有as，as if，as though。
The little boy does as his father tells him.
She remembers the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
10．引导结果状语从句的从属连词。主要有so，so that，so...that...，such...that...等。
The mountain was so steep that few people reached the top.
三： 易混连词
1. when，while，as
三者均可译为“在......时候”。when引导的从句，动词既可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的。一般来说，当主句的动作正在进行时，when引导的从句的动作才发生；while引导的从句中，动词只能是延续性的，一般来说，当while引导的从句的动作正在进行时，主句的动作才发生；as表示随着短暂动作的发生，另一行为伴随发生。
He was riding to school when he was hit by a car this morning.
You'd better turn off the water while you brush your teeth.
She sang as she walked.
2．so...that...，such...that...
so＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词的单数＋that从句；
so＋many/much/few/little＋名词＋that从句；
such＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋that从句；
such＋形容词＋不可数名词/可数名词复数＋that从句。
She is so beautiful a girl that we all like her.
She is such a good girl that we all like her.
There are so many students on the playground.
单句语法填空
1.　　 　 he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist，they smiled and pointed down the river.
2．On our way to the house，it was raining 　 　 hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get there．
3.This is my first lesson, _______ I don’t know your names.
4.　　　 we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
5.(Let's not pick these peaches until this weekend so 　　they get sweet enough to be eaten.
6.　　　you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.
7. If you don’t understand something，you may research，study，and talk to other people ______ you figure it out.
8.She asked me ______ I had returned the books to the library，and I admitted that I hadn’t.
9.Over time， ______ the population grew，people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
10. _____ it cried，she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.
11.I really enjoy listening to music ______ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
12. ___ the damage is done，it will take many years for the farmland to recover.
13. It is so cold that you can’t go outside ______ fully covered in thick clothes.
14.We need to get to the root of the problem ______ we can solve it.
15.I don’t really like the author， ___ I have to admit his books are very exciting.
16. It was the middle of the night ______ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.
17. The young couple who returned my lost wallet，left ______ I could ask for their names.
18. Oh…，______ you don’t mind，I'll stop and…
19.You will never gain success ______ you are fully devoted to your work.
20. It's much easier to make friends ______ you have similar interests.
21. You must learn to consult your feelings and your reason ______ you reach any decision.
22. Farming produced more food per person hunting and gathering.
23. It’s also that they are on average healthier _______ more productive for longer.
24. ______you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports.
25.It was raining lightly_______ I arrived in Yangshuo just before dawn.
26. The official language of China is Putonghua, ________ the foreigners usually call it Mandarin.
27. Everyone was impolite and impatient to him_______he was in rags(衣衫褴褛)and looked dirty.
28. Our geography teacher told us______ the earth travels round the sun.
29. I'm right here watching ____________you come back.
30. Do you think that art is as interesting _______ music
参考答案：介词
一、单项选择
1∽5 BBACC 6∽10 DDCDC
单句语法填空
1.about 2. in 3.without 4.as 5.from 6.By 7.To
8. in 9. for 10. for 11. To 12. between 13.across
14. on 15. behind 16. at 17. along, on 18. to 19.on 20.until
三、短文语法填空
1. like 2. impression 3. so 4. were carried 5. another
6.harder 7. succeeding 8. As 9. an 10. which
连词
单句语法填空：
When 2. so 3. so 4. If 5. that 6. Unless 7. until
if/whether 9. as/when 10. When/If 11. because 12. Once/If /When
unless 14. before 15. though 16. when 17. before 18.if
unless 20. when 21. before 22. than 23. and 24.If
when 26. while 27. because 28. that 29. till 30. as