2022年英语中考语法专题_句子成分

句子成分和简单句的五种基本句型
1. 句子的成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
句子成分 意义 充当词类 例句
主语 表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事” 名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子 We study in Huangqiao Middle School.
谓语 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样” 动词或动词词组 She is dancing under the tree.
宾语 表示动作、行为的对象 同主语 Both of us like English.
表语 与系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征 同主语 Her father is a chemist. His words sound reasonable.
定语 用来修饰名词或代词 形，代，数，名, 副，介词短语或句子 We have eight lessons every day.
状语 修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等 副词，介词短语或句子 He works very hard. They held a party in Hollywood.
宾语补足语 逻辑上与宾语是“主谓关系” 形容词，名词，介词短语等 She always keeps the house clean.
主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！
英语句子成分基础练习
. 划出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词
( )① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
( )② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
( )③ Do you usually go to school by bus
A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus
( )④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
( )⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast
A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
( )⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework
( )⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
A. want B. to tell C. you D. is
( )⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
A. We B. had C. send D. doctor
( )⑨ He is interested in music.
A. is B. interested C. in D. music
( )⑩ Whom did you give my book to
A. give B. did C. whom D. book
(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语
( )① My brother hasn't done his homework.
　　　　 A B C D
( )② People all over the world speak English.
　 A B C D
( )③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
　　　　　　　 A B C D
( )④ How many new words did you learn last class
　　　　　　　　 A B C D
( )⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you
　　　　 A B C D
( )⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
　　　　 A B C D
( )⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
　　 A B C D
( )⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
　　　 A B C D
( )⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
　　　　　　 A B C D
( )⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.
　　 A B C D
挑出下列句中的表语
( )① The old man was feeling very tired.
　　 A B C D
( )② Why is he worried about Jim
　　　　 A B C D
( )③ The leaves have turned yellow.
　　 A B C D
( )④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
　　　 　 A B C D
( )⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
　　　 A B C D
(五) 挑出下列句中的定语
( )① They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name.
　 A B C D
( )② What is your given name
　　 A B C D
( )③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
　　　　 A B C D
( )④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
　　　　 A B C D
( )⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
　　 A B C D
( )⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
　 A B C D
挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
( )① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
A B C D
( )② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
　　　 A B C D
( )③ She found it difficult to do the work.
　　　 A B C D
( )④ They call me Lily sometimes.
　　　 A B C D
( )⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
　 A B C D
( )⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now
　　　　　　 A B C D
(七) 挑出下列句中的状语
( )① There was a big smile on her face.
　　 A B C D
( )② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
　　 A B C D
( )③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
　　　 A B C D
( )④ The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast.
　　 A B C D
( )⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
　　　　　　 A B C D
( )⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
　 A B C D
( )⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
　 A B C D
( )⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
　　　　 A B C D
划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me
答案
(一)① teacher ② man ③ dictionary ④ To do
(二)① B② A ③ C ④ A ⑤ C ⑥ C ⑦ D ⑧ C⑨ A⑩ A
(三)①homework. ②English. ③attention ④ words ⑤to go swimming ⑥ he was ill. ⑦ him monitor ⑧bridge museum⑨ it
school. ⑩ who"Father Christmas"really is.
(四)①tired. ②worried ③yellow. ④interested ⑤the first
(五)① family ②given③third ④ some ⑤ downstairs ⑥ of the other shoe!
(六)①to read newspapers and books ②to take the boy ③ difficult ④ Lily ⑤ get on the bus ⑥ playing football
(七)① on her face. ②Every night ③ when he was eleven.
④ too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm ⑥ because she loves books. ⑦ if you’ve lost it ⑧ to see the other machine.
(八)① us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语
② me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语 ③ us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语
④ Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 ⑤ me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语
2. 简单句的五种基本句型
谓 语 动 词 联系 动词 主+谓语动词（系动词）+表语 He is a teacher.
行为 动词 不及 物 动词 主语+谓语 The Sun rises in the east. 太阳从东边升起。
及物 动词 主语+谓语+宾语 He bought a pen. 他买了一只笔
主语+谓语+间宾（人）+直宾（物） （双宾语） My mother told a story. 妈妈给我讲了一个故事
主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 We will make our country proud. 我们要让我们的祖国为我们感到骄傲。
基本句型一： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻
常见的系动词有: be feel (感觉）, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, smell（闻起来）keep, stay , remain（保持，仍是） get, become, turn, go（变成） feel（感觉/ 触摸） seem(似乎,好像) appear(似乎，好像) prove(证明)
一“是”一“明”两“似乎”，三“保”四“变”五“起来”。
【小试牛刀】
一切看来都不同了。
Everything __________ __________.
春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。
Spring comes, it is __________ __________ __________ __________.
我们在任何时候都应该保持冷静(calm)。
We should __________ __________ any time.
这种食物尝起来很糟糕(horrible)。
This kind of food __________ __________.
不要吃那种食物，它已经变质了。
Don’t have the food, it has __________ __________.
这个事实证明是正确的。
The fact __________ __________.
基本句型二：Ｓ+Ｖ （主＋谓）
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
【小试牛刀】
昨晚雨下得很大。
It __________ __________ last night.
学生们应该努力学习。
Students should __________ __________.
我的表停了。
My watch __________ __________.
昨天他到了。
Yesterday he __________.
事故是昨天晚上发生的。
The accident __________ last night.
基本句型三： Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等
【小试牛刀】
谁知道答案？
_____________________________________.
他喜欢看书。
_____________________________________.
我昨天看了一部电影。
_____________________________________.
4. 他不知道说什么好。
_____________________________________.
5. 我能说一点英语。
_____________________________________.
6. 这些孩子被照看得很好。(take good care of)
_____________________________________.
基本句型四： Ｓ+Ｖ +DO+IＯ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.有时，间接宾语也可改为由介词to或for引起的短语，放在直接宾语的后面。如：
She passed him the salt.
＝She passed the salt to him.
她把盐递给了他。
Her uncle bought her a book yesterday.
＝Her uncle bought a book for her yesterday.
昨天，她叔叔给她买了一本书。
加to的动词主要有：give/pass/lend/sell/send/show/teach/tell/bring/take/leave/write
/throw/offer...
加for的动词主要有：make/buy/do/get/order/cook/sing/find...
【小试牛刀】
我给他看我的照片。
_______________________________________.
_______________________________________.
昨天他的爸爸给他买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。
Yesterday his father _________ _________ _________ _________ as a birthday present.
Can you lend me some money
=Can you __________ __________ __________ __________
I’ll offer you a good chance as long as you don’t lose heart.
=I’ll offer__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ as long as you don’t lose heart.
基本句型五： Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+OＣ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作.
名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
【小试牛刀】
请让孩子们安静下来。
Keep__________ __________ __________, please.
天气很热，你应该让门开着。
Its very hot. You should__________ __________ __________ __________.
我们将使我们的城市变得更美。
We will __________ our city __________ __________.
我经常听到她在隔壁房间唱歌。
I often__________ her __________ in the next room.
他要我早点回来。
He asked__________ __________ __________ __________soon.
我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
I saw them__________ __________ the bus.
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语。