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高中英语新人教版选择性必修四 Unit 1 同步语法讲解 学案
学生姓名 班级 序号
课题内容 选择性必修四 Unit1 Science Fiction被动语态等语法讲解
学习目标 掌握本单元重点语法-被动语态；掌握强调句语法；
学习重点 被动语态和强调句用法；
学习难点 灵活将被动语态和强调句运用到写作中；
语法一：被动语态
英语的被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成, 其中be有时态、人称和数的变化。
一、被动语态常用于以下两种情况:
1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者, 或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。
*Rice is grown in the south of China.
中国南方种植水稻。
2. 强调动作的承受者。
*The tree was broken by that boy.
这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。
二、将主动语态变为被动语态应注意的几种情况
1. 含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时, 有两种方法:
(1)间接宾语变为主语, 直接宾语不变;
(2)直接宾语变为主语, 间接宾语用介词to或for引导。
*He told us a story.
他给我们讲故事。
→We were told a story by him.
我们听(他讲)故事。
→A story was told to us by him.
故事由他给我们讲。
2. 动词短语视为一个整体, 其后的介词或副词不能省去。
*She will take good care of the children.
她将会好好照顾孩子们。
→The children will be taken good care of by her.
孩子们将由她来好好照顾。
3. 复合句通常将宾语变为被动句的主语, 而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意: 省略to的不定式作宾语补足语时, 不定式符号to必须补上。例如:
*Someone saw him swim in the lake yesterday.
→He was seen to swim in the lake yesterday.
4. 特殊疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序: 一般用“By+疑问词”开头。
*Who has broken the cup
谁打碎了杯子
→By whom has the cup been broken
杯子被谁打碎了
【即学活用】
(1)My English name is Walter. It ____________________ when I was at the university.
我的英文名是Walter, 它是我上大学时我的英语教授取的。
(2)Her money ____________________ and her patience is also running out.
她的钱已经用完了, 她的耐心也要耗尽了。
(3)___________________ by the moving movie.
我被这部感人的电影弄哭了。
三、被动语态和过去分词作表语
1. 意义差别: 被动语态强调动作; 过去分词作表语描写人或事物的特征及状态。如:
*The window is broken.
窗子破了。
*The window is broken by him.
窗子被他打破了。
2. 用法差别: 过去分词作表语时接近形容词的特征, 可以被 so, very, too等程度副词修饰, 而被动语态则不能用so, very, too修饰, 而需用much, very much, so much, too much修饰。如:
*He was very interested in science.
他对科学有极大的兴趣。(系表结构)
*I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn’t know what to do.
我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊, 不知所措。(被动语态)
【即学活用】语法填空
(1)I was pleased __________________(hear)you’ve been promoted.
(2)He was pleased________________ his teacher’s praise.
(3)I was quite surprised____________ the significance of the findings.
(4)Everyone was surprised ___________ the speed with which the dispute was settled.
四、常见主动表被动的情况
1. 有些动词(cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等)常用主动形式表被动。如:
*This pen writes smoothly.
这支钢笔写起来很流畅。
*This car sells well.
这车很畅销。
2. 在某些形容词(hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible, convenient, cheap, expensive等)后的不定式用主动形式表被动。如:
*English is easy to learn.
英语很容易学。
*The box is heavy to carry.
这箱子重得搬不动。
3. “半系动词+形容词”结构, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。如:
*The food in this restaurant tastes good.
这家餐馆的饭菜味道很好。
*The news turned out (to be) true.
这消息原来是真的。
4. need, want, require, deserve, be worth后面接动词的-ing形式, 主动表被动。
*The novel is worth reading. 这本小说值得一读。
*The old house requires repairing. 这所旧房子需要修理。
【即学活用】语法填空
(1)This kind of knife _____ (cut)well.
(2)Your writing is really difficult _____(read).
(3)That _____(sound)great. Deal me in!
(4)All the old carpets need _____ (replace).
五、有些及物动词或短语不用于被动语态。如: fit, have, marry, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。
【即学活用】完成句子
(1)A person who is truly honest __ __a straight arrow.
直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人。
(2)You __ __ a lot of strange questions by them.
他们将问你许多怪题。
(3)By last December three ships __ __ by them.
到去年年底他们已建造了三艘船。
(4)I have some clothes __ __.
我有一些衣服要洗。
(5)Your idea__ __ wrong.
你的想法证实是错的。
(6)The book __ __ quickly.
书销售得快。
(7)Will more gas __ __
需要更多的煤气吗
(8)The music isn’t pleasant __ __.
这音乐不好听。
课文例句：
The sun and moon looked as if they were being thrown across the sky, but soon there was division between night and day.
太阳和月亮看起来像是被抛在天空中, 但很快就出现了白天和黑夜的分界线。
【句式解构】
进行时的被动语态, 译为: 正在被……。
(1)表示某个时刻正在发生的被动动作。如: She is being examined by the doctor now. 她现在正在接受医生的检查。(此时此刻正在发生)
(2)表示某阶段正在进行的被动动作。如: A new factory is being built. 一座新工厂正在建造中。
(3)少数及物动词的进行时表示按计划、安排将要承受某个动作。如: A party is being held tonight. 今晚将要举办一场晚会。
*Bill is being taken to another hospital by an ambulance.
比尔正被救护车送往另一家医院。
*A novel is being written by this famous writer.
这位著名作家正在写一部小说。
*A medical group is being sent to the flooded area tomorrow.
明天将派一个医疗队去受灾地区。
【即学活用】
(1)The patient is seriously ill and ______ kept under continuous observation.
病人病情严重, 正在持续观察中。
(2)The world as a whole could not gain more gold than ______ each year.
整个世界每年获得的黄金不可能比每年开采的多。
(3)She said that her bicycle ______ by her father.
她说她的自行车正在由她父亲修理。
语法二：强调句
It was at ten o’clock today that the first of all Time Machines began its career. 就是在今天十点钟, 第一台时间机器开始了它的工作。
【句式解构】
强调句结构: It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(强调主语且主语指人)+ 其他部分。
注意: 1. 强调句中去掉it is和that之后, 句子仍然成立。
2. 被强调成分不管是人还是物, 单数还是复数, be动词一律用is/was。
3. 被强调成分为主语时, 仍然保持主格形式。
*It was from him, his chemistry teacher, that Paul learned to watch carefully in class.
正是他, 他的化学老师, 让保罗学会了在课堂上认真观察。
*It was because of the heavy rain that he came late.
因为下大雨他才来晚的。
*Was it last year that the building was completed
这座大楼是去年建成的吗
【即学活用】语法填空
(1)Why was it ______ you were late for the meeting yesterday
(2)It is not only blind men ______ make such stupid mistakes.
(3)It was not until I had read your letter ______ I understood the true state of affairs.
读写结合·表达升级-科幻故事写作技巧
本单元的写作属于新课标中的说明文或记叙文中的“想象性”作文。这类题目要求学生创造出从未接触甚至根本不存在的新形象。想象性写作允许自由想象、自主发挥的空间较大, 因此需要灵活的思维和丰富的想象力。科幻故事是用幻想的形式, 表现人类在未来世界的物质精神文化生活和科学技术远景, 其内容交织着科学事实和预见、想象。 科幻小说的特点是内容丰富、奇特, 并且情节合理。
例文精讲：
你校校报英语角举办科幻故事征文比赛, 请你写一个关于飞碟的故事参加比赛。内容包括: 1. 时间, 地点; 2. 主要情节; 3. 你的感受。
注意: 1词数80左右; 2. 故事题目已经给出, 不计入总词数。
The Saucer
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
范文：
It was hot at night and I couldn’t fall asleep in the tent, so I crawled out of the tent and walked around to cool down. The sky was clear and stars were shining.
Suddenly a bright light flashed across the sky and then near my tent appeared a flying saucer, which looked just like the one in the book I had read during the day. I quickly hid behind a stone and saw an alien come down through a round door. He walked into my tent and came out with something in his hand. The UFO then flew away. I immediately ran into my tent and found that my Pad was gone.
I was so puzzled that I couldn’t believe what I had seen. But I decided that the next time the alien came, I would talk to him.
Keys:was given by my English professor;has been run out of;I was made to cry;to hear;by;with;by;cuts;to read; sounds;replacing /to be replaced;is called; will be asked;had been built ;to wash; proved to be;sells;be needed ;to listen to;is being;was being mined;was being repaired;that; that;that
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高中英语新教材选择性必修四 Unit 1 Science Fiction 语法同步训练
Ⅰ. 用所给词的适当形式填空
1. They are going ____(send)to work in Tibet for two years.
2. —Do you have any problems if you ____offer)this job
—Well, I’m thinking about the salary.
3. Though we don’t know what was being discussed, yet we can feel the topic ____(change).
4. Much progress ____(make)in China with the help of the people’s hard work.
5. Nowadays, more new technologies ____(apply)in the field of IT.
6. The shop assistant was dismissed as she ____(accuse)of cheating customers.
7. You are not allowed to go into the meeting room. A secret plan ____(discuss)there.
8. The surface of this table feels so smooth. I think it is well worth ____(buy).
9. The manager was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets ____(book).
10. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ____(decide)
II.根据短文内容, 从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Are you an angry bird When you’re angry, your body becomes tense. 1 Here are some other simple tricks to chill(放松) and think before you act.
Understand your anger
Think like a detective and track down clues about the kinds of situations, people, and events that set off your anger. 2 Even if you can’t get away from them, at least you’ll have more time to prepare for them so they don’t affect you so negatively. You can also think of the situation as an opportunity to practice not getting mad.
Go for a walk
When you get really angry, walk away from the source. A 5-minute walk outside or another calming activity like yoga are both great strategies for dealing with anger. If your anger arises from the traffic jam you’re stuck in, turn up the radio and sing at the top of your lungs. 3
Write letters
4 So if you’re trying to calm down fast, grab your journal and write it all out. You can simply write your own feelings or try writing a letter to the person who upsets you. You never have to send it and just writing it will help you feel better.
Talk about your anger
It’s not just writing that helps relieve anger. 5 The trick is not to unload your anger on the person making you upset but to release your pressure by talking with a neutral (中立的) friend, family member, or specialist. A neutral observer can bring reasonable judgment to the situation. You can even try talking out loud to yourself about it.
Now that you’ve learned how to keep your anger in check, try some of these little changes that will make you a happier person.
A. Expressing it orally can also be incredibly calming.
B. Once you’re aware of them, try to avoid them as possible.
C. Writing out your feelings really does help you feel better.
D. The idea is to create a mental or physical escape from the situation.
E. Losing your temper makes you look like the bad guy to everyone else.
F. Deep breathing is just one of the ways you can instantly turn a bad mood around.
G. Exercise can help people lower their levels of anger and other negative emotions.
Ⅱ. 完形填空
One day I was sleeping in my chair when I woke up to the sound of a car crash. I sat up and looked 1 out my window. Across the street, a car had just backed into a chain-link fence. The car must have been moving fast, 2 it was in bad shape. The fence was bent out exactly the 3 of the car’s back end.
I watched the driver get out of the car. After a few seconds of 4 the damage, the man tried to put the fence back into the place. His first attempt failed and he tried a little harder. He grabbed its vertical support pole and pulled against it with his full 5 . The pole suddenly 6 and the man fell hard onto the ground. The entire fence fell on top of him, and one of his shoes 7 and landed 10 feet away on the sidewalk.
I laughed out loud. The man’s failure was 8 my whole day. He climbed out from under the 9 fence and went back to the apartment building.
That, I thought, would be the 10 of it. The man was going to leave all the chaos behind for someone else to 11 . However, the man 12 a few minutes later with some tools. For the next hour, I 13 out my window as he doggedly fixed the fence and even improved it. Now the fence would be extra secure, stronger than before.
This man was actually a hero and I was embarrassed by my 14 judgments. Years later, I still look out my window at that fence almost every day. It makes me 15 what else that man has improved, and how I can make myself more like him.
1. A. gradually B. especially
C. immediately D. generally
2. A. until B. because
C. if D. although
3. A. beginning B. direction
C. center D. shape
4. A. assessing B. mentioning
C. limiting D. avoiding
5. A. equipment B. sight
C. wisdom D. weight
6. A. broke B. burnt
C. lightened D. rose
7. A. moved on B. passed by
C. flew off D. turned up
8. A. wasting B. brightening
C. completing D. controlling
9. A. fallen B. hidden
C. locked D. related
10. A. plan B. form
C. cause D. end
11. A. give away B. clean up
C. learn from D. refer to
12. A. quitted B. hesitated
C. approved D. appeared
13. A. worked B. counted
C. watched D. guessed
14. A. unbalanced B. uncertain
C. unfair D. unhurried
15. A. wonder B. observe
C. explain D. challenge
Ⅲ. 语法填空
On May 9, James Givens was sitting in the car when he 1. (hear) what sounded like a knock. He turned around only 2. (find) a goose pecking (啄) at the car door. This was highly unusual given that the birds normally preferred to observe humans from a 3. (distant).
But on this day, the goose appeared to be determined to get his attention and didn’t stop pecking 4. Givens opened the car door and stepped out. Though the bird then began to walk away, 5. kept turning around to make sure he was following. When they finally stopped, Givens realized 6. the mother goose did so--- she needed help to free her baby goose that had got 7. (trap) in some balloon string.
Worried that the mother goose would attack him if he got close 8. the baby , Givens called the local SPCA chapter. Unfortunately, they were 9. (able) to help right away. Concerned that the baby goose would not survive the delay, Givens decided to take on the task himself.
The mother goose watched 10. (patient) as Givens saved the little bird. As soon as the little goose was free, it ran to its mom. Givens said this was the most unforgettable incident in his life!
写作.请用被动语态介绍你喜欢的一部科幻小说。
1. 《弗兰肯斯坦》(Frankenstein)是玛丽·雪莱(Marry Shelley)写的一篇科幻小说。
2. 这本小说被认为是英国文学史上最早的科幻小说之一。
3. 这本小说出版后, 受到广泛关注。
4. 小说的故事基于科学、想象和自身经历。
5. 这本小说已被翻译成多种语言。
参考答案：
to be sent；are offered；has been changed；is being made；are being applied； was accused；is being discussed；buying；had been booked；has been decided
七选五：FBDAC
完形填空：CBDAD ACBAD BDCCA
语法填空：
heard；to find；distance；until/till；；it/she；；why；；trapped；；to；unable；patiently
作文：
Frankenstein is a science fiction which was written by Marry Shelley. It is regarded as one of the earliest science fictions in English literature. After the novel was published, it drew wide attention. The story of the novel is based on science, imagination and personal experiences. The novel has been translated into many languages.
同步训练
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