介词
大家好!我们介词一家来了!
介词是一种虚词,不能独立充当句子成分,需与动词、形容词和名词搭配,才能在句子中充当成分。介词是用于名词或代词之前,表示词与词之间关系的词类,介词常与动词、形容词和名词搭配表示不同意义。介词短语中介词后接名词、代词或可以替代名词的词(如:动名词v-ing).介词后的代词永远为宾格形式。
第一节介词的分类及功能
1、分类:根据介词的意义可将介词分为以下几类:
1).表示时间的介词
?at在….时?? on在…时?? in在…后? about大约? around大约? round大约? since 自从? for 长达?? between 在…之间? from…to… 从…到….
2).表示空间的介词
at 在…? around 在…周围? on在…上? round 在…周围 under 在…正下方? above 在…上方 in在…里over在…正上方? below 在…下方
3).表示方位的介词
In在…里 ?out of 从…出来? though穿过? past穿过? across穿过? beyond在…那边? opposite在…对面? up? 在高处
4).表示手段.施动者的介词????? with用??? by用???? in用
5).表示其他含义的介词
of 具有…性质的? ????with带有…?? without没有…..?? except除了….??? Besides包括….在内?? instead of 而不是
2、介词短语的功能:
“介词+宾语”构成介词短语。可以在句中作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。
(1)、作状语 可修饰动词,形容词和副词以及整个句子。 I arrived at the concert hall in time. 我及时到了达音乐会的大厅。
Can you sing the song in English? 你会用英语唱这首歌吗?
(2)、作定语
The students in Class One are having a meeting.一班的同学们正在开会。
The car under the tree is Miss Li's.树底下的那辆车是李小姐的。注意:介词短语作定语使用时,必须要后置。(而形容 词作定语,多放在名词之前。
(3)、作表语
Who is on duty today?今天谁值日?
She looks like a dancer.她看上去像个舞蹈家。
(4)、作宾语补足语
We must keep the classroom in good order.我们必须保持教室的整洁。
She left the key at home. 她把钥匙落在家里了
第二节、介词的意义
介词的意义非常丰富,主要用来表示时间、地点、方向、工具、手段材料等。
1、表示时间的介词
(1)、at, in, on用于表示年、月、日或某一时刻at用于表示时刻、时刻的某一点 在节假日前也常用at.
at eleven o’clock 在11点钟
at noon 在中午
at that time 在那时候
at the moment 在那刻
at the age of 在……最后
at present 目前
at daybreak在黎明;
at noon在中午;
at night在夜间;
at Christmas在圣诞节期间
at the age of five在五岁时
(2)、on 用于表示具体的某日,某天的上午、下午、晚上
on Monday 在星期一
on Sunday morning 在周日早晨on November 10 在11月10日on November 11, 2011 在2011年11月11日on a Sunny morning 在一个晴朗的早晨on night of December 25 在12月25日的夜晚
(3)、in用于表季节、年、月,还可泛指早晨、下午和晚上
in summer? 在夏季in 2011? 在2011年in May? 在五月in May, 1992? 在一九九二年五月in the morning? 在上午in the evening? 在晚上
注意:in 和on 的区别
①泛指上、下午和晚上时,用in;特指某一日的上、下午或 晚上,用 on。in the evening 在晚上on a rainy evening 在一个下雨晚上
in 、on 用法记忆口诀:
②在this, last, next, every等词之前不可以再加任何介词。this evening 今晚
that morning 那天早晨last Monday 上周一
next year 明年every week 每星期
every spring 每年春天(4)、before,after表示时间的前后
(1)、before:在….之前
You should ask the children to wash their hands before dinner.你应该要求孩子们饭前要洗手。
I will come back before dinner.晚饭前我会赶回来
(2)、after:在…之后
Spring comes after winter. 冬天之后是春天。
(5)、by,until,till 表示期限
⑴、by:在….之前,不迟于 表示到什时候为止动作已经完成。
How many lessons had you learned by the end of last week?到上周末,你们学了多少课了?By the time I arrived, she had already gone.到我到达的时候,他已经走了。
(2)、Until,till:直到….为止 表示动作持续到什么时候。
I didn't fall asleep until two o'clock last night.我昨夜里直到两点钟才睡着觉。
You must wait for him till tomorrow. 你必须一直等到他明天。
注意:在肯定句中,till/until必须与延续动词连用;在否定句中,till/until常与非延续性动词连用。如I didn’t go to bed until 12 o’clock. 直到12点我才睡。
(6). for,during, between表示期间
(1)、for:达….之久(表示过了多少时间)多与完成时连用,也可用于一般现在时、一般过去时和将来时。
John stayed in China for 2 weeks.约翰在中国呆了两周的时间。
(2)、during:在…时期当中
We had a good time during the holiday.
提示:for的后面常接表示天数、时间等等数字名词;而 during 之后不能接表示数字的名词。(3)、between:在(两个时间)之间,突出时间的起点和终点,相当于from….to
He kept on working between seven and twelve last night.昨晚7点到12点之间,他一直在工作。
(7).表示时间的起点用from,since
(1)、from:从….起 例如:
From sunrise to sunset he waited.
(2)、since:自从….以来 例如:
Since my last letter I have heard from him twice.
(8)、表示时间的经过等用in,within
(1)、in过….后(未来时间)例如:
I heard that she would be back in a month.
(2)、within:以内,不超过 例如:
He will arrive within an hour.
读一读:时间名词前介词用法口诀
练一练:相信你一定做得很好,加油。
1.? He has gone abroad. He will return _two years' time.
2? ______ Saturdays I always go to the market.
3? I never go to the cinema ______ the week.
4? He ran a hundred metres ______ thirteen seconds.
5? I can't see him ______ the moment . I'm busy.
6. My birthday is ___ November 7th I was born __ 1998.
7? The days are very short ______ December.
8? We arrived at the village late ______ night. We left early? ______ the morning.
9? I shall not hear from him ______ tomorrow.
10.I was born _______ July 1st, 1982 .
答案:1.in 2 On 3. in 4.in 5.at 6.on in 7.in 8.at in 9.at 10.on
2.表示场所、方向的介词
表示场所的介词:
at,in,on,above,over,under,below,near,by,between,among,around,round,about,in front of,behind
表示方向的介词:
in,into,out of,along,down,across,through,to,towards,for,from,over,by,past
1)、at 在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)? at school上学? ? at home在家? at 320 xinfu district 在新抚区320号? at the station 在火车站? 2)、in 在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)? she will arrive in shanghai at ten .10点她将到达上海。3)、near ,by
(1)、near:近的,不远的(=not far)是的反义词
例如:He lives near the school.他住在学校附近。
(2)、by:在……旁边,比的距离要近Amy walked by the side of the river for six more long days .艾米沿着河岸又走了足足6天。
4)、表示地点方向的on ,under ,over ,above ,below
读一读: 读图,你会记住这几个词的用法的。
(1)、on:在……上面,有接触面? on the table 在桌子上面(2)、above:在……上方,但不一定是正上方。? sometimes Amy could hear planes above the trees.? 有时艾米能听到树林上空的飞机声。
(3)、over:在……正上方,即垂直的上方。是under的反义词
walk over the bridge
从桥上走过
over还有其他一些含义:①遍及:all over the country(world)? 全国(世界)②超过:相当于more than。He is over 40.他四十多岁了。We have over ten subjects.我们有十多门科目的课程。③在那边;越过over there 在那儿over the stream 越过小溪
jump over the chair
从椅子上跳过去
4)、under:在……下面
I’m sitting under the tree. 我正坐在树下。
(5)、below:在……下方,(不一定是正下方) below 是 above 的反义词。
There is a cat below the table.桌子下面有只猫。5)、between ,among
(1)、between:在两者之间 ??He?is?sitting?between?Tom?and?John.他坐在汤姆和约翰之间。
(2)、among:在三者或者更多的之中There are some American students among us .在我们中间有几个美国学生。6)、in front of ,behind(1)、in front of :在……的前面? There is a car in front of the house .房子前面有一辆小汽车。(2)、behind :在…..后边Are there any cows behind the house ?房子后面有一些牛吗?7)、in ,into ,out of (1)、in:在…..之内,用于表示静止的位置 There are four girls in the room.房间里有4个女孩。(2)、into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向,通常用于表示动作的动作之后。如:come ,go ,walk ,jump ,run..
She took me from the hall into my classroom .她把我从门厅带进我的教室里边去。8) 、along ,across ,through(1)、along:沿着
He is walking along the road.
Go along Zhongshan road and turn right at the second crossing .沿着中山路走然后在第二个十这路口向右拐。
(2)、across:横过(平面物体)
Lily is walking across the road. Simon is swimming across the pool.
莉莉正过马路。 西蒙正游过这个水池。
③through:贯通,通过
A train is running through the tunnel。
火车正穿越隧道。
(9)to ,for ,from①到达……地点(目的地)或方向
Where’s jack? he has gone to london.杰克上哪了?他去伦敦了。②for:表示目的,为了……do you know what he comes here for ? 你知道他为什么来这儿吗?③from:从……地点起
How far is it from london to new york?? 从伦敦到纽约有多远?10)、at, by, beside, next to, near(1)、at, by, beside都表示“在……旁边”。They are sitting at the table and having a meal happily.他们坐在桌子边,愉快地吃着饭。The man sat by the river, looking at the boats passing on the river.那个男人坐在河边,看着河上过往的船只。She came over and sat beside me.她过来坐在了我的旁边。(2)、near 表示“在……附近”。距离要比 by 和 next to 远。near=not far,与 far 是反义词。The hospital near here is famous for its surgical department.这附近的那所医院以它的外科而著名。Is there a hospital near our school?我们学校附近有医院吗?(3)、next to:意思是“紧靠……旁边”,“邻近”。The house next to yours is empty.你们隔壁的那房子没有住人。The boy next to her comes from America.她旁边的男孩来自美国。表示原因的介词
练一练:
1. I’m sorry I can’t say it ______ Chinese.
2. Do you usually go to school ______bike?
3. Look, the farmer is carrying apples _____ a truck.
4. Is anyone _____ home?
5. Please look ______my bird when I’m away.
6. Are Jim and Li Lei ______ the same class?
7. There is a hole ______ the wall.
8. _______ the beginning of this term, I met my new friend, Jim .
9. There are a few leaves _______the tree.
10. The girl ______ the red coat is my sister.
答案:1 .in 2 .by 3 .with 4 .at 5 .after 6 .in 7 .in 8 .At 9 .on 10 .in
连词和感叹词
一、连词
连词是用来连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子等的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词,在句子中不能单独作句子成分。连词分两类:一类叫并列连词,另一类叫从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。我们现在接触到到的连词不多,先简单的介绍一下他们。
1 、?并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子,常用的有:1)and 意思是“和,并且”
例如:A and B ; blue and white ;an apple and a banana; a car and a bus; Lucy and Ben
I like spring and summer.我喜欢春天和夏天。
The days are long and the nights are short.此时白天长夜晚短。
2)or意思是“和,并且”
?I don't like chicken or fish. 我不喜欢鱼肉和鸡肉。
or另外意思为“否则”。例如: I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam. 我要努力学习,否则考试要不及格了。
注意:or和and 的区别:or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。
3) either…or 意思为"或者……或者……"。注意谓语动词的主谓一致采用就近原则。例如: Either you or I am right. 不是你对,就是我对。
4)??both…and 意思为两者都。例如: ? ? She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. 她弹钢琴,也弹吉他。
5) neither…nor 意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一 致。例如: Neither you nor he works hard. 你和他都学习很努力。6) but“但是” 表转折关系。例如: --- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? 今天晚上你过来吃晚饭好吗? --- I'd like to, but I'm too busy. 我想来,但是我太忙了
7) not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且。表转折关系。例如: She plays not only the piano, but (also) he guitar. 她不但弹钢琴,也弹吉他。8) for “因为” 是并列连词,表原因关系 。 He is absent today, for he is ill.因为生病,他缺席了。9) so“所以”为连词,表原因关系 例如:He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game. 他的腿受伤了,不能上场。
2. 从属连词是用来引起从句的、从属连词又分为1) 引起名词性从句的连接词,如:if ,that 等。2)引起壮语从句的连接词,如:when ,while, after ,before等。以后会逐渐学到再介绍。二、感叹词 表示说话人的某种感情(惊讶,高兴,痛苦等)的词叫感叹词。感叹词后常用感叹号。
常用的感叹词有:Oh! 惊奇,诧异,害怕,疼痛ah(表示惊奇或满意),
hello(常被用来打招呼相当于汉语的“喂!”)Help! 求助
God!(Good god! Great God! 惊奇,恐惧Hey! 惊奇,喜悦,疑问,或唤起注意
Oh, no! 害怕,惊奇,失望 well(表示惊讶,无奈)如:Hello.Are you Mary?
Ah! 羡慕,满意 Aha! 满意,愉快,胜利
练一练: 到你检验自己掌握程度的时候了,加油哦
1. Hurry up, ____ you will miss the plane.
A. and B. but C. so D. or
2. — Will you please give the dictionary to Jane?
—Sure, I’ll give it to her ____ she arrives here.
A. before B. until C. because D. as soon as
3. We didn’t start our discussion _____ everybody arrived.
A. since B. if C. while D. until
4._they are very tired, they feel happy because they’ve finally finished their project. A. So B. Although C. If D. But
5. John, work hard_______ you will make much progress.
A. or B. nor C. but D. and
6. My father was preparing for his speech __ my mother was doing some washing last night.
A. if B. while C. unless D. until
7. You'd better take the map with you you won't get lost,
A. as long as B. as soon as C. now that D. so that
8. Tony is a quiet student, he is active in class.
A. so B. and C. but D. or
9. Good to see you again. It’s almost three years _______ we met last time.
A. until B. before C. while D. since
10. You won't feel happy at school ______ you get on well with your classmates.
A. though B. when C. unless D. because
11. Tony wanted to take some good photos, ______ he lost his camera.
A. or B. and C. but D. so
12.David didn’t give up _________ he had failed in the experiment four times.
A. if B. while C. though D. since
13.—Do you go to work by bus?
—No, ______ John ______ I take a bus to work, we live near our factory.
A. neither; nor B. either; or C. both; and
14.The beginning of the movie was boring, ________ the end was exciting.
A. and B. but C. so
15. _____ Tom _____ Peter are fond of watching TV.
A. Not only… but also B. Both…and C. either…or D. neither…nor
参考答案:1~5 DDDBD6~10BDCDC 11~15 CCABB