2022届高三英语二轮复习句子基本成分和基本句型讲解课件(59张ppt)
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| 名称 | 2022届高三英语二轮复习句子基本成分和基本句型讲解课件(59张ppt) |  | |
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(共59张PPT)
句子成分和基本句型讲解
Part1
9种句子成分
I met my best friend Tom at the station
↓
主语
↓
谓
语
↓
定语
↓
宾
语
↓
同位语
↓
状
语
句子成分的构成
句子的主干成分：
主语、谓语、宾语、表语
句子的次要成分：
定语、状语、补语（宾补、主补）、
插入语、同位语
主语(subject)
1. 主语是句子陈述的对象。
2.一般在句首。
3. 一般由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。
1. We study in No. 7 Middle School.
2.The classroom is very clean.
3.To teach them English is my job.
4.Surfing, diving and swimming are all water sports.
5.Four plus four is eight.
6.What he has said is true.
7.The young should respect the old.
代词
名词
不定式
动名词
数词
从句
（the+adj表示一类人）
谓语(verb)
1. 表示主语的动作行为。
2. 必须由动词充当。
3.一般在主语后面。
(1) 简单谓语： 是由动词或动词短语构成的。
We study hard.
He often listens to music.
(2) 复合谓语：由“情态动词或助动词 + 行为动词”构成。
He can speak English.
We have finished the task.
I did see her yesterday.
实义动词
系动词
情态动词
助动词
（V.）
1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be（am, is, are, was, were, been, being）一词
He is a teacher.
2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay
He always kept silent at meeting.
3）表像系动词，用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look 例如：
He looks tired.
He seems (to be) very sad.
系动词
4）感官系动词，主要有feel, smell, sound, taste
This flower smells very sweet.
5）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come
He became mad after that.
6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out
The rumor proved false.
这谣言证实有假。
His plan turned out a success.
他的计划终于成功了。
表语(predicative)
1. 说明主语的身份、类属、状态或特征。
2. 位于系动词后面（最常见的系动词是be）。
1.He is young.
2.I am a teacher.
3.Everybody is here.
4.My job is to teach them English.
5.Now they are at home.
6.The book is what I need.
7.He got lost in the forest.
8.His hobby is swimming.
形容词
名词
副词
不定式短语
介词短语
从句
过去分词
动名词
宾语 (object)
1. 表示动作的对象（动宾）；介词涉及的对象（介宾）
2. 用在及物动词或介词后面。
She is playing the piano.
He often helps me.
We enjoy living in the countryside.
He is interested in painting.
3.动宾包括直接宾语和间接宾语。
Please pass me the book.
He bought her some flowers.
宾语补足语(object complement)
在宾语后面,对宾语进行补充说明,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。
I made my room beautiful.
I can see her dancing there.
He had his car washed.
She asked me to lend her my bike.
Please make yourself at home.
We keep the dog out.
We call her Madam.
形容词
现在分词
过去分词
不定式
介词短语
副词
名词
主语补足语(subject complement)
对主语进行补充说明。
Tom was seen dancing in his room.
I was elected monitor.
Our country will be made stronger.
定语(attribute) “……的”
用来修饰名词或代词,起类似于形容词的修饰作用。
1.He is a clever boy.
2.His father works in a shoe factory.
3.There are 54 students in our class.
4.Do you know Betty’s sister
5.His spoken English is good.
6.The girl in red is his sister.
7.I want to have something to drink.
8.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.
9.Do you know the man who's standing there
（形容词）
(物主代词)
(数词)
(名词所有格)
(过去分词)
(介词短语)
(现在分词短语)
(从句)
(不定式)
(名词)
状语 (adverbial)
1. 修饰动词,形容词,副词或整句。
2. 表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，程度，结果，条件，让步，伴随等。
1.He did it carefully.
2.She is very crazy about it.
3.He comes to see us every day.
4.He lay on the grass,looking at the sky.
5.I'll come back in a while.
6.Without his help, we couldn't work it out.
7.He was late because of the heavy rain.
8.She was beautiful when she was a girl.
同位语（apposition）
1.对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释,说明它们的性质和情况。
2.在句中和前面的名词指同一人、同一物，同做一种句子成分。
1. Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.
2. I myself will do the experiment.
3. She is the oldest among them six.
4. The news that he is ill worries us.
名词
反身代词
数词
从句
插入语（parenthesis）
插入语指的是对一句话所做的附加解释。其作用是，补足句意，包括说话者的态度，或引起听话者的注意。以下句子带有常见的插入语：
1. That will be a good beginning, I hope.
2. We'll have to take an umbrella, I' m afraid.
3. I have no money, you see.
4. He is a bad guy, you know.
5. Mr. Smith, I think, is at least 50 years old.
6. This, I suppose, will give you some idea of the situation in China.
Ex.分析下列句子成分
1. Everyone laughed happily.
2. My brother,Jim, was elected monitor.
3. There is a river at the foot of the hill.
4. He bought his son some books.
5. The young girl with long black hair is Kate.
6. I smell the cake.
7. The cake smells good.
8. I saw my friend Tom standing at the bus-stop.
Part2
5种基本句型
英语句子概论
简单句
并列句
复合句
基本成分
附属成分
独立成分
省略成分
连接成分
一、简单句（The Simple Sentence）
1、概述
只有一个主语和一个谓语动词的句子称为简单句，它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种：
作一种陈述
提出一个问题
发出一种命令或请求
表示一种感叹
The boy hit the dog. / The dog didn’t bite the boy.
Does the shop close at 7 tonight
What pleased the girl？
Is the girl reading the newspaper or the magazine
Stephen apologized at once, didn’t he
Shut the door. / Don’t make a noise.
What a slow train this is!/How fast Jim runs!
主语 + 谓语（不及物动词 ） （ S + Vi. ）
主语 + 谓语（及物动词）+宾语 ( S + Vt. + O)
主语 + 连系动词 + 表 语 (S + LV + predicative)
主语+谓语（双宾动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语
(S +Vt. +O.indirect+O. direct)
主语 + 谓语（宾补动词）+宾语 +宾语补足语
(S + Vt. + O + O. complement)
There + be / stand/ lie / live...
2. 简单句的五种基本句型
主语、谓语（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。
noun/
adj. / adv./
infinitive/
V-ing/ V-ed/
etc.
主语
谓语
宾语
宾语
宾补
表语
宾语(间)
宾语(直)
Vt
V-l
Vi
Noun / Pronoun/
The + adj/
V-ing / Clause/
Infinitive
Noun / Pronoun /
The + adj/
V-ing / Clause / Infinitive
英语句子基本成分示意图
be / seem/appear
feel / look/ taste/ smell/ sound
become/ get/ grow/ turn/ go
remain/ keep/stay
prove/turn out etc.
noun/
pronoun/
adj. / adv./
infinitive/
V-ing / V-ed/
clause
etc.
基本句型 一 Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋谓）
此句型的句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。
这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
Ｓ Ｖ （不及物动词）
1. Time 2. The moon 3. She 4. They 5. He flies.
rose.
sings beautifully.
talked for half an hour.
walked yesterday
基本句型 二 Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
Ｓ Ｖt（实义动词） Ｏ(宾语)
1. Who 2. She 3. He 8. He 5. They 6.Danny 7. I 4. He knows laugh at understands made ate likes want said the answer
her.
English.
cakes.
some apples.
donuts.
to have a cup of tea.
"Good morning."
基本句型 三 Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｐ（主＋系＋表）
此句型的句子谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。
Our school became larger and larger.
city/become/beautiful
feel/happy
基本句型 四 Ｓ+Ｖ+IO +DＯ(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
此句型的句子谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者(sth.)，另一个是动作的间接承受者(sb.)。
及物动词带双宾语通常有以下两种结构：
1. 及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
2. 及物动词+直接宾语+to / for+间接宾语
My friend lent me this book last week.
owe/money/last year
buy/bicycle/next Christmas
tell/news/the day before yesterday
to
for
give, offer, teach, tell, take, read, ask, bring, lend, mail, pass, hand, sell, send, show, throw, answer, award, write, permit, promise, pay
make, buy, do, cook, choose, fetch, get, leave, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing,
基本句型 五 Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子特点是：动词(如ask,call,find,order,tell,see,
keep,let等）虽然是及物动词，但是一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语才能使意思完整。宾语加宾语补足语可称为复合宾语。
1. I found him lying in bed.
hear/cry/next room
notice/thief/steal/house
feel/building/shake
see/trees/plant/mountain
make/my father/happy
2. I obliged him to do his homework.
The teacher/ask/us/read/the article.
she/advise/him/listen/every day
she/allow/me/use/dictionary
3. She thinks it right for her to do so.
consider/wrong
find/difficult
think/a good idea
附属成分
基本成分的修饰语。可以是：
定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句
状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。
定 语
Poor John went toward a hospital nearby．
She likes oranges imported from the USA.
John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations(插图)．
Have you seen the book on the desk
The boy playing over there is my brother.
People there like sports.
John often came to chat with me．
John likes oranges very much．
Whenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry．
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.
As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday.
She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.
My father worked in this school ten years ago.
You’d better stay here.
状 语
Examples:
Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）
He has，alas，failed again．
Help yourself to some soup, Jim.（呼语）
句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其它词没有语法的关系。
独立成分
独立成分
（You） Come here．
（I wish you）Good luck！
Some gave him praises，but others（gave him） rotten eggs．
( I ) Hope you like it.
John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.
句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：
省略成分
连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。
另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。
一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。
连接成分
连接成分
简单句的基本词序
主语 动词部分 宾语 状语
（谓语） 方式 地点 时间
I bought a hat yesterday.
The children ran home.
The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.
We ate our meal in silence.
The car stopped suddenly.
A young girl walked confidently in the room.
They drove him away in a police car.
简单句的扩展成份
简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。
I bought a rain coat with a warm lining(衬里).
The dog jumped through the window.
He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.
A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven o’clock.
He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.
The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.
两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both..and、either…or、neither…nor、not only…but also等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。
The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris.
The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.
Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.
The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome.
The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.
The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin.
Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.
The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isn’t flying to York.
Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.
主语的合并
两个简单句的宾语或表语可由and、both…and等连词连接组成一个简单句。
I met Jane. I met her husband.
I met Jane and her husband.
I met both Jane and her husband.
It was cold. It was wet.
It was cold and wet.
I didn’t meet Jane. I didn’t meet her husband.
I didn’t meet either Jane or her husband.
I met neither Jane nor her husband.
两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。
We sang all night. We danced all night.
We sang and danced all night.
宾语、表语、谓语的合并
二、并列句（The Compound Sentence）
需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。
用分号：
We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing.
用分号，后跟一个连接副词：
We fished all day; however, we didn’t catch a thing.
用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）
We fished all day, but (we) didn’t catch a thing.
常用并列连词
coordinating conjunctions
平行并列连词:
转折并列连词：
因果并列连词:
选择并列连词:
and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor, and then
but, while, yet
for, so
or, either…or, otherwise
并列句的词序：
并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。
主语 谓语 宾语 连词 主语 系动词 表语
Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasn’t hurt.
五种简单句型可用并列连词连接起来组成并列句。
主 谓 状（方式） 连 主 谓 表
Frank worked hard and (he ) became an architect.
主 谓 宾 连 主 谓 地点
I ’ve got a cold, so I ’m going to bed.
主 谓 宾 宾补 连 主 谓 宾
They made him chairman, but (they) didn’t increase his salary.
Exercise:
请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。
He was tired, so he went to bed.
1. He was tired. He went to bed.
2. The child hid behind his mother's skirt.
He was afraid of the dog.
3. He made a promise. He didn’t keep it.
He made a promise, but he didn’t keep it.
The child hid behind his mother's skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.
三、复合句（The Complex Sentence）
由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。
主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。
从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。
复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部分并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。
复合句 = 主句 + 从句
复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：
1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句
3. 表语从句 4.同位语从句
5. 定语从句 6.状语从句
英文写作中最常使用的从句
宾语从句
状语从句
定语从句
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
He told me
the news.
that the match had
been cancelled.
宾语
how much he was prepared
to pay for my car.
that I could have the
money without delay.
how much he was prepared to
pay for my car and that I could
have the money without delay.
when he was
leaving for Paris.
that his father
was working in
that school.
宾语从句
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
I don’t know
him.
He has finished his task .
that he has finished his task.
whether he has finished his task.
宾语从句
He is leaving for Washington.
that he is leaving for Paris.
when he is leaving for Paris.
why he is leaving for Paris.
how he is leaving for Paris.
whether he is leaving for Paris.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
the people
surprised
That
What he said
What he did
主语
That he didn’t
know the answer
in the room.
定 语
who were sitting in the room.
who were present.
whose sons were at war.
who had signed the contract.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
That
is
the fact.
表 语
what he needs.
what he gave me.
why he was late.
because he was ill.
what has happened.
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
同 位 语
The news that is true.
he didn’t pass the exam
our team has won the match
Mr. Li will be our new English teacher
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
He worked
in that factory
three years ago.
地点状语
时间状语
where his
father worked
in that factory
where I lived
when he
lived there
His father worked there.
I lived there.
He lived there
three years ago.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
Put the book
on the desk.
where you took it.
where it was.
地点状语
where you found it.
You can’t camp
here.
where there are
a lot of trees.
wherever you like.
指出下列各从句的类型
I believe that everything is going on well.
She was reading a novel when I came in.
She is the girl who sings best in my class.
I have no idea whether
he’ll come or not.
宾语从句
状语从句
定语从句
Practice
同位语从句
I’ll give the letter to him. I'll see him. （时间）
It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果）
It is such a big box that nobody can move it.
I’ll give the letter to him when I see him.
I’ll give the letter to him as soon as I see him.
I’ll give the letter to him the moment I see him.
把下列句子连接成复合句：
We’ll go to the Great Wall. It’ll be fine tomorrow. (条件)
We should not go there all the time. The place is quite pleasant.(让步）
We’ll go to the Great Wall if it’s fine tomorrow.
Although the place is quite pleasant, we should not go there all the time.
四、并列复合句（The Compound Complex Sentence）
指并列句中的两个分句中又内含从句，
或者说就是含有复合句的并列句。
The policeman looked at me suspiciously. （简单句）
He asked me what I wanted. （复合句，其中的 what 引导宾语从句）
The policeman looked at me suspiciously, and he asked me what I wanted. （并列复合句；and 连接两个分句构成并列句，但 and 后面又是一个含有宾语从句的复合句）
THANK YOU !
句子成分和基本句型讲解
Part1
9种句子成分
I met my best friend Tom at the station
↓
主语
↓
谓
语
↓
定语
↓
宾
语
↓
同位语
↓
状
语
句子成分的构成
句子的主干成分：
主语、谓语、宾语、表语
句子的次要成分：
定语、状语、补语（宾补、主补）、
插入语、同位语
主语(subject)
1. 主语是句子陈述的对象。
2.一般在句首。
3. 一般由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。
1. We study in No. 7 Middle School.
2.The classroom is very clean.
3.To teach them English is my job.
4.Surfing, diving and swimming are all water sports.
5.Four plus four is eight.
6.What he has said is true.
7.The young should respect the old.
代词
名词
不定式
动名词
数词
从句
（the+adj表示一类人）
谓语(verb)
1. 表示主语的动作行为。
2. 必须由动词充当。
3.一般在主语后面。
(1) 简单谓语： 是由动词或动词短语构成的。
We study hard.
He often listens to music.
(2) 复合谓语：由“情态动词或助动词 + 行为动词”构成。
He can speak English.
We have finished the task.
I did see her yesterday.
实义动词
系动词
情态动词
助动词
（V.）
1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be（am, is, are, was, were, been, being）一词
He is a teacher.
2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay
He always kept silent at meeting.
3）表像系动词，用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look 例如：
He looks tired.
He seems (to be) very sad.
系动词
4）感官系动词，主要有feel, smell, sound, taste
This flower smells very sweet.
5）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come
He became mad after that.
6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out
The rumor proved false.
这谣言证实有假。
His plan turned out a success.
他的计划终于成功了。
表语(predicative)
1. 说明主语的身份、类属、状态或特征。
2. 位于系动词后面（最常见的系动词是be）。
1.He is young.
2.I am a teacher.
3.Everybody is here.
4.My job is to teach them English.
5.Now they are at home.
6.The book is what I need.
7.He got lost in the forest.
8.His hobby is swimming.
形容词
名词
副词
不定式短语
介词短语
从句
过去分词
动名词
宾语 (object)
1. 表示动作的对象（动宾）；介词涉及的对象（介宾）
2. 用在及物动词或介词后面。
She is playing the piano.
He often helps me.
We enjoy living in the countryside.
He is interested in painting.
3.动宾包括直接宾语和间接宾语。
Please pass me the book.
He bought her some flowers.
宾语补足语(object complement)
在宾语后面,对宾语进行补充说明,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。
I made my room beautiful.
I can see her dancing there.
He had his car washed.
She asked me to lend her my bike.
Please make yourself at home.
We keep the dog out.
We call her Madam.
形容词
现在分词
过去分词
不定式
介词短语
副词
名词
主语补足语(subject complement)
对主语进行补充说明。
Tom was seen dancing in his room.
I was elected monitor.
Our country will be made stronger.
定语(attribute) “……的”
用来修饰名词或代词,起类似于形容词的修饰作用。
1.He is a clever boy.
2.His father works in a shoe factory.
3.There are 54 students in our class.
4.Do you know Betty’s sister
5.His spoken English is good.
6.The girl in red is his sister.
7.I want to have something to drink.
8.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.
9.Do you know the man who's standing there
（形容词）
(物主代词)
(数词)
(名词所有格)
(过去分词)
(介词短语)
(现在分词短语)
(从句)
(不定式)
(名词)
状语 (adverbial)
1. 修饰动词,形容词,副词或整句。
2. 表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，程度，结果，条件，让步，伴随等。
1.He did it carefully.
2.She is very crazy about it.
3.He comes to see us every day.
4.He lay on the grass,looking at the sky.
5.I'll come back in a while.
6.Without his help, we couldn't work it out.
7.He was late because of the heavy rain.
8.She was beautiful when she was a girl.
同位语（apposition）
1.对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释,说明它们的性质和情况。
2.在句中和前面的名词指同一人、同一物，同做一种句子成分。
1. Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.
2. I myself will do the experiment.
3. She is the oldest among them six.
4. The news that he is ill worries us.
名词
反身代词
数词
从句
插入语（parenthesis）
插入语指的是对一句话所做的附加解释。其作用是，补足句意，包括说话者的态度，或引起听话者的注意。以下句子带有常见的插入语：
1. That will be a good beginning, I hope.
2. We'll have to take an umbrella, I' m afraid.
3. I have no money, you see.
4. He is a bad guy, you know.
5. Mr. Smith, I think, is at least 50 years old.
6. This, I suppose, will give you some idea of the situation in China.
Ex.分析下列句子成分
1. Everyone laughed happily.
2. My brother,Jim, was elected monitor.
3. There is a river at the foot of the hill.
4. He bought his son some books.
5. The young girl with long black hair is Kate.
6. I smell the cake.
7. The cake smells good.
8. I saw my friend Tom standing at the bus-stop.
Part2
5种基本句型
英语句子概论
简单句
并列句
复合句
基本成分
附属成分
独立成分
省略成分
连接成分
一、简单句（The Simple Sentence）
1、概述
只有一个主语和一个谓语动词的句子称为简单句，它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种：
作一种陈述
提出一个问题
发出一种命令或请求
表示一种感叹
The boy hit the dog. / The dog didn’t bite the boy.
Does the shop close at 7 tonight
What pleased the girl？
Is the girl reading the newspaper or the magazine
Stephen apologized at once, didn’t he
Shut the door. / Don’t make a noise.
What a slow train this is!/How fast Jim runs!
主语 + 谓语（不及物动词 ） （ S + Vi. ）
主语 + 谓语（及物动词）+宾语 ( S + Vt. + O)
主语 + 连系动词 + 表 语 (S + LV + predicative)
主语+谓语（双宾动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语
(S +Vt. +O.indirect+O. direct)
主语 + 谓语（宾补动词）+宾语 +宾语补足语
(S + Vt. + O + O. complement)
There + be / stand/ lie / live...
2. 简单句的五种基本句型
主语、谓语（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。
noun/
adj. / adv./
infinitive/
V-ing/ V-ed/
etc.
主语
谓语
宾语
宾语
宾补
表语
宾语(间)
宾语(直)
Vt
V-l
Vi
Noun / Pronoun/
The + adj/
V-ing / Clause/
Infinitive
Noun / Pronoun /
The + adj/
V-ing / Clause / Infinitive
英语句子基本成分示意图
be / seem/appear
feel / look/ taste/ smell/ sound
become/ get/ grow/ turn/ go
remain/ keep/stay
prove/turn out etc.
noun/
pronoun/
adj. / adv./
infinitive/
V-ing / V-ed/
clause
etc.
基本句型 一 Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋谓）
此句型的句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。
这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
Ｓ Ｖ （不及物动词）
1. Time 2. The moon 3. She 4. They 5. He flies.
rose.
sings beautifully.
talked for half an hour.
walked yesterday
基本句型 二 Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
Ｓ Ｖt（实义动词） Ｏ(宾语)
1. Who 2. She 3. He 8. He 5. They 6.Danny 7. I 4. He knows laugh at understands made ate likes want said the answer
her.
English.
cakes.
some apples.
donuts.
to have a cup of tea.
"Good morning."
基本句型 三 Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｐ（主＋系＋表）
此句型的句子谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。
Our school became larger and larger.
city/become/beautiful
feel/happy
基本句型 四 Ｓ+Ｖ+IO +DＯ(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
此句型的句子谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者(sth.)，另一个是动作的间接承受者(sb.)。
及物动词带双宾语通常有以下两种结构：
1. 及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
2. 及物动词+直接宾语+to / for+间接宾语
My friend lent me this book last week.
owe/money/last year
buy/bicycle/next Christmas
tell/news/the day before yesterday
to
for
give, offer, teach, tell, take, read, ask, bring, lend, mail, pass, hand, sell, send, show, throw, answer, award, write, permit, promise, pay
make, buy, do, cook, choose, fetch, get, leave, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing,
基本句型 五 Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子特点是：动词(如ask,call,find,order,tell,see,
keep,let等）虽然是及物动词，但是一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语才能使意思完整。宾语加宾语补足语可称为复合宾语。
1. I found him lying in bed.
hear/cry/next room
notice/thief/steal/house
feel/building/shake
see/trees/plant/mountain
make/my father/happy
2. I obliged him to do his homework.
The teacher/ask/us/read/the article.
she/advise/him/listen/every day
she/allow/me/use/dictionary
3. She thinks it right for her to do so.
consider/wrong
find/difficult
think/a good idea
附属成分
基本成分的修饰语。可以是：
定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句
状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。
定 语
Poor John went toward a hospital nearby．
She likes oranges imported from the USA.
John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations(插图)．
Have you seen the book on the desk
The boy playing over there is my brother.
People there like sports.
John often came to chat with me．
John likes oranges very much．
Whenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry．
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.
As he was ill, he didn’t come to class yesterday.
She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.
My father worked in this school ten years ago.
You’d better stay here.
状 语
Examples:
Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）
He has，alas，failed again．
Help yourself to some soup, Jim.（呼语）
句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其它词没有语法的关系。
独立成分
独立成分
（You） Come here．
（I wish you）Good luck！
Some gave him praises，but others（gave him） rotten eggs．
( I ) Hope you like it.
John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.
句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：
省略成分
连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。
另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。
一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。
连接成分
连接成分
简单句的基本词序
主语 动词部分 宾语 状语
（谓语） 方式 地点 时间
I bought a hat yesterday.
The children ran home.
The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.
We ate our meal in silence.
The car stopped suddenly.
A young girl walked confidently in the room.
They drove him away in a police car.
简单句的扩展成份
简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。
I bought a rain coat with a warm lining(衬里).
The dog jumped through the window.
He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.
A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven o’clock.
He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.
The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.
两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both..and、either…or、neither…nor、not only…but also等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。
The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris.
The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.
Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.
The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome.
The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.
The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin.
Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.
The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isn’t flying to York.
Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.
主语的合并
两个简单句的宾语或表语可由and、both…and等连词连接组成一个简单句。
I met Jane. I met her husband.
I met Jane and her husband.
I met both Jane and her husband.
It was cold. It was wet.
It was cold and wet.
I didn’t meet Jane. I didn’t meet her husband.
I didn’t meet either Jane or her husband.
I met neither Jane nor her husband.
两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。
We sang all night. We danced all night.
We sang and danced all night.
宾语、表语、谓语的合并
二、并列句（The Compound Sentence）
需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。
用分号：
We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing.
用分号，后跟一个连接副词：
We fished all day; however, we didn’t catch a thing.
用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）
We fished all day, but (we) didn’t catch a thing.
常用并列连词
coordinating conjunctions
平行并列连词:
转折并列连词：
因果并列连词:
选择并列连词:
and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor, and then
but, while, yet
for, so
or, either…or, otherwise
并列句的词序：
并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。
主语 谓语 宾语 连词 主语 系动词 表语
Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasn’t hurt.
五种简单句型可用并列连词连接起来组成并列句。
主 谓 状（方式） 连 主 谓 表
Frank worked hard and (he ) became an architect.
主 谓 宾 连 主 谓 地点
I ’ve got a cold, so I ’m going to bed.
主 谓 宾 宾补 连 主 谓 宾
They made him chairman, but (they) didn’t increase his salary.
Exercise:
请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。
He was tired, so he went to bed.
1. He was tired. He went to bed.
2. The child hid behind his mother's skirt.
He was afraid of the dog.
3. He made a promise. He didn’t keep it.
He made a promise, but he didn’t keep it.
The child hid behind his mother's skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.
三、复合句（The Complex Sentence）
由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。
主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。
从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。
复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部分并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。
复合句 = 主句 + 从句
复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：
1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句
3. 表语从句 4.同位语从句
5. 定语从句 6.状语从句
英文写作中最常使用的从句
宾语从句
状语从句
定语从句
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
He told me
the news.
that the match had
been cancelled.
宾语
how much he was prepared
to pay for my car.
that I could have the
money without delay.
how much he was prepared to
pay for my car and that I could
have the money without delay.
when he was
leaving for Paris.
that his father
was working in
that school.
宾语从句
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
I don’t know
him.
He has finished his task .
that he has finished his task.
whether he has finished his task.
宾语从句
He is leaving for Washington.
that he is leaving for Paris.
when he is leaving for Paris.
why he is leaving for Paris.
how he is leaving for Paris.
whether he is leaving for Paris.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
the people
surprised
That
What he said
What he did
主语
That he didn’t
know the answer
in the room.
定 语
who were sitting in the room.
who were present.
whose sons were at war.
who had signed the contract.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
That
is
the fact.
表 语
what he needs.
what he gave me.
why he was late.
because he was ill.
what has happened.
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
同 位 语
The news that is true.
he didn’t pass the exam
our team has won the match
Mr. Li will be our new English teacher
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
He worked
in that factory
three years ago.
地点状语
时间状语
where his
father worked
in that factory
where I lived
when he
lived there
His father worked there.
I lived there.
He lived there
three years ago.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
Put the book
on the desk.
where you took it.
where it was.
地点状语
where you found it.
You can’t camp
here.
where there are
a lot of trees.
wherever you like.
指出下列各从句的类型
I believe that everything is going on well.
She was reading a novel when I came in.
She is the girl who sings best in my class.
I have no idea whether
he’ll come or not.
宾语从句
状语从句
定语从句
Practice
同位语从句
I’ll give the letter to him. I'll see him. （时间）
It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果）
It is such a big box that nobody can move it.
I’ll give the letter to him when I see him.
I’ll give the letter to him as soon as I see him.
I’ll give the letter to him the moment I see him.
把下列句子连接成复合句：
We’ll go to the Great Wall. It’ll be fine tomorrow. (条件)
We should not go there all the time. The place is quite pleasant.(让步）
We’ll go to the Great Wall if it’s fine tomorrow.
Although the place is quite pleasant, we should not go there all the time.
四、并列复合句（The Compound Complex Sentence）
指并列句中的两个分句中又内含从句，
或者说就是含有复合句的并列句。
The policeman looked at me suspiciously. （简单句）
He asked me what I wanted. （复合句，其中的 what 引导宾语从句）
The policeman looked at me suspiciously, and he asked me what I wanted. （并列复合句；and 连接两个分句构成并列句，但 and 后面又是一个含有宾语从句的复合句）
THANK YOU !