宾语从句

宾语从句
一、概念：宾语从句的宾语部分中有一个从句充当宾语。
二、可接宾语从句的动词有say 、tell 、think、 know、 see、 hear、 hope、 guess、 find、 feel 等，或由形容词构成的系表结构，如：afraid、 sure、 glad、 sorry等
三、宾语从句的标点符号。
宾语从句的标点符号取决于主句，如果主句是陈述句，句尾用句号；如果主句是疑问句，句尾用问号。
四、引导词。
1、that （从句是陈述句时，引导词用that? ，它本身无词义，不充当成分，在口语中可省略，但在正式场合不可省。）
2、if或whether （从句是一般疑问句时用if 或whether ，含义是“是否”。）if、 whether 一般情况下可以互换，但在构成whether…or not 句式只用whether
3、连接代词、连接副词（从句是特殊疑问句时用）
连接代词（what、 which、 who、 whose ）
连接副词（when、 where、 how 、why ）
五、宾语从句的同义句转换。
在宾语从句中经常会出现“疑问词+动词不定式”的结构，它可与“疑问词+主语+情态动词+动词原形”进行同义句转换。
Can you tell me how I can get to the station？
Can you tell me how to get to the station ？
六、宾语从句的语序。
宾语从句的语序都用陈述句语序（即正常的主谓语序）
He says that Jim will miss a lot of lessons .
He asked whether we should hold a sports meeting .
Do you know what the population of Dalian is ？
七、宾语从句的时态。
1、主句是一般现在时，从句可根据需要选用任何时态。
He says that he is good at English
He says that he has been ill for two days
I don’t know if he will come tomorrow
2、主句是一般过去时，从句可根据需要用相应的过去某种时态。（即一般过去时、过去将来时、过去完成时等）
He asked me where I lived
He said that she had been ill for two days
She said that she would return soon
3、当从句讲述的是客观事实或真理时，从句时态不受主句的影响，都用一般现在时。
The teacher said “light travels faster than sound”
He said that the earth is round
特例：Could you tell me …委婉的语气，常按照一般现在时处理。
Could you tell me where the nearest hospital is ？
八、语从句的从句中不再有助动词。即一般现在时的助动词do ，does ，一般过去时的助动词did.
Do you like speaking English ？He wants to know .（宾语从句）
He wants to know if you like speaking English
九、如果简单句变成了宾语从句，那么其谓语动词要相应的变化。常见的一般过去时的动词应用过去式；一般现在时的如果主语是第三人称单数的，动词要用单三形式，如果主语不是第三人称单数，动词都用原形；其他时态变成相应的时态的结构即可。
十、宾语从句变否定句。
如果主句的主语是第一人称I或we 时，并且谓语动词多为think、 guess、believe等表示心理活动的词时，变否定句要否定转移，即否定主句。否则，变否定句看从句。
I think chicken can swim （变否定句）
I don’t think chicken can swim
He said that he would go shopping（变否定句） ……
He said that he would not go shopping
十一、宾语从句变反意疑问句
如果宾语从句的主句是第一人称I或we时，变反意疑问句时看从句。如果主句不是第一人称时则看主句。
I think he is a good student ，isn’t he ？
They want to know if he is a good student ， don’t they ？
直接引语和间接引语
一、如何变人称：请熟记下面的顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
三、如何变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
四、如何变句型：①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim."You have finished the homework, haven‘t you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework."Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如："Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：He said, "Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如：John said, "I'm going to London with my father."约翰说："我要和父亲到伦敦去。"（引号内是直接引语）John said that he was going to London with his father. 约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）
由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下情况：1． 直接引语是陈述句时间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。He said , "You are younger than I."-'He said (that ) I was younger than him.
2.直接引语是疑问句时间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know等。（1） 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语句She said, "Do you often come here to read newspapers?"→She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers.She asked me , "You have seen the film, haven't you?"→She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.
（2） 选择疑问句变为whether….or 宾语从句。I asked him, "Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?"→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。He asked , "Where do you live?"→He asked me where I lived.
3.直接引语是祈使句时间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（don't 变为not ）.The teacher said to the boy, "Open the window."→The teacher told the boy to open the window.His father said to him , "Don't leave the door open."→His father told him not to leave the door open. 宾语从句五注意
一、 注意正确使用引导词
1. 当宾语从句由陈述句变化而来时，用that来引导从句，其中的that无具体意义，一般可以省略。如：
I hear （that） she’s going to give me a call.
2. 当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时， 可用if 或whether 来引导从句，意为“是否”。如：
David asked her if/whether she slept well last night.
3. 当宾语从句由特殊疑问句变化而来时，用连接代词who/whose/what/which 或连接副词when/where /why/how 来引导。如：
Do you know where we can stay on the island？
I don’t know why Jane was late for school this morning.
二、 注意正确使用语序
在含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句都要使用陈述语序，即：引导词+主语+谓语+其它，还要注意原来的助动词或情态动词要符合相关的时态。如：
When did the train leave？ I want to know.
→I want to know when the train left.
Does the shop close at six every day？ Do you know？
→Do you know if/whether the shop closes at six every day？
三、注意正确使用时态
1. 如果主句是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句时，宾语从句时态不受限制，可以根据实际表达的需要来确定。如：
I hear he is here today/he was here yesterday/he will be here tomorrow.
2.如果主句是一般过去时， 宾语从句应与主句保持一致，即使用过去时态的某种形式。如：
He said he was watching TV/he had swept the floor/he would play football after school.
3. 如果宾语从句所叙述的是客观事实、自然现象、科学真理等时，从句不受主句限制，用一般现在时。如：
Everyone answered there are sixty minutes in an hour.
四、 注意否定提前
当主句的谓语动词为think， believe， suppose 等动词时，且主语为第一人称，从句的否定提前。如：
I don’t believe he is a doctor， is he？
五、 注意复合结构
在 find， make， think 等一些可带有复合宾语的动词后，为保持句子平衡，常将实际宾语（主要是that 引导的从句）后置，而使用形式宾语it.如：
I think it important that we should learn English well.