中考英语语法复习之名词

课件73张PPT。语法互动(一)　名词 中考考点：
1、可数名词的复数 2、不可数名词的量 3、名词所有格
4、名词的句法作用 5、名词与主谓一致
6、名词的相关词性
考法：单项选择，完形填空，短文填空。考点一 专有名词
概念：表示某个人、地方、机构等所特有的名称，第一个字母始终要大写
人名——Thomas Edison, Karl Marx, Bill Gates
地名——Italy, Boston, the Summer Palace, the Great Wall
其它——July, Christmas, Children’s Day, Class One, Grade Nine, The Qing Empire
缩写
UFO USA WTO ET
CDs, three As, an H , a U , a one-day holiday, an hour 考点二　不可数名词
1．分类
不可数名词分为__________(表示无法分为个体的物质，如rice, water, milk等)和__________(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如work, time, health等)。常考的不可数名词还有：advice, happiness, news, trouble, weather, traffic, information, homework, progress, experience(经验)等。
2．基本用法
不可数名词一般没有复数形式，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。不可数名词前面不能用不定冠词a/an修饰，但可用定冠词the修饰。物质名词 抽象名词 不可数名词：（前面不能用a, an等来修饰）到目前为止我们所学的不可数名词有：①液体类(water)：juice(果汁) , tea（茶） , soup（汤） ,milk（牛奶） , cola（可乐） ,coffee（咖啡） ,②肉类(meat)：beef（牛肉）,pork（猪肉）,mutton（羊肉）③粉末类：bread（面包） ,④抽象名词类：news（新闻，消息）,information（消息）,money（钱）,advice（建意）,friendship（友谊） ,work（工作）,homework（家庭作业）,housework（家务活）,schoolwork（学业）,help（帮助） ,fun （乐趣）,health（健康）,price （价格）
⑤食物类（food)：broccoli（花椰菜） ,? rice（大米，米饭） ,porridge（粥) ,junk food（垃圾食品）,chocolate（巧克力） ,tofu（豆腐）
3．既可数又不可数的名词
有些名词既能用作可数名词，又能用作不可数名词，但意义不同。如：
chicken鸡(可数); 鸡肉(不可数);room—房间(可数); 空间(不可数)fish—鱼(可数); 鱼肉(不可数)glass—玻璃杯(可数); 玻璃(不可数)paper—试卷，报纸(可数); 纸张(不可数)
work (工作) (不可数) -works (作品) (可数); arm (胳膊) (可数) -arms (武器) (没有单数) ;
custom (习俗)-customs (海关)(单复数同形) ,
plant (种植)-plants (工厂) (可数),
good (好) (不可数) -goods(没有单数) 商品; wood (木头) (不可数) -woods (树林) (可数) food是食物的总称，不可数，foods是指具体的某种食物
fruit是水果的总称，不可数，fruits是指具体的某种水果experience当“经历”讲，是可数；当“经验”讲，是不可数
exercise当“习题”讲，是可数；当“运动”讲，是不可数
cake“蛋糕”可数；bread“面包”不可数容易当成可数的不可数名词：
e g：hair，advice，furniture，knowledge，information，progress, clothing, energy, fruit, honey, ice, paper,
litter, news, room, rubber橡胶 , salt, sugar, sand, space, temperature, time , trouble, behavior, homework,
housework, bamboo, eggplant。
容易当成不可数名词的可数名词：
eg：difficulty, skill, accent口音 , memory, discovery, pronunciation, hobby, interest, influence, surprise, difference,
feeling, advantage, mistake, treasure。4．不可数名词量的表达
不可数名词的数量要借助一个量词来表达，其结构为：数词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词。如：
一块面包________________
两杯茶__________________
三杯橘汁__________________
不可数名词计量的表达:①个数单位词：piece （张、片、块、条）,②容器单位词：bottle（瓶）,bag（包）,box（盒、箱）,③类别单位词：kind( 种、类)④度量衡单位词：kilo(千克、公斤)a piece of bread two cups of tea three glasses of orange a bag of rice,
two kinds of bananas,
three cups of lemonade,
four kilos of salt,
five pieces of news
★重要应用：后面谓语动词的单复数和“数量词”保持一致，而不是名词！
e g：a pair of pants is 10 yuan. / Ten kilos of water are heavy.
考点三　可数名词
1．规则名词复数形式的构成个体名词一般是可数的。单数可数名词不能独立使用，
前面必须有限定词a，an，the，my等；但复数名词可以独立使用?e.g. 她做作业时，经常出差错。错? She often makes mistake in her homework.对? She often makes a mistake in her homework.对? She often makes (some) mistakes in her homework.Pandas are found in Sichuan.熊猫生在四川。
A 表示国家、报纸等名词看做单数 the United States; the New York Times
B 表示群岛、山脉、瀑布、奥运会等专有名词看做复数，谓语也用复数形式 The Alps are in Europe.; the Olympic Games 2.不规则名词复数形式的构成
不规则变化的名词的复数形式有三种情况：(1)改变单数名词中的元音字母。如： foot→feet；goose-geese tooth→teeth; mouse-mice老鼠 , man→men; woman→women; policeman→policemen; policewoman→policewomen; Englishman→Englishmen(但： German→Germans)。
(2)词尾加?(r)en。如：child→__________； ox→oxen
(3)单、复数相同。如：sheep→sheep; deer→deer; yuan元fish→fish; Chinese→__________； Japanese→__________。
做语言不可数（English）
children Chinese Japanese ③关于“国人”的复数：中、日友好：Chinese-Chinese中国人，Japanese-Japanese日本人英、法联邦：Englishman-Englishmen, 英国男人 Englishwoman-Englishwomen英国女人;???????????? Frenchman-Frenchmen,? 法国男人 Frenchwoman-Frenchwomen法国女人;澳、加（真）美: Australian-Australians , Canadian- Canadians , American-Americans
An Englishman ; they are English; He is English.
I am a Chinese ; I am Chinese(国籍)
I am American. I am an American boy.
3．名词修饰名词时的复数形式的构成
名词作定语修饰名词时，其复数形式为：只将后面的名词变成复数，如： many apple trees，boy students, girl friends, shoe shops (例外sports shoes).但是如果man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，两部分都用复数。
如： woman teacher→women teachers女教师；
man doctor→men doctors男医生。
4．英语中有些名词总以复数形式出现。如：clothes, pants, trousers, shorts, goods (商品), glasses, works (作品)
glasses(眼镜),scissors(剪刀)等。
5 部分名词以“s”结尾，但不是复数：
eg：news, physics, politics, maths.6．集体名词的数。集体名词表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体。如：family, class, team, group, crown, army, public, police, people , 等，它们以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如果强调某个集合的整体则应视为单数。如：
My family are watching TV.我的家人正在看电视。
My family is a happy one.我家是一个幸福的家庭。
有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people(人们), police(警察)等，如果要表达单数形式则要使用其他名词。如：e.g. Go and have your hair cut.去把头发理一理。?He has a few white hairs.他有几根白头发。
7 “数+名+形”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词必须是单数：
eg：a four-year-old boy,
a 100-meter-long road
考点四　名词所有格
1．构成
(1)有生命的名词所有格的构成方法：
①一般情况下在名词后加's。如：
迈克的汽车 ______________________
我妈妈的生日 ____________________
②以s结尾的复数名词只加'。 如：
教师节 ____________________
三个小时的步行 ____________________Mike's carmy mother's birthday Teachers' Day 3 hours' walk③不以s结尾的复数名词，直接在词尾加's 。如：
妇女节 ____________________
儿童节 ____________________
母亲节Mother’s Day, 父亲节Father’s Day
(2)无生命的名词的所有格一般由“of＋名词”构成。如：
我们教室的一张照片 ____________________
一张中国地图 ____________________
[注意] 表示时间、距离、集体、国家、团体、价值、重量、城市等无生命的名词，也可用's构成所有格。如：
今天的报纸 ____________________
世界人口 ____________________
一个小时的散步
十天的假期Women's Day Children's Day a picture of our classroom a map of China today's newspaper the world's population an hour’s walk ten days’ holiday 2．特殊用法
(1)表示共同拥有的人或物时，只需在最后一个人的名字后加's；表示各自所有时，则需在每个名词后加's。如：
莉莉和露西共有的房间 ____________________
莉莉和露西各自的房间 ____________________
(2)表示“家”、 “店铺”等处所。如：
在李雷家 at Li Lei's
在医生的诊所____________________
在药店 at the chemist's
I’m going to my aunt’s tonight. (my aunt’s=my aunt’s house)Lily and Lucy's roomLily's and Lucy's rooms at the doctor's ④?复合名词的所有格，是在后面的一个名词后加“’s”?e.g. an hour and a half’s talk?????????????
? his brother-in-law’s photo
以“s”结尾的复数，直接加’
eg: students’ book, Teachers’ Day, Nurses’ Day
单数以“s”结尾的，还是加’s
eg：my boss’s mother
(3)双重所有格是一种表示部分概念或含有感彩的结构，它含有强调或者突出的作用，其结构是“of短语+名词所有格”，其含义是“其中之一”或“其中一部分”
我父亲的一本书____________________
我的一个朋友 a friend of mine ＝ one of my friends
a book of Mary’s, some books of Amy’s
a friend of hers, some apples of mine
an old friend of my father’s=one of my father’s old friendsa book of my father's 注：有时双重所有格与“of+名词”结构含义不同，e.g. a picture of Li’s 李所有照片的一张?????
a picture of? Li 李的一张肖像?? He is a friend of your husband’s.他是你丈夫的一个朋友。（强调你丈夫的朋友不止一个）?? He is a friend of your husband.他是你丈夫的朋友。（强调他对你丈夫的友好）⑤一般用...of...结构来表示无生命的名词所有格： 如：the door of the room 　　　　房间的门?
　　a map of China　　　　　　　　一 张中国地图 the? photos of my sister 我妹妹的照片
A photo of my family,
the name of the zoo,
the front wall of the classroom
当有生命的名词定语较长时，也可以用of来表示其所有关系。如：The story of the old kind woman is moving.
这位善良的老妇人的故事很感人。
★★（4）key, answer, bridge, time, way, chance, exit等名词表示所属关系时，介词用to
eg：the key to the answer / door 问题的答案,门的钥匙 ,
the way / method to do sth. 做某事的方法
the ticket to Titanic 票,
the best time to do sth. 最好时间,
the right to do sth. 做某事的权利
the path to success 通往成功的路,
the answer to the question 问题的答案,
the custom to do sth. 做某事的习俗,
the ability to do sth. 做某事的能力,
the chance to do sth. 做某事的机会考点五、名词的句法功能
1、名词作主语
（1）一些以s结尾的名词，如news, physics在句中作主语时，谓语动词要用单三
eg：No news is good news. / Physics is very important.
trousers, pants, shoes, glasses, socks等为复数概念在句中作主语时，谓语动词要用复数，但a (this) pair of+名词复数时，其主语是a (this) pair，故谓语动词要用复数
eg：These trousers are very expensive. / This pair of shoes is very beautiful.（2）表示时间、金钱、距离和价格等名词（TMDP）后加主语时，是一个整体，谓语动词要用单数
eg：Ten minutes is enough. / 100 miles is a long distance. / 2 dollars is good.
（3）family, police, class等作主语时，若表示整体概念，是单数；若表示其中的各个成员时，是复数
eg：My family is big, my family are kind to me.
（4）the + 姓氏名词复数（后加s）表示“……一家”，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数
eg：The Greens are going to Beijing. / The Chens are very poor.
（5）neither + 单数名词或neither of + 复数名词，在句中作主语，谓语动词用单数
eg：Neither answer is right. / Neither of the boys often goes to the zoo.
2、名词作定语
（1）名词作定语，一般用单数形式
eg：girl student, paper flowers
（2）名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式
eg：sports meeting
考点六、名词与主谓一致
（1）主语后跟with，together with，except，as well as等时，谓语动词与前面主语保持一致。
eg：Jim with the Greens is going to Beijing.
Many students together with the teacher often go to the zoo.
We except Amy are going to have a party this evening.
Tom as well as the Kings is going to Japan tomorrow.（2）主语与谓语的就近一致
① there be 在某时某地有某人或某物 & here倒装句
eg：There is an apple and two bananas. / There are some students and a teacher.
Here is a dog and two cats. / Here are two cats and a dog.
② either…or,,, 或者…或者…（要么…要么…）
eg：Either they or he is going to Beijing. / Either a dog or two pigs are OK.③ neither…nor… 既不…也不…
eg：Neither he nor they often go to the zoo. / Neither he nor we are students now.
④ …or… 或者
eg：Is he a boy or a girl?
⑤ not only…but also… 不仅…而且…
eg：Not only he but also they are good. / Not only we but also she often goes to the zoo.
名词前的修饰词：
①放在可数名词复数前的有：
many(许多） , few（很少） , a few（一些）, a number of，
②放在不可数名词复数前的有:
much(许多） , little （很少）, a little（一些）
③(可数、不可数前）都可放的词有：
any, a lot of ,lots of(许多）, some （一些） plenty of [ 典型题例分析 ]
例1 下列几组复数名词中，每组都有一个错词，请指出：
1． A. Chinese B. Frenchmen C. Englishmen D. Germen2. A. tomatoes B. photos C. radioes D. potatoes3. A. desks B. Americans C. friends D. breads4. A. stories B. families C. plays D. keies5. A. leaves B. knives C. rooves D. shelves 6. A. clothes B.monthes C. mouths D. fifths例2 判断下列文哪句译正确： 多好的消息啊！
?A. What a good news it is ! B. What good news it is !例3 单项选择
What you need is more　—— . Don’t always do your —— at your desk.
exercise ; exercise B. exercises ; exercises
C. exercises ; exercise D. exercise ; exercises 例4 单项选择
All the —— teachers and —— students are having a party.
A . women ; girls B . women ; girl
C . woman ; girls D . woman ; girl 例5 改错
My trousers are too long , but hers is too short .?
例6 用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空：

I don’t think maths —— ( be ) easy .
例7 单项选择： Mabel gave me ——.
A. two bread B. some breads C. a piece bread D. two pieces of bread
例8 改错：
Shall I wait for you at the school’s gate at five this afternoon ? 例9 单项选择： —— mother is a worker .
Mary and Mike’s B. Mary’s and Mike’s
C. Mary’s and Mike D. Mary and Mike 例10 单项选择：
1.After the exams , we shall have —— holiday .
A. two months B. two-month
C. a two –month D. a two months
2.Mr Smith is ——.
A.English B. Englishman C. Englishwoman D. Englishmen
3.Wang Lei was born in Wuhan ,but Guangzhou has become her
second ——.
A family B. home C. house D. country
4.Most English people’s family name comes ——
A. first B. middle C. last D. together
5.There is a —— over the river .
? A. ship B. boat C . bridge D. village 例13 改错 You’d better have walk after supper .
Ⅱ 单项选择：
The boy dropped the and broke it .
cup of coffee B. coffee’s cup C. cup for coffee
D. coffee cup
2. In time , those mountains will be covered with trees , too .
A. few years’ B. a few years C. a few year D. a few year’s
3. Granny is badly ill . We have to take her to the .
A. farm B. post office C. ship D. hospital
4. I have to tell you .
A. a news B. many news
C. a good piece of news D. many newses5. are sold in that shop .
A. Men’s and children’s shoes B. Men’s and child’s shoes
C. Men’s and children shoes D. Man and child shoes
6. If anyone comes to see me , ask him to leave a .
A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice7. Miss Smith is a friend of .
A. Mary’s mother’s B. Mary’s mother
C. Mary mother’s D. Mother’s of Mary.8. If these trousers are too big , buy a smaller .
A. piece B. kind C. copy D . pair9. It’s my dog .
A. sister Lily’s B. sister’s Lily’s C. sister Lily D. sister’s Lily10. She had beautiful black but I could see some white .
A. hair ; hair B. hairs ;hairs C. hair ; hairs D. hairs ; hair1. ---What’s your favorite Chinese traditional festival?
---It’s _____.A. April Fool’s Day
B. Father’s Day
C. Christmas Day
D. The Spring Festival2. In the coming summer holidays, my family _____ going to take a one-week trip to Qingdao.A. is
B. are
C. was
D. were3. ---There ____ no milk in the fridge. Could you get some for me, Dick?
---All right, Mum.A. is
B. are
C. was
D. were4. ---Can you get a piano for me, dear?
---But there isn’t enough _____ for it in our house.A. ground
B. floor
C. place
D. room5. A few _____ are playing under the tree.A. boy
B. boys
C. chids
D. child6. Look! The kites in the sky are in different _____, some are big and some are small.A. sizes
B. colors
C. prices
D. names7. It’s a beautiful, sunny day! There _____ many people here on vacation.A. be
B. am
C. is
D. are8. Look! Two _____ are talking happily under the apple tree.A. man teacher
B. man teachers
C. men teachers
D. men teacher9. ---What’s in the ____?
---There are some _____ and _____ in them.A. photoes; potatos; radios
B. photos; potatoes; radios
C. photoes; potatoes; radios
D. photos; potatoes; radioes10. All the _____ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their own holiday.A. man
B. men
C. woman
D. women11. I’ve read _____ sports news about the F1 race today.A. two
B. pieces
C. two pieces
D. two pieces of12. I’m going on hoilday on the 12th, I have to be back at work on the 26th, so I’ve got a two _____ holiday.A. weeks
B. week’s
C. weeks’
D. week13. Bob told me that his next match was against ____ football team from another school.A. a girls’
B. girl’s
C. the girls’
D. girls’14. Mrs Green is ____ mother.A. Mary and Kate
B. Mary’s and Kate’s
C. Mary’s and Kate
D. Mary and Kate’s15. When we saw the football match, I sat between Ted and Ben, that is to say my seat was between _____.A. Ted and Ben
B. Ted’s and Ben
C. Ted and Ben’s
D. Ted’s and Ben’s16. My school isn’t far from here. It’s only _____ walk.A. fifteen minutes
B. fifteen minutes’
C. fifteen minute’s17. _____ went to Australia for a holiday.A. The Greens
B. The Greens’
C. The Green
D. Greens18. Jenny’s shoes were worn out. She wanted to buy a new _____.A. shoe
B. shoes
C. one
D. pair19. You must read the _____ carefully before taking the medicine.A. news
B. pictures
C. numbers
D. instructions20. There are about twenty _____ in the room. They are having a party there.A. people
B. sheep
C. worker
D. class21. The _____ Park will open next week.A. Children’s
B. Childrens’
C. Children
D. Child22. It’s over ____ from Shijiazhuang to Beijing.A. three hours’ drive
B. three hour’s drive
C. three hours’ drives
D. three hours drive23. 选出与句中画线部分意思相同或相近的选项。
The Smiths are watching the men’s table tennis match after dinner.A. Mr Smith
B. The Smith
C. Smiths
D. The Smith family24. They have much colored _____. Let’s go and ask for some.A. rulers
B. paper
C. erasers
D. sharpeners25. Please give me two _____ milk.A. glass
B. glass of
C. glasses
D. glasses of26. ---Where’s mum, Lily?
---She left a(an) ______ saying that she has something to do.A. message
B. letter
C. excuse
D. sentence27. The teacher said we needed to choose three ____ for the school concert.A. farmers
B. doctors
C. drivers
D. singers28. How many _____ are there in the international village?A. Chinese
B. Russian
C. American29. Tom regards Tianjin as his second _____ because he has been here for over ten years.A. family
B. house
C. room
D. home30. The _____ now is that we have lots of _____ to ask.A. problem; questions
B. question; problems
C. question; problem
D. problem; question31. Bob couldn’t buy the dictionary because he had _____ money with him.A. a few
B. few
C. a little
D. little32. ---Oh, there isn’t enough ______ for us in the lift.
---No hurry. Let’s wait for the next.A. ground
B. floor
C. place
D. room33. The restaurant is so popular here. Look, there are so many ____ here.A. food
B. dish
C. people
D. waiter