高考英语总复习 时态与语态(定稿)(ppt)[1]

课件51张PPT。高考语法复习
动词时态与语态Humourous Moments The Father and His Son
Father: You know, Tom, when Lincoln ___(be) your age, he ___(be) a very good pupil. In fact, he ___(be) the best pupil in his class.
Tom: Yes, Father. I ____ (know) that. But when he ____(be) your age, he____ (be) President?of the United States.waswaswaswaswasknowWho Is the Laziest?
Father: Well, Tom, I asked your teacher today, and now I want to ask you a question. Who is the laziest person in your class?
Tom: I don't know, Father.
Father: Oh, yes, you do! Think! When the other boys and girls are reading and writing, who sits in class and only watches how the other people work?
Tom: Our teacher, father. ◆ 动词的时态和语态是历年高考英语测试的重中之重，每年试题一般不低于两道。
命题思路有三种：
一是直接给出标志性时间状语，考生能根据其作出选择；
二是给出时间状语，但所给时间状语有较强的干扰性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择，而需要结合语境进行判断；
三是没有任何时间状语，需要借助于上下文语境，才能作出正确判断。
◆在历年有关被动语态的考题中，共涉及了七种基本时态的被动语态，其中以现在完成时、一般现在时、一般过去时和现在进行时考得最多。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成，时态通过be动词表现出来。◆ 高考命题中往往不会涉及单一的时态，而是更多地侧重于时态的交叉使用和时态干扰。
◆ 考生答题时要认真研读题干，寻找尽可能多的“时间参照信息”，尤其是句中其他动词的时态，以及修饰动词的状语信息等等。关于被动语态题，做题时应首先根据主语与谓语的关系确定是否是被动关系，然后再根据有关时间信息确定用哪种时态。
◆ 还要注意的是不及物动词是不能用于被动语态当中。一、对一般现在时的考查
1.考查其基本概念：一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。但近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰。
1) Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which ___the Pacific, and we met no storm.（2005年辽宁卷）
was called B. is called
C. had been called D. has been called注意：表示客观真理和科学事实一般情况下，直接在动词词尾+s ，
例如：get→gets; take→takes
2 以s, sh, ch, x, o 结尾的动词，在词尾+ es，
例如： teach→ teaches; fix→fixes; go→goes
3. 以辅音字母+ y 结尾的动词，变y 为i，再+ es，
如：study→ studies; try→tries 动词第三人称的变法规则2.考查一般现在时的替代用法：
在以when, till/ until, as soon as, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句，在以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter, however, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时或现在完成时代替一般将来时。

—What would you do if it __ tomorrow?
—We have to carry it on ,since we’ve got everything ready. （2005年全国卷）
A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining
二、对一般过去时的考查
一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考的命题方向。
I bought a new car three days ago.
More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.（2005年上海卷）A. sent B. were sent
C. had sent D. had been sent
规则动词过去式的变化规则1）一般在动词词尾加ed。 ? work—worked,
???2）如果动词以字母e结尾，变过去式时
直接在词尾加d。? love—loved,
?? ?3）如果动词是以一个元音字母加上一个辅音字母结尾的
重读闭音节单词变过去式时，要双写这个辅音字母，
再加ed。 stop—stopped
? 4）如果动词是以辅音字母加y结尾，
变过去式时要变y为i再加ed。
??? study—studied一般将来时：将要发生的动作1、will /shall+ do（临时决定）
2、be going to+do（打算、根据某种迹象将）
3、be about to+do（马上就要发生）
4、倾向性动词的进行时（计划）
5、倾向性动词的一般现在时（按时刻表将）
6、be to do过去将来时：在过去某个时间点看将要发生的动作三、对现在进行时的考查
由上下文语境表示时间。
1)— What’s the terrible noise？— The neighbors ____ for a party（2004年北京卷）A. have prepared B. are preparing
C. prepare D. will prepare现在进行时：现在或现阶段正在发生的动作或状态动词变现在分词 一.直接在动词后面加-ing 二. 以不发音的e 结尾的去e 加-ing come – coming 来 dance - dancing 跳舞
三.: 重读闭音节，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ing sit- sitting 做 hop - hopping 单脚跳
四.以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y，再加ing;
.lie-liying.die-dying四、对过去进行时的考查（过去某段时间正在发生的事情was/were doing）
I was walking down the street when it began to rain.When it began to rainI was walkingnow五、对现在完成时的考查
1.现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的影响或表示经验。
2.现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并可能继续下去，常与for或since 等短语连用。
I_________(graduate) in 1993 and in that year I _______(begin) to teach English in a middle school. I ______(teach) there for five years . Five years later ,I _______(move) to Pinghu. I______________ (teach) senior English in Danghu High School for nearly 9 years ever since then.graduatedbegantaughtmovedhave taught/have been teaching
—The window is dirty.
— I know. It ____ for weeks.（2004全国卷）
hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean
C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned
注：由终止性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, begin, start, put, stop, start, put, stop, die, fall, buy, borrow, see等构成的完成时不能与for或since引导的时间状语连用。但这些终止性动词的否定式可以与for或since短语连用。
Eg. I haven’t met him for two years. 3.考查现在完成时与一般过去式的区别：
一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式等，与现在不发生联系，且句中一般有表示过去的时间状语；而现在完成时只说明现在的情况，对现在有影响。

—Where _____the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere.（98NMET）
— I ____ it right here. But now it’s gone.A. did you put; have put
B. have you put; put
C. had you put; was putting
D. were you putting; put现在完成时标志性的状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,
up to now, in the past years, recentlyThe CCTV has been broadcasting English programs ever since 1977.六、对现在完成进行时的考查
构成: have / has been+ doing
概念: 表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别如下：
1.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
I have written an article. 　　　　
I have been writing an article. 　
2.有些延续性动词，如live, teach, work, study, learn, stay等因现在完成时与现在完成进行时差别不大。
I have lived here for ten years.
= I have been living here for ten years.
Notes：表短暂动作的动词（finish, marry, get up, come, go等）一般不能用现在完成进行时。强调：　已完成性
强调：持续性，
未完成性1)Now that she is out of a job, Lucy____going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.（2004年北京卷）
had considered B. has been considering
C. considered D. is going to consider
七、对过去完成时态的考查
过去完成时，经常以“过去”为背景，要想表达比这一背景更早的动作，即“过去的过去”，常用此时态。
Eg. When we got to the theatre, they had sold all the tickets. What a pity!
— George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?
—No, I ___. Did they have a big wedding? （2004年湖北卷）
A. was not invited
B. have not been invited
C. hadn’t been invited
D. didn’t invite
常见考点有：
①把过去完成时放在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的复合句中考查。
1) When the old man ___ to walk back to his house, the sun ___ itself behind the mountain.（2005年湖北卷）A. started; had already hidden
B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding
D. was starting; hid
②把过去完成时放在by + 过去时间点或by the time + 从句（一般过去时）的句子里考查。
By the end of last year, another new gymnasium ___ in Beijing.（2003年上海春）
A. would be completed
B. was being completed
C. has been completed
D. had been completed
1.---Do you work here?
----No, I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary comes.
just help out
B. have just helped out
C. am just helping out
D. will just help out举一反三破定势造成思维定式的干扰因素：comes从现主将误选Ｄjust完成时标志误选B题眼：I don’t really work here暂时性工作正确选项 CJust 的多义：１．刚　２．正　　３．只不过　　４．引起祈使句2. I?_______in London for many years，but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China. (重庆卷).
lived B. was living　
C. have lived?????? D. had lived造成思维定势的干扰因素：for many years完成时标志误选C/D解题关键：For many years 与现在无联系一般过去时A一句辨析：1、现在时态
高考题点击：
1. --- Can I help you, sir?
--- Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it _____. (96 N)
A. didn’t work B. won’t work
C. can’t work D. doesn’t work
2. I _____ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play
since the new year. (2001 N)
A. will play B. have played C. played D. playDD说明：本题的干扰源为 bought … yesterday，虽然是昨天买的，但强调的是现在不响了，所以要用现在时。选项B为次选项。说明：常识告诉我们，一个人一旦获得某种技能，一般是不会在短期内失去的，所以需用一般现在时。3. E-mail, as well as telephone, _____ an important part in daily communication. (99 上海)
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
4. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _____ so rapidly. (2001 N)
A. is changing B. has changed
C. will have changed D. will change说明：E-mail 正在日常通讯中起着重要的作用，故需用现在进行时；而 E-mail 是主语，动词应该用单数。说明：选择移动电话难的原因是由于科技正在飞速发展，所以要用现在进行时；况且进行时态常给人一种情感上的描述，表示说话者的一种“感慨、赞赏、愤怒、斥责”等。AA5. --- I’m sorry to keep you waiting. (94 N)
--- Oh, not at all. I _____ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
6. --- You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?
--- _____. How I wish to go there! (98 N)
A. Yes, I have B. Yes, I haven’t
C. No, I have D. No, I haven’t说明：现在完成时用来表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果和影响。我是几分钟前到的，可现在仍在这儿。一般过去时仅表示过去曾到过这儿，不表示现在还在这儿，所以与本句意思无关。说明：从补充的句子 “How I wish to go there!”可知“我”没到过北京。AD7. --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
--- I am tired. I _____ the living room all day. (98 N)
A. painted B. had painted
C. have been painting D. have painted
8. I wonder why Jenny ______ us recently. We should have heard from her by now.(N2002)
A. hasn’t written B. doesn’t write
C. won’t write D. hadn’t write说明：这句话的意思是“我一整天都在刷起居室”，现在完成进行时表示从过去开始的一个动作一直持续到现在，而且还在进行当中。强调的是“一直在做”。说明：recently 一般都与现在完成时连用；从后句“我们本该收到她的信了”可知，她最近没来过信。CA用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。　 It is the first time that I have visited the city.　 It was the third time that the boy had been late.
注意比较 It’s time that … 结构：
It is high time that we went to school.
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.　 This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 　　 这是我看过的最好的电影。　 This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing.　
这是我第一次听他唱歌。 典型例题(1) --- Do you know our town at all?　　 --- No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming
(2) --- Have you ____ been to our town before?　 --- No, it’s the first time I ___ here. A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　
C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come　 　 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month. BD2、过去时
高考题点击：
1. --- Nancy is not coming tonight.
--- But she _____! (98 N)
A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
2. My uncle _____ until he was forty-five. (2000 上海)
A. married B. didn’t marry
C. was not marrying D. would marry说明：Nancy 答应要来这个动作应该发生在过去，是过去作出的承诺。说明：until 用在肯定句中时，主句的动词必须是延续性动词，表示该动作一直持续到 until 后的时间为止；短暂性动词只能用在否定句中，表示直到此时该动作才开始。本题中 marry 是短暂性动词，所以只能用在否定句中。BB3. --- You haven’t said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do
you like it? (N2002)
--- I’m sorry I _______ anything about it sooner. I certainly
think it’s pretty on you.
A. wasn’t saying B. don’t say C. won’t say D. didn’t say说明：本题的干扰源来自上下文中的时态，上文用的是现在完成时，下文用的是一般现在时，所以有些人就误以为此处该用现在时态了。但根据说话人的意思不难发现，没有说出自己的评价是在这段对话以前的事了，所以要用一般过去时。D4. As she ____ the newspaper, Granny ____ asleep. (95 N)
A. read … was falling B. was reading … fell
C. was reading … was falling D. read … fell
5. --- Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
--- I _____, but I had an unexpected visitor. (97 N)
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did说明：一般来说在复合句中的两个动作，延续性的动作大都用进行时，短暂性的动词用一般时，表示在某个动作进行的过程当中另一个动作发生了。说明：was going to do sth. 表示过去打算做某事；would do 表示过去愿意做某事。从后句可看出家里来了不速之客，所以没有来，故不可能选D。BC6. --- Hey, look where you are going!
--- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _____. (99 N)
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
7. --- Excuse me, Sir. Would you do me a favor?
--- Of course. What is it? (02 北京)
--- I ____ if you could tell me how to fill out this form.
A. had wondered B. was wondering
C. would wonder D. did wonder说明：该题的干扰源来自 where you are going，不少人误以为是现在时了。其实很明显该动作是讲话前的事。说明：本句所表达的意思很明显，要问的问题是在此之前一直在思考的事情，故该用过去进行时。BB8. The little girl ____ her heart out because she ____ her toy
bear and believed she wasn’t ever going to find it. (02 北京)
A. had cried, lost B. cried, had lost
C. has cried, has lost D. cries, has lost
9. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until
her husband _____ home. (96 N)
A. has left … comes B. left … had come
C. had left … came D. had left … would come说明：哭得伤心发生在过去，而丢玩具熊发生在哭之前。两个发生在过去的动作，之前发生的用过去完成时，之后发生的用一般过去时。说明：丢钥匙发生在前，等人发生在后；until 引导的是时间状语从句，不能用将来时，所以只有C项可用。BC10. He _____ to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.
(99 上海)
A. has no sooner got B. no sooner got
C. will no sooner get D. had no sooner got
11. John and I _______ friends for eight years. We first got to
know each other at a Christmas party. But we ____ each
other a couple of times before that. (2002 北京)
A. had been, have seen B. have seen, have seen
C. had been, had seen D. have been, had seen说明：本题的关键词是 than，与 than 搭配的结构只有
sb. had no sooner done than … 。说明：第一句表示到现在为止认识有八年了，后一句表示在认识之前见过几次面。DD3、将来时
高考题点击：
1. If a man _____ succeed, he must work as hard as he can.
(95 上海)
A. will B. is to C. is going to D. should
2. --- You’ve left the light on.
--- Oh, so I have. _____ and turn it off. (2000 N)
A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone C. I go D. I’m going说明：此句的意思为“如果一个人想要成功，就必须尽力而为”。If 引导的是条件状语从句，不能用将来时。而 be to 结构虽然表示将来的动作，但它不属于将来时。说明：本句的重点是“并行结构”，关键是看后面的 turn，所以B、C、D、都不符合。BA3. I’ve won a holiday for two weeks to Florida. I _____ my
mum. (2001 北京春季)
A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have taken
4. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____
office soon. (93 N)
A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left说明：本句的意思为“我赢得了到 Florida 度假两周的奖励，我打算带我妈妈去。”所以应该考虑用将来时。而现在进行时常可用来表示将来发生的动作，尤其是趋向性的动词。说明：that 引导的宾语从句中的动作“离职”应该发生在“were surprised” 之后，故需用过去将来时。AB4、状语从句中的时态问题
高考题点击：
1. --- Can I join the club, Dad?
--- You can when you _____ a bit older. (94 N)
A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got
2. In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if
they _____. (2001上海)
A. have survived B. are to survive
C. would survive D. will survive说明：时间状语从句中没有将来时，需用一般现在时替代一般将来时。说明：条件状语从句中不用将来时，但 be to 结构不属于将来时态形式。AB3. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he
_____ from the university next year. (2002上海)
A. will graduate B. will have graduated
C. graduates D. is to graduate
4. It ____ long before we ____ the result of the experiment.
(2002上海春季)
A. will not be, will know B. is, will know
C. will not be, know D. is, know说明：by the time 引导的是时间状语从句，故不能使用将来时。D选项虽可考虑，但 be to 结构大多用来表示“义务、决定、职责、约定”等，与句意不合。说明：before 引导的是时间状语从句，无将来时，而主句应该用将来时。CC5、祈使句中的动词问题
高考题点击：
1. _____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do. (98 N)
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
2. _____ some of this juice --- perhaps you’ll like it.
(2000 北京春季)
A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried
3. _____ at the door before entering, please. (01 北京春季)
A. knocked B. To knock C. Knocking D. Knock
4. _____ blood if you can and many lives will be saved.
(2001上海)
A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To giveDBDB6、几种时态的替代问题
A：一般现在时代替将来时 ：
除了在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时外，表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动也用一般现在时来代替将来时。如：　 The museum opens at ten tomorrow.　博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)
B：一般现在时代替完成时：
句型 “It is … since…”代替“It has been … since …” It is (= has been) five years since we last met
C：一般现在时代替进行时：
在全部倒装句中都用一般现在时代替现在进行时。如：
Look, here comes Mr. Li. 被 动 语 态高考题点击：
1. I need one more stamp before my collection _____. (94 N)
A. has completed B. completes
C. has been completed D. is completed
2. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _____ by the hour.
(98 N)
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay说明：集邮册只能被完成，且在 before 从句中没有将来时，故只能选D。说明：该句的意思为“在大城市中清洁女工的工资通常是按小时支付的。”很明显该用被动语态。DC3. Books of this kind _____ well. (99 上海)
A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold
4. Hundreds of jobs _____ if the factory closes. (01 北京春)
A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose说明：sell 既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，当用作“销售情况如何”时，sell 为不及物动词，故没有被动语态。
类似的词还有：wash, translate, write 等。说明：lose job 为“失业”，job 只能被失去，且动作应该发生在将来。AB5. A new cinema _____ here. They hope to finish it next
month. (2001 北京春季)
A. will be built B. is built
C. has been built D. is being built
6. The new suspension bridge _____ by the end of last month.
(2001上海)
A. has been designed B. had been designed
C. was designed D. would be designed说明：从后句可知电影院应该正在修建。需要注意的是现在进行时态的被动语态的动词形式。说明：by the end of 短语一般都与过去完成时或将来完成时连用。DB7. This is Ted’s photo. We miss him a lot. He _____ trying to
save a child in the earthquake. (2002 北京春季)
A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing
8. I feel it is your husband who ______ for the spoiled child.
(2002上海)
A. is to blame B. is going to blame
C. is to be blamed D. should blame说明：不要被前面使用的现在时所蒙蔽，在地震中抢救小孩并献身的动作只能在过去。说明：be to blame 是固定结构，不能用被动语态。该句是一个强调句型。CA9. Rainforests _____ and burned at such a speed that they will
disappear from the earth in the near future. (2002上海春季)
A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut说明：该句的意思为“雨林正在以如此快的速度被砍伐和烧毁以至于在不久的将来它们就会消失。”从语境中可以看出应该使用现在进行时。况且进行时可以表达出说话人的一种特殊的情感。说话人是想呼吁人们停止乱砍乱烧雨林，给人们提出的一种警告。CHearty thanks for attending my English Class!Any Comments are welcome!