Unit 3 Online tours Grammar课件2021-2022学年牛津译林版八年级英语下册(共49张PPT)

(共49张PPT)
Unit 3
Online tours （II）
Part 1
Grammar
一、一般过去时和现在完成时的主要区别∶
I. 侧重点不同。
现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，侧重于现在的情况;一般过去时表示过去某个时候发生的动作、存在的状态，与现在没有关系。
例如∶
We have already cleaned the classroom.
我们已经打扫了教室了。（现在教室干净了）
We cleaned the classroom this morning.
今天早上我们打扫了教室。（教室是今天早上打扫的，至于现在是否干净，无从得知）
【语法进阶】
Ⅱ. 时间状语不同。
现在完成时常和already，yet，just，never，before，so far等词语以及since和for引导的时间状语连用;
一般过去时常和yesterday，last week，justnow，in 2004，two days ago等具体的表示过去的时间状语连用。
例如∶
He has never seen her before. 他以前从未见过她。
He saw her three days ago. 三天前他看见了她。
III. 对谓语动词的要求不同。
现在完成时可表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态，此时往往和表示一段时间的状语连用，这时谓语动词要用延续性动词而不是非延续性动词; 一般过去时中的谓语动词没有延续性或非延续性的。
例如∶
He has been away from his hometown for twenty years.
他离开家乡已20年了。（思考∶为什么此处谓语动词不能用has left ）
He left his hometown twenty years ago.
20年前他离开了家乡。
Have you ever dreamt of travelling around the world without a passport.
①此处dreamt是dream的过去分词，dream此处用作动词。
dream用作动词时，主要有以下含义∶
（1）做梦，梦见，梦到（常和of/about连用）例如∶I dreamt of/about you.
（2）向往渴望想象 例如∶That boy dreams of becoming a pilot.
②travel around the world 环游世界
③without介词，意为“没有”，之后要接名词、代词或动名词。由它构成的介词短语常位于句首或句末作状语。例如∶Man can't live without water.
二.现在完成时与一般过去时的辨析
1. 一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"主语+ have/ has +动词（V）的过去分词"。过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作; 现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2.一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如∶ yesterday，last week，two years ago just now，in 2002等; 而现在完成时则常与 just ，already，ever ，never 等副词和 these days，this week，since……，for……等表示一段时间的状语连用。
试比较以下几组句子，有什么区别∶
(1) A:Have you seen the film B:Did you see the film
分析∶你看过这部电影吗 A 句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;B 句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。
(2)A:How has he done it B:How did he do it
分析∶他是怎么做的这件事 A 句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响;B句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。
(3)A:He has lived in Beijing for8 years. B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years.
分析∶他在北京住了8年。A句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。（B）句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在已经不在北京了。
3.现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。
比较∶I have washed the car. 我洗过了车。（看上去很漂亮）
I washed the car a moment ago. 我刚才洗过车了。
She has watered the flowers. 她已经浇了花。（不需要再浇了）
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天浇的花。
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已经写好了，但还没有寄出。
I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago. 我上周写的那封信，3天前寄出的。
4. 现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去， 而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。
比较∶It has rained for five hours. 雨已经下了5个小时了。
It rained for five hours yesterday. 昨天下了5个小时的雨。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已经两个小时了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了两个小时，然后就回家了。
I have reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已经复习了两课。（说话时还在上午）
I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我复习了两课。（说话时已是下午或晚上）
Part 2
Integrated skills
Language points
1. Sydney is on the north-east coast of Australia.
on the north-east coast of Australia 位于澳大利亚的东北海岸
e.g. 太平洋位于北美洲的东海岸。
The Pacific Ocean is on the east coast of North America.
2.The Sydney Opera House looks like a ship with many sails.
a ship with many sails 一艘有很多帆的船, 此处 with 表示"带有或拥有"
例如∶
白宫是一个带有大花园的美丽建筑。
The White House is a beautiful building with a big garden.
3.Australian seasons are the opposite of ours.
the opposite of 与.……相反/相对
e.g.
他们的观点与我们的相反。
Their ideas are opposite of ours.
4.Would you mind showing me how to start this online tour
句型Would you mind… 可用于客气地请人做某事。
e.g. Would you mind explaining the sentence again
你再解释一下这句话行吗
5.mind doing sth.介意做某事
e.g.你介意帮我搬这张书桌吗
Do you mind helping me carry the desk
mind one's doing sth. 介意某人做某事
e.g.你介意我在这儿抽烟吗
Do you mind my smoking here
Part 3
Study skills
制作图表
我们在写作时可以用图表来组织我们的想法。这可以帮助我们更好地了解和理解这些想法。
我们也可以用图表来制作一篇文章的注释。
下面的图表向人们展示"八小时环游世界"网站的内容。
Part 4
Task
TASK任务
我们用图表来组织思想，并按照图表来介绍一个国家。
national flag 国旗
national emblem 国徽
map
地图
Queen Elizabeth II
Buckingham Palace
London
London
the British Museum
the Lake District
1.What is the full name of the UK
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
2.Which countries is the UK made up of
It is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
3.Where is one of the most famous place in the UK
Buckingham Palace.
4.What has the UK always been famous for
It has always been famous for its museums.
5.How is the weather in the UK
It changes often. It is sunny one minute, but rainy the next.
Language Point
1.It is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
be made up of 由……组成/构成
e.g.生活是由琐事构成的。 Life is made up of little things.
【拓展】
be made of 由.….制成（看得出原材料）
be made from 由.….制成（看不出原材料）
be made in 在某地制造
2.It has been the home of kings and queens for a long time.
be the home of.…. 是/成为……..的家
e.g.自然保护区已经成为了很多罕见的鸟的家。
Nature reserves have been the home of many rare birds.
3. The UK has always been famous for its museums.
be famous for意为"因为………..而出名"。当主语是人时，常表示以某种技能或特征而出名; 当主语是地点名词时，常表示以某个名胜古迹或特产而出名。
e.g.伦敦因大本钟而著名。
London is famous for Big Ben.
【拓展】
be famous as 意为“作为……而出名”。当主语是人时，常表示以某个身份而出名当主语是地点名词时，常表示作为某种东西的产地而出名。如”
His uncle is famous as an actor.
This area is famous as a green tea producing place.
【运用】
根据句意选用for或as填空。
1) George is famous as a writer.
2) France is famous for its wine and food.
4. The best time to visit the UK is from May to September because its winter is wet and cold.
句中的to visit the UK是动词不定式短语作后置定语。
e.g. The best time to travel in the city is in May.
the best time to do sth. 做.….最好的时间
e.g.春天是放风筝最好的时间。
Spring is the best time to fly kites.
5. It is sunny one minute, but rainy the next, so prepare for it before you go there.
prepare 用作动词，意为"准备"，后面常跟名词、代词、不定式作宾语。prepare还常与for搭配构成短语prepare for，表示"为…作准备"。
e.g.期末考试要到了，你最好做好准备。
The final exam is coming. You'd better prepare for it.
【例题讲解】
例1. Jack's parents can't go to the parents'meeting because they to _______ Beijing on business.
A. went B. have gone C. will go D. had gone
【分析】杰克的父母不能去参加家长会因为他们出差去了北京。
【解答】答案∶B 根据Jack's parents cant go to the parents'meeting，可知because后跟的是不能去家长会的原因，强调"出差"这个动作对现在的影响。强调去了北京还没有回来，用have gone to。故用现在完成时（have/has+done），主语为they，故用have gone。故选B。
【点评】本题考查时态的辨析。判断出前半句是后半句的结果，是做题的关键。
【例题拓展】
Julie's father______ to London last month. He _______ there three times.
A. went; have gone B. went; has been C. has gone; went
【分析】朱莉的父亲上个月去了伦敦，他去过那里三次。
【解答】答案：Ｂ 考查时态。句意”朱莉的父亲上个月去了伦敦，他去过那里三次。“。第一个空，由last month上个月，可知是一般过去时态，谓语动词用过去式went，Ｃ不正确。第二个空，have been to：曾经去过了（表示现在不在说话的地方）。have gone to：去了（表示现在不在说话的地方）。结合语境，“他去过那里三次”，用has been to ．Ａ不正确。答案是B。
【点评】考查时态，英语中时态包括一般现在时态，现在进行时态，一般过去时态，一般将来时态，现在完成时态等，结合所给时间状语，认真分析选择正确时态。
例2. The shop _______ at 8: 00 a.m. and it _______ for ten hours every day.
A.opens; is open B.opened; opens C. is opened; opens D. is open; has opened
【分析】商店八点开门，每天开门十小时。
【解答】答案∶A 第一个空用动词open，这里表达的是客观事实用一般现在时，主语三单，故opens，后文下文for ten hours 表达的是动作持续了多久，故用be open表示状态，故选A。
【点评】一般现在时，是一种语法形式 。 表示通常性、规律性、习惯性、真理性的状态或者动作有时间规律发生的事件的一种时间状态。
【例题拓展】
-Would you like some more tea - NO, thanks,I _______ enough.
A. had B. have had C. have D. has
【分析】—你想再来点茶吗？ —不，谢谢，我已经喝够了。
【解答】答案：Ｂ考查时态。句意”一一你想再来点茶吗？谢，我已经喝够了。“Ａ过去式。Ｂ现在完成时态。Ｃ原形。Ｄ第三人称单数。结合语境”你想再来点茶吗？不，谢谢，我够了”，可知，表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或表示过去状态持续到现在，用现在完成时态。结构是have/has＋动词的过去分词。这里用have had已经喝。选Ｂ
【点评】考查时态，英语中时态包括一般现在时态，现在进行时态，一般去时态，一般将来时态，现在完成时态等，好结合所给时间状语，认真分析选择正确时态。
例3.Linda_________ the classroom.Now it's very clean and tidy.
A. cleans B. cleaned C. has cleaned D. had cleaned
【分析】琳达已经打扫了教室。现在教室干净又整洁。
【解答】答案：Ｃ由后面的现在可推理出Linda已经打扫了教室，是完成的动作，强调对现在造成的影响或结果，即教室已经干净了，因此用现在完成时态，其构成为have/has＋动词过去分词，又因为主语Linda是第三人称单数，因此用has
【点评】本题考查现在完成时态，在没有明显时间状语的情况下应注意前后语句之间的关系，从而推断出时态。
【例题拓展】
-______ you ______ your homework yet -Yes, I ____it ten minutes ago.
A. Did, do, finished B.Have,done,have finished C. Have, done, finished
【分析】—你做你的家庭作业了吗？—是的，我十分钟前做的。
【解答】答案：Ｃ 根据句意”--你做你的家庭作业了吗？--是的，我十分钟前做的”，yet是现在完成时的标志，其结构为have/has＋过去分词，故排除Ａ；ten minutes ago是－般过去时的标志，排除日，故选Ｃ。
【点评】利用标志词或句意正确判断句子时态，结合或句意正确判断句子时态，结合题意，给出答案。
【例题拓展】
--When_______ you_______the iPad --I bought it yesterday.
A. did; buy B. do; buy C. have; bought D. had; bought
【分析】--你什么时候买的iPad？--我昨天买的。
【解答】答案：Ａ 根据答语I bought it yesterday. 可知为一般过去时态，回答的是过去发生的事情，故确定题干When_______ you_______the iPad 询问过去发生的事情，又知该句为特殊疑问句，且对照选项可知, 该句的谓语动词为实义动词buy，其结构为：特殊疑问主语＋助动词did + 主语+动词原形＋其他？故填入did：buy，故选Ａ
【点评】本题考查动词的时态，解决此类问题是根据关键词和标志词来确定动词的形式，在不同的语言环境中达到熟练掌握的目的
【课堂练习-1】
1. -How clean the bedroom is! -Yes, I am sure that someone________it.
A.cleans B. cleaned C. has cleaned D.had cleaned
2. How's Annie I________her for a long time.
A.don't see B. won't see C. didn't see D.haven't seen
3. This term_________over. The summer vacation is coming in two weeks.
A. is B.was C.has been D.will be
4. -Hello! May I speak to Kate -Sorry, she isn't here now. She _________to Shanghai.
A. went B. has been C.has gone
5. -Where's her second son I haven't seen him for a long time. -He ______ Maine looking for a place to work.
A. will go to B. has gone to C. had gone to D. goes to
一、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. I ________(buy)the bike two weeks ago. I_________(have)it for two weeks.
2.Great changes__________(take)place in those villages in the past ten years.
3.Lisa___________to the USA a week ago.(go)
4.Bob can't get into the room because he__________(lose)the key to the door.
5. Sophia_________(finish) her homework 20 minutes ago.
6. You can realize your dream by_________(take) an online English course.
7. Last week, Tim___________(borrow)a book about the places of interest in the America.
8.Annie is a nurse in our hospital. She____________(work) here for ten years.
9.The day before yesterday, I___________(write)a letter to my sister.But she_____________(not write) back to me yet.
10.Last month, we___________(enjoy) ourselves at the party.
11.He can't go with us. he_____________(not finish) the work yet.
【课堂练习-2】
二、选择题
1.--When__________ you __________the film The Sound of Music --The day before yesterday.
A.have;seen B.will; see C.did; see D.did; seen
2.We ________ trees last Sunday. So far we ________ over 300 trees there.
A.planted; planted B.planted; have planted C.have planted;planted D.have planted;have planted
3.--_________to the England --Not yet.But I went to Canada a few years ago.
A.Have you been B.Have you gone C.Did you go D. Will you go
4.I will not go to see the film tonight because I ________ my ticket.
A.didn't lose B. have lost C. will lose D.didn't have
5. They have__________ since the factory opened.
A. left the school B. joined the team C. become workers D. worked here
6.Ms Chen has taught in this school _________.
A. for ten years B. ten years ago C. since ten years D.for ten years ago
7.--I_____today's homework yet. What about you --I _______ it just now.
A.haven't finished, have finished B.didn't finish, finished
C. haven't finished, finished D.didn't finish, have finished
8.Nice to see you again.I _______ you for a long time.
A.hadn't seen B.haven't seen C. didn't see D. don't see
9."___your aunt_____yet " "Yes, she ___ back a moment ago."
A. Has; come; came B. Have; come; came C.Has; came; came D.Has; come; has come
10.Both his parents look sad.Maybe they___what's happened to him.
A. knew B.have known C. must know D.will know
【参考答案】
【课堂练习-1】 CDDCB
【课堂练习-2】
一、1.bought; have had 2.have taken 3.went 4.lost 5. finished 6. taking 7.borrowed
8.has worked 9.wrote; hasn't written 10.enjoyed 11.hasn't finished
二、1.C 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.B 9.A 10.B
再 见！