第一讲 谓语动词
一 动词的时态和语态
单句语法填空
1.(2020·新高考山东卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane,for example,________(form)the core collection of the British Museum which opened in 1759.
解析: 考查动词的时态。根据上文内容以及时间状语 in 1759可知,应用一般过去时。
答案: formed
2.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的)artist,they smiled and ________(point)down the river.
解析: 考查时态。空处与smiled构成并列谓语,故用一般过去时。
答案: pointed
3.(2020·浙江卷7月)By about 6000 BC,people ________(discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
解析: 考查动词的时态。根据时间状语By about 6000 BC可知,句子谓语动词用过去完成时,故填had discovered。
答案: had discovered
4.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I________ (make)over the years.I work not because I have to,but because I want to.
解析: 考查时态。根据空格后的时间状语over the years可知,句子要用现在完成时。
答案: have made
5.(2019·浙江卷语法填空)When every pupil in the school wears the uniform,nobody ________(have)to worry about fashion(时尚).
解析: 考查时态和主谓一致。空格前面的从句用了一般现在时,主句谓语动词应该用一般现在时或者一般将来时。而句子主语nobody是第三人称单数,所以当句子为一般现在时态时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。
答案: has/will have
6.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)“This really excites scientists,”Carle Pieters,a scientist at Brown University,says,“because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon ________(construct).”
解析: 考查被动语态。此处表示“月球是如何构成的”,应用被动语态,且此处描述的是客观情况,故填is constructed。
答案: is constructed
7.(2020·新高考山东卷)The parts of a museum open to the public ________(call)galleries or rooms.
解析: 考查一般现在时的被动语态。分析句子结构可知,该句主语为The parts of a museum,设空处为谓语动词,与主语之间为被动关系,结合语境可知这里为客观事实,故此处用一般现在时的被动语态。
答案: are called
8.(2020·浙江卷7月)Farming produced more food per person than hunting and gathering,so people were able to raise more children.And,as more children were born,more food ________(need).
解析: 考查动词的时态和语态。结合句意“出生的孩子越多,需要的粮食就越多”可知,more food与need构成被动关系,且文章的基本时态为一般过去时,故填was needed。
答案: was needed
一般现在时和一般过去时是近几年语法填空和短文改错必考的语法项目,而且考查的均是最基本的用法。
(一)一般现在时
一般现在时常用来表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态。(下面所有的谓语动词的构成皆以do为例)
1.谓语动词的构成:do/does
2.基本用法
(1)表示经常性的动作
常与usually,always,often,sometimes,never,every day等表示频度的时间状语连用。
On Monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.
星期一早晨,通常花费我一小时开车去上班。
(2)表示客观真理、格言或者警句等
表示客观真理时,即使主句是一般过去时,宾语从句还要用一般现在时。
As we all know,the earth travels around the sun.
众所周知,地球围绕太阳转。
(3)表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作
谓语动词是come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return,live,fly等,可以用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。
My dream school starts at 8:30 am and ends at 3:30 pm.
我理想的学校上午8:30上课,下午3:30放学。
(4)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时
If you come this afternoon,we'll have a meeting.
如果你今天下午过来,我们将开个会。
(二)一般过去时
1.谓语动词的构成:did
2.基本用法
(1)表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用,如yesterday,last month,just now,the other day,three days ago,in 1989等。
The other day I came across an old friend on the top of Mount Tai.
前几天,我在泰山顶上偶然遇到了一位老朋友。
(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。
(3)表达“原以为/本来认为/原希望”等意义时,know,think,expect等动词常用一般过去时。
Much to my disappointment,the film is not as moving as I expected.
使我非常失望的是,这部电影没有和我原来预料的一样感人。
(4)常见句型:
①It is time that sb.did sth.该到某人做某事的时候了
②It is/has been+一段时间+since...did sth.自从做某事已经一段时间了
③would/had rather sb.did sth.宁愿某人做某事
It is time that we took action to protect our environment.
该到我们采取措施保护环境的时候了。
As far as I know,it is/has been three years since he joined the army.
据我所知,他参军三年了。
(5)句中暗含有表示过去的时间状语
George said that he would come to school to see me the next day,but he didn't.
乔治说他会在第二天来学校看我,但是他没有来。
(单句语法填空)
1.(2020·北京卷)She ________(persuade)me to join the poetry and lit in me a fire for literature.
解析: 考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“lit in me a fire for literature”可知,此处表述的是过去发生的事情,故填persuaded。
答案: persuaded
2.(2020·浙江卷7月)This style of farming lasted for quite a long time.Then,with the rise of science,changes began.New methods ________(mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
解析: 考查动词的时态。结合句意可知,New methods与mean是主谓关系,同时结合前两句的时态为一般过去时,故填meant。
答案: meant
3.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever,the review says it ________(be)more effective at lengthening life than walking,cycling,or swimming.
解析: the review says后跟的是宾语从句,主句谓语动词为一般现在时,故从句也是叙述现在的情况,空格处应用一般现在时is。
答案: is
4.(2021·福州四校联考)It always ________(lift)my spirits,but now I know that it's because it is an act of gratitude to the musicians and the music.
解析: 考查动词的时态。由but可知,此处是对一般情况的叙述,空处应用一般现在时,故填lifts。
答案: lifts
(一)现在进行时
1.谓语动词的构成:+doing
2.基本用法
(1)表示此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态,常与时间状语now,at the moment,at present等连用。
He is watching a football match on TV at home now.
他现在正在家里在电视上看足球赛。
(2)一些特定的表示动作趋向性的短暂性动词come,go,leave,get,start,open,arrive,begin,return等常用现在进行时表将来。
I am leaving for Shanghai to attend an important international meeting.
我要出发去上海参加一个重要的国际会议。
(3)现在进行时态与频率副词always,constantly连用表达某种感彩,如不满、厌恶、赞赏等。
You are always forgetting the important thing.
你总是把重要的事情忘掉。(表达出不满的情绪)
(二)过去进行时
1.谓语动词的构成:+doing
2.基本用法
(1)过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作或者存在的状态。
He was playing basketball with his friends on the playground at 3:00 pm yesterday.
昨天下午3点他正在操场与他的朋友们一起打篮球。
(2)表示过去一个动作发生时另外一个动作正在进行。
She was watching TV when a burglar broke into her house.
当盗贼闯入她家时她正在看电视。
(3)表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作,此用法常见动词有go,begin,leave,arrive,come,return等。
I was coming to visit you later that day,but I had to phone and cancel.
我本打算那天晚些时候去看你,但是我不得不打电话取消了。
(三)将来进行时
1.谓语动词的构成:will be doing
2.基本用法
表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。
This time next week I'll be lying on the beach,enjoying the sunshine.
下星期这个时候,我正躺在海滩上,享受着阳光。
(单句语法填空)
1.(2017·天津卷单项填空)I________(drive)down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
解析: 此处是be doing...when...结构,意为“正在做……,这时(突然)……”。由从句的谓语动词found可知,主句应用过去进行时。
答案: was driving
2.I ________(write)to tell you my exciting plan for the summer holiday.
解析: 此句是书信的开头语,强调现在正在写信,故用现在进行时。
答案: am writing
3.Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she________(teach)a class at that time.
解析: 句意为:简不能参加今天下午三点的会议,因为那个时候她正在上课。句中的时间状语at that time 代指at 3 o'clock this afternoon,表示在将来的某一时刻正在做某事,故用将来进行时。
答案: will be teaching
(一)现在完成时
1.谓语动词的构成:+done
2.基本用法
(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常用的时间状语:already,so far,never,just,before,recently,for a long time,in the past/last few years等。
Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years.
在过去的10年中我们的城市发生了很大变化。
(2)表示过去已经开始,一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态,常与“since+时间点”或“for+时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。
He moved here in 2016 and he has lived here ever since.
他2016年搬到这里,自那之后他一直住在这里。
3.现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。
Please return the book to me when you have finished it.
当你读完这本书请归还给我。
(1)注意牢记以下固定句型:
①It is/has been+时间段+since...表示“自从……以来已经……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.
我大学毕业已十年了。
②This/It/That is the first/second/third...time that...表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”,that从句中要用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次游览这座城市。
③This is+the+形容词最高级+名词+that...结构,that从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(2)注意避免思维定式:一看到for+时间段,就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境强调是“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时),还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。
Yang Zhenning lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.
杨振宁在美国定居多年,现在他生活在中国。
Dashan has lived in China for many years.
大山在中国住了许多年。
(二)过去完成时
1.谓语动词的构成:had+done
2.基本用法
(1)表示到过去某一时间之前动作已经完成即“过去的过去”,常见的时间状语有by...,until...,when...,before...等。
When he was in Beijing,he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
By the time Jack returned home from England,his son had already graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时,他的儿子已经大学毕业了。
(2)表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose 等,用过去完成时表示“原本……(事实上未能……)”。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
我们原来预料你们能够赢比赛。
(3)表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作发生,这种情况多见于宾语从句。
He remembered that he had left the key at home.
他记得他把钥匙落家了。
(4)过去完成时的常用句型
①It was the first/second...time that...
这是第一/第二……次……
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
这是那个男孩第三次迟到了。
②had hardly...when刚……就……;had no sooner...than一……就……。
I had hardly opened the door when he hit me.
我刚打开门,他就打了我。
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
(三)现在完成进行时
1.谓语动词的构成:been+doing
2.基本用法
(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。
For days the kids have been looking for others we can help.
几天以来,孩子们一直在找我们能够帮助的其他人。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
I have been calling him many times this morning,but there's no answer.
今天早晨我一直给他打了很多电话,但是没人接。
(单句语法填空)
1.(2021·沈阳监测)Besides high speed rail,China ________(improve)people's lives in many other innovative ways over the last decade.
解析: 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。over the last decade表示“在过去的十年中”,常和现在完成时连用,主语是China,故填has improved。
答案: has improved
2.(2021·临川一中等九校联考)With the passing of 2020 and Spring Festival,we ________(start)a new important year already.
解析: 考查动词的时态。句意:度过了2020年和春节,我们已经开启了崭新的重要的一年。根据语境和空后的already可知,此空应用现在完成时。故填have started。
答案: have started
3.(2021·广东五校协作体一次联考,67)The museum ________(become)a hit since it opened at the end of October.
解析: 句意为:自从10月底开业,该博物馆便很受欢迎。根据时间状语since...可推知设空处需用现在完成时,故填has become。
答案: has become
4.(2021·沈阳监测一)This was the first time I ________(experience)sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again.
解析: 考查动词的时态。根据“This was the first time”可知,从句用过去完成时。
答案: had experienced
5.(2021·泰安检测)Mr White________(teach)in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.
解析: 根据for nearly forty years可知用完成时,由时间状语从句before he retired last money可知用过去完成时。
答案: had taught
6.(2021·合肥市第一次质量检测)Since Zhangjiajie ________(improve)its transportation and service for long,the city now can receive 36,200 tourists per day.
解析: 考查时态。由于张家界长久以来不断地改善它的交通和服务,这个城市现在每天可以接待36,200名游客。根据时间状语for long可知,此处应用现在完成进行时表示过去开始的动作持续到现在并将继续下去。
答案: has been improving
(一)一般将来时
1.表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态常用以下四种结构
(1)will/shall+动词原形
(2)be going to+动词原形
(3)be to+动词原形
(4)be about to do sth.
2.基本用法
(1)will/shall do sth.表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,即单纯的将来事实。
He will graduate from Beijing University next year.
明年,他将毕业于北京大学。
(2)be going to do sth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。
Look at the cloud.It is going to rain.
瞧那乌云,天要下雨了。
(3)be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将要做某事,或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。
We are to obey these rules when we go into the library.
当我们去图书馆时,我们要遵守这些规章制度。
(4)be about to do sth.表示即将要发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。
The train is about to leave.火车即将开出。
(二)过去将来时
1.谓语动词的构成:
2.基本用法
过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来”的一种时态,常用于宾语从句中。
The shops would soon close,and all the people would go home.这个商店不久将关闭,所有的人将回家。
(单句语法填空)
1.If you are able to come with us,please let us know and we ________(wait)for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning.
解析: 根据if从句用的是一般现在时表示将来,可知主句用will+动词原形表示一般将来时。
答案: will wait
2.(2021·梧州一模)I say to him with a cheerful smile,“Go to exercise and you ________(feel)better.”
解析: 考查动词的时态。祈使句+and/or+陈述句,陈述句用一般将来时。
答案: will feel
3.(2021·浙江嘉兴基础测试)They made up their minds that they ________(buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs.
解析: 句意:他们决定一旦拉里换了工作,他们就买座新房子。that引导的从句为复合句,其中once引导的时间状语从句用的是一般过去时,故主句用过去将来时。
答案: would buy
1.被动语态在各种时态中的运用
时态 被动语态的构成
一般现在时 am/is/are done
一般过去时 was/were done
一般将来时 shall/will be done
现在进行时 am/is/are being done
过去进行时 was/were being done
现在完成时 have/has been done
过去完成时 had been done
将来完成时 shall/will have been done
To my delight,I was chosen from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
使我高兴的是,我从成百上千申请参加开幕仪式的人员中当选。
2.不能用被动语态的特殊动词
(1)系动词类(look,seem,feel,taste,sound,prove,appear等)。
(2)表示主语特征的词(read,wash,write,sell,wear,lock等),常与not,hardly,well,easily,badly,nicely等副词连用。
This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布料容易洗。
3.get构成的表示被动的短语
此类短语主要有get paid/lost/hurt等。
We get paid every week.
我们按周获得薪酬。
4.主动形式表示被动意义
(1)在need,want,require,deserve,bear等动词、worth等形容词的后面,动名词主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
这房子需要修理。
(2)在某些“主语(人/物)+be+形容词+不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
这道题很难计算出。
(单句语法填空)
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On the last day of our week long stay,we ________(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
解析: 考查时态和语态。事情发生在过去,且主语we与动词invite之间是被动关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态。
答案: were invited
2.(2021·安徽安庆二模)Meanwhile,over 250 million rail journeys are made across China during the festival.Last year,5.6 million train tickets ________(sell)in a single day.
解析: 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:去年,560万张火车票在一天之内售完。根据时间状语Last year可知,此处表示发生在过去的动作,应用一般过去时,且主语train tickets为复数概念,与sell之间为被动关系,故应用一般过去时的被动语态,故填were sold。
答案: were sold
3.(2021·成都第二次诊断)Hot pot restaurants can ________(find)on pretty much every street in Chengdu,but the quality and taste can vary hugely.
解析: 考查动词的语态。动词find和句子主语Hot pot restaurants之间是被动关系,故应用被动语态。
答案: be found
二 主谓一致
单句语法填空
1.(2020·新高考山东卷)Often,only a small part of a museum's collection ________ (be)on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.
解析: 考查一般现在时和主谓一致。根据时间状语Often可知该句应用一般现在时,设空处为谓语动词,主语为only a small part of a museum's collection是单数形式,故此处用is。
答案: is
2.(2019·天津卷)Amy,as well as her brothers,________(give)a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
解析: 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:埃米和她的兄弟们上周回到村里时受到了热烈的欢迎。A as well as B作主语时,谓语动词的单复数由A,也就是本题中的Amy决定;由last week可知give表示的动作发生在过去,且Amy与give之间是被动关系,故填was given。
答案: was given
3.(2019·江苏卷)The musician along with his band members________(give)ten performances in the last three months.
解析: 考查时态和主谓一致。句意:这位音乐家和他的乐队成员在过去三个月里共演出了10场。根据时间状语in the last three months可知,句子用现在完成时;当主语后接along with构成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致,故此处用has given。
答案: has given
4.(2017·浙江卷)This isn't as hard as it________(sound),and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while reading an interesting piece of literature.
解析: 考查主谓一致。这并不像听起来那样难。分析句子结构可知,本句中第二个as引导从句,从句中it是主语,且根据上文的isn’t和全文时态可知,此处应用一般现在时,故填sounds。
答案: sounds
5.Leaving the less important things until tomorrow________(be)often acceptable.
解析: 考查时态和主谓一致。本段描述的是客观事实,故用一般现在时,v. ing形式作主语应用第三人称单数。
答案: is
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致,一般遵循三个原则,即语法一致原则、就近一致原则和意义一致原则。
1.语法一致原则
主语后跟有with,together with,as well as,like,but,except,along with,rather than,including,in addition to等引起的短语时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.
那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。
I think Tom,rather than you is to blame for the accident.
我认为是汤姆而不是你该为这起事故负责任。
2.就近一致原则
(1)由or,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but also...等连接的并列主语,谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。
(2)由there、here引起的主语不止一个时,谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。
3.意义一致原则
(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念,兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时,谓语动词用单数。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。
(2)“no/each/every/many a+单数名词+and+no/each/every/many a+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一个人都有很好的理由为他们的父亲所从事的职业感到骄傲。
(3)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。
(单句语法填空)
1.(2021·湖南长郡中学模拟)The traditional Chinese marriage usually______(involve)some necessary procedures,such as match making,engagement,meeting the bride,and three bows.
解析: 考查主谓一致。根据该句中的usually可知,此处表示经常发生的动作,故用一般现在时;主语The traditional Chinese marriage为第三人称单数,故谓语动词应用单数形式。
答案: involves
2.(2021·宁波九校联考)It's said that not getting enough sleep________(lead)to poor judgement,lack of creativity,and even depression.
解析: 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。从句中主语not getting enough sleep是动名词结构,谓语动词应用单数形式,根据主句的时态可知,此处应用一般现在时,故填leads。
答案: leads
3.(2021·九江十校第二次联考)However,thanks to the international agreement,there____
(be)much less illegal hunting since 1990.
解析: 考查时态和主谓一致。句意:然而,多亏了这项国际协议,自从1990年,非法捕猎少了很多。根据时间状语since 1990可推知设空处用现在完成时;本句主语hunting为第三人称单数,故填has been。
答案: has been
4.(2021·湖北七市联考)A red rose,rather than yellow roses,________(act)as the traditional romantic gift given to your love on Valentine's Day.
解析: 考查时态及主谓一致。本段描述的都是客观情况,故应用一般现在时;句子的主语是A red rose,而不是rather than后的yellow roses,所以谓语动词应该用单数形式,故填acts。
答案: acts
5.(2021·太原阶段测评)Furthermore,the amount of sleep________(change)greatly over the past 15 years.
解析: 考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的时间状语“over the past 15 years”可知,此处应用现在完成时,且该句的主语是“the amount of sleep”,故谓语动词用单数形式。
答案: has changed
1.“many a/more than one+单数名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数。
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.很多父母都被迫经历了这一段痛苦的过程。
2.all,the rest,the remaining/part...+主语,谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.讲座的前半部分很生动,但后半部分非常枯燥。
3.“几分之几/百分之几+of+名词”结构作主语时,一般根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。
About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60%的工作。
(单句语法填空)
1.(2021·湖南怀化一模)More than one doctor________(be)involved in the rescue that took place after the earthquake.
解析: 句意为:许多医生都加入到了震后的营救工作中。“more than one+可数名词单数”作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。根据从句用一般过去时可知,主句也应用一般过去时。故填was。
答案: was
2.She is one of the students who ________(admit) to Peking University.
解析: who 引导定语从句修饰先行词students,故定语从句谓语动词应与students一致。
答案: have been admitted
三 助动词、情态动词和虚拟语气
单句语法填空
1.(2020·江苏卷)If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers,I ________(not be)where I am.
解析: 考查虚拟语气。句意:如果我没有面对过那么多的障碍,我就不会是今天的我。根据语境可知,该句为错综虚拟条件句,从句是对过去的虚拟,主句是对现在的虚拟,故填wouldn't be。
答案: wouldn't be
2.(2019·天津卷)The workers were not better organized,otherwise they ________(accomplish)the task in half the time.
解析: 考查虚拟语气。句意:工人们没有被更好地组织,否则他们会用一半的时间完成任务。此处表示与过去事实相反的假设,用would have done sth.表示“本来能够做某事”,因此填would have accomplished。
答案: would have accomplished
3.(2019·江苏卷)What a pity!You missed the sightseeing,or we________(have)a good time together.
解析: 考查虚拟语气。句意:真遗憾!你错过了观光,否则我们在一起会玩得很开心。根据What a pity! You missed...以及or(否则)可知,此处是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,故用would have done结构。
答案: would have had
4.(2018·北京卷,13)They might have found a better hotel if they________(drive)a few more kilometers.
解析: 句意为:如果他们再多行驶几千米,他们或许就会找到一个更好的宾馆了。本题考查虚拟语气。根据题干中主句的谓语might have found可知本句为与过去事实相反的虚拟,因此if引导的从句中谓语动词形式应为had done,故填had driven。
答案: had driven
5.(2018·江苏卷)There is a good social life in the village,and I wish I________(have)a second chance to become more involved.
解析: 句意为:这个村子里的人们有良好的社交生活,我希望自己能再获得一次机会去更多地参与其中。考查虚拟语气。wish后面的宾语从句往往用虚拟语气,此处表达现在的一个愿望,谓语动词要用过去式,故填had。
答案: had
6.(2018·天津卷,15)If we________(catch)the flight yesterday,we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.
解析: 句意为:如果昨天我们赶上那趟航班,我们现在就会正在沙滩上享受我们的假期了。本题考查虚拟语气。if从句表示与过去事实相反的假设,其谓语动词需用“had+过去分词”形式。
答案: had caught
7.(2017·北京卷,34)If the new safety system________(put)to use,the accident would never have happened.
解析: 句意为:如果新的安全系统被投入使用,这起事故就不会发生了。本题考查虚拟语气。根据题干中的主句谓语部分would never have happened可知语境是对过去发生的事进行虚拟,因此if引导的从句谓语部分应为had done。再结合语境,可知用被动语态。
答案: had been put
1.助动词do/does/did主要帮助构成疑问句、否定句及部分倒装。助动词do/does/did后只能跟动词原形,助动词不能用作实义动词。
2.助动词be/being/been主要帮助构成进行时、完成进行时和各种被动语态。需注意be虽然没有实际意义,但却是结构中不可缺少的。
3.助动词have/has/had主要是帮助构成完成时态和完成进行时态。需注意其构成形式have/has/had done和have/has/had been doing。
I am Li Hua,a student from Class 2,Grade 3.I am writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer.我是李华,三年级二班的一名学生。我写信申请学生志愿者职位。
It is the third time that you have been late for work this week.这是你这周第三次上班迟到。
1.can/could
(1)表示能力(could常用于过去的能力)。
Many people can use the computer.许多人会用电脑。
No one could answer this challenging question.
没人能回答这个具有挑战性的问题。
(2)表示客观或理论上的可能性。
It can be very hot here in summer.
这里夏天有时会很热。
Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.
醉酒的司机都有可能发生交通事故。
(3)表示请求或允许。在疑问句中could可以代替can,语气更委婉。
Can I have a word with you?It won't take long.
我可以和你谈谈吗?不会花很多时间的。
(4)表示推测,意为“可能”,用于否定句和疑问句。can比could语气强。
He can't be our manager.He has gone to Beijing.
他不可能是我们的经理。我们经理已经去北京了。
2.may/might
(1)表示请求、允许、许可,might比may的语气更委婉。
—Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter
——我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗?
—Yes,you may.
——是的,可以。
(2)表示推测,意为“或许,可能”,通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。
—I don't really like James.Why did you invite him
——我真的不喜欢詹姆斯。你为什么邀请他?
—Don't worry.He might not come.He said he wasn't certain what his plans were.
——别担心,他或许不会来。他说他还不能确定他的计划。
3.must
(1)表示“必须;应该”。
—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now
——我该马上通知他日程改了吗?
—I am afraid you must,in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我想你必须(通知他),以免他开会迟到。
(2)表示推测,意为“一定”,用于肯定句。
Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday.I found it wet.昨天一定有人用了我的雨伞,我发现它湿了。
(3)意为“偏要,非要……不可”。
If you must go,at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走,至少要等到暴风雨停止(再走)。
(4)mustn't表示禁止,意为“不得,不允许;一定不要”。
That car is my property;you mustn't use it without my permission.
那辆车是我的财产,你必须得到我的允许才能使用。
4.shall的用法
(1)用于第一、三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见。
Shall we put off the sports meet till next month
我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月?
Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow
明天汤姆可以和我一起去那里吗?
(2)用于第二、三人称陈述句中,表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等;或用于条约、规定、法令、法律等,意为“必须”。
You shall be punished for what you have done.
你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。
5.should
(1)should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等,意为“应该”。
We should be strict with ourselves.
我们应该严格要求自己。
(2)should表示出乎意料的口气,意为“竟然,居然”。
Such a gentleman should do that.
这样一位绅士竟然会做那种事。
6.will/would
(1)用于表示意志或意愿。
—Why didn't you come to my party last night
——昨晚你为什么不参加我的晚会?
—I wanted to,but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.
——我想参加,但是晚上那么晚我母亲就是不让我出去。
(2)表示“请求;建议”。用would比will委婉、客气。
Will/Would you please keep the door open
请你把门开着好吗?
(3)表示习惯,will可以表示现在的习惯,意为“总是;习惯于”。表示过去的习惯性动作用would。
He would get up early when he lived in the country.
生活在农村时他过去常常早起。
7.need
表示“需要;必要”,用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。
You needn't be told twice about one single thing.
同一件事不必对你说两遍。
—Need I tell him everything that's happened to his parents
——我有必要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗?
—Yes,you must./No,you needn't.
——是的,必须。/不,没必要。
need还可以作实义动词,此时有人称和数的变化,后面可跟名词、带to的不定式或动名词等作宾语,其否定形式、疑问形式都要通过助动词do构成。
Plants need light in order to survive.
植物存活必须有光照。
Do I need to leave my telephone number and address
我有必要把电话号码和地址留下吗?
You don't need to hand in your compositions today.
你们今天不必交作文。
8.dare
表示“敢;敢于”,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,一般不用于肯定句。I dare say是习惯说法,意为“我想,大概”。
I dare not face the danger bravely.
我不敢有勇气地面对困难。
9.ought to
表示义务,意为“应当”,语气比should强,表示不十分肯定或含蓄的推测,意为“应是,应该”。
You ought to work harder than before.
你应当比之前更努力地工作。
You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.
这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。
(单句语法填空)
1.(2020·天津卷)Jim says we ________ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
解析: 考查情态动词。句意:只要我们保持房子干净整洁,吉姆就允许我们待在他的房子里。根据as long as所引导的条件状语从句可知,此处应填can。
答案: can
2.I love the weekend,because I________not get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
解析: 句意为:我喜欢周末,因为在周六周日我不必早起。根据句意可知填need。
答案: need
3.It was really annoying;I________not get access to the data bank you had recommended.
解析: 句意:这真让人生气,我不能进入你推荐的数据库。此处强调没有能力做某事,且讲述的是过去的情况,could not 意为“不能”,符合语境。
答案: could
情态动词 适用句式 适用时态 意义
must 肯定句 一般时、进行时、完成时 一定,肯定
Jack described his father,who must have been a brave boy many years ago,as a strong willed man. 杰克描述了他的父亲,他多年前一定是一个勇敢的男孩,是个意志坚强的人。
can (could) 疑问句,否定句 一般时、进行时、完成时 可能,能够
It can't be the postman at the door.It's only six o’clock.在门旁的不可能是邮递员,现在才六点。
may (might) 否定句 一般时、进行时、完成时 也许,可能
—I left my handbag on the train,but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. ——我把手提包落在火车上了,但幸运的是有人把它给了铁路官员。—How unbelievable to get it back!I mean,someone might have stolen it.——能再得到它真不可思议!我的意思是,有人有可能已经偷走了它。
should(ought to) 否定句 一般时、完成时 确定或期待,“应该”
I shouldn't have watched that movie-it'll give me horrible dreams.我本不应看那部电影,它会带给我可怕的梦。
will (would) 肯定句、否定句、疑问句 一般时、进行时、完成时 大概
This will be the house you're looking for.这大概就是你在寻找的那个房子。
(单句语法填空)
1.Since nobody gave him any help,he________ have done the research on his own.
解析: 句意为:既然没人给他帮忙,那他肯定是自己做的研究。主句是对从句表达的原因的一种猜测,must have done想必/准是/一定做过某事,符合主从句之间的逻辑关系。
答案: must
2.You________not have waken me up.I don't have to go to work today.
解析: 根据语境,“今天不上班”可知,你本来没必要喊醒我。故need符合语境。
答案: need
3.You________(come)here earlier,for the lecture was important.
解析: 句意为:因为这个演讲很重要,你本来应该早点来的。 should have done sth.本来应该做某事。
答案: should have come
1.非真实条件句中虚拟语气的用法
虚拟语气 从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式(be的过去式形式用were) would/could/should/might+动词原形
与过去事实相反 过去完成式 would/could/should/might+have done
与将来事实相反 ①were to do②should do③过去式 would/could/should/might+动词原形
If my brother were here,everything would be all right.
要是我弟弟在这儿,一切都会好的。
If it should rain this afternoon,the basketball match would be put off.
要是今天下午下雨,篮球比赛就会被推迟。
Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week?If you had told me,I could have helped.
上个星期你为什么不把你的困难告诉我?如果你告诉我,我会帮助你的。
(1)在if引导的虚拟条件句中,条件句的谓语动词中含有had,were,should时,可以把if省略,把had,were,should提到句首,变为倒装句。
Had you(=If you had)come earlier,you would have caught the early bus.
如果你早点来,就能赶上早班车了
Were I(=If I were)twenty now,I would join the army.如果我现在20岁,我就参军。
Should he come(=If he should come),tell him to ring me up.他要是来了,让他给我打个电话。
(2)如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟,则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语。
Maybe if I had studied science,and not literature then,I would be able to give you more help now.
也许如果当时我学的是理科不是文科的话,那么我现在就可以给你更多的帮助了。
2.虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来,而是隐含在某些词或短语中,或隐含在上下文中,这种叫含蓄虚拟语气。常见的这类词或短语有:
without (要是)没有
in case 万一;以防
but for 要不是
supposing 假如
for fear that 以免
otherwise 否则
or 否则
We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call.
要不是一个电话,我们不可能在一起待一分钟。
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气
It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/essential/a pity+that从句,从句中的谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。
It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference.
他有必要整理些信息供我参考。
2.宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气,表示一种不可能实现的愿望,其谓语动词构成形式如下表:
虚拟语气 从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反 had+过去分词
与将来事实相反 would/could/might+动词原形
I wish(that)I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
我希望我是只小鸟,能在天空自由飞翔。
I wish(that)I had met that film star yesterday.
我多希望昨天见到了那个影星。
(2)表示“建议,命令,要求”等意义时,宾语从句用“(should+)动词原形”。 常见的此类动词有:
①坚持:insist;②命令:order,command;③建议:advise,suggest,propose,recommend;④要求:request,require,demand,ask。
It is strongly recommended that the machines(should) be checked every year.
强烈建议将这些机器每年检查一次。
She suggested that Dale join the debating team,believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.她建议戴尔参加辩论队,她认为辩论队里的演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。
(3)would rather/prefer+that从句(从句用虚拟语气)
①表示愿望与“现在事实或将来事实相反”,从句用一般过去时。
I would rather you were not here with me now.
我宁愿你现在不与我一起在这里。
②表示愿望与“过去事实相反”,从句用过去完成时。
I would rather you hadn't done that.
我宁愿你没有做过那件事。
3.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。其构成是“(should+)动词原形”。
We followed his advice that we (should) ask our teacher for help.
我们接受了他的我们应该向老师求助的建议。
(2)as if,as though引导的表语从句常用虚拟语气,与现在事实相反用一般过去时;与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
She looks as if nothing had happened to her.
她看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。
4.定语从句中的虚拟语气
It's (about/high/very)time+that从句(从句用虚拟语气,谓语动词用一般过去时或should+动词原形,should不能省略),意为“某人该做某事了”。
It's time that we should go/went home.
该到我们回家的时间了。
5.if only从句中的虚拟语气
if only引导的感叹句,其虚拟语气的结构与wish后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气的结构相同。
If only the driver hadn't driven so fast then!
要是司机那时没开那么快就好了。
(单句语法填空)
1.(2021·湖北四地七校第一次联考)It is high time that you________(consider)that if there were no stress in your life,you would achieve a little.
解析: 考查虚拟语气。在It is high time that...句式中,从句用虚拟语气,即:谓语动词用过去式或should+动词原形。
答案: considered/should consider
2.(2021·肇庆模拟)He was still running with a smile on his face,as if nothing________(happen).
解析: 考查虚拟语气。由was 可知此处表示对过去的虚拟,故从句用过去完成时。
答案: had happened
3.(2021·东北三校联考)The order came that the medical supplies________(send)to the earthquake stricken area soon.
解析: 考查虚拟语气。表示建议、要求、命令等的名词后的宾语从句、同位语从句中谓语动词用(should+)动词原形。
答案: (should)be sent
4.(2021·甘肃天水一中段考)John wants to see me now,but I have so much work on hand that I would rather he________(come)tomorrow than today.
解析: would rather后面接从句时,从句中的谓语动词通常要用一般过去时,表示对现在或将来的假设。
答案: came
5.(2021·南昌十校二模)As a result,I suggest we ________(give) less homework and more time for out of classroom activities.
解析: 考查虚拟语气。suggest在此处表示“建议”,因此后跟的宾语从句应用虚拟语气,即从句谓语用“should+do”形式,且should可以省略。
答案: should be given