2022届高考英语二轮复习语法学案：冠词介词（含解析）

第七讲　冠词、介词
一　冠词
单句语法填空
1．(2020·浙江卷1月)A child born in the US today has ________ very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.
解析：　考查冠词。根据下文的chance 可知，这里语意表示“非常实际的一个可能性”，故填不定冠词，表示泛指。
答案：　a
2．(2020·浙江卷7月)This style of farming lasted for quite a long time.Then，with ________ rise of science，changes began.
解析：　考查冠词。根据空后的rise of science可知，此处是名词的限定性修饰，语意表示“科学的兴起”，故填定冠词the，表示特指。
答案：　the
3．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)The plum trees are ________ first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化).They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.
解析：　考查冠词。序数词前加定冠词the，表示“第几个”。
答案：　the
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Of ________nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six are stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.
解析：　考查冠词。此处特指确认的19个亚种群，故用定冠词the。
答案：　the
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call saying she was short listed，we thought it was ________joke.
解析：　考查冠词。joke“笑话，玩笑”，是可数名词。空格后用了单数joke，故其前用a。
答案：　a
6．(2019·浙江卷)Everybody wears________ same style of clothes.Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways.
解析：　考查冠词。此处特指校服的款式相同，the same...“相同的……”，故填the。
答案：　the
7．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over________ past 25 years，while rice has increased only 7 percent.
解析：　考查固定搭配中的定冠词。over the past 25 years“在过去的25年里”。
答案：　the
8．(2017·浙江卷)It's not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary.Like many things in life，it's ________ongoing process，and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement，which means you'll just keep getting better and better.
解析：　考查冠词。此处表示积累词汇是一个持续的过程，又因为单词ongoing的发音以元音音素开头，故填不定冠词an。
答案：　an
1．在发音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在发音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。
a university，a useful animal，a European car，an hour，an honest boy，an X ray，an ugly man，an honor等。
Judging from his words，he must be an honest man.
从他的话判断，他一定是一位诚实的人。
As is known to us，Russia is a European country.
众所周知，俄罗斯是一个欧洲国家。
2．不定冠词a/an放在单数可数名词前，泛指一个人或一个事物。
(2018·湖北重点中学联考)They found an apartment in America where they lived only half a year.
他们在美国找到一个公寓，在那里待了仅仅半年。
3．表示泛指。说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词。
It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly.
那是一个寒冷冬天的夜晚，月亮在夜空中闪耀着。
4．表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one 强烈。
As the old saying goes，“Rome was not built in a day.”
常言道，“冰冻三尺，非一日之寒”。
5．不定冠词a(n)表示“某一个”，相当于some/a certain。
A Mr Brown came to see you just now.
刚才有一位布朗先生来找你了。
6．“a(n)＋序数词”表示“又一，再一”；“a most＋形容词”表示“非常，很”。
(2018·山西适应性考试)I really enjoyed my stay in Xi'an.It's indeed worth a second visit.
我真的喜欢待在西安，它的确值得再次参观。
He put forward a most useful suggestion at the meeting.
在会议上他提出了一个非常实用的建议。
7．在抽象名词success，failure，surprise，pleasure，beauty，wonder，comfort，danger，shock等前表示“一个……的人或一件……的事”。
The operation is a success and the patient is now out of danger.手术很成功，病人目前脱离了危险。
8．不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。如：
all of a sudden　　　突然
as a matter of fact　 事实上
in a hurry　 匆忙地
pay a visit to　 参观；拜访
as a result/consequence　 因此
have a gift/talent for 在某方面有天赋
have/catch a cold　 感冒
make a living　 谋生
have/take a rest　 休息
in a way　 从某种意义上说
give sb.a lift　 让某人搭便车
do sb.a favor　 帮某人一个忙
keep an eye on　　 留心
You can ask anyone for help.Everyone here is willing to lend you a hand.
你可以向任何人求助，这里的每个人都乐意帮助你。
(单句语法填空)
1．(2021·东北三校高三第一次联合模拟)What did she do to deserve such________ honor Compared with other male poets in China，who have left hundreds or even thousands of poems，she has only eighty seven.
解析：　考查冠词。此处的honor意为“荣誉”，应用不定冠词修饰，且honor的发音以元音音素开头，所以填an。
答案：　an
2．(2020·6月济南市高三针对性练习)Although there has been ________ increasing amount of literature about tea in recent years，such literature is certainly not new.
解析：　考查冠词。an amount of为常见搭配，又amount前有increasing修饰，该词的发音以元音音素开头，故用an。
答案：　an
3．(2021·贵阳市高三适应性考试)The museum has played ________ important role in promoting calligraphy in Russia.
解析：　考查冠词。play a(n)...role为固定搭配，意为“发挥……的作用”，且important的发音以元音音素开头，所以填an。
答案：　an
4．(2021·石家庄检测一)I have known from Gu Yu that from tiny street stands to large chains，________huge number of people accept mobile payment，mostly through popular apps Alipay and WeChat.
解析：　考查冠词。a huge number of固定短语“许多”，修饰可数名词复数，故填a。
答案：　a
5．(2021·四川成都诊断)I visited Hangzhou for the first time in the summer of 2016.It is so attractive that I decided to go there for ________second time next year.
解析：　考查冠词。句意：2016年夏天我第一次去杭州旅游。那里如此迷人，我决定明年再去一次。a second time表示“又一次，再一次”，故填a。
答案：　a
1．特指某人或某事
The village where I was born has taken on a new look in the past ten years.
我出生的那个小村庄在过去十年已经呈现新的面貌。
2．用于序数词和形容词/副词最高级以及形容词only，very，same等之前。
As is known to all，China is the biggest developing country in the world.
众所周知，中国是世界上最大的发展中国家。
Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。
3．某些形容词、分词前表示一类人或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人，要想到用定冠词。
As far as I know，the Greens are going to move to Beijing.
据我所知，格林一家要搬到北京去。
4．在世界上独一无二的事物，西洋乐器以及发明物的名词前要想到用定冠词。
The little girl likes to play the violin and often plays it after school.
这个小女孩喜欢拉小提琴，经常放学后演奏。
5．用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the week，by the dozen，by the yard等，但是如表示单位的名词为不可数名词，之前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。
As far as I know，he will get paid by the week.
据我所知，他会按周付薪。
6．用于the more...the more...(越……越……)结构中。
The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you will make.
你越小心，就会越少犯错误。
7．定冠词用于固定短语中
at the moment　　　　此刻；目前
at the same time　　 同时
on the contrary　　 相反
on the whole　 总的来说
to tell the truth　　 说实话
in the distance　　 在远处
on the other hand　 另一方面
make the most of　　 充分利用
by the way　　 顺便说一下
go to the cinema/theater　　 去看电影/戏剧
in the middle of　 在……中间
You should make the best of such a good chance to practise your spoken English.
你应该充分利用这个好机会练习你的英语口语。
(单句语法填空)
1．(2021·成都市高三第一次诊断性检测)Situated on cliffs above a river，Hongyadong is a stilt house complex(建筑群)in ________ city of Chongqing.
解析：　考查冠词。此处特指重庆市，故用定冠词the。
答案：　the
2．(2021·烟台、菏泽市高三水平诊断)Some reports also show that ________ number of giant pandas in the wild is on the rise.
解析：　考查冠词。此处指野生大熊猫的数量在增加。the number of是固定短语，意为“……的数量”。故填the。
答案：　the
3．(2020·福州市高三毕业班适应性练习卷)One brown bat—about ________ size of a human thumb—can consume about 600 mosquitoes and other unwanted insects within an hour.
解析：　考查冠词。此处表示一只大约人类拇指大小的棕色蝙蝠。the size of意为“……的大小”，为固定用法，所以填the。
答案：　the
4．(2021·烟台市高考诊断性测试)They either made equipment themselves or had to share ________ very few items they had among all the children.
解析：　考查冠词。items后有定语从句修饰，故用the表特指。
答案：　the
5．(2021·山西省八校高三第一次联考)The NYPD hopes in ________long term the information can be used to tailor manpower to each police station in the city.
解析：　考查冠词。in the long term“从长远来看”，所以用the。
答案：　the
1．在不可数名词或可数名词复数前表示泛指不用冠词
Keeping a diary is a good habit，by which you'll make great progress.
记日记是一个可以让你取得进步的好习惯。
2．用于与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前
Are you going there by plane or by ship
你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？
3．用于系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时
After years of hard work，Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.
多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一个好经理。
4．零冠词用于固定搭配中
on purpose　　　故意地
by chance　 碰巧
catch/on fire　 着火
at dawn/dusk　　 在黎明/黄昏
make room for　 让位
out of date　 过时的
by sea/car　 乘船/乘小汽车
二　介词
单句语法填空
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)The artist was finally humbled(谦卑)by the greatest artist ________ earth，Mother Nature.
解析：　考查固定搭配。on earth“在世界上”。
答案：　on
2．(2020·新高考山东卷)Museums must compete ________ people's spare time and money with other amusements.
解析：　考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表达的是“为了人们的空闲时间和金钱与其他的娱乐活动进行竞争”，compete for“为……竞争”，故应用介词for。
答案：　for
3．(2020·浙江卷7月)Some time after 10，000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived ________，through agriculture.
解析：　考查介词。live in是固定词组，表示“在……地方生活”，故填in。
答案：　in
4．(2020·浙江卷1月)This aging of the population is driven ________two factors.
解析：　考查介词。 空处位于表示被动的动词后，故应该填by。
答案：　by
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Modern methods________tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid 1980s，and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.
解析：　考查介词。a method of/for doing sth.“做某事的方法”。
答案：　of/for
6．(2019·北京卷)First celebrated ________1970，the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions(地区).
解析：　考查介词。在1970年，应用介词in。在年、月和季节前，用介词in。
答案：　in
7．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)We were first greeted with the barking by a pack________ dogs，seven to be exact.
解析：　考查介词。a pack of是固定搭配，意为“一群……”。
答案：　of
8．(2019·浙江卷)But can uniforms help improve school standards？The answer________ this question is not clear.
解析：　考查固定搭配中介词的使用。the answer to...“……的答案”。
答案：　to
1．at，in，on表示时间
(1)at表示某一时刻
at 12：00(在12点)，at noon(在中午)，at night(在夜里)，at midnight(在半夜)，at dawn/daybreak(在黎明，破晓)，at sunrise/sunset(在日出/日落)，at dusk(在黄昏)。
(2)in指上午、下午及晚上或月、年等较长的时间
in the 1980’s/1980s，in the Qing Dynasty，in October，in the morning/afternoon/evening。
(3)on用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间(如：某日、某节日、星期几等)
on October 1st，on a rainy day，on National Day，on the morning of July 3rd。
2．by，before，after，until/till，during，within表示时间
(1)by　　　到……时(为止)
(2)before 在……以前
(3)after 在……后
(4)until/till 直到……为止
(5)during 在……期间
(6)within 在……之内
He often falls asleep during the class，which makes his teacher very angry.
他常常上课睡觉，这使他的老师很生气。
3．between，among表示“在……之间”
between指“在……之间(两者之间)”，常和and连用；among表示“在……之间(三者或三者以上)”。
Keep the close relationship between teachers and students.
保持亲密的师生关系。
4．by，in，on，with表示“使用……工具、手段、方式等”
(1)by表示“乘，坐(交通工具)”或“通过……方式”；
(2)in当“用”讲时，后常接表示语言、材料等的词；
(3)with表示使用某种具体的工具、手段等。
①by bike，by taxi，by plane，by ship
②go to school on my bike，on foot
Her parents always talk to her in German.
她的父母总是用德语和她交谈。
We see with our eyes，hear with our ears，and walk with our legs.我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听，用腿走路。
5．about，on表示“关于”
about多用于表示内容比较普通、不太正式的情形，on多指内容属于专门性的，是严肃的或学术性的，有时两者可通用。
He gave a report on/about the international situation at the meeting.
他在会上做了一个关于国际形势的报告。
6．from，since表示时间
(1)from表示开始的时间，译为“从……开始”，多用于“from...to/till”结构中。
(2)since表示“自……以后，从……以来”。
We work from Monday to Friday every week.
我们每周从周一工作到周五。
I haven't heard from him since last year.
自从去年，我就没有收到过他的来信。
7．with的常见用法
(表示关系)和……一起；(表示状态)具有，带有；(表示方式)用……，凭借……；(表示原因)由于，因为。
Would you like to go to the theatre with us
你愿意和我们一起去看戏吗？
The small child trembled with fear.
那个小孩吓得打哆嗦。
8．for的用法
表示“为了；给，对(表示对象、用途等)；因为，由于；向，往(表示去向)；就……而言”。
The biggest concern for most of us is the quality of public education.
我们大多数人最关心的是大众教育的质量问题。
9．without的用法
表示“没有，缺乏；不和……在一起；不用，不拿，不带”。
It is a pity that David is away on business.Anyhow，you've got a great deal of time to tour in New York without him.
很遗憾，大卫出差了。不管怎样，你有大量时间可以单独在纽约游览。
10．against的用法
(表示方位)倚靠着……；(表示态度)反对；(表示对比)以……为背景。
An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.
看来意见达成一致是不可能了，因为大多数委员会成员都表示反对。
11．beyond的用法
(表示位置)在……另一边，在……更远处；(表示程度)超出，非……所能及。
Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.
听了她感人的故事，大家都被感动得无以言表。
(单句语法填空)
1．(2021·广州市综合检测二)He even received a medal ________ the Chinese government for his conservation efforts.
解析：　考查介词。结合语境可知，空处表示来源，所以填from。
答案：　from
2．(2021·福州市高三毕业班适应性练习卷)The United States Geological Survey estimates that bats' contributions ________pest management save the country roughly 3.7 billion dollars per year.
解析：　考查介词。此处表示蝙蝠对害虫管理的贡献，所以填介词to。
答案：　to
3．(2021·成都市高中毕业班第三次诊断)If so，________ those who enjoy hiking，now it could be the last chance to experience an undeveloped part of Southeast Asia before it joins its neighbors in boosting its tourism.
解析：　考查介词。此处表示“对于那些喜欢徒步旅行的人”，故填for。
答案：　for
4．(2021·山西省重点中学高三联考)Lin said people from different age groups come to her classes ________ different purposes.
解析：　考查介词。此处表示不同年龄段的人带着不同的目的来上她的课。purpose“目的，意图”前通常用介词for。
答案：　for
5．(2021·河南郑州一中六次测试)Most caves are formed ________nature under the ground，but some have entrances people can find.
解析：　句意为：大部分洞窟是在地下自然形成的，但有些洞窟的入口人们可以发现。by nature为固定搭配，意为“天然地”，故填介词by。
答案：　by
1．名词与介词搭配
by accident　　　偶然
by chance　 碰巧
on board　 在船上(或飞机上、火车上)
on business　 因公出差
on average　 平均
in charge　 掌管，主管
in particular　 特别，尤其，详细地
in place　 适当的，恰当的
in the distance　 在远处
in favo(u)r of　 赞成，支持
in honour of　 为了纪念，对……表示敬意
in spite of　 尽管，虽然
in turn　 依次，转而
in vain　 徒劳
in memory of　 为纪念……
in return　 作为回报
in order　 按顺序，处于良好状态
2．动词与介词搭配
remind sb.of sth.　提醒某人某事
rob sb.of sth.　 抢劫某人某物
call at　 访问(某地)
call for　 要求，需要
care about　 关心
do harm to　 伤害
fix one's eyes on　 注视
get rid of　 免除，摆脱
run out of　 用完
come up with　 提出
put forward　 提出
make fun of　 取笑
adapt to　 适应
refer to　 涉及，查阅
come across　 (偶然)遇见
pick up　 捡起，用车接(某人)，接收，偶然习得
3．形容词与介词搭配
be curious about　　　对……好奇
be proud of 因……而自豪
be popular with 受到……的欢迎
be anxious about 为……忧虑
be concerned about 对……担心、忧虑
be present at 出席
be absent from 缺席
be free from 免于
(单句语法填空)
1．(2020·武汉市高中毕业生6月供题)Because ________ astronomy we now know exactly when the universe came into existence.
解析：　考查介词。because of为固定搭配，意为“因为，由于”，符合语境，故填介词of。
答案：　of
2．(2021·太原市高三年级模拟)According to Canada's Currency Act，stores can legally refuse excessive amounts ________coins.
解析：　考查介词。amounts of为固定表达，意为“大量的”，所以填of。
答案：　of
3．(2020·6月济南市高三针对性练习)It described ________ detail the process of planting tea bushes，harvesting tea leaves，and preparing for the making of tea.
解析：　考查固定搭配。in detail为固定搭配，意为“详细地”，符合语境。
答案：　in
4．(2021·福建省质量检查测试)Patients talked with their doctors during the operation and then walked back to their rooms ________ their own.
解析：　考查介词。on one's own“独自地，独立地”是固定搭配，所以填on。
答案：　on
5．(2021·长春市高三质量监测)They think 12 yuan for an order is too much.Besides，many more people doubt if these collectors will wash their hands after dealing ________ the trash.
解析：　考查介词。此处考查动词短语deal with“处理”。
答案：　with
6．(2021·云南省七校高考适应性考试)A couplet writer may show his feelings ________ means of describing the scenery or expressing his wishes in his works.
解析：　考查介词。此处表示“借助于”，故用介词by构成by means of“借助……手段”短语。
答案：　by
7．(2021·陕西省重点中学4月模拟)The United Nations invites each person of any age，plus every classroom，business and government to join ________ celebration of the International Day of Happiness.
解析：　考查介词。联合国邀请每个年龄层的人以及每个教室、企业和政府一道庆祝国际幸福日。in celebration of“庆祝……”。
答案：　in
8．(2021·昆明市 “三诊一模”)The stores also allow plastic collectors to use the money they earn to pay ________ health care or school.
解析：　考查介词。pay for sth.“为……付款”是固定用法，所以填介词for。
答案：　for