2022届高考英语二轮复习语法学案：定语从句和名词性从句（含解析）

第八讲　定语从句和名词性从句
一　定语从句
单句语法填空
1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.
解析：　考查定语从句。本句主句为倒装句，主语an artist为先行词，后接定语从句，空处与其后名词paintings之间构成所属关系，故用whose。
答案：　whose
2．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe，China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
解析：　考查定语从句。先行词是spot，后跟定语从句，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。
答案：　where
3．(2020·北京卷)Some university students carried out a campaign ________they spent their whole day without cell phones.
解析：　考查定语从句。 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词为campaign，空格处在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
答案：　where
4．(2019·北京卷)The students benefitting most from college are those________ are totally engaged (参与)in academic life，taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources(资源).
解析：　考查定语从句的引导词。先行词为those，指大学生们，故用who引导定语从句，who在从句中作主语。关系代词that可以指人，填that也可以。
答案：　who/that
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，________she opened with her late husband Les.
解析：　考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，the pet shop是先行词，定语从句中缺少opened的宾语，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。
答案：　which
6．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters________ had great experience with caring for these animals.
解析：　考查定语从句引导词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指人的先行词their masters，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。
答案：　who
1．that，which引导的定语从句
(1)which指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。
She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.
她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。
(2)限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用which的情况：
①先行词为不定代词anything，nothing，something，everything，all，some，none，little，few，the one等时。
I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault.
我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。
②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
③先行词被the only，the very，the last，the same，any，every，each，few，little，no，some，all等修饰时。
The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。
④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
They will never forget the things and persons that they've seen or heard of during their long journey.
他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。
(3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况：
①关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。
The boy was away from home for a week，which worried his parents very much.
这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。
②当从句中的介词提前，构成“介词＋关系代词” 结构时。
We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。
2．who，whom和whose引导的定语从句
(1)who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom在从句中作宾语； 两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。 作主语时，who/that不可省略； 作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。
I've become good friends with Li Hua who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.
我与在英语演讲比赛中结识的李华成了好朋友。
I have many friends to whom I'm going to send post cards.我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。
(2)whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。 指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom。
The school shop，whose customers are mainly students，is closed for the holidays.
这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生，放假时商店关门。
　关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆是想出解决方法的唯一工程师。
3．as引导的定语从句
(1)as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/the same＋先行词＋as...”结构中。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
　which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)Therefore，this time I will introduce Tang Poetry to you，which is of great help in learning Chinese.
因此，这次我将向你介绍唐诗，这将有助于你学习汉语
(2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，定语从句说明整个句子，可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes，as is said above，as is mentioned above，as often happens，as is often the case，as is reported in the newspaper等。
She has been absent for the meeting again，as is expected.
她又缺席会议了，这在预料之中。
(单句语法填空)
1．(2021·烟台市高考诊断性测试)Then，inspired by his baseball coach，T.Williquette，and those ________ were active in charity，he decided to take action and help.
解析：　考查定语从句。此处表示那些在慈善活动中积极的人。先行词指人，所以关系词用who或者that都可以。
答案：　who/that
2．(2021·潍坊市高考模拟)Last year China's total ticket sales fell a bit short of the North American box office，________ is a healthy showing for China.
解析：　考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词指代前面的整个主句，因此需要填关系代词which。
答案：　which
3．(2021·昆明市“三诊一模”)Up till now，the website has been continuously updated，________ gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browsing (浏览)in their free time.
解析：　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导一个定语从句，且在从句中作主语，指代前面整个主句，所以填which。
答案：　which
4．(2021·太原市高三年级模拟)Anyone ________is caught providing food for San Francisco's pigeons could face a heavy fine.
解析：　考查关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，修饰代词Anyone，所以填who。
答案：　who
5．(2021·成都市高中毕业班第三次诊断)If all goes as planned，Laos will be the first stop on one route of the Pan Asia Railway Network，________ aim is to connect China with all of Southeast Asia.
解析：　考查关系代词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是“the Pan Asia Railway Network”，关系词在从句中作定语，此处表示“它的目的”，故填whose。
答案：　whose
6．(2021·贵阳市高三适应性考试)Each tactic，________ is usually expressed in four Chinese characters，is written on one page and accompanied by a Russian translation on another page.
解析：　考查关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰表示物的先行词Each tactic，所以填which。
答案：　which
1．where引导的定语从句
where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/on...＋which”。
A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.
银行是在天晴之时借伞给你，到了下雨时就催你还回去的地方。
　当先行词为situation，case，stage，point，activity，atmosphere等抽象名词，且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时，常用关系副词where引导。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
2．when引导的定语从句
when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词in/at/on/during...＋which” 结构。
I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
我正期盼着那一天的到来，那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情。
3．why引导的定语从句
why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词for＋which”结构。
Do you know the reason why/for which he didn't attend the meeting？你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？
　(1)选择关系代词或关系副词的原则：在选择关系词时，最重要的是分析定语从句中所缺的成分。若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系副词。
This is the mountain village that/which I visited last year.(关系词在从句中作宾语)
I will never forget the day when my father returned from America.(关系词在从句中作状语)
(2)当way表示方法、方式作先行词，且后面的定语从句缺方式状语时可以用that或in which引导，也可以省略关系词。如果后面定语从句中缺少宾语，要用that或which引导，也可以省略关系词。
I don't like the way (that/in which)he speaks to his mother.
(单句语法填空)
1．(2020·郑州市第三次质量检测)All kinds of traditional Chinese herbal medicine can be found too，and there are Chinese tea shops，________ visitors can taste and buy a variety of Chinese tea.
解析：　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为Chinese tea shops，空处在从句中作地点状语，所以填where。
答案：　where
2．(2021·青岛质量检测)There are many reasons________college and university students often fail to get a full night's of sleep.
解析：　考查定语从句。句意：大学生经常睡不了整夜的觉有许多原因。本空考查定语从句，后面的从句成分完整且前面的先行词是reasons，故填why。
答案：　why
3．(2018·江苏卷)Self driving is an area________China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
解析：　句意为：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处于同一条起跑线上的领域。考查定语从句。设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词an area。将先行词代入定语从句后为China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line in the area.由此可知先行词与表地点的介词in一起在定语从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。
答案：　where
1．介词和关系代词的确定
介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：
(1)先行词的意义；
(2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；
(3)句子的意思。
Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.
皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。
Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(＝whose price)was very reasonable.
最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。
2．“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。
He had a lot of friends，none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.
他有许多朋友，但当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助。
3．“介词＋where”引导的定语从句
有时“介词＋where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.
他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)
(单句语法填空)
1．(2020·江苏卷)Many lessons are now available online，from ________ students can choose for free.
解析：　考查定语从句。句意：现在许多课程都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中选择免费课程。分析该句结构可知，介词from和空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词Many lessons，故用which。
答案：　which
2．Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of________has been proved.
解析：　句意为：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个得到了证明。先行词是theories，指物，定语从句用“代词＋介词＋关系代词which”引导。故答案为which。
答案：　which
3．He wrote many children's books，nearly half of________were published in the 1990s.
解析：　此题的先行词是children’s books，指物，因此关系词用which。此处是“代词＋介词＋which”型的非限制性定语从句。
答案：　which
4．Many young people，most of ________were well educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
解析：　句意为：很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。先行词为young people，指人，将先行词代入定语从句后为：Most of the young people were well educated，由此可见先行词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，故答案为whom。
答案：　whom
二　名词性从句
单句语法填空
1．(2020·浙江卷7月)Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on ________ could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
解析：　考查名词性从句。根据语法结构可知，what引导宾语从句，作on的宾语，由于该宾语从句中缺少主语，同时空处表示“……的事物”，故填what。
答案：　what
2．(2020·天津卷)The student completed this experiment to make come true ________ Professor Joseph had said.
解析：　考查宾语从句。句意：这个学生完成了这个实验，使约瑟夫教授所说的变成了现实。此处需要用what引导宾语从句。
答案：　what
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)While they are rare north of 88°，there is evidence ________they range all the way across the Arctic，and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
解析：　考查同位语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence的具体内容，从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，故用that引导。
答案：　that
4．(2019·北京卷)What students do at college seems to matter much more than________they go.
解析：　考查宾语从句。在介词than 后用where 引导宾语从句，where在从句中作状语。此处表示“学生在大学里做什么事似乎远比在哪里上大学更加重要”。
答案：　where
5．(2018·北京卷，11)Without his support，we wouldn't be________we are now.
解析：　句意为：要是没有他的帮助，我们就不会是现在的情形了。本题考查表语从句。根据句意可知，设空处意为“情形，情况，形势”，应用where引导。
答案：　where
6．(2018·北京卷，15)This is________my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
解析：　句意为：这就是父亲教给我的——永远面对困难并寄予最大的希望。本题考查表语从句。根据句意可知，表语从句中taught me后缺少直接宾语——“教会了我什么”，因此用what引导。
答案：　what
1．引导主语从句的词有：连接词that，whether；连接代词what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever 等；连接副词 when，where，why，how。
When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.
延迟的飞机何时起飞在很大程度上取决于天气。
That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial similarity between them.
从她们的面貌相似度就能清楚地看出是亲姐妹。
What struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.
影片中最打动我的是父亲对儿子深厚的爱。
易混辨析　whether与if引导主语从句的区别：
主语从句位于主句谓语动词前，表示“是否”，只能用whether而不能用if引导；若用it作形式主语，则if与whether可互换。
Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.我们能否有干净的饮用水依赖于政府将采取什么样的有效措施处理水污染问题。
It remains to be seen whether or not this idea can be put into practice.这一想法能否付诸实施还有待观察。
2．it作形式主语的主语从句
(1)it作形式主语，从属连词that引导的从句作真正的主语。
①It＋be＋形容词(obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable等)＋that从句。
It isn't likely that I should accept such an offer as that.我不可能接受像那样的帮助。
②It＋be＋名词词组(no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise等)＋that从句。
It's no wonder that he didn't want to go.
难怪他不想去。
③It＋be＋过去分词(said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged等)＋that从句。
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.会议被推迟到下周一召开已经定下来了。
④It＋动词/动词短语(seem，appear，happen，matter，turn out，occur to，make no difference等)＋that从句。
It suddenly occurred to her that Joe was afraid of being alone.她突然想到乔害怕独自一个人呆着。
(2)it作形式主语，连接代词、连接副词或whether/if引导的主语从句作真正的主语。
It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about，although about two thousand patients have taken it.尽管大约两千名患者已经服用了这种药，但是它会带来什么样的副作用还不清楚。
It is not immediately clear whether/if the financial crisis will soon be over.
经济危机是否会很快结束，短时间内不会很明显。
(单句语法填空)
1．(2020·江苏卷)It is not a problem ________ we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time.
解析：　考查主语从句。句意：我们能否打赢这场战斗不是问题；这只是时间问题。分析句子结构并结合语境可知，It是形式主语，空处引导主语从句，表示“是否”，故填whether。
答案：　whether
2．(2021·郑州市第三次质量检测)But perhaps ________ many tourists and San Franciscans treasure most about Chinatown is its food.
解析：　考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句，表示“……的事物”，所以填what。
答案：　what
3．(2021·合肥市第三次质量检测)It is estimated ________ coral reefs contribute billions of dollars to the world economy annually，providing food，protection of shorelines，and jobs.
解析：　考查连接词。分析句子结构可知，It在句中作形式主语，空处引导主语从句，从句结构和意义完整，所以填that。
答案：　that
4．(2021·江西名校学术联盟质检)________was most difficult was that in order to realize this dream，I needed to find an existent café that wasn't doing well.
解析：　句意：最困难的是为了实现这个梦想，我需要找到一家经营不好的实体咖啡店。“________was most difficult”为主语从句，该从句缺少主语且设空处表示“事物”，故填What。
答案：　What
5．(2021·昆明质量检测)Kenney said，“________is good news that this public health problem has a simple solution.”
解析：　考查名词性从句。分析该句结构可知，该句为包含that引导的主语从句的主从复合句，It作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。
答案：　It
6．(2021·福建龙岩五校期中)Therefore，it is advisable________you should value and treat them with care.
解析：　句意为：因此人们建议你应该珍惜、谨慎对待它们。“________you should value and treat them with care”为主语从句，该从句不缺任何成分，故用that引导。
答案：　that
1．引导表语从句的词有：连接词that，whether；连接代词what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever 等；连接副词when，where，why，how，从句用陈述语序。
Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.杰里不后悔给出评论，但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方法来表达。
I'd like to start my own business－that's what I'd do if I had the money.
我愿意自己创业——那就是如果我有钱将会做的事情。
2．as if/as though引导的表语从句
as if/as though引导的表语从句常跟在be动词seem，look，taste，sound，feel，appear等动词之后。
The thick smog covered the whole city.It was as if a great black blanket had been thrown over it.
厚重的烟雾覆盖着整个城市。好像把一个厚厚的黑色的毯子扔到它的上面。
3．because，why引导的表语从句
because，why也可引导表语从句，但because引导的表语从句，主语不能是reason或cause(该结构常用that引导)。常用于以下句型。
(1)This is because...这是因为……(强调原因)
(2)The reason why...is that...……的原因是……
(3)That is why...那就是……的原因(强调结果)
From space，the earth looks blue.This is because about seventy one percent of its surface is covered by water.从太空中看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为地球表面大约71%被水所覆盖。
The reason why he didn't pass the exam was that he was too careless.他没有通过考试的原因是他太粗心了。
　常见的表语从句句型：
(1)It looks/seems as if...好像……；仿佛……
The question/problem is whether/when/where...问题是……
(2)His dream/suggestion/aim/purpose is that...
他的梦想/建议/目标/目的是……
(3)what从句＋be＋that从句
What surprised us most was that he came late again.
最让我们惊讶的是他又迟到了。
(单句语法填空)
1．(2021·福州市毕业班适应性练习)However，the fact is ________ bats play a significant role in keeping a balanced ecosystem.
解析：　考查连接词。句意：然而，事实是蝙蝠在保持生态系统平衡方面起着重要的作用。分析句子结构可知，此处引导表语从句，连接词在从句中不做句子成分，所以填that。
答案：　that
2．(2021·福建福州二模)The problem is________one less hour of sleep is not equal to an extra hour of achievement.
解析：　句意为：问题是少睡一小时不等同于额外的一小时的成就。分析句子结构可知，is后为表语从句，从句的结构和句意完整，故填that。
答案：　that
1．that连接宾语从句时通常可以省略(但多个并列的宾语从句中只能省略第一个that)，没有具体的意思，不充当句子成分，只是起连接作用。what引导时，在从句中充当成分，且有意义。
I'm writing to tell you that my uncle Li Ming is going to your city for a conference.
我写信是想告诉你，我叔叔李明要去你的城市开会。
2．在whether/if连接的宾语从句中，whether/if意为“是否”，但在whether...or not结构中，或者whether引导的宾语从句作介词的宾语时，以及whether＋to do结构中和whether引导的从句作少数动词(如leave，put，discuss，doubt，know等)的宾语时，只能用whether，不能用if来替换。
We've offered her the job，but I don't know whether she'll accept it.
我们已经为她提供了这份工作，但我不知道她是否会接受。
I don't know whether to set off for Beijing or not.
我不知道是否出发去北京。
3．连接代词、连接副词引导宾语从句时不能省略，并在从句中充当句子成分。
We promise whoever attends the party will have a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.我们保证，任何参加这个聚会的人都有机会与那个电影明星合影。
4．有些动词或动词短语，如like，hate，appreciate，depend on，see to等，一般不直接跟从句，需要借助it。
You may depend on it that she will go with you.
你可以相信她会与你一起去。
5．当主句的主语是第一人称时，在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词后的宾语从句若是否定的，就运用否定转移，将否定词转移到主句谓语动词上。
I don't believe she will attend the meeting.
我认为她不会来参加该会议。
6．it作形式宾语，真正的宾语后置，常用此种结构的及物动词有find，make，think，feel，consider等。
I find it important that we should keep calm in danger.
我发现我们在危险中保持镇静是很重要的。
7．不论主句为何种句型，宾语从句都用陈述语序。
(单句语法填空)
1．(2021·烟台市高考诊断性测试)Along with this，Max has traveled to Africa several times to donate equipment and coach the kids，developing Angels at Bat into ________ it is today.
解析：　考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，表示“……的事物”，故用what。
答案：　what
2．(2021·山西省八校高三第一次联考)“We want to figure out ________you don't feel safe in your neighborhood，” O'Neill said.
解析：　考查名词性从句。根据下文提到的一些原因可知，此处表示“我们想要搞清楚你们为什么感觉不安全”。宾语从句中表示为什么，所以用why引导。
答案：　why
3．(2021·湖南株洲二中月考)With an optimistic attitude and a strong will，we can overcome ________difficulties we might meet with and achieve our goals.
解析：　句意为：带着乐观的态度和强烈的愿望，我们能够克服可能遇到的任何困难，取得成功。通过分析句子可知，overcome后为宾语从句，动词短语meet with后缺少宾语，再结合句意可知用whatever修饰名词difficulties引导宾语从句。
答案：　whatever
1．同位语从句通常用that引导，that无词义也不作成分，但是不能省略，从句用陈述语序。同位语从句还可用whether，when，where，why，how等引导。
2．接同位语从句的常见名词：fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等。
I made a promise to myself that this year，my first year in high school，would be different.我对自己做出承诺：今年，是我上高中的第一年，将会与以往不同。
I have no idea where the journalist could have got his information from.
我不知道那个记者从哪里得到的消息。
(单句语法填空)
1．(2021·湖北部分重点中学联考)This should serve as a warning________people should be aware of their surroundings，especially when crossing roads.
解析：　warning后是同位语从句，设空处后的句子无论是结构还是意思都是完整的，设空处所填的词只起连接作用，没有任何实际意义，故填that。
答案：　that
2．(2021·山东师大附中模拟)There is no doubt ________ it is of great help to their study and future life.
解析：　考查that引导的同位语从句，There is no doubt that...“毫无疑问”，固定句式。
答案：　that
3．(2021·遵义航天高级中学模拟)And you should also have a belief ________ you are sure to succeed as long as you keep your direction all the time.
解析：　考查同位语从句。belief后为同位语从句，故填that。
答案：　that