2022届高考英语二轮复习语法:词性转换(含解析)

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名称 2022届高考英语二轮复习语法:词性转换(含解析)
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更新时间 2022-06-03 16:38:15

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第五讲 词性转换
单句语法填空
1.(2020·北京卷)Because of the confidence she inspired in me,I've carved out a ________(success)profession as a journalist.
解析: 考查词性转换。 profession 为名词,意为“职业”,故应用形容词修饰名词,故填successful。
答案: successful
2.(2020·新高考山东卷)In the 18th and 19th centuries,________(wealth)people travelled and collected plants,historical objects and works of art.
解析: 考查词性转换。根据设空处后面的名词people可知,这里应用形容词wealthy修饰。
答案: wealthy
3.(2020·新高考山东卷)Historical ________(accurate)is important but so is entertainment.
解析: 考查名词。根据语境和设空处前的修饰词Historical可知,此处应用名词accuracy作主语。
答案: accuracy
4.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)As the small boat moved ________(gentle)along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
解析: 考查词性转换。修饰动词moved应使用副词。
答案: gently
5.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)But then we got an official letter and we were blown away.We are so proud of her.It's________(wonder).
解析: 考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。系动词is后面跟形容词作表语。wonder对应的形容词是wonderful。
答案: wonderful
6.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They also shared with us many________(tradition)stories about Hawaii that were________(huge)popular with tourists.
解析: 第1空,考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。所填词修饰名词stories,故应用tradition的形容词形式traditional。第2空,考查词性转换(形容词变副词)。所填词修饰形容词popular,故应用huge的副词形式hugely。be hugely popular with非常受……欢迎。
答案: traditional;hugely
7.(2019·北京卷)Students should have a proper attitude towards college before thinking about which college to attend,and it's never too early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and ________(meaning)college experience.
解析: 考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。用形容词修饰名词college experience。
答案: meaningful
8.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased________(pollute)in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
解析: 考查词性转换之动词变为名词。decrease降低,减少,后接名词作宾语,pollute的名词形式是pollution。
答案: pollution
在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法,即称作派生法。加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀,加在词根之后的为后缀。
1.形容词变副词的后缀
规则 示例
一般情况加 ly slow→slowly     adv.缓慢地common→commonly adv.普通地immediate→immediately adv.立刻地
以“辅音字母+y”结尾,将y改为i然后加 ly happy→happily    adv.高兴地steady→steadily adv.稳定地busy→busily adv.繁忙地noisy→noisily adv.吵闹地heavy→heavily adv.沉重地healthy→healthily adv.健康地
以 le结尾,去掉e加 y simple→simply  adv.简单地gentle→gently adv.温柔地terrible→terribly adv.可怕地possible→possibly adv.可能地probable→probably adv.可能地comfortable→comfortably adv.舒服地
以 ic结尾,加 ally economic→economically adv.经济地scientific→scientifically adv.科学地
常考且易拼错的副词 rudely    truly    politelywidely nicely closelyfortunately surprisingly increasinglyhurriedly shyly
2.动词、名词变形容词的后缀
后缀 例词
able accept→acceptable     可接受的comfort→comfortable 舒适的fashion→fashionable 时髦的suit→suitable 合适的reason→reasonable 有道理的
al music→musical      音乐的origin→original 最初的person→personal 个人的;私人的center→central 中央的;中心的nature→natural 自然的;天生的form→formal 正式的nation→national 全国的
ful doubt→doubtful      怀疑的forget→forgetful 健忘的harm→harmful 有害的hope→hopeful 有希望的peace→peaceful 和平的care→careful 细心的use→useful 有用的success→successful 成功的help→helpful 有帮助的
ed scare→scared  感到恐惧的confuse→confused 感到困惑的puzzle→puzzled 迷惑的worry→worried 担心的bore→bored 感到厌倦的excite→excited 激动的;兴奋的underline→underlined 加下划线的
ing surprise→surprising   令人惊讶的convince→convincing 令人信服的satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的worry→worrying 令人担心的bore→boring 令人厌烦的
ible access→accessible  容易达到的;容易取得的horror→horrible 可怕的;恐怖的terror→terrible 可怕的
ive act→active        积极的;活跃的effect→effective 有效的;生效的attract→attractive 有吸引力的impress→impressive 给人深刻印象的instruct→instructive 有教育意义的expense→expensive 昂贵的
ous continue→continuous  不断的;持续的anxiety→anxious 忧虑的caution→cautious 十分小心的;谨慎的curiosity→curious 好奇的humor→humorous 幽默的
some tire→tiresome      令人厌倦的trouble→troublesome 麻烦的
y taste→tasty       美味的;可口的health→healthy 健康的wealth→wealthy 富裕的;丰富的dirt→dirty 有灰尘的;脏的rain→rainy 有雨的sun→sunny 阳光明媚的cloud→cloudy 阴天的
ern east→eastern  东方的;向东的west→western 西方的;向西的
ish child→childish      孩子气的fool→foolish 愚蠢的;可笑的self→selfish 自私的
ic science→scientific    科学的economy→economic 经济的history→historic 历史上著名的
ary imagine→imaginary   想象中的
3.形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
age short→shortage    不足;短缺
cy efficient→efficiency  效率;功效fluent→fluency 流利;流畅accurate→accuracy 准确性private→privacy 隐私;私密
dom free→freedom      自由;自主wise→wisdom 明智;智慧
ence different→difference    差异silent→silence 沉默
ness weak→weakness     虚弱;弱点kind→kindness 仁慈;好意careless→carelessness 粗心大意dark→darkness 黑暗
th strong→strength     力气;强项warm→warmth 温暖;热情true→truth 真实wide→width 宽度
y ty ity difficult→difficulty    困难cruel→cruelty 残酷;残暴safe→safety 安全disable→disability 无能;残疾responsible→responsibility 责任
4.动词变名词的后缀
后缀 例词
al approve→approval   赞成;批准arrive→arrival 到来;到达survive→survival 幸存propose→proposal 提议;建议
ance appear→appearance    出现;外貌guide→guidance 指引;指导perform→performance 表演;节目
ence exist→existence   存在;生存prefer→preference 偏爱refer→reference 参考;查阅
ion attract→attraction    吸引construct→construction 建设educate→education 教育evaluate→evaluation 评估graduate→graduation 毕业
ation expect→expectation    期待;期望explain→explanation 解释consider→consideration 考虑imagine→imagination 想象力starve→starvation 挨饿invite→invitation 邀请;请柬
(s)sion discuss→discussion    讨论;辩论decide→decision 决定admit→admission 接纳;准许入学
ing hear→hearing    听力;听觉begin→beginning 开始
ment achieve→achievement   功绩;成就argue→argument 辩论;论据treat→treatment 对待;治疗equip→equipment 设备
ure ture press→pressure 压力mix→mixture 混合;混合物depart→departure 离开;出发
y recover→recovery   恢复;痊愈discover→discovery 发现
其他 grow→growth   成长;发展choose→choice 选择vary→variety 多样化;种类tend→tendency 趋向;趋势
5.表示“人”的名词后缀
在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示“人”的后缀有:
后缀 例词
er clean→cleaner    清洁工report→reporter 记者strange→stranger 陌生人
or invent→inventor   发明者visit→visitor 游客direct→director 导演
ar lie→liar       说谎者beg→beggar 乞讨者,乞丐
ee employ→employee   雇员interview→interviewee 参加面试者train→trainee 受训者,学员
ess host→hostess     女主人act→actress 女演员
ian music→musician   音乐家politics→politician 政治家history→historian 历史学家
ist art→artist      艺术家science→scientist 科学家piano→pianist 钢琴家
ant serve→servant    仆人participate→participant 参加者assist→assistant 助手,图书管理员
6.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
前/后缀 例词
前缀 dis agree→disagree     不同意advantage→disadvantage 缺点appear→disappear 消失comfort→discomfort 不舒适的honest→dishonest 不诚实的
il legal→illegal      不合法的logical→illogical 不合逻辑的
前缀 im polite→impolite     无礼的patient→impatient 不耐烦的moral→immoral 不道德的
in formal→informal    非正式的convenient→inconvenient 不方便的direct→indirect 间接引起的
ir regular→irregular    不规则的responsible→irresponsible 不负责任的
mis lead→mislead       误导understand→misunderstand 误解
前缀 un usual→unusual      不寻常的willing→unwilling 不愿意的happy→unhappy 不高兴的known→unknown 不出名的
后缀 less hope→hopeless      绝望的end→endless 没完没了的care→careless 粗心的help→helpless 无助的use→useless 无用的
7.变动词的前缀和后缀
前/后缀 例词
前缀 en able→enable     使能够large→enlarge 扩大rich→enrich 使充实;使丰富danger→endanger 危及courage→encourage 鼓励
后缀 en broad→broaden    使变宽ripe→ripen 使成熟sharp→sharpen 使尖锐wide→widen 加宽short→shorten 变短deep→deepen 加深dark→darken 使变暗hard→harden 使变硬
ify class→classify     把……分类just→justify 证明……正确simple→simplify 简化beauty→beautify 美化
ize apology→apologize   道歉emphasis→emphasize 强调memory→memorize 记住real→realize 认识到;实现
(单句语法填空)
1.(2021·合肥市高三第一次质量检测)A painting with a ________(long)of 1014.37 meters has received a Guinness World Record title for the longest drawing by an individual artist.
解析: 考查词性转换。此处表示一幅长达1014.37米的画作,根据空前的a和空后的of可知,此处应用名词,a length of...“长达……”,所以填length。
答案: length
2.(2021·烟台、菏泽市高三水平诊断)In the past many years,the giant panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it once lived as a result of farming,deforestation and other________(develop).
解析: 考查词性转换。形容词other修饰名词。development在此处意为“开发”,是不可数名词。故填development。
答案: development
3.(2021·济南市高三年级学习质量评估)Smells from cookies baking in the kitchen or the smell of a home made dish can bring back ________(amaze)memories of growing up.
解析: 考查词性转换。此处表示“令人惊讶的记忆”,应用形容词修饰名词memories;amazing意为“令人惊讶的”,修饰物;amazed意为“大为惊奇的”,修饰人。故填amazing。
答案: amazing
4.(2021·山西省重点中学高三联考)Young kids want to improve ________(fit)and learn Chinese culture,adults take classes to relieve stress brought by work,and retired people practice it to prevent health problems.
解析: 考查名词。本空作动词improve的宾语,故填名词形式。fitness“健康”。
答案: fitness
5.(2021·昆明市高三“三诊一模”摸底诊断测试)David Katz was upset by all the plastic going into the ocean.To help solve the problem,he had a ________(create)idea—to treat plastic like money.
解析: 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知,空处修饰名词idea,应用形容词形式,所以填creative。
答案: creative
6.(2020·陕西省重点中学4月模拟)On this day,thousands of people all around the world reached out to make a new positive ________ (connect)with others.
解析: 考查名词。根据空前的“make a new positive”和空后的“with others”可知,此处填名词connection“联系”作make的宾语。
答案: connection
7.(2021·长春市高三质量监测一)Individuals who throw away their garbage without sorting it can be fined up to 200 yuan,while companies and ________(organize)can face fines up to 5,000 yuan.
解析: 考查词性转换。空处与名词companies并列,表示不止一个组织,故此处用名词复数。
答案: organizations
8.(2021·贵阳市高三适应性考试)The Contemporary Museum of Calligraphy (书法)contains many art pieces including Arabic,Chinese,________(Europe),Indian,Japanese and Slavic calligraphic works.
解析: 考查词性转换。and前后为并列的形容词,共同修饰后面的名词短语calligraphic works,所以填European。
答案: European
9.(2021·贵阳市高三适应性考试)The tactics represent the ________(wise)of Chinese people.They are not only useful on the battlefield but also useful for business and personal life.
解析: 考查名词。根据空前的“the”和空后的“of”可知,空处应为名词,所以填wisdom。
答案: wisdom
10.The Chinese have high ________(require)for the quality of the tea leaf,the water and the utensil (器皿)they use to prepare and serve tea.
解析: 考查名词及其单复数。根据空前的形容词high可知,空处用名词形式;requirement为可数名词,其前无限定词修饰,应用复数形式。
答案: requirements
转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变,转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。
转化规则 例词 注意
名词→动词 face(n.脸→v.面对)shoulder(n.肩→v.肩负)water(n.水→v.浇水)back(n.背→v.支持)name(n.名字→v.命名) high,deep,wide用作副词时表示具体,而highly,deeply,widely表示抽象
动词→名词 look(v./n.)看try(v./n.)尝试dream(v./n.)梦想chat (v./n.)聊天
形容词→动词 empty(adj.空的→v.倒空)slow(adj.慢的→v.减慢)dirty(adj.脏的→v.弄脏)warm(adj.暖的→v.使变暖)
形容词→副词 hard(adj.难的→adv.努力地)high(adj.高的→adv.高地)deep(adj.深的→adv.深地)wide(adj.宽的→adv.宽地)
(单句语法填空)
1.(2020·广州市综合检测二)Now he and his Chinese friends are using drones(无人机)________(film)the Great Wall,which provides a completely new and fascinating perspective.
解析: 考查固定用法。use sth.to do sth.“用……做……”是固定用法,所以填to film。
答案: to film
2.(2021·黑龙江省大庆市第一次检测)Normally,on this day,teachers around the nation enjoyed a day's vacation and were given________(dry)meat as gifts.
解析: 考查非谓语动词。本句已有并列谓语enjoyed和were given,设空处修饰名词meat,且dry和meat之间是被动关系,故用过去分词作前置定语,填dried。
答案: dried