(共65张PPT)
第一节 名词和代词
名词
1.名词的分类
2. 单数复数
3.名词所有格
4.主谓一致
名词分类
专有名词&普通名词
可数名词&不可数名词
专有名词
1.专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称
2.专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写
Beijing,the People’s Republic of China
3.专有名词如含有普通名词的短语,必须用定冠词the
the Great Wall
4.姓氏名采用复数形式,表该姓氏一家人
the Greens
普通名词
是许多人或事物的共有名称
family,man,foot
可数名词和不可数名词
1.可数名词是可以用数词进行计数的
2.不可数名词是不可以用数词进行计数的
可数名词变复数的方法
1.单数名词词尾加s
2.s,o,x,sh.ch结尾加es
classes boxes
【注】:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s photos pianos
3.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es families,cities
4.以f或fe结尾的名词,变成f或fe为v,再加es life—lives
5.可数名词变复数形式的不规则变化
1)有些名词复数有不规则变化需特殊记忆
a man——men a woman——women
a tooth——teeth a foot——feet
a child——children a goose——geese(鹅)
a mouse ——mice(老鼠) an ox——oxen(牛)
2)有些名词单复数形式相同
如:fish,deer,sheep,Chinese。
注:fish 虽有复数形式,但其复数不表示数量,而表示种类。
名词所有格
1.表示所属关系,相当于物主代词
2.在句中作定语、宾语或主语
1)表示人或者其他有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s.
Children’s Day my sister’s book
2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’ Teachers’ Day
3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,在词尾加’s
today’s newspaper ten minutes’ break
名词所有格
4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。
a fine daughter of the Party
党的好女儿
名词所有格
5)’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺
my aunt’s 我阿姨家
the doctor’s 诊所
名词所有格
6)两人共有某物时,可以采用A and B’s 的形式
Lucy and Lily’s bedroom
路西和丽丽合住的卧室
名词所有格
7)双重所有格:‘of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词’
a friend of my father’s
我父亲的一位朋友
a friend of mine 我的一位朋友
主谓一致
1)主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式。
The computer was a great invention.
计算机是个了不起的发明。
The water in the glass is very cold.
玻璃杯里的水很凉。
主谓一致
2)集体名词做主语
如family,class,team,group等
①表示整体概念,谓语用单数形式
Class Three is a very good class。
三班是好班。
主谓一致
②表示其中的所有成员谓语动词用复数形式
Class Three have a map of China.
三班有张中国地图。
主谓一致
3)Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people等表示单个谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数
There is a sheep in the yard.
There are some sheep in the yard.
主谓一致
4)有s结尾,但不是复数,谓语用单数
The news is very exciting.
主谓一致
5)glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词常用复数形式,谓语用复数
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.
裤子很便宜,我想买。
主谓一致
6)a lot of
①跟可数名词复数时用复数形式
②跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式
A lot of students are playing baseball now.
A lot of time was wasted on that work.
主谓一致
7)and
①连接两个名词做主语时,谓语多用复数
②但两个名词构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数
The teacher and his son are picking apples now.
Fish and chips is very famous food.
主谓一致
8)There be就近原则
①There is a table and four chairs in the room.
主谓一致
9)用both…and连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。
Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.
主谓一致
10)主语中有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人或物决定。
A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.
主谓一致
11)either…or…或者neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语就近原则。
Either you or he is right.
Neither you nor I am going there.
主谓一致
12)表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。
Two months is not a short time.
Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance.
主谓一致
13)主语中含有half of…/(three quarters) of../all (of) the…等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词决定
Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.
A third of the students were playing near the lake.
就近原则5个
1.there be
2.neither…nor
3.either…or
4.not only…but also
5.not…but
就远原则9个
as well as; (together/along) with; rather than; expect; besides; but; including; in addition to; apart from
就远原则9个
The president of the college, together with the deans is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations
All students, including Tom, are leaving.
总结
代词分类
人称代词
主格
宾格
主/宾格
顺序
it
代 词
人称代词
人称 单复数 主 格 宾 格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词
第一 人称 单 数 I me my mine myself
复 数 we us our ours ourselves
第二 人称 单 数 you you your yours yourself
复 数 you you your yours yourselves
第三 人称 单 数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
It It Its - Itself
复 数 they them their theirs themselves
人称代词
人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式
1.主格:用来作句子的主语、表语
Are they from Brazil
Where have you gone
It’s he!
人称代词
2.宾格:用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语
Who teaches you English this year
We often write letters to her.
人称代词
3.人称代词作表语或放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后,可用主格形式/宾格形式。
Who is it
It’s I/me.
人称代词
4.人称代词顺序:‘you—>he—>I’
Both he and I are working at that computer company.
Who will go there
You and me.
人称代词
5.it
①指人/指物
②表示‘时间、天气、温度、距离、情况’等含义
③作形式主语/宾语:替代作主语或宾语的不定式、动名词或名词性从句。
What’s the weather like today
It’s fine.
人称代词
主格
宾格
主/宾格
顺序
it
物主代词
1.形容词性物主代词
2.名词性物主代词
3.双重所有格
物主代词
物主代词:说明事物所属关系的代词
1.形容词性物主代词:作名词的修饰语,后跟名词。
Is that your umbrella
I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.
They are their books.
代 词
人称代词
人称 单复数 主 格 宾 格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词
第一 人称 单 数 I me my mine myself
复 数 we us our ours ourselves
第二 人称 单 数 you you your yours yourself
复 数 you you your yours yourselves
第三 人称 单 数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
It It Its - Itself
复 数 they them their theirs themselves
物主代词
2.名词性物主代词
①相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系
②在句子作主语,宾语或表语
③后面不可以跟名词
This is your cup, but where is mine
Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.
物主代词
双重所有格:of+名词性物主代词
①A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.
②My friend came to see me yesterday.
物主代词
1.形容词性物主代词
2.名词性物主代词
3.双重所有格
反身代词
1.作宾语
2.作同位语
反身代词
反身代词:表示‘。。。自己’
1.反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射。(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)
Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.
反身代词
2.在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词)
The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.
指示代词
1.单数
2.复数
3.含义
指示代词
1.单数
2.复数
3.含义
指示代词
指示代词:指说明近处或远处、上文或下文、以前或现在的人或事物。
单数 复数 含义
this这个 these这些 指较近的人和物
that那个 those那些 指较远的人和物
such这样的人/物 指上文提过的人和物
same同样的人/物 指和上文提过的相同的人和物
it这人/这物 指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时
指示代词
指示代词:主语,宾语,表语,定语
That model plane is made of plastic.
Remember never to do such things.
Do the same as the teacher tells you.
关系代词
who/which/that/whom
who/whom
which
that
关系代词
关系代词:用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词
1.关系代词who,which,that,whom
①在从句中担任一定的成分
②起连接作用
The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.
关系代词
2.关系代词who/whom指人
Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat
关系代词
2.关系代词which指物
Have you found the book which you lost several days age
关系代词
2.关系代词that又能指人,又能指物
Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank
关系代词
who/which/that/whom
who/whom
which
that
连接代词
连接代词:用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词。
英语中连接代词有:what什么/who谁/whom谁/which哪个/whose谁的
不定代词
1.单数
2.复数
3.不可数
4.复合不定代词
5.混淆不定代词12组
不定代词
不定代词:代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。在句中作主语宾语表语定语和状语。
1.单数
some, any, no, none, each, every, one, neither, so, the other, another
不定代词
2.不可数
much, little, a little, all
3.复数
many, few, a few, ones, both, others, the others
不定代词
4.复合不定代词
something,someone,somebody
anything,anyone,anybody
nothing,nobody,no one
everything,everyone,everybody
代词分类