(共37张PPT)
八年级下册语法复习
1
系动词
3
状语从句
2
动词不定式
4
副词的比较等级
5
宾语从句
01
系动词
一、分类。
连系动词也叫系动词,是表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词。它本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,后面必须跟表语,构成系表结构来说明主语的状况、性质、特征等。
常见的连系动词可分为五种。
1. 状态系动词:只有be动词。
eg:I am used to going about alone. 我习惯于独来独往。
2. 持续系动词:表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,
主要有keep, remain,stay, stand。
eg:I hope you’ll stay healthy. 我希望你身体好。
3.表像系动词:表示“看起来好像”,主要有seem, appear等。
eg:He seems (to be) quite happy. 他好像很快活。
4. 感官系动词:表示“……起来”,有look(看起来),feel (摸起来,感觉) , smell (闻起来) ,sound (听起来) , taste (尝起来,吃起来) 等。
eg:This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布摸起来很软。
5.变化系动词:表示主语变成什么样,即表示从一种状态变为另一种状态。主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go。
eg:He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
二、基本用法。
1.连系动词后通常可接形容词作表语,一般不接副词。常考系动词:sound, taste, smell, feel, seem, appear, keep
①His voice ______ as if he has a cold.
A. sounds B. hears C. listens
②The music sounds ______.
A. beautiful B. beautifully C. well
③It ______ that he was late for the train.
A. looks B. seems C. turns
A
A
B
2.有时连系动词后也可接副词作表语,不过这主要限于in, on, off, out,away, up, down, over, around, inside,outside等少数副词以及here, there,upstairs, downstairs等少数表示地点或方位的副词。
eg: Mother wasn’t in last night. 母亲昨晚不在家。
3. 关于连系动词后接不定式:
(1) 连系动词 be 后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语:
eg: My dream is to be a scientist. 我的梦想是当一名科学家。
(2) seem, appear, get, grow, come等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是to be)作表语:
eg: She always seems to be sad. 她常常显得很忧伤。
02
动词不定式
一、动词不定式
“to+动词原形”,to为动词不定式的符号,本身没有词义,有时还可以省略,但还保留着动词的若干特征。动词不定式可以连同它的附属成分一起组成不定式短语。
动词不定式具有三大特点:
1.没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能单独作谓语(故称非谓语动词);
2.动词不定式仍保留动词的特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语;
3.动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,因此,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
1.作主语
运动对每个人来说很重要。
______________(exercise) is important for everyone.
=It’s important for everyone __________(exercise).
It’s +adj.+(for sb.)+ to do sth.
To exercise
to exercise
动词不定式的用法
动词不定式的用法
2.作表语
我的梦想是成为一名老师。
My dream is _________(be) a teacher.
我的工作是教你们英语。
My job is _________(teach) you English.
系动词+ to do sth.
to be
to teach
动词不定式的用法
3.作宾语
我想买一台新电脑。
I want _________(buy) a new computer.
实义动词+ to do sth.
to buy
类似动词:want,forget,remember,plan,decide,
refuse,wish,agree,choose,start,begin,learn等
动词不定式的用法
3.作宾语
我发现学好英语很难。
I find it very difficult _________(learn) English well.
sb+think/find/believe+it+adj+ to do sth.
to learn
动词不定式的用法
4.作宾语补足语
老师让我们努力学习。
My teacher asks us_________(study ) hard.
实义动词+sb+ to do sth.
to study
类似动词:tell, teach, want, invite, teach, wish, force,
advise, order, send, allow等
动词不定式的用法
5.作定语
她没有可以聊天的朋友。
She has no friends _______(talk) with.
名词 /代词+ to do sth.
to talk
动词不定式的用法
6.作状语
上周,我们卖了很多旧书来为贫困儿童筹钱。
We sold many old books _________(raise) money
for poor children last week.
to raise
动词不定式通常用作目的状语和结果状语
动词不定式的用法
7.特殊疑问词+动词不定式
我不知道假期要去哪里。
I don't know_____________(go) for my holiday.
你告诉他明天什么时候出发了吗?
Did you tell him_____________(start) out tomorrow?
where to go
when to start
03
状 语 从 句
状语
从句
原因状语从句
时间状语从句
条件状语从句
结果状语从句
目的状语从句
让步状语从句
原因状语从句
原因状语从句表示主句所发生的原因或理由。通常由because, as, for, since等词引导。
1.because语气最强,用于回答why的提问,从句可放于句首,也可放句尾,想强调什么,就把什么放在句首。
eg: Because I lost my cellphone, I didn’t call you yesterday.
因为我手机丢了,所以昨天没有给你打电话。
2. as 和since 语气较弱,用来表示非常明显的原因或者对方已经了解的原因,引导的从句一般要放在句首。
eg: As he knew nothing about the matter, he kept quiet during the meeting.
因为他对此事一无所知,所以在会上什么也没说。
3. for表示的原因不是直接原因,而是多种情况的推测,是一种补充说明,因此for引导的分句一般不放在句首。
e.g. He wore more clothes, for it was cold.因为天气很冷,他多穿了些衣服。
时间状语从句
时间状语从句通常由when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as等词引导。时间状语从句遵循 主将从现原则
eg: I was walking in the park, when it began to rain. 我正在公园里散步,当开始下雨时。
While Jane was playing the violin, I walked into the room quietly.
当简在拉小提琴时,我悄悄地走进了房间。
The boy jumps as he goes along. 那个男孩边走边跳。
Before I went to bed, I drank a glass of milk. 睡觉之前,我喝了一杯牛奶。
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.
你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的。
As soon as she comes to the party, we will give her a big surprise.
她一来参加晚会,我们就给她一个大惊喜。
I’ll work until he tells me to stop. 我会一直工作到他叫我停下来为止。
She didn’t go to bed until she finished her homework.直到做完作业, 她才去睡觉。
条件状语从句
条件状语从句通常由if(如果), unless(除非), in case that(以防、万一), as long as(只要) 等引导。条件状语从句遵循主将从现原则。
eg: If it snows tomorrow, we will have a day or two off.
如果明天下雪,我们将放一、两天假。
We will go for a picnic unless it rains tomorrow.
我们明天将去野餐,除非要下雨。
We should learn to give first aid in case that an accident happens.
我们应该学会进行急救,以防发生意外。
You can borrow these books as long as you return them on time.
你可以借这些书,只要你能按时归还。
结果状语从句
结果状语从句是用来补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的结果的,一般位于主句之后。常用来连接结果状语从句的连接词有:so...that..., such...that...意为“如此……以至于……”。
一、so ... that ...。so是副词,后接形容词或副词。其常见的结构用法有:
1. so + adj. + that从句。eg: It’s so difficult aquestion that none of us can answer it.那是一个很难的问题,我们没有一个人能回答。2. so + adv. + that从句。
eg: The boy ran so fast that I couldn’t catch up with him.那孩子跑得如此快以至于我没赶上他。
结果状语从句
二、such...that...与so...that...不同的是:such...that...中的such后接的是名词。其常见的结构有:
1. such+a/ an + adj. +单数可数名词+that从句。
eg: Today is such a cold day that I have to stay at home.
今天是如此寒冷的一天以至于我不得不得待在家。
2. such+adj.+复数可数名词+that从句。
eg: He told us such funny stories that we all couldn’t help laughing.
他给我们讲了那么些有趣的故事,我们全都哈哈大笑。
3. such+adj.+不可数名词+that从句。
eg: It’s such nice weather that I’d like to go for a picnic.
天气如此之好,我想去野餐。
目的状语从句
常用来连接结果状语从句的连接词有:so that, in order that。意为“为了…,以便…”,可以in order to do 互换。
eg:今天早上,我起床很早是为了赶上早班车。
I got up early so that I could catch the first bus this morning.
= I got up early in order that I could catch the first bus this morning.
= I got up early in order to catch the first bus this morning.
让步状语从句
让步状语从句通常由though(虽然、尽管), although(虽然、尽管), even though(即使), even if(即使)等引导。
在口语中,though较常使用,although比though正式,二者都可与yet,still或nevertheless连用,但不能与but连用。
eg: Though I believe it, I still need to think it over.
尽管我相信这一点,但我还得考虑考虑。
Even if it will rain tomorrow, I will go swimming with my sister.
即使明天要下雨,我还是要和我妹妹我去游泳。
04
副词的比较等级
同级比较
1.肯定句:
A+实意动词+as+adv.+as+B 意为:A和B一样……
eg: Kangkang plays basketball as well as Michael.
康康篮球打得和迈克尔一样好。
2.否定句:
A+don’t/doesn’t/didn’t+实意动词+as/so+adv.+as+B
意为:A不和B一样……、A不如B……
eg: Kangkang doesn’t play basketball as well as Michael.
康康篮球打得不如迈克尔好。
比较级&最高级的构成
规则变化:
1) 单音节词的比较级和最高级在词尾加-er或-est。如:
hard--harder--hardest
2) 以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y变为i,再加er或est。如:
early-- earlier-- earliest
3) 多音节词在词前加more或most。如:
quickly--more quickly--most quickly
不规则变化:
well--better--best much--more-- most
badly-- worse-- worst little--less--least
比较级的用法
1. A+实意动词+副词的比较级+than+ B “A做某事比B更……”。
eg: His brother worked harder than he did /him.
他的兄弟工作比他更努力。
2. 表示“……不如……”用less+原级+than结构。
eg: He studies less carefully than his sister. 他不如他的妹妹学习认真。
3. “比较级+and+比较级”,表示本身程度的改变,意为“越来越……”。
eg: He studies harder and harder. 他学习越来越努力了。
4. “the+比较级,the+比较级”,表示一方随着另一方的变化而变化,意为“越……,就越……”。
eg: The harder you study, the better your English will be. 你学习越努力, 你的英语就会越好。
最高级的用法
1. 副词的最高级。副词最高级前的the可省略,常见的结构为:
A+实意动词+(the)副词的最高级+of/in/among...。
eg:Li Lei came to school (the) latest in his class yesterday.
昨天李磊是班中最晚到校的。
2. 比较级和最高级可以互换,表达相同的意思。
eg:Tom runs fastest in his class. 汤姆在他们班跑得最快。
= Tom runs faster than other students in his class.
汤姆比他们班其他学生都跑得快。
= Tom runs faster than any other student in his class.
汤姆比他们班其他任何一个学生都跑得快。
宾语从句
05
引导词
that
+陈述句(包括肯定句和否定句)
He likes English a lot.
I know.
I know that he likes English a lot.
if/whether
+一般疑问句
Is he from England?
I don’t know.
I don’t know if he is from England.
特殊疑问词
+特殊疑问句
Where is he from?
I wonder.
I wonder where he is from .
语序
宾语从句应使用陈述语序(即:主语+谓语)。
Can she swim or not ? Do you know?
Do you know whether she can swim or not?
What are they talking about I want to know.
I want to know what they are talking about.
Does Kangkang play basketball well? I wonder.
I wonder if Kangkang plays basketball well.
Did they have fun last night I asked the girls.
I asked the girls whether they had fun last night.
时态
主现从不限
主句使用一般现在时,从句可用任何时态,不受主句限制。
Kangkang says his father bought a new car last week.
Kangkang says he likes English a lot.
Kangkang says it will rain tomorrow.
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般现在时
一般现在时
一般现在时
一般将来时
主过从过
主句使用一般过去时,从句使用相应的过去时态。
My teacher told me we would have a math exam next week.
My teacher told me he went to America last summer.
My teacher told me he was watching TV from 7:00 p.m. to 9:00p.m..
一般过去时
过去将来时
一般过去时
一般过去时
一般过去时
过去进行时
时态
从句只用一般现在时
当从句表示客观事实、科学真理等时,只用一般现在时。
My teacher told me the earth goes around the sun.
The little girl knows the sun rises in the east.
地球绕着太阳转
太阳从东边升起
时态