2022年初升高暑假衔接语法优等生训练--名词课件(共25张PPT)

(共25张PPT)
初升高语法衔接优等生训练之
名词
名词
名词是用来表示人或者事物名称的词。虽然和汉语中的名词
在含义上是相同的，但是他们的语法特点却又着巨大的差异。
研究近年的高考题我们不难看出，名词部分主要考查名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数），尤其具体语境中名词的数、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词的构词法，名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。在高考试题中，名词常结合其它项目一起考查，考查题型以短文改错、完形填空、语法填空为主。
名词的语法功能
1.作主语The young woman played an important part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。His grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。
2.作宾语（1）作及物动词的直接宾语I met your elder brother in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。Have you finished the letter to Jane 你写完给珍的信了吗？（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。She asked the doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。（3）作介词的宾语。After 20 years’ traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。Do you still ask your parents for money 你还向爸妈要钱吗？
3.作表语
It’s a good idea to plant trees here . 在这里栽些树是个好主意。
She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。
4.作宾语的补足语
They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）
The old man called my uncle Xiao Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。
5.作定语
（1）直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。
college students大学生 girl friend女友 vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛
Let’s stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！
He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。
（2）名词所有格作定语。
students’ books学生用书
China’s capital中国的首都
the world’s population世界人口
（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语
man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。
He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。
There are many men teachers in our school. 我们学校有很多男教师。
（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语
某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。
arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店 sales department营业部 a goods train货车
savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系
（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。
Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部
（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。
a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语)
a worker’s family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)
（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。
women drivers女司机 the woman’s driver这位妇女的司机
girl friend女朋友 the girl’s friend 这女孩的朋友
mother tongue母语 mother’s tongue母亲的舌头
（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性
gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的)
golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)
名词的数
名词的数是指名词的单数和复数，可数与不可数。一般来说，
只有可数名词才有可数和不可数之分，而物质名词、抽象名词
和专有名词没有。但是在某些情况下，名词的数的变化又很特殊，
学习时需要特别注意。
1.可数名词
(1)规则变化
情况 方法 例词
一般情况 加－s students，teachers，doc tors，tables
以s，x，ch，sh结尾 加－es（如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要+s, 如stomachs） glasses，dishes，boxes，watches
以辅音字母＋y结尾 变y为i再加－es families，babies，armies，bodies
以元音字母＋y结尾 加－s boys，toys，pianos，photos
以f或fe结尾 大都变f或fe为v，再加－es thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives
少数加－s beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs
以o结尾 通常加－s radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos
有的加－es heroes，potatoes，tomatoes
温馨提示
①stomach--stomachs（胃）
*注意：词尾-ch发音为/k/不是/t /
②以-o结尾加-es的名词有：Negro，hero，tomato，potato
*歌诀·黑人英雄爱吃西红土豆
*注意：以下以-o结尾的名词变复数加-s或-es都可以
zero（零）；mosquito（蚊子）；volcano（火山）。
③以-f或-fe结尾直接加-s的名调有：gulf海湾；roof屋顶
cliff悬崖：chief首领；serf农奴；belief信仰：proof证据
handkerchief手帕。
*顺口溜：海湾屋顶态屋上，首领农奴两相望·谊说他们九
信仰，证据写在手怕上。
*注意：handkerchief的复数形式有两种：handkerchieves和
nandkerchiefs。
(2)不规则变化
①常见单复数同形的名词
Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂； fish 鱼；fruit 水果；spacecraft太空船；species种类等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。
②自身有特殊变化的名词
child孩子→children　man男人→men　tooth牙→teeth　foot脚，英尺→feet　mouse老鼠→mice　
③外来名词
phenomenon现象→phenomena　medium传播媒介→media
analysis分析-analyses basis基础-hases crisis危机-crises thesis论文-theses bacterium细菌-bacteria
温馨提示：
1）某些表示学科的名词，虽然以-s结尾，但是并非复数形式，作主语
时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如maths数学，physics物理，economics经济学
politics政治学，statistics统计学等。
例：Physics is difficult for me.
2)单复数同形的名词在使用时要注意其谓语动词的单复数形式变化。
例： Every means has been tried.
All means have been tried.
（3）集体名词的数
常考词汇 单数形式 复数形式 例句 注意
family , audience class, army enemy, group crowd, team government, commitee 有 有 Jane's family is well known throughout the town. My family all love music. Our village consists of no more than 200 families. 当这些名词指代一个集体或者机构时，谓语动词用单数形式；如果强调这个群体中所有的成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。
the police the English 有 无 The police are searching the city for the murderer. 不能用a, one, two 等修饰，只能加the 表示“全体”
the majority the minority the public 有 无 The public has/have a right to know what is contained in the report. The public are very concerned about the children's education. 根据主语表示的单数或者复数含义选择谓语动词的单数或者复数；minority 表示“少数民族”时有复数形式
trousers, shorts, glasses, jeans, socks, scissors, compasses, chopsticks 无 有 My glasses have been lost, so I can't see the blackboard clearly. 不能用基数词修饰，也不能加不定冠词；可以用a pair of, many 等修饰
arms, damages, goods, greens, spirits, ashes, surroundings,findings, savings,belongings 无 有 You must try and keep your spirits up. Some goods have been sent there. 不能用基数词修饰；不能用不定冠词修饰；可以用many, a great many, a lot of 修饰
2. 不可数名词
(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气， progress进步，wealth财富，value价值， luck运气，jewellery珠宝，music音乐， health 健康等。
(2)不可数名词具体化
具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
comfort安慰→a comfort安慰者;令人安慰的事情
difficulty困难;难点→difficulties难题
failure失败→a failure失败的事/人
pleasure愉快;快乐→a pleasure一件乐事
regret遗憾;悔恨;抱歉→a regret令人悔恨的事情
surprise惊奇→a surprise一件令人惊奇的事情
worry烦恼;忧虑;苦恼→worries使人发愁的事
necessity必要→necessities必需品
shock打击→a shock一件令人受打击的事情
shame羞耻;羞愧→a shame一个可耻的人;一件可耻的事
honour/honor荣誉→an honour/honor一个让人尊敬的人;一件令人感到光荣的事
success成功→a success一个成功的人;一件成功的事
3. 名词所有格
1．'s所有格
表示人或其他有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加's或'，表示所有关系。
my sister's telephone number 我姐姐的电话号码
(1)表示两者或多者各自的所有关系时，分别在每个名词的词尾加's或'；表示两者或多者共有时，在最后一个名词词尾加's或'。
Tom's_and_Jim's fathers 汤姆的父亲和吉姆的父亲
Tom_and_Jim's father 汤姆和吉姆的父亲
(2)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the_barber's 在理发店
at my_uncle's 在我叔叔家
2．of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the window of the room 房间的窗户
3．双重所有格
指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。
a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)
a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)
4.名词的构词法
名词的后缀
1．动词＋ ion/ tion/ ation/ sion(表示动作或动作过程)→名词
correct→correction 纠正；改正
expect→expectation 期望
consider→consideration 考虑
conclude→conclusion 结论
2．动词＋ er/ or/ ee/ ar/ ess/ ian/ ist(表示从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人，即具体表示某种“人”)→名词
conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员
teach→teacher 教师 lie→liar 说谎者
employ→employee 员工 art→artist 艺术家
music→musician 音乐家
3．动词/形容词＋ th→名词
warm→warmth 温暖；热情
4．形容词＋ y/ ty/ ity→名词
honest→honesty 诚实 cruel→cruelty 残忍
responsible→responsibility责任
5．形容词＋ ness(表示状态或性质)→名词
careless→carelessness 粗心
6．动词＋ ment(表示行为状态、过程、手段或结果)→名词
punish→punishment 惩罚
achieve→achievement 成就
7．动词＋ ance/ ence→名词
perform→performance 表演；业绩
prefer→preference 偏爱
8．名词＋ ship(表示身份、关系或资格)→名词
member→membership 成员；会员
9．动词＋ ure/ ture→名词
fail→failure 失败 mix→mixture 混合物
10．形容词＋ dom→名词
free→freedom 自由
11．动词＋ al→名词
arrive→arrival 到达
12．名词＋ ful→名词
mouth→mouthful 一口；一满口(的量)
hand→handful 一把；一把的量
小题狂练之Round1
1. The team who won the three world____________________(championship)would always get this cup.
2. Interested in their work, she picked up a pair of ___________ (scissor).
3.During the festival ,which lasts threes or four days,people are dressed in their best clothes and participated a variety of rich and colorful ________ (activity).
4. Although they are seen as companions and part of the family today, China and Western countries have different cultural _________ (belief) about dogs.
championships
scissors
activities
beliefs
5.Above all, commercial interests often outweigh educational_____________ (complaint) about the unbearable advertisements.
6. Going to Cambridge University was a dream of mine, for it is one of the top _________________ ( university) in the world.
7. I decided to label one of my small ________________ ( purse) which I actually had with me that day, with her name, along with some some cash inside and an encouraging note.
complaints
universities
purses
1.We would much appreciate ________ (guide) from an expert in this field.
2.They often give _____________ (perform) in pubs at weekends.
3.Tom was doing his homework and the boys who were playing outside his house added ______________ (anxious) to him .
4.We all have an ______________(expect) that he can pass the driving test next week.
5.We had no _____________ (hesitate) in helping the sufferers when the terrible earthquake hit the country.
6.The ________ (arrive) of the plane has been delayed due to the fog.
小题狂练之Round 2
guidance
performances
anxiety
expectation
hesitation
arrival
7.In many ways my___________ (disable) has helped me grow stronger psychologically and become more independent.
8.Compared to the advantages of the Internet, those of the television alone will not be enough to ensure its _____________(survive), and many people think the latter will be replaced.
9.You'd better take into account your own ________ (strong) and weaknesses before choosing a major.
10.The little boy was curious about everything around him, and his parents always satisfied his ________ (curious).
11.I like discovering the_____________(different) between different cultures.
12.The headmaster didn’t seem to be aware that there should have been so much ___________ (disagree) about the decision.
disability
survival
strength
curioxity
difference
disagreement
13.Sorry, I can't read the ________________ (express) on her face.
14.Reaching this agreement so quickly was a great _____________ (achieve).
15.The villagers here all respect him for his ____________ (devote)to the health care.
16.They were not in the least worried about the ____________ (possible) that sweets could rot the teeth.
17.The girl kept working hard and gained ____________ (admit) to the world-famous university.
18.Anyhow they didn’t trust me, so they didn’t deserve a(an) ______________ (explain).
expression
achievement
devotion
possibility
admission
explanation
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