2022年春学期八年级英语备课组
八下Unit 6单元测试卷
第一部分 选择题(共95分)
一、听力(20分)
第—部分 本部分共有10道小题,每小题你将听到—段对话,每段对话听两遍。
1. What does the speakers’ new neighbour look like
2. Where is the man going
3. What time is it now according to the girl’s watch
4. What will Daniel do tomorrow
5. Where will Anna go this weekend
To the library. B. To the hospital. C. To the zoo.
6. Where did the man buy the coffee
In France. B. In America. C. In England
7. What pet does Rick want to keep
A cat. B. A rabbit. C. A bird.
8. What gift did the boy get from his grandma this year
A. Some books. B. A Computer game. C. A computer.
9. Where is the bank
A. On Green Street. B. On the left of a park. C. Next to a supermarket.
10. How much will the man pay if he buys the computer on the website
A. $ 420 B. $ 600 C. $ 670
第二部分 听对话和短文回答问题
听—段对话,回答第11~12小题。(听两遍)
11. What does the man from Taiyuan like to collect
A. Stamps. B. Newspapers. C. Old bikes.
12. What is the man’s dream
A. To set up a museum. B. To take a trip to Britain. C. To travel around by bike.
听—段短文,回答第13~15小题。(听两遍)
The Little Free Library
Place Under a tree, in the 13 of Sunshine Town.
Rules You can take whatever catches your eyes. Return the book in time and bring other books for the library. Never 14 any of them.
Opening date 15
Take a book!& Leave a book!
A. east B. west C. north
A. sell B. buy C. change
A. November 24th B. November 25th C. December 15th
听二段短文,回答第16~20小题。(听两遍)
16. Why is Eddie’s father in hospital
A. He was hit by a motorcycle. B. He was hurt in a bus accident.
C. A car hit him while he was walking.
17. What do the doctors say about his leg
A. It is not too serious. B. It is very serious.
C. It doesn’t need an operation at all.
18. How long should Eddie’s father stay in hospital
A. For one week only. B. For at least two weeks. C. For one month.
19. What do Eddie and his mother bring him every day
A. Fruit and a newspaper. B. Snacks and magazines. C. Food and paper
20. What should Eddie’s father not do
A. Feel sorry for himself. B. Follow the doctor’s treatment. C. Take his medicine.
二、选择填空 从下列每题所给的选项中选出一个最佳答案。(20分)
21 --- It’s brave ______ the young man to save the old man from the burning house.
--- That’s true. It’s important ______ everyone to do something to help others.
of, of B. for, for C. for, of D. of, for
22. --- The weather in Heilongjiang is much colder than _______ in Guangdong.
--- Yes. That’s why the students in Heilongjiang have a longer holiday than _____ in Guangdong.
A. that, those B. those, that C. those, those D. that, that
23. Mr. Jiang, as _____ elderly man, took part in the Special Games for _____ elderly, and finished _____ second in the race.
A. a; the; the B. an; the; / C. an; an; the D. the; an; /
24 We students can _______ food and old clothes to the homeless people, and the teachers can __________ learning skills for the poor children.
A. provide; give B. provide; offer C. offer; give D. give; provide
25. --- Would you like _____ football this afternoon
--- No, I’m not interested in football. Instead, I feel like ______ swimming.
A. to play, to go B. playing, going C. to play, going D. playing, to go
26. --- _____ is the meeting ______
---- To talk about how to organize the school trip next week.
Why, about B. What, for C. When, on D. Who, with
27. My mother says my friend is similar ______ me, but I think she is different _______ me.
A. as, from B. to, from C. to, to D. as, to
28. Peter _____ the Art Club one year ago. He often _____ different activities at school.
A. has joined, takes part in B. joined, takes part in
C. has taken part in, joins D. took part in, joins
29. We don’t have enough English teachers. We need _______ English teachers.
A. two more B. two another C. other two D. more two
30. The people who are confident have more ________ to make them successful.
A. education B. chances C. exercises D. prizes
31. It’s dangerous_________ a close look at the tiger in zoo.
A. for us taking B. for us to take C. of us taking D. of us to take
32. Hainan Island is______ island that many people go there for winter every year.
A. so a beautiful B. so beautiful C. such a beautiful D. a such beautiful
33. --- You look sad. What has happened
--- Everyone _____ us to win the match, but we lost.
A. excepts B. expected C. hopes D. hoped
34. Mr. White says the doctors will __________ on my mother, and it will ____ about 200,000 yuan.
A. have a check; take B. provide an operation; spend
C. do an operation; cost D. take a good care; spend
35. --- The volunteers really provided the athletes with support.
--- Exactly. ____ they helped make the event!
What a great success B. What great success
C. How a great success D. How great success
36. What great trouble Mike has ______ his friend’s new flat!
A. to find B. finding C. find D. found
After working _______ with each other for months, they felt so ______ to each other that they began to share lunch together.
A. closely, closely B. closely, close C. close, close D. close, closely
38. I used to love this film when I was young, but I _________ feel it that way _________ .
don't; any much B. didn't; any much C. don't; any more D. didn't; any more
39. --- English is always too difficult for me. It seems that I haven't made any progress.
--- Don't _________ . Nothing is difficult to a willing heart.
A. give in B. give up C. give behind D. give over
40. --- _________ will the discussion last
--- _________ we reach an agreement.
A. When; Not until B. When; Until C. How long; Not until D. How long; Until
三、完形填空 阅读短文,从文后所给A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。(15分)
I was always ___41___ and had too many things to do. Whenever my daughter caused me to change my plans, I thought to myself, “We don’t have time ____42___ this.” So the two words I always said to her were: ___43___.
The other day, the two of us rode to a ___44___ near our home. After shopping I bought her an ice cream, and she sat down ____45____ a table happily admiring the ice cream in her hand. Suddenly a ___46___ look appeared on her face. “Do I have to eat it up in a hurry, Mum ”
I nearly cried when hearing this—the pains of a hurried life influenced my poor girl so deeply! As she looked at me waiting to know if she could ___47___ her time. I knew I had to make a ___48___. I thought of the times when I rushed (催促) my child through life, I began ___49__ what really matters in life….
“You don’t have to ____50____. Just enjoy it.” I said gently. Her whole face brightened and her shoulders ____51____. We sat side by side talking about things that interested us.
When she got to the last bite (一口), she held it out to me, “ I ____52____ the last bite for you, Mum,” she said ____53____. As the icy taste put out my thirst, I realized I just got the present of a lifetime. I ____54____ my child a little time… and in return, she gave me her last bite and reminded(提醒) me that things taste sweeter and love is easier to get when you stop rushing ____55____ life.
41. A. happy B. sad C. busy D. free
42. A. to B. for C. with D. about
43. A. Keep quiet B. Take care C. Hurry up D. Work hard
44. A. station B. school C. office D. supermarket
45. A. on B. beside C. at D. near
46. A. worried B. tired C. satisfied D. surprised
47. A. waste B. take C. spend D. spare
48. A. mark B. plan C. wish D. choice
49. A. explaining B. forgetting C. discussing D. wondering
50. A. worried B. busy C. hurry D. eat
51. A. lifted B. relaxed C. turned D. raised
52. A. bought B. carried C. saved D. tasted
53. A. happily B. calmly C. sadly D. patiently
54. A. caught B. gave C. made D. taught
55. A. across B. above C. under D. through
四、 阅读短文,根据其内容,选择最佳选项(满分40分)
(A)
Helping others is a great thing to do. You can learn new things and have fun. There are many ways of helping others in your community. You can help people, animals or the environment. It can make you feel good too! How can you help
Charities are organizations that help others, for example, UNICEF or the World Wildlife Fund. You can help charities by giving your time, giving money or giving things that you own. You can also help people or places you know.
Volunteering
Volunteering is when you spare your time to help others. It’s something which you do not have to do or for which you will not be paid. Some ways of volunteering are:
●Visiting old people to talk to them or help them.
●Walking dogs at an animal shelter.
●Cleaning up the park.
Fundraising
Fundraising is when you collect money to help others. Some ways of fundraising are:
●Making cakes or biscuits to sell.
●Doing a sponsored(赞助) activity. For example, family and friends give you money if you finish a long walk.
Donating
Donating is when you give your things or money to help others. Some ways of donating are:
●Giving your old toys or clothes to a charity that helps sick children or poor people.
●Giving your old books to a library.
●Giving your money to a charity.
So, what can you do to help others
56. You’ll ________ when you help other people.
A. feel uncomfortable B. have a great job. C. feel good D. have a hard time
57. How many ways of volunteering are mentioned(提及)in the passage
A. Two B. Three C. Four D. Five
58. The underlined word “Fundraising” means “________” in Chinese.
A. 募款活动 B. 慰问活动 C. 志愿活动 D. 捐物活动
59. Which of the following is a way of donating
A. Cleaning up a park. B. Giving your old computer to a charity.
C. Taking care of sick people in hospital. D. Making pancakes or sandwiches to sell.
60. What’s the best title for the passage
A. Charities B. Ways of volunteering C. A great thing to do D. Helping others
(B)
Every school day, we use schoolbags to carry all of our things to school. They are a big part of our lives. But have you ever thought about the history of the schoolbag
In the Han dynasty, students in old - style private schools used bamboo boxes to carry books to school. People believe the bamboo boxes were the earliest schoolbags. There were usually two or three layers(层) in the box. Kids put different things like books, brushes, ink - stones (砚) and paper in the boxes.
Hundreds of years later, people developed a new kind of schoolbag called the budai or the "hip - pocket". The budai was lighter than the bamboo box. With the founding (成立) of the People's Republic of China, military rucksacks (军用帆布包) became popular. Many people carried them when they were in school. Ask your grandparents about these bags. Maybe they can tell you about their experiences of carrying them.
A new style of schoolbags has appeared in recent years. Many of them have colourful and fashionable designs on them, such as pictures of cartoons or pop stars. And they are more comfortable to use. Some students pull wheeled(有轮子的)bags filled with heavy textbooks and others carry backpacks.
Schoolbags are still changing. Can you imagine what future schoolbags will be like
61. Schoolbags in the Han dynasty were made of _________ .
A. silk B. paper C. cloth D. bamboo
62. Which is NOT true according to the passage
A. Military rucksacks were popular in the 1950s.
B. The budai was heavier than the bamboo box.
C. There are some pictures on the new style of schoolbags.
D. Schoolbags have changed a lot.
63. To carry heavy textbooks, students would like to use _________ . .
A. wheeled bags B. military rucksacks C. bamboo boxes D. the budai
64. We can usually read the passage in _________ .
A. a letter B. a guidebook C. a newspaper D. a notice
65. The purpose of the passage is to _________ .
A. tell us how to use schoolbags B. introduce the history of schoolbags
C. tell why we use schoolbags D. introduce the importance of schoolbags
(C)
In 1997, 12 - year - old American girl Caitlin and 14 - year - old Zimbabwean(津巴布韦人)Martin became penfriends through their schools. They didn't realize at that time how their handwritten letters would change their lives.
It all began as a school task. Everyone in Caitlin's class was asked to choose a penfriend from another country. All the other kids picked countries like France or Germany, but Caitlin chose Zimbabwe because the name sounded exotic (异国的) and cool.
Martin lived with his family in one of Zimbabwe's worst slums (贫民窟) where they shared one room with another family. And a bed was their only piece of furniture.
When Caitlin's first letters reached Martin, they were simple and general. The two kids wrote about their favourite music and what they liked to do. But as Martin slowly revealed more about his life and his letters started arriving written on pieces of trash, Caitlin realized what the living conditions were like for Martin. Without telling her parents, she began sending money with her letters - $20 at a time. While the money was not much to Caitlin, it meant more food for Martin's family and helped him pay his school fees.
It lasted six years from their first exchange of letters to Martin's arrival in the United States. With the help of the money from Caitlin's parents later on, Martin finished his university and got his MBA from Duke University.
Today, Caitlin and Martin aren't only best friends, but they also share their story in a book called I Will Always Write Back. They want to help readers look beyond their own lives and do something kind for others, which might greatly influence (影响) their lives.
66. _________ is from Zimbabwe.
A. Duke B. Caitlin C. Martin D. Frank
67. What does the underlined word "revealed" mean in Chinese
A. 索要 B. 透露 C. 回顾 D. 检索
68. Which is the correct order of the following events
a. They shared their story in a book.
b. Caitlin's first letters reached Martin.
c. Caitlin chose a penfriend from Zimbabwe.
d. Martin got his MBA from Duke University.
A. a - b – c-d B. a - b - d – c C. c - b - d – a D. c - d - b - a
69. According to the passage, which of the following. is NOT true
A. Caitlin chose Zimbabwe because the name sounded exotic and cool.
B. Martin lived a very hard life in one of the worst slums in Zimbabwe.
C. Martin's family could get more food with Caitlin's money in the letters.
D. They kept writing to each other for five years before Martin arrived in the US.
70. You can read the passage in _________ .
A. a newspaper B. a novel C. a notice D. a travel guide
(D)
Many years ago, there was a story about a school teacher named Mrs Thompson. She told
the children on the first day that she loved them all the same. But that was a lie. There in the
front row was a little boy named Teddy Stoddard. He didn't play well with the other children
and he always needed a bath. She did not like him.
Later Mrs Thompson got to know that/Teddy was actually a very good boy before the
death of his mother. She was ashamed of herself. . She felt even worse before Christmas when,
like all her other students. Teddy brought her a Christmas present. It was his mother's perfume.
Teddy said, "Mrs Thompson, today you smell just like my mum used to. "After the children
left she cried for at least an hour. On that very day, she stopped teaching reading, writing and
Maths. Instead, she began to teach children. Since then, Mrs Thompson began to pay particular
attention to Teddy. The boy's mind seemed to come alive. The more she encouraged him,
the faster he improved. By the end of the sixth grade, Teddy had become one of the smartest
children in the class.
Six years went by before she got a letter from Teddy. He wrote that he had finished high
school, third in his class, and she was still the best teacher he ever had in his whole life. He went
10 college. Mrs Thompson got two more letters from him with the last one signed "Theodore F.
Stoddard, M. D. (医学博士)". On his wedding day, Dr Stoddard whispered in Mrs Thompson's
ear, "Thank you, Mrs Thompson, for believing in me. You made me feel important and showed
me that I could make a difference. " Mrs Thompson, with tears in her eyes, whispered back,
"Teddy, you have it all wrong. You were the one who taught me that I could make a difference.
I didn't know how to teach until I met you. "
71. What did Mrs Thompson do on the first day of school
A. She changed Teddy's seat to the front row.
B. She told the class something untrue about herself.
C. She made Teddy feel ashamed.
D. She asked the children to play with Teddy.
72. What did Mrs Thompson find out about Teddy
A. He needed motherly care. B. He enjoyed playing with others.
C. He often told lies. D. He was good at Maths.
73. Why did Mrs Thompson feel even worse before Christmas
A. Because most of her students didn't like her.
B. Because Teddy brought her his mother's perfume as a Christmas present.
C. Because she didn't like the smell of the perfume.
D. Because she didn't want to work as a teacher.
74. In what way did Mrs Thompson change
A. She no longer liked her job as a teacher.
B. She cared more about educating students.
C. She gave less homework to her students.
D. She became stricter with her students.
75. Why did Teddy thank Mrs Thompson at his wedding
A. Because she had sent him Christmas presents.
B. Because she had taught him how to judge people.
C. Because she had kept in touch with him.
D. Because she had given him encouragement.
第二部分 非选择题(共55分)
六、任务型阅读 阅读下面的短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词,每个空格只填一个单词。(15分)
Four types of friends you need in your life
Do you know that people will die early if they have no friends during their lifetime The survey shows if you want to live longer and more happily, you need to have some friends who can share your sadness and happiness or can be helpful when you are in trouble.
The following four types of friends are just what you need to keep the doctor away.
A Loyal(忠诚的) Best Friend
Everyone needs a friend who will support you in different situations. This kind of friend knows all of your deepest and darkest secrets, but still loves you all the same.
A Friendly Neighbor
These days, a lot of people don’t know their own neighbors. It’s a shame, because some neighbors can be the most helpful people. If you forget to lock the front door when you are on holiday, you can call your neighbors to lock it for you. So it’s wonderful to have nice and helpful neighbors.
A Workmate
You’ll find it much easier to chat with someone than eating lunch alone every day. Your workmate doesn’t have to be your best friend. If you two get along well with each other, you can always start going out together outside of the office.
A Friend From a Different Culture
If everyone had a friend from a different culture, the world would be a much better place. Remember not to be friends with someone just because they’re from a different culture. Instead, keep your mind open, and if you meet someone from other places, try to learn about their customs, values, and traditions.
If you have such kinds of friends, you will surely live longer and more happily.
Friends you need in your life
Introduction If you want to live a longer and __76__ life, you need to have some friends who can share your sadness and happiness and can __77__ you when you are in trouble.
Four __78__ of friends A Loyal Best Friend ◆This kind of friend knows all of your darkest and __79__ secrets, but still loves you all the same.[]
A ___80___ Neighbor ◆If you don’t __81__ to lock the front door when you are on holiday, you can call your neighbors to lock it for you. So it’s wonderful to have nice and helpful neighbors.
A Workmate ◆You can chat with someone if you don’t want to eat lunch by __82__ .
A Friend From a Different Culture ◆If everyone had a friend from a different culture, the world would be a much __83__ place.◆If you meet someone from other places, try to learn about their customs, values, and traditions instead of __84__ friends with them just because they are from other countries.
Conclusion You will surely live longer and more happily __85__ such kinds of friends.
六、综合填空 (15分,每小题1.5分,共10小题)
Hello, everyone. It’s time to say goodbye to my junior high school life. First of all, I want to say thank you to my math teacher, Miss Wu for ___86___ (be) so patient. She always helped me ___87___ my math. She also often reminded us to be ___88___ honest person.
Then I want to thank my basketball coach, Mr. Long. I joined the basketball team ___89___ I was in Grade 7. I was always late for practice. He taught me to be on time. He also taught me ___90___ (difference) basketball skills. Now, I have become a very strong basketball ___91___ (play).
Certainly, I am also ___92___(thank) that I have made so many good friends at school. My good friend Han Meimei is a very hard-working girl. I have ___93___ (learn) from her that we must study hard in order to go to a good senior high school.
Lastly, I want to thank my beloved (爱戴的) ___94___ (parent). They have always been there. Without ___95___ support, I wouldn’t be able to make it here today.
Thank you, my junior high school life!
七、书面表达(25分)
我市第八届“最美兴化人”系列评选活动正在进行,你班决定推荐李华参加其类别之一“最美志愿者”的评选。请你以“The Most Beautiful Volunteer”为题,给学校英文报写一篇短文介绍李华,内容包括:
品质:礼貌、善良、有耐心,与人相处融洽;
事迹:乐于帮助老师和同学,周末参加各类活动,如去街道打扫卫生,另举两例;
你的评价:至少两条
注意:
词数90词左右;
短文应包括所给的内容要点,可适当发挥,使文章连贯;
短文中不得出现学生的真实姓名,校名等信息。
8BU6 测试卷 第 6 页 共 8 页八下Unit 6单元测试卷听力文字材料
第一部分 听对话回答问题
本部分共有10道小题,每小题你将听到一段对话,每段对话读两遍。在听每段对话前,你将有5秒钟的时间阅读题目;听完后,你还有5秒钟的时间选择你认为最合适的备选答案。
1. W: Have you seen our new neighbor
M: I saw him this morning. He's a tall man with a round face and a pair of glasses.
M: Excuse me. Could you tell me where I can send this letter
W: OK. You can go to the post office over there.
M: It's a quarter past nine. Let's hurry.
W: Well, your watch is 10 minutes fast. My watch is only 9:05.
W: What will the weather be like tomorrow, Daniel
M: It'll be rainy. I will watch TV at home instead of walking my dog.
M: Hi, Anna. I’m going to the city library this weekend. What about you
W: In fact, I want to go to the zoo, but have to see a doctor. You know, I have had a fever for two days.
W: Where did you buy the coffee It tastes really good.
M: I went to some places including France, America and England to look for this kind of coffee. And I finally found it in London.
7. W: Have you ever kept a pet before, Rick Like a cat or a rabbit
M: No, I haven’t. But I really want a bird now.
8. W: Did your grandmother give you anything at your birthday party, Kol
M: Well, I often got books from her, but this year she gave me a computer game. My brother helped her choose it.
W: Excuse me. Could you please tell me how I can get to the nearest bank
M: Sure. Go along Green Street and turn left when you see a park. You will find it next to a supermarket.
M: This computer is really nice, but it’s $600. I just can’t afford it.
W: Look at it on the website. You can get the same type at 70% of that price.
第二部分 听一段对话和两篇短文
听每段对话或短文前,你将有时间阅读相关小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,每小题你仍有5秒钟的时间选择你认为最合适的备选答案。每段对话或短文听两遍。
听一段对话,回答第11-12小题。
W:Steven, do you like to collect stamps
M: Yes. I like to collect stamps and until now I have collected about 350 stamps from different countries.
W: Do you know a man from Taiyuan He likes to collect old bikes.
M: Yes, I have read a piece of news about him. He has collected 185 old bikes.
W: I heard his oldest bike is from Britain. Is that true
M: Yes. The bike is the most valuable thing to him.
W: Do you know what his dream is
M: Yes. He dreams of setting up a bike museum in his city.
听第一篇短文,回答第13-15小题。请根据短文内容,选择正确答案,完成信息记录表。
Here I’d like to introduce a new library in our city — the Little Free Library. It is in the east of Sunshine Park, under a big tree. You can take books you like from the library, but you aren’t allowed to sell them. After you finish reading them, you must return them in time. What’s more, you can bring your own books and add them to our collection.
The Little Free Library will open on November 25th. Welcome to join us.
听第二篇短文,回答第16-20小题。
Eddie’s father is in hospital. Unluckily, he hurt his leg in a bus accident and needed a small operation. The doctors say that it is not too serious, but he should stay in hospital for at least two weeks. Every day Eddie and his mother visit his father. They bring him a newspaper and some fruit. His father enjoys the visits but wants to go home to be with his family. However, every patient in hospital must be careful after an operation. They need to take their medicine and follow the doctor’s treatment. Some nurses and volunteers in the hospital take good care of him. Instead of feeling sorry for himself, Eddie’s father is now feeling happier. He knows he will get well soon!
PAGE
2八下Unit 6单元测试卷参考答案
一、听力 (20分)
1-5 CBBBB 6-10 CCBCA 11-15 CAAAB 16-20 BABAA
二、单项选择 (20分)
21-25 DABDC 26-30 BBBAB 31-35 BCBCA 36-40 BBCBD
三、完形填空 (15)
36-40 CBCDC 41-45 ABDDC 46-50 BCABD
四、阅读理解 (40分)
56-60 CBABD 61-65 DBACB 66-70 CBCDA 71-75 BABBD
五、任务型阅读 (15分)
happier 77. help 78. types/kinds 79. deepest 80. friendly
remember 82. yourself 83. better 84. being/making 85. with
六、综合填空
86. being 87. with/study 88. an 89. when 90. different
91. player 92. thankful 93. learnt/kearned 94. parents 95. their
九、书面表达参考答案
The Most Beautiful Volunteer
Li Hua is a polite boy. He is both kind and patient. So he gets on well with others.
He likes to work as a volunteer. At school, he is always ready to help his teachers and classmates. At weekends, he takes an active part in different kinds of activities. He often does some cleaning in the street. He also goes to the library to help carry books. What’s more, he looks after old people in an old people’s home.
We all think Li Hua is such an excellent boy that we should learn from him. We’d like to recommend him for The Most Beautiful Volunteer.
PAGE
18B Unit 6单元测试卷答题纸
班级: __________ 学号: _______ 姓名: ____________ 得分: / 150
第一卷 选择题 (共95分)
一、听力(共20小题, 每小题1分,计20分)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
二、单项选择(共20小题, 每小题1分,计20分)
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
完形填空(共15小题, 每小题1分,计15分)
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
四、阅读理解(共20小题, 每小题2分,计40分)
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
第二卷 非选择题 (共55分)
五、任务型阅读(15分,每题1.5分,共10题)
76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85
六、综合填空(15分,每题1.5分,共10题)
86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95
七、书面表达(25分)
The Most Beautiful Volunteer
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________