北师大版八年级下册英语 Unit 4 Dealing with Problems 复习学案(含解析)

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名称 北师大版八年级下册英语 Unit 4 Dealing with Problems 复习学案(含解析)
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更新时间 2022-06-16 17:00:14

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(
知识图谱
)
(
Unit 4 Dealing with Problems
)
(
知识精讲
)
一、必背词汇
difficulty n. 困难,难题
unhappy adj. 不快乐的
advise v. 建议,劝告
lonely adj. 孤单的,寂寞的
relaxed adj. 放松的
satisfied adj. 满意的,满足的
upset adj. 难过的,沮丧的
offer v. 提供;提出
control v. 克制;控制
mood n. 情绪,心情
stupid adj. 愚蠢的,笨的
manage v. 完成(困难的事);应付(困难局面等)
everyday adj. 每天的,日常的
stranger n. 陌生人
unless conj. 除非
trust v. 相信
achieve v. 达到,完成
produce v. 使产生;生产
spirit n. 情绪;精神
unhealthy adj. 不健康的
succeed v. 成功,达到目标
circle v. 圈出;画圈 n. 圆圈
amount n. 数量
article n. (报纸上的)文章,报道
attract v. 吸引
suppose v. (根据所知)认为,推断;设想
limit n. 限量;限制 v. 限制
somewhere adv. 在某处
gap n. 间隔;裂口
housework n. 家务劳动
add v. 增加
enter v. 输入;进入
password n. 密码,口令
praise n. 赞扬,称赞
lazy adj. 懒惰的
strict adj. 严格的,严厉的
care v. 关心;在意 n. 照料,照顾
boss n. 老板;领导
pretty adv. 相当,十分 adj. 漂亮的
except prep. 除……之外
mess n. 杂乱,不整洁
whenever conj. 无论何时
fair adj. 公平的
positive adj. 积极乐观的
sympathy n. 同情
greeting n. 问候;打招呼
signature n. 签名,签字
scold v. 批评,训斥

二、重点词汇
1. advise verb / d va z
to give someone advice 劝告;忠告;向…提供意见,给…出主意
例句:
I think I’d advise him to leave the company.
要是我,我会建议他离开这家公司。
His doctor advised him against smoking.
他的医生劝他戒烟。

2. satisfied adjective / s t sfa d/
pleased because you have got what you wanted, or because something has happened in the way that you wanted 满足的;满意的
例句:
Some people are never satisfied!
有些人永远不会满足!
Are you satisfied with the new arrangement
你对新的安排满意吗?

3. offer verb & noun / f r/
1). v. to ask someone if they would like to have something or if they would like you to do something 主动给予;主动提出;提议
例句:
She was offered a job in Paris.
她在巴黎得到了一份工作。
My father offered to take us to the airport.
我父亲提出送我们去机场。
2). v. to provide or supply something 提供;供给
例句:
Did he offer any explanation for his strange behaviour
他有没有对自己的怪异行为作出任何解释?
It doesn’t have much to offer as a town - its shops are fairly poor and there’s only one cinema.
这个城镇没有什么可说的——商店很破旧,只有一家电影院。
3). n. the act of asking if someone would like to have something or if they would like you to do something 提议;主动帮忙
例句:
“If you like I can help out.” “That’s a very kind offer.”
“如果你愿意,我可以替你买点东西。”“那个提议太好了。”
I must say the offer of two weeks in Hawaii is very tempting.
我得说到巴塞罗那度周末的提议对我很有诱惑力。

4. manage verb / m n d /
1). to succeed in doing or dealing with something, especially something difficult
成功做到,胜利完成(尤指困难之事)
例句:
Did you manage to get any bread
你搞到面包了吗?
I only just managed to finish on time.
我勉强按时完成。
2). to be responsible for controlling or organizing someone or something, especially a business or employees 管理,掌管;经营(尤指企业)
例句:
Has she had any experience of managing large projects
她有管理大型项目的经验吗?
He’s not very good at managing people.
他不是很善于领导别人。

5. trust verb /tr st/
1). v. to believe that someone is good and honest and will not harm you, or that something is safe and reliable 信任,信赖,相信
例句:
My sister warned me not to trust him.
我姐姐告诫我不要相信他。
Trust me - I know about these things.
相信我——我了解这些东西。
2). n. the belief that you can trust someone or something 信任,信赖
例句:
A good relationship is built on trust.
良好的关系是建立在信任之上的。
We were obviously wrong to put our trust in her.
显然,我们不该信任她。

6. achieve verb / t i v/
to succeed in finishing something or reaching an aim, especially after a lot of work or effort
(尤指经过努力)完成;达到;实现
例句:
She finally achieved her ambition to visit South America.
她终于实现了去南美洲旅游的梦想。
I’ve been working all day, but I feel as if I’ve achieved nothing.
我干了整整一天,但觉得好像什么都没有做成。

7. praise verb /pre z/
1). v. to express admiration or approval of the achievements or characteristics of a person or thing
赞扬,表扬
例句:
He should be praised for his honesty.
应该表扬他诚实。
My parents always praised me when I did well at school.
我在学校里表现好时父母总是夸奖我。
2). v. to honour, worship, and express admiration for a god 赞颂,赞美(神)
例句:
They sang hymns praising God.
他们唱颂歌来赞颂上帝。
3). n. things that you say that express your admiration and approval of someone or something
赞扬,表扬
例句:
They deserve praise for all their hard work.
他们如此辛苦地工作,理应受到表扬。
His efforts are certainly deserving of praise.
他的努力当然值得赞扬。

三、必背短语
1. generation gap 代沟 2. on one’s own 独自,单独
3. from time to time 不时;偶尔 4. break the ice 打破僵局
5. care about 关心 6. grow up 长大
7. get along with 和……相处 8. turn…into… 把……变成……
9. achieve one’s goals 实现目标 10. cool down 冷却;平静下来
11. stick to… 坚持;粘住 12. have a quarrel with… 和某人争吵
13. make up with… 与……和解 14. set a time limit 设置时间限制
15. listen to music 听音乐 16. play sports 运动
17. take a short break 休息片刻 18. generation gap 代沟
19. on one’s own 独自地;靠自己地 20. get praise from… 从……得到赞扬
21. be strict with…对……严格要求 22. be in a mess 混乱

四、经典句型
1. I find it hard to control my bad moods.
我感觉很难控制自己的坏情绪。
2. I try but I can’t seem to cheer myself up.
我努力了,但是似乎无法让自己提起精神。
3. Most people are shy from time to time, so you’re not alone.
大多数人偶尔也会害羞,所以你不是一个特例。
4. It’s a great way to break the ice and turn strangers into friends.
这是消除紧张气氛,使陌生人成为朋友很好的方式。
5. It’ll help you cool down.
它( 深呼吸十次)能帮你冷静下来。
6. You’ll succeed if you do one thing at a time and stick to your plan.
如果你一次只做一件事并且坚持你的计划,你就能取得成功。
7. He spends all his spare time sitting in front of the computer.
所有的业余时间里,他都坐在电脑前面。
8. You should attract his attention to some other interests.
你应该把他的注意力吸引到其他兴趣爱好上。
9. But he’s a bit lazy so I have to be strict with him.
但是他有些懒,所以我不得不对他严格要求。
(
三点剖析
)
一、考点
1. 掌握本课核心词汇和固定搭配。
2. 条件状语从句用法
条件状语从句表示说话人对事情的实现提出的前提或条件。引导条件状语从句的连词有if,unless等。
例句:
You will succeed if you do one thing at a time and stick to your plan.
如果你一次只做一件事并且坚持你的计划,你就能取得成功。
Come tomorrow if you have time.
如果明天有时间的话,你就过来吧。
If the salary isn’t too low, he will accept the job.
如果薪水不是很低的话,他就接受这份工作。
1). 如果从句用if 条件句,主句用祈使句,则表示说话人在向某人提出建议、命令或
请求。该句型是:
从句 主句
If + Present Simple 祈使句



例句:
If it rains today, stay at home.
如果今天下雨,那就待在家里吧。
If you want to lose weight, eat less bread.
如果你想要减肥,少吃点儿面包。
2). 如果从句用unless 条件句或者否定的if条件句,主句用陈述句,表示说话人要
告知某人在一定条件下会产生的结果。该句型是:
从句 主句
陈述句 unless+ 动词肯定式 if...don’t /doesn’t




例句:
You will be late unless you start at once/ if you don’t start at once.
除非你现在立刻出发,要不然你会迟到的。
You can’t drive a car unless you pass the driving test/ if you don’t pass the driving test.
除非你通过驾驶考试,否则你不能开车。
例题:
1. If you _________ to the party, you’ll have a great time.
A. will go B. went C. go D. going
【答案】C
【解析】考查条件状语从句用法。根据if引导的条件状语从句,如果主句是将来时,从句要用一般现在时表将来。故选C。

2. 用所给词的适当形式填空。
1). If Marcia _________ (live) alone, she _________ (keep) a pet parrot.
2). Where _________ he _________ (see) the film if he _________ (have) time
【答案】
1). lives; will keep
2). will; see; has
【解析】考查条件状语从句。根据知识点填出适当形式即可。

二、易错点
alone与lonely的区别
1. alone既可用作形容词,又可用作副词,意为“独自的(地)、单独的(地)”,侧重于说明独自一人,没有同伴或助手,指的是客观情况。
1). alone用作形容词时,一般与be动词连用,在句中作表语。
例句:
She is alone at home. 她独自一人在家。
He is not alone in this idea. 有这种想法的不只是他一个人。
2). alone用作副词修饰动词时,应该放在动词后面作状语。
例句:
I like to work alone. 我喜欢独自一人工作。
Han Mei was reading alone when the teacher came into the classroom.
老师走进教室时,韩梅正独自一人在看书。
(3). alone用作副词时,也可作定语,意为“只有,仅仅”,但必须置于它所修饰的名词或代词之后。
例句:
He alone was in the secret. 只有他一人知道内情。
This year alone, we’ve already planted ten thousand trees.
仅是今年,我们已经栽了一万棵树。
2. lonely只用作形容词,它在句中既可作定语,也可作表语,表示“孤独的,寂寞的”意思。该词带有浓厚的感彩,具有“渴望得到同伴”的含义,其比较级形式为lonelier.
1). lonely用作定语时,意为“孤单的,无伴侣的,无人烟的,荒凉的,偏僻的”等。
例句:
At heart, I’m a lonely man. 内心深处我很孤独。
That’s a lonely island. 那是一个荒凉的岛屿。
2). lonely 用作表语时,可以表示“孤寂的,寂寞的”意思。
例句:
We never feel lonely in Shanghai. 在上海我们从不感到孤独。
I was alone but I didn’t feel lonely. 我独自一人,但我并不感到孤独。
alone形体上的单独。 lonely精神上的孤单。
He stayed at home alone but he was not lonely. 他一个在家待着,但是他不孤独。
例题:
When you feel hopeless and _________, just remember you are not _________ in the world because your friends are around you.
A. alone; alone B. alone; lonely
C. lonely; alone D. lonely; lonely
【答案】C
【解析】考查词汇辨析。lonely孤独的;alone独自的,故选C。
(
题模精选
)
题模一:Unit4 词汇应用
例1.1.1 ---I have great _________ in finishing the work by myself. Could you help me
---No problem.
A.fun B.success
C.advice D.difficulty
例1.1.2 根据括号提示填空
1). Believing in yourself is the first step on the road to _________ (成功).
2). Don’t talk to _________ (strange) online, for it may be very dangerous.
题模二:条件状语从句
例1.2.1 My parents are always worried what will happen if I _________.
A.succeeded B.won’t succeed
C.will fail D.fail
例1.2.2 根据中文提示完成句子
1). 我发现很难和他的父母交流。
I find _________ difficult _________ _________ with his parents.
2). 你主意到我刚才说的话了吗?
Have you _________ _________ _________ what I said just now
(
随堂练习
)
随练1.1 ---Mr. Ling, I have difficulty _________ the article.
---Remember _________ it three or four times at least.
A.to understand; reading
B.understanding; reading
C.understanding; to read
D.to understand; to read
随练1.2 The car was out of _________ and hit a tree by the road.
A.danger B.breath C.control D.practice
随练1.3 ---How is Tom now
---I hear the company _________ him a good job, but he refused it.
A.provided B.offered
C.passed D.introduced
随练1.4 ﹣Mrs Li, will you be angry ________ your students don't obey the rules in class
﹣A little. But I will stop them in a friendly way. ( )
A.if B.unless C.though
随练1.5 That's all I have to say. Is there anything you'd like to ( )
A.talk B.require C.hold D.add
随练1.6 首字母填空
(1)Our English teacher tells us to speak e________ English every day.
(2)T ________him! He has no difficulty in working out the problem.
(3)When the children grow up, the old always feel l________.
随练1.7 根据括号提示完成句子
1. You’d better not _________ (争吵)with your parents. After all, they love you so much.
2. They were playing the game in a friendly _________ (精神).
3. There are some interesting ________ (文章) in the newspaper.
4. People wrote many poems in _________ (称赞) of our beloved Premier Zhou.
5. Climbing up to the top of the mountain is one of his _________ (achieve).
6. Life is full of all kinds of _________ (difficult).We should try to work them out on our own.
7. He often tells lies. He is _________ (honest) and nobody wants to make friends with him.
8. The most _________ (success) people are those who fail the most.
随练1.8 You can see many aunts dancing together on the square if it _________in the evening.
A.doesn’t rain B.rains
C.will rain D.won’t rain
随练1.9 She says that shell have to close the shop _________ business improves.
A.if B.or C.unless D.because
(
能力拓展
)
拓展1 ---How about _________ with me
---Good idea. I need to buy some food and drinks.
A.shop B.shopping C.to shop D.shopped
拓展2 Many teenagers _________ the old and they often offer their seats to them on buses.
A.depend on B.laugh at C.listen to
拓展3 Lisa’s mother didn’t let her _________ out at night.
A.to go B.went C.going D.go
拓展4 根据中文提示完成句子
1. 为了保持健康,我爸爸经常做运动。
In order to stay healthy. My father often _________ _________.
2. 你经常在因特网上搜寻信息吗
Do you often _________ _________ _________ on the Intemet
3. 我们应该学会如何与别人相处融洽。
We should learn how to _________ _________ well with others.
4. 莉萨两个星期以前加人了游泳俱乐部。
Lisa _________ _________ _________ _________ two weeks ago.
5. 当你处于困境的时候,你可以向你的父母求助。
You can ask your parents for help _________ _________ _________ _________ _________.
拓展5
完形填空
Dear Doctor Chen,
I think I am in trouble. I think no one likes me ___1___ I am not good﹣looking or clever. I usually feel bad. Sometimes I think if I leave home, nobody would care. How can I ___2___ these problems Will you be kind enough to help me
Judy
Dear Judy,
I really feel ___3___ for you, but don't worry too much. Many children have the same ___4___ as you. First, you said nobody would care if you left home. I am sure you are ___5___. What about your parents and teachers You need to talk to them. They can help you, and they will be ___6___ to talk with you.
Second, there must be someone in your class. He or she ___7___ the same as you. You never know how other people feel inside. Try to make friends with ___8___. Or you may join a club(俱乐部) to meet new people and ___9___ yourself busy. You need to find happy things. Write a list(名单) of all the ___10___ things about yourself. Learn to like yourself, and then others will see your confidence(自信心) and like you, too.
Doctor Chen
(
(
1
)
A

so
B

because
C

though
D

if
(
2
)
A

deal with
B

cheer up
C

care for
D

put on
(
3
)
A

angry
B

sorry
C

happy
D

glad
(
4
)
A

talk
B

breakfast
C

drink
D

problem
(
5
)
A

beautiful
B

clever
C

wrong
D

right
(
6
)
A

afraid
B

surprised
C

unhappy
D

glad
(
7
)
A

feels
B

sounds
C

looks
D

smells
(
8
)
A

they
B

them
C

their
D

themselves
(
9
)
A

ask
B

teach
C

make
D

help
(
10
)
A

good
B

strange
C

terrible
D

bad
)
拓展6
阅读理解
In Singapore, many middle school students spend a lot of their time on their studies. Good education is often regarded as a ticket to success in their future. So many of these students try their best to get a good mark in their examinations. They have a lot of homework every day and exams are a big headache. Sometimes some of them are even made to go to remedial(补习的) classes after school.
Schools run programmes outside school hours. The students can take part in sports and games, music and dance, hiking and rock﹣climbing, etc. They are also very active in community service (社区服务).
In their spare time, most students like to listen to pop music. Hollywood blockbusters(大片), Hong Kong and Singapore movies are very popular among them. They understand IT very well. Some of them also spend their free time surfing the Internet, e﹣mailing their friends, playing computer and video games.
They sometimes go to cafes, fast﹣food restaurants, shopping centers and big bookstores.
So, it looks like life as a middle school student in Singapore is not easy but it is rich and colorful.
(1)What is NOT mentioned in the passage ________
A.Schoolwork.
B.After﹣class activities.
C.Subjects.
D.Things to do in the spare time.
(2)Why do students work hard at school in Singapore ________
A.Because they have a lot of homework.
B.Because they have to go to remedial classes.
C.Because they want to get a good future.
D.Because they have many outside school activities.
(3)What does the underlined sentence mean in the first paragraph ________
A.Students are afraid of exams.
B.Students have a headache before an exam.
C.Students have too many exams.
D.Students are in poor health because of exams.
(4)Programmes outside school hours are________.
A.the same as spare time activities
B.remedial classes after school
C.sports activities
D.popular among students
(5)What do you know from the last sentence ________
A.The middle school students live an easy life in Singapore.
B.The middle school students' life in Singapore is amazing.
C.The middle school students' life in Singapore is boring.
D.The middle school students' life in Singapore is hard, but interesting.
答案解析
(
Unit 4 Dealing with Problems
)
(
题模精选
)
题模一:Unit4 词汇应用
例1.1.1
【答案】D
【解析】考查词汇辨析。根据句意:我在独立完成这项工作方面遇到了很大困难。fun乐趣;success成功;advice建议;difficulty困难。故选D。
例1.1.2
【答案】1). success
2). strangers
【解析】考查本课重点核心词汇,根据提示和语境,填出相应单词及其适当形式。
题模二:条件状语从句
例1.2.1
【答案】D
【解析】考查条件状语从句。根据句意:我的父母总是担心如果我失败了会发生什么事。if引导的条件状语从句,如果主句是将来时,从句要用一般现在时表将来,故选D。
例1.2.2
【答案】1). it; to communicate
2). paid attention to
【解析】考查本课重点短语和句型,注意动词单复数和固定搭配。
(
随堂练习
)
随练1.1
【答案】C
【解析】考查固定搭配。have difficulty doing sth.在做某事时遇到困难,remember to do sth.记得做某事,故选C。
随练1.2
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词汇辨析。根据句意:那辆车脱离了控制,撞到了路边的一棵树。danger危险;breath呼吸;control控制;practice练习。out of control失去控制,故选C。
随练1.3
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词辨析。根据句意:——现在汤姆怎么样?——我听说那家公司给他提供了一份好的工作,但是他拒绝了。provide提供,常用于provide sb. with sth.或provide sth. for sb.;offer提供,常用于offer sb. sth.或offer sth.to sb.;pass通过,考试及格;introduce介绍。结合本题语境以及offer 的搭配,故选D。
随练1.4
【答案】A
【解析】A. if(表示条件)"如果", 主句用将来时, if从句用现在时表示将来, 符合题意. B. unless是从属连词, 引导条件状语从句, 含有否定意义, 相当于if条件状语从句的否定形式.所以unless=if not. 放在此句中, 句意不通. C. though(=even if), 意为"即使", 引导让步状语从句, 放在此题中, 句意不通顺.
随练1.5
【答案】D
【解析】talk谈论; require要求;hold抓住, 举行;add增加, 补充, 根据句意.
随练1.6
【答案】
(1)everyday
(2)Trust
(3)lonely
【解析】(1)everyday. 根据"every day"每天, 结合空格后面的English, 因此可知空格处需要用形容词来填空, 句意"老师告诉我们每天都要说日常英语. "
(2)Trust. 根据"He has no difficulty in working out the problem. "他算出这个问题没有困难. 结合给出的首字母提示T以及空格后面是him, 因此可知这句话的意思是"相信他!他算出这个问题没有困难. "我们可知这是一个祈使句, 空格处需要用动词原形来填空.
(3)分析句子, 结合首字母提示, 推测意思是当孩子们长大时, 老人总是感到孤独. 前面是系动词feel, 后接形容词lonely.
随练1.7
【答案】1. quarrel
2. spirit
3. articles
4. praise
5. achievements
6. difficulties
7. dishonest
8. successful
【解析】考查本课重点词汇。根据提示填出对应单词,注意词的正确形式。
随练1.8
【答案】A
【解析】考查条件状语从句。根据句意:如果晚上不下雨,你会看到广场上有许多阿姨在跳舞。if引导的条件状语从句,从句要用一般现在时表将来,故选A。
随练1.9
【答案】C
【解析】考查连词用法。根据句意:她说她不得不关闭那家商店,除非生意变好。故选C。
(
能力拓展
)
拓展1
【答案】B
【解析】考查固定搭配。how about doing sth.做某事怎么样。故选B。
拓展2
【答案】B
【解析】考查短语辨析。根据句意:很多年轻人都很关心老人,他们经常在公共汽车上给老人让座。depend on依赖,依靠;care for关心;laugh at嘲笑;listen to听。故选B。
拓展3
【答案】D
【解析】考查固定搭配。let sb.do sth.让某人做某事,故选D。
拓展4
【答案】1. play sports
2. search for information
3. get along/ on
4. joined the swimming club
5. when you are in trouble
【解析】考查本课中重点表达,注意时态,固定搭配和单复数问题。
拓展5
【答案】BABDC DABCA
【解析】(1)B 考查连词, A. so所以B. because因为 C. though 虽然D. if是否, 根据I think no one likes me, 结合后文 I am not good﹣looking or clever, 可知前后是因果关系, 故选B.
(2)A 考查短语, A. deal with 处理B. cheer up打扫 C. care for照顾 D. put on 穿上, 根据these problems, 结合选项, 推出是处理这些问题.
(3)B 考查形容词, A. angry生气的 B. sorry遗憾的 C. happy幸福的 D. glad 开心的, 根据I really feel…for you, 结合选项, 推出句意:对你的这些情况我感到遗憾.
(4)D 考查名词, A. talk讲话 B. breakfast早饭 C. drink 饮料D. problem问题, 根据Many children have the same…as you, 可知是指别的孩子也有和你一样的问题.
(5)C 考查形容词, A. beautiful漂亮的 B. clever聪明的 C. wrong错误的 D. right 正确的, 根据前文 you said nobody would care if you left home. 你说过没人会介意你离开家的. 可知这是Judy错误的想法.
(6)D 考查形容词, A. afraid害怕的 B. surprised惊讶的 C. unhappy不开心的 D. glad 开心的, 根据They can help you, and they will be …to talk with you, 结合选项, 推出句意:他们可以帮助你, 他们将会很乐意跟你交谈.
(7)A 考查动词, A. feels感觉 B. sounds听起来 C. looks看起来 D. smells 闻起来, 根据 there must be someone in your class. He or she …the same as you, 推出此处是指:你班上一定有某些人, 他或她跟你的感受一样.
(8)B 考查代词, A. they他们 B. them他们, 宾格 C. their 他们的D. themselves他们自己, 根据with, 可知介词后用宾格, 结合句意:尝试和他们交朋友.
(9)C 考查动词, A. ask问B. teach教 C. make使 D. help 帮助, 根据yourself busy, 可知是指让你自己忙起来, make sb+形容词使某人…的.
(10)A 考查形容词, A. good好的 B. strange奇怪的 C. terrible可怕的 D. bad坏的, 根据 Learn to like yourself学会喜欢你自己, 推出此处是指要列举关于自己好的一面.
拓展6
【答案】CCCDD
【解析】(1)C. 细节考查题. 根据第一段的第一句"In Singapore, many middle school students spend a lot of their time on their studies", 第二段的第一句"Schools run programmes outside school hours", 以及第三段的第一句"In their spare time, most students like to listen to pop music"可知这篇文章主要提到了新加坡的中学生的学业, 课外活动以及业余时间所做的事情, 故C没有提到.
(2)C. 细节考查题. 根据"Good education is often regarded as a ticket to success in their future"可知好的教育经常被认为是未来成功的关键.
(3)C. 细节考查题. 根据"They have a lot of homework every day and exams are a big headache. "可知他们有大量的家庭作业, 而且考试是令人头疼的事情, 可知考试也很多.
(4)D. 细节考查题. 根据"They are also very active in community service (社区服务). "他们积极参加社区服务可知校外的一些项目受学生欢迎.
(5)D. 细节考查题. 根据" it looks like life as a middle school student in Singapore is not easy but it is rich and colorful. "可知新加坡学生们的生活不是很容易的但是丰富多彩的