Lesson16—Lesson18 教材知识详解
1. Many people hurt themselves by falling off chairs.
许多人从椅子上掉下来伤了自己。
themselves是人称代词they的反身代词,意为“他(她,它)们自己”,在句中起强调作用。
如:They can clean their bedrooms by themselves.他们能自己整理卧室。
与oneself相关的短语:by oneself独自;teach oneself自学;enjoy oneself玩得开心。
fall off掉下来。
如:Tom fell off the bike.汤姆从自行车上掉了下来。
易混辨析:
(1)fall over强调的是“向前摔倒;跌倒”。
如:There is too much snow on the ground. If you ride much too fast, you will fall over.
地上的雪太多了。如果你骑得太快的话,你会摔跤的。
(2)fall down强调的是“滑倒;倒下”。
如:If people run across the road, they may fall down.如果人们跑过马路的话,他们可能会摔倒。
(3)fall off强调的是“跌落;从……上掉下来”,其后直接接宾语。
如:They spread a big net in case Tom would fall off the tree and get hurt.
他们张开一张大网以防汤姆从树上掉下来受伤。
2. Don’t use water to put out kitchen fires. Use baking soda or salt instead.
不要用水去扑灭厨房的火。而是要用苏打粉或盐。
①此句中的动词不定式短语to put out kitchen fires说明谓语动词所表示动作的目的,作目的状语。动词不定式在句中作目的状语,可置于句首或句末。
如:You’d better do more exercise to keep healthy.
你最好多做运动,以保持身体健康。
I come here only to say goodbye to you.我来这儿仅仅是为了向你告别。
②put out意为“熄灭,扑灭”。
如:She put out the light and closed the door.她关掉灯并关上了门。
与put有关的词组:
(l)put away意为“把……收拾起来”。
如:It’s going to rain. We must put away our clothes.
要下雨了。我们必须把衣服收起来。
(2)put into意为“输入;把……放进……里”。
如:They put the information about the sale into the computer.
他们把有关销售的信息输入计算机。
(3)put off意为“推迟,延期;脱掉”。
如:Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.今日事,今日毕。
(4)put up意为“举起,挂起,搭起,建造”。
如:If you have any questions to ask, please put up your hand.如果你有任何问题要问,请举手。
③instead adv.顶替,代替。
如:I didn’t have a pen, so I used a pencil instead.
我没有钢笔,因此我就用铅笔代替了。
(1)instead of意为“代替;而不是”,后面可以接与前面成分相并列的词或词组。
如:He went there by train instead of by plane.他是乘火车而不是乘飞机去那儿的。
(2)instead of的同义词组in place of,表示以某一人或事物代替另一人或事物,其后接被代替的对象,多为名词或代词。
如:She came in place of Mr. Black.她是代替布莱克先生来的。
(3)take the place of为动词短语,意为“代替”。
如:Plastic is now used to take the place of many materials.
现在塑料被用来代替多种材料。
3. Earthquakes usually come without warning.地震通常来得毫无征兆。
without作介词,意为“无,没有”,反义词为with,后接名词/代词/动名词形式。without用于否定句中,表示条件,意为“如果没有”,可与if引导的否定的条件状语从句转换。
如:She went to bed without finishing her homework.她没有做完作业就去睡觉了。
He went out without locking the door.他没有锁门就出去了。
We can’t finish the work without your help.=We can’t finish the work if you don’t help us.如果没有你的帮助,我们就完不成这项工作。
4. Stay calm as the earth begins to shake and move.当地面开始晃动时保持冷静。
①stay calm保持镇定,保持冷静,相当于keep calm/ cool。
如:No matter what happens, we must stay calm.不管发生什么,我们必须保持冷静。
②begin to do sth.开始做某事,同义词组为begin doing sth.。
如:He stopped talking and began to eat.他停止说话,开始吃东西。
5. Keep an eye out for things that can fall on you. 要留心可能掉在你身上的东西。
keep an eye out for意为“密切注意,提防,警觉”。
如:Your truck is too overloaded; please keep an eye out for the police.
你的卡车超重厉害,请提防警察。
6. Too many calls will bring down the phone system.
太多的电话会使电话系统受损。
bring down使瘫痪,降低,减少。bring down还可表示“打垮,击败”。
如:Nobody knew what brought down MH17 in eastern Ukraine.
没有人知道是什么在乌克兰东部击落了MH17。
We are sure to bring down Class 5 in the football match.
在足球比赛中我们一定会击败五班。
7. Danny also wrote for me about the accident.
关于那场事故,丹尼也写信告诉我了。
write to意为“给……写信”,该短语中的to为介词,表示对象,后接名词、代词,是write a letter to的简略形式。
如:My uncle in America writes to me once a month.
我在美国的叔叔每个月给我写一封信。
8. She watched me climb higher and higher.她看着我越爬越高。
higher and higher是“越来越高”的意思。在英语中,“比较级+and+比较级”或“more and more+多音节的形容词或副词”表示“越来越……”。“the+比较级,the+比较级”意为“越……,就越……”,表示两个过程按比例同时增减。
如:Our city is becoming more and more beautiful.我们的城市变得越来越美了。
The sooner, the better.越快越好。
9. It took me three months to recover. 我花了三个月的时间才康复。
It takes/took sb. +时间/金钱+to do sth.表示“做某事花费某人多少时间/金钱”。
如:It took Yang Liwei about 21 hours to circle the earth in his spaceship.
在宇宙飞船中,环绕地球花费了杨利伟大约21个小时。
表示“花费”的常见结构还有:
(1) spend some time/money on sth.或 spend some time/money (in) doing sth.。spend 既可表示花时间,又可表示花钱,后加介词on或in,on后加名词,in后加动名词,in可省去。
如:He spends much time on housework.
=He spends much time (in) doing housework.他花很多时间做家务。
(2) sth. costs (sb. ) some money。cost 通常指花钱,主语为物。
如:The book cost him ten yuan 这本书花了他10元钱。
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