上海高三英语概要写作模拟训练题（含答案）
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| 名称 | 上海高三英语概要写作模拟训练题（含答案） |  | |
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| 更新时间 | 2022-06-21 19:11:34 | ||
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概要写作模拟训练题
一．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Airline seats have been one-size-fits-all since the beginning. Today, those 16.5 to 18-inch wide seats are anything but.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity(肥胖症) has more than doubled since 1980. In 2014, more than l.9 billion adults were overweight, and over 600 million were obese.
The unchanged seat size and increase of obese passengers highlight the conflict between airlines’ needs and basic passenger rights.
Last month, lawyer Giorgio Destro, an Italian lawyer, sued Emirates, claiming his flight was disturbed by an obese passenger seated next to him. According to reports, Destro was not able to comfortably sit in his assigned seat, and spent much of the nine-hour flight standing or sitting in crew seats, because a 400-pound passenger took up half of his seat.
Many airlines have responded to the growing obesity by insisting passengers of size buy two seats to ensure safety and comfort. Samoa Air, for example, is charging by weight (which has become known as a “fat tax”). At first glance, the fat tax issue sounds discriminatory (歧视的), but some argue that this is purely down to numbers. A kilo is a kilo. It has nothing to do, with the condition of the weight. The heavier a plane is, the more fuel it burns through. In other words, the argument is whether it is fair that a 150-pound person is charged for their 50-pound bag, when a 300-pound person with a carry-on isn’t charged anything extra.
However, Peggy Howell of NAAFA argues that obesity is an illness, and that obese people should be entitled to having certain rights protected.
“We question the legality of the discriminatory policy and whether it violates the Air Carrier Access Act governing the treatment of passengers with disabilities,” she says. “The American Medical Association (AMA) recently declared obesity a disease, which should make fat passengers a protected class.”
Howell points out that the Canadian Transportation Agency (CTA) addressed this issue in 2009, and issued a ‘one-person, one-fare’ ruling covering passengers with disabilities. Those passengers include ones who are ‘clinically obese’ and who cannot fit into a single seat.
二.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Ellie is a psychologist, and a good one at that. Smile in a certain way, and she knows precisely what your smile means. She listens to what you say, processes every word, works out the meaning of your pitch, your tone, your posture, everything. She is at the top of her game but, according to a new study, her greatest advantage is that she is not human.
When faced with tough or potentially embarrassing questions, people often do not tell doctors what they need to hear. Yet the researchers behind Ellie, led by Jonathan Gratch at the Institute for Creative Technologies, in Los Angeles, suspected from their years of monitoring human interactions with computers that people might be more willing to talk if presented with an avatar, that is, a virtual figure. To test this idea, they put 239 people in front of Ellie to have a chat with her about their lives. Half were told (truthfully) they would be interacting with an artificially intelligent virtual human (AIVH); the others were told (falsely) that Ellie was a bit like a puppet, and was having her strings pulled remotely by a person.
Dr Gratch and his colleagues report that, though every participant interacted with the same avatar, their experiences differed markedly based on what they believed they were dealing with. Those who thought Ellie was under the control of a human operator reported greater fear of disclosing personal information, and said they managed more carefully what they expressed during the session, than did those who believed they were simply interacting with a computer.
三.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要．
Cashless Society, Good or Evil？
Can we do without cash Since 2015, digital payments in the UK have outnumbered those in cash, and we are invited by the great and the good to cheer this on. The fully cashless era will be magnificently convenient, they say, with goods delivered to the door; no fumbling for change just tap and go. Some London branches of several chains don't accept cash any more. Businesses and banks want to abolish cash because they have fears of the black market and tax avoidance
Yet we should worry about the death of cash, because physical money possesses worth far above its face value.
Actual physical money, in the hand, teaches us its true value. With cash, what you see is what you have. Exchanging it demands personal engagement and oils the wheels of a community.
In a shop, the exchange of cash takes time: it involves eye meeting eye. By contrast, a cashless society is a joyless one. A digital touch payment is done in a flash: no human interaction necessary. Digital self-service is cold when you are staring silently at your electronic device.
Besides, cash is a great leveler (使人人平等的事). Every penny, pound and banknote sits the same in every hand, identical in value and appearance. Moreover, a pocketful of change is like a gallery or a museum. The roses, ostrich feathers and lions on the coins reveal the history that shaped the United Kingdom. It is really crazy to give up on cash.
We are told digital payment is a welcome liberation from the shackles (束缚) of cash, but digital payments actually restrict the reach of money. It requires a combination of factors like Wi-Fi, battery power and phones. Worse still, the lack of cash means even the most fundamental aspects of etiquette (礼仪) are under pressure. Tipping in restaurants is changing beyond recognition. In simpler times, any amount of cash, warmly generous or pointedly small could be left as a reward. In the digital age, any extra money transferred to the restaurant account may never reach the staff pocket.
四．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Hardworking Brains
It's late in the evening: time to close the book and turn off the computer. You're done for the day. What you may not realize, however, is that the learning process actually continues - in your dreams. It might sound like science fiction, but researchers are increasingly focusing on the relationship between the knowledge and skills our brains absorb during the day and the fragmented, often bizarre(奇怪的)imaginings they generate at night. Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we've learned is associated with improved performance in that activity (suggesting that there's some truth to the popular notion that we're "getting" a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it). What's more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and keeping what we learn.
While we sleep, research indicates the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality. A vivid example of such replay can be seen in a video researchers made recently about sleep disorders. They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking, in which the sleeper engages in the kind physical movement that does not normally occur during sleep. They then videotaped the subjects as they slept. Lying in bed, eyes closed, one female patient on the tape performs the dance moves she learned earlier.
This shows that while our bodies are at rest, our brains are drawing what's important from the information and events we've recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast store of what we already know. In a 2010 study, researchers at Harvard Medical School reported that college students who dreamed about a computer maze(迷宫)task they had learned showed a 10-fold improvement in their ability to find their way through the maze compared with participants who did not dream about the task.
Robert Stickgold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the odds of dreaming out the material. Think about that as your head hits the pillow tonight.
五．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Public Opinion Counts
Modbury is a typical small town of the south of England with a population of about 1,600. Typical, that is, apart from the fact that there are no plastic carrier bags in the town. None. Plastic bags have been well and truly dumped!
The removal of the plastic bags was the brainchild of Rebecca Hosking, Modbury resident and documentary-maker. Filming a documentary in the Pacific Ocean, Rebecca was horrified at the effects of plastic bags on the wildlife off Hawaii. Among other things, she saw seabirds fatally trapped in plastic bags that don’t biodegrade. When Rebecca returned to her hometown, she discussed this problem with people, including the shopkeepers and everyone supported her suggestion to make the town plastic bag free.
But for Rebecca’s concept, Modbury would still be an unremarkable little place. Now, however, shoppers take re-usable cotton bags shopping with them, or they buy biodegradable corn starch ones on the shops. The shopkeepers now wrap their goods in paper. To prove that the townsfolk are not only committed to reducing plastic waste, they organised a mass beach clean-up last year. Dozens of volunteers came to the beach on the appointed day to clean it up, taking the rubbish that visitors throw away and recycling it. And the greatest part of that rubbish was... no, not plastic bags, but plastic bottles.
Becoming the first town in Europe to ban plastic bags, Modbury is now harvesting the rewards of fame — reporters and camera crews from newspapers and TV channels across the world are coming to this mild town to find out its secret. And, contrary to some of the initial reports, it is a normal town, trying to live life in a slightly different way. As one resident put it. “We’re ordinary people, but we want to make just a little difference.”
参考答案：
一.With the increasing obesity , airline one-size-fits-all seats can’t satisfy the needs of obese passageers. To solve the conflict between airlines’ needs and passage rights, many airlines have asked overweight passengers to pay more to fly , because a heavier plane burns more fuel. However, objectors think the disabled , including fat passengers ,should be protected instead of being charged more.
解析：
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，航空公司的座位从一开始就千篇一律。如今，
随着肥胖人数的增加，座位尺寸不变和肥胖乘客增加凸显了航空公司需求与乘客基本权利之间的冲突。
1.要点摘录 ①With the increasing obesity , airline one-size-fits-all seats can’t satisfy the needs of obese passengers.②The unchanged seat size and increase of obese passengers highlight the conflict between airlines’ needs and basic passenger rights.③The heavier a plane is, the more fuel it burns through.④However, Peggy Howell of NAAFA argues that obesity is an illness, and that obese people should be entitled to having certain rights protected.
2.缜密构思 将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句 To solve the conflict between airlines’ needs and passage rights, many airlines have asked overweight passengers to pay more to fly , because a heavier plane burns more fuel. However, objectors think the disabled , including fat passengers ,should be protected instead of being charged more.
二、Ellie, a virtual psychologist, gains an advantage over a human doctor in helping patients. In the research, the participants were asked to talk with Ellie. Some were told Ellie was a virtual human while the others were told Ellie was controlled by a man. The researchers found the former were more willing than the later to disclose their personal information
解析：
本文为概要写作。本文首先要用不超过60个词来概括大意和要点，但不能用文章中的原句。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
本文为概要写作。概要写作一般分为以下几步：首先弄清要求。概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节；第二要细读原文，找出文章主旨和结构，列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。用一些具有概括功能的词和句式，如各种复合句或非谓语等对文章的具体信息进行概括、表述出来。最后要用适当的关联词语贯通全文。本文的要点需要包括（1）Ellie是一个a virtual psychologist；（2）需要介绍对于Ellie的不同观点；(3)最后要进行总结。
写概要时，要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，略去不必要的细节。不要抄袭原句，通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。写作时注意抓住文章的主旨大意，避免逻辑混乱。概要应与原文一致，字数应在要求之内。
本文要点完整，语句通顺，概括的内容与原文的内容一致。文章的结构简单，被动结构之主，主动语态与被动语态相结合。句式以简单句为主，辅之以while引导的状语从句Some were told Ellie was a virtual human while the others were told Ellie was controlled by a man和宾语从句The researchers found the former were more willing than the later to disclose their personal information。
三、Though digital payments overtook cash for its unparalleled convenience, physical money should be encouraged, for it brings about human interaction and is of equal value in different hands. Moreover, its beautiful design tells the history. Digital payment relies on devices and makes people less polite. People are less willing to leave tips as they seldom reach the restaurant staff.
解析：
本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了尽管数字支付以其无与伦比的便利取代了现金，但实体货币应该得到鼓励，因为它带来了人类的互动，而且在不同的人手中具有同等的价值。
1.要点摘录
①The fully cashless era will be magnificently convenient.
②Actual physical money, in the hand, teaches us its true value. A digital touch payment is done in a flash: no human interaction necessary.
③Moreover, a pocketful of change is like a gallery or a museum.
④Digital self-service is cold when you are staring silently at your electronic device.
⑤Worse still, the lack of cash means even the most fundamental aspects of etiquette (礼仪) are under pressure.
⑥Tipping in restaurants is changing beyond recognition.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将4、5两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
Though digital payments overtook cash for its unparalleled convenience, physical money should be encouraged, for it brings about human interaction and is of equal value in different hands.
Digital payment relies on devices and makes people less polite.
四．Learning continues in our dreams, which in turn improves our performance, and dreaming is key to comprehension, organizing and retaining knowledge. Brain replays the activity learned during the day and keeps drawing important information to integrate into existing knowledge. So we can try to study right before sleep.
解析：
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，学习在我们的梦中继续，这反过来提高了我们的表现，并且梦是理解、组织和保留我们所学知识的关键。大脑重放白天学到的活动，并不断地提取重要信息融合到已经存在的知识中，所以我们可以尝试在睡觉前学习。
要点摘录
①What you may not realize, however, is that the learning process actually continues - in your dreams.
②Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we've learned is associated with improved performance in that activity.
③What's more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and keeping what we learn.
④While we sleep, research indicates the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality
⑤This shows that while our bodies are at rest, our brains are drawing what's important from the information and events we've recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast store of what we already know.
⑥Robert Stickgold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the odds of dreaming out the material.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3个要点进行概括总结，并重组1、2、3三个要点，将第4、5两个要点进行整合，将第6个要点进行概括总结。
3.遣词造句
Learning continues in our dreams, which in turn improves our performance, and dreaming is key to comprehension, organizing and retaining knowledge.Brain replays the activity learned during the day and keeps drawing important information to integrate into existing knowledge. So we can try to study right before sleep.
五、Modbury, a small town in the south of England, is the first plastic bag-free town in Europe, thanks to Rebecca Hosking, who put forward this idea after seeing the effects of plastic bags on the wildlife. Her idea caught on and there was even an activity to clean up the beach. Though famous, Modbury is still an ordinary town.
解析：
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍莫德伯里是英格兰南部的一个小镇，是欧洲第一个没有塑料袋的小镇，是一个名叫丽贝卡·霍斯金，在看到塑料袋对野生动物的影响后提出了这个想法。她的想法很成功了，还发起一个清理海滩的活动。莫德伯里虽然很有名，但它仍然是一个普通的城镇。
1 要点摘录
①Modbury is a typical small town of the south of England.
②Plastic bags have been well and truly dumped!
③The removal of the plastic bags was the brainchild of Rebecca Hosking, Modbury resident and documentary-maker.
④Rebecca was horrified at the effects of plastic bags on the wildlife off Hawaii.
⑤To prove that the townsfolk are not only committed to reducing plastic waste, they organised a mass beach clean-up last year.
⑥And, contrary to some of the initial reports, it is a normal town, trying to live life in a slightly different way.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、3、4四个要点进行整合，将第5、6两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
Modbury, a small town in the south of England, is the first plastic bag-free town in Europe. Rebecca Hosking put forward this idea after seeing the effects of plastic bags on the wildlife. Her idea caught on and there was even an activity to clean up the beach. Modbury is still an ordinary town.
一．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Airline seats have been one-size-fits-all since the beginning. Today, those 16.5 to 18-inch wide seats are anything but.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity(肥胖症) has more than doubled since 1980. In 2014, more than l.9 billion adults were overweight, and over 600 million were obese.
The unchanged seat size and increase of obese passengers highlight the conflict between airlines’ needs and basic passenger rights.
Last month, lawyer Giorgio Destro, an Italian lawyer, sued Emirates, claiming his flight was disturbed by an obese passenger seated next to him. According to reports, Destro was not able to comfortably sit in his assigned seat, and spent much of the nine-hour flight standing or sitting in crew seats, because a 400-pound passenger took up half of his seat.
Many airlines have responded to the growing obesity by insisting passengers of size buy two seats to ensure safety and comfort. Samoa Air, for example, is charging by weight (which has become known as a “fat tax”). At first glance, the fat tax issue sounds discriminatory (歧视的), but some argue that this is purely down to numbers. A kilo is a kilo. It has nothing to do, with the condition of the weight. The heavier a plane is, the more fuel it burns through. In other words, the argument is whether it is fair that a 150-pound person is charged for their 50-pound bag, when a 300-pound person with a carry-on isn’t charged anything extra.
However, Peggy Howell of NAAFA argues that obesity is an illness, and that obese people should be entitled to having certain rights protected.
“We question the legality of the discriminatory policy and whether it violates the Air Carrier Access Act governing the treatment of passengers with disabilities,” she says. “The American Medical Association (AMA) recently declared obesity a disease, which should make fat passengers a protected class.”
Howell points out that the Canadian Transportation Agency (CTA) addressed this issue in 2009, and issued a ‘one-person, one-fare’ ruling covering passengers with disabilities. Those passengers include ones who are ‘clinically obese’ and who cannot fit into a single seat.
二.Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Ellie is a psychologist, and a good one at that. Smile in a certain way, and she knows precisely what your smile means. She listens to what you say, processes every word, works out the meaning of your pitch, your tone, your posture, everything. She is at the top of her game but, according to a new study, her greatest advantage is that she is not human.
When faced with tough or potentially embarrassing questions, people often do not tell doctors what they need to hear. Yet the researchers behind Ellie, led by Jonathan Gratch at the Institute for Creative Technologies, in Los Angeles, suspected from their years of monitoring human interactions with computers that people might be more willing to talk if presented with an avatar, that is, a virtual figure. To test this idea, they put 239 people in front of Ellie to have a chat with her about their lives. Half were told (truthfully) they would be interacting with an artificially intelligent virtual human (AIVH); the others were told (falsely) that Ellie was a bit like a puppet, and was having her strings pulled remotely by a person.
Dr Gratch and his colleagues report that, though every participant interacted with the same avatar, their experiences differed markedly based on what they believed they were dealing with. Those who thought Ellie was under the control of a human operator reported greater fear of disclosing personal information, and said they managed more carefully what they expressed during the session, than did those who believed they were simply interacting with a computer.
三.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要．
Cashless Society, Good or Evil？
Can we do without cash Since 2015, digital payments in the UK have outnumbered those in cash, and we are invited by the great and the good to cheer this on. The fully cashless era will be magnificently convenient, they say, with goods delivered to the door; no fumbling for change just tap and go. Some London branches of several chains don't accept cash any more. Businesses and banks want to abolish cash because they have fears of the black market and tax avoidance
Yet we should worry about the death of cash, because physical money possesses worth far above its face value.
Actual physical money, in the hand, teaches us its true value. With cash, what you see is what you have. Exchanging it demands personal engagement and oils the wheels of a community.
In a shop, the exchange of cash takes time: it involves eye meeting eye. By contrast, a cashless society is a joyless one. A digital touch payment is done in a flash: no human interaction necessary. Digital self-service is cold when you are staring silently at your electronic device.
Besides, cash is a great leveler (使人人平等的事). Every penny, pound and banknote sits the same in every hand, identical in value and appearance. Moreover, a pocketful of change is like a gallery or a museum. The roses, ostrich feathers and lions on the coins reveal the history that shaped the United Kingdom. It is really crazy to give up on cash.
We are told digital payment is a welcome liberation from the shackles (束缚) of cash, but digital payments actually restrict the reach of money. It requires a combination of factors like Wi-Fi, battery power and phones. Worse still, the lack of cash means even the most fundamental aspects of etiquette (礼仪) are under pressure. Tipping in restaurants is changing beyond recognition. In simpler times, any amount of cash, warmly generous or pointedly small could be left as a reward. In the digital age, any extra money transferred to the restaurant account may never reach the staff pocket.
四．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Hardworking Brains
It's late in the evening: time to close the book and turn off the computer. You're done for the day. What you may not realize, however, is that the learning process actually continues - in your dreams. It might sound like science fiction, but researchers are increasingly focusing on the relationship between the knowledge and skills our brains absorb during the day and the fragmented, often bizarre(奇怪的)imaginings they generate at night. Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we've learned is associated with improved performance in that activity (suggesting that there's some truth to the popular notion that we're "getting" a foreign language once we begin dreaming in it). What's more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and keeping what we learn.
While we sleep, research indicates the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality. A vivid example of such replay can be seen in a video researchers made recently about sleep disorders. They taught a series of dance moves to a group of patients with conditions like sleepwalking, in which the sleeper engages in the kind physical movement that does not normally occur during sleep. They then videotaped the subjects as they slept. Lying in bed, eyes closed, one female patient on the tape performs the dance moves she learned earlier.
This shows that while our bodies are at rest, our brains are drawing what's important from the information and events we've recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast store of what we already know. In a 2010 study, researchers at Harvard Medical School reported that college students who dreamed about a computer maze(迷宫)task they had learned showed a 10-fold improvement in their ability to find their way through the maze compared with participants who did not dream about the task.
Robert Stickgold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the odds of dreaming out the material. Think about that as your head hits the pillow tonight.
五．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Public Opinion Counts
Modbury is a typical small town of the south of England with a population of about 1,600. Typical, that is, apart from the fact that there are no plastic carrier bags in the town. None. Plastic bags have been well and truly dumped!
The removal of the plastic bags was the brainchild of Rebecca Hosking, Modbury resident and documentary-maker. Filming a documentary in the Pacific Ocean, Rebecca was horrified at the effects of plastic bags on the wildlife off Hawaii. Among other things, she saw seabirds fatally trapped in plastic bags that don’t biodegrade. When Rebecca returned to her hometown, she discussed this problem with people, including the shopkeepers and everyone supported her suggestion to make the town plastic bag free.
But for Rebecca’s concept, Modbury would still be an unremarkable little place. Now, however, shoppers take re-usable cotton bags shopping with them, or they buy biodegradable corn starch ones on the shops. The shopkeepers now wrap their goods in paper. To prove that the townsfolk are not only committed to reducing plastic waste, they organised a mass beach clean-up last year. Dozens of volunteers came to the beach on the appointed day to clean it up, taking the rubbish that visitors throw away and recycling it. And the greatest part of that rubbish was... no, not plastic bags, but plastic bottles.
Becoming the first town in Europe to ban plastic bags, Modbury is now harvesting the rewards of fame — reporters and camera crews from newspapers and TV channels across the world are coming to this mild town to find out its secret. And, contrary to some of the initial reports, it is a normal town, trying to live life in a slightly different way. As one resident put it. “We’re ordinary people, but we want to make just a little difference.”
参考答案：
一.With the increasing obesity , airline one-size-fits-all seats can’t satisfy the needs of obese passageers. To solve the conflict between airlines’ needs and passage rights, many airlines have asked overweight passengers to pay more to fly , because a heavier plane burns more fuel. However, objectors think the disabled , including fat passengers ,should be protected instead of being charged more.
解析：
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，航空公司的座位从一开始就千篇一律。如今，
随着肥胖人数的增加，座位尺寸不变和肥胖乘客增加凸显了航空公司需求与乘客基本权利之间的冲突。
1.要点摘录 ①With the increasing obesity , airline one-size-fits-all seats can’t satisfy the needs of obese passengers.②The unchanged seat size and increase of obese passengers highlight the conflict between airlines’ needs and basic passenger rights.③The heavier a plane is, the more fuel it burns through.④However, Peggy Howell of NAAFA argues that obesity is an illness, and that obese people should be entitled to having certain rights protected.
2.缜密构思 将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、3两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句 To solve the conflict between airlines’ needs and passage rights, many airlines have asked overweight passengers to pay more to fly , because a heavier plane burns more fuel. However, objectors think the disabled , including fat passengers ,should be protected instead of being charged more.
二、Ellie, a virtual psychologist, gains an advantage over a human doctor in helping patients. In the research, the participants were asked to talk with Ellie. Some were told Ellie was a virtual human while the others were told Ellie was controlled by a man. The researchers found the former were more willing than the later to disclose their personal information
解析：
本文为概要写作。本文首先要用不超过60个词来概括大意和要点，但不能用文章中的原句。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
本文为概要写作。概要写作一般分为以下几步：首先弄清要求。概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节；第二要细读原文，找出文章主旨和结构，列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。用一些具有概括功能的词和句式，如各种复合句或非谓语等对文章的具体信息进行概括、表述出来。最后要用适当的关联词语贯通全文。本文的要点需要包括（1）Ellie是一个a virtual psychologist；（2）需要介绍对于Ellie的不同观点；(3)最后要进行总结。
写概要时，要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，略去不必要的细节。不要抄袭原句，通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。写作时注意抓住文章的主旨大意，避免逻辑混乱。概要应与原文一致，字数应在要求之内。
本文要点完整，语句通顺，概括的内容与原文的内容一致。文章的结构简单，被动结构之主，主动语态与被动语态相结合。句式以简单句为主，辅之以while引导的状语从句Some were told Ellie was a virtual human while the others were told Ellie was controlled by a man和宾语从句The researchers found the former were more willing than the later to disclose their personal information。
三、Though digital payments overtook cash for its unparalleled convenience, physical money should be encouraged, for it brings about human interaction and is of equal value in different hands. Moreover, its beautiful design tells the history. Digital payment relies on devices and makes people less polite. People are less willing to leave tips as they seldom reach the restaurant staff.
解析：
本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了尽管数字支付以其无与伦比的便利取代了现金，但实体货币应该得到鼓励，因为它带来了人类的互动，而且在不同的人手中具有同等的价值。
1.要点摘录
①The fully cashless era will be magnificently convenient.
②Actual physical money, in the hand, teaches us its true value. A digital touch payment is done in a flash: no human interaction necessary.
③Moreover, a pocketful of change is like a gallery or a museum.
④Digital self-service is cold when you are staring silently at your electronic device.
⑤Worse still, the lack of cash means even the most fundamental aspects of etiquette (礼仪) are under pressure.
⑥Tipping in restaurants is changing beyond recognition.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将4、5两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
Though digital payments overtook cash for its unparalleled convenience, physical money should be encouraged, for it brings about human interaction and is of equal value in different hands.
Digital payment relies on devices and makes people less polite.
四．Learning continues in our dreams, which in turn improves our performance, and dreaming is key to comprehension, organizing and retaining knowledge. Brain replays the activity learned during the day and keeps drawing important information to integrate into existing knowledge. So we can try to study right before sleep.
解析：
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，学习在我们的梦中继续，这反过来提高了我们的表现，并且梦是理解、组织和保留我们所学知识的关键。大脑重放白天学到的活动，并不断地提取重要信息融合到已经存在的知识中，所以我们可以尝试在睡觉前学习。
要点摘录
①What you may not realize, however, is that the learning process actually continues - in your dreams.
②Scientists have found that dreaming about a task we've learned is associated with improved performance in that activity.
③What's more, researchers are coming to recognize that dreaming is an essential part of understanding, organizing and keeping what we learn.
④While we sleep, research indicates the brain replays the patterns of activity it experienced during waking hours, allowing us to enter what one psychologist calls a neural virtual reality
⑤This shows that while our bodies are at rest, our brains are drawing what's important from the information and events we've recently encountered, then integrating that data into the vast store of what we already know.
⑥Robert Stickgold, one of the Harvard researchers, suggests that studying right before bedtime taking a nap following a study session in the afternoon might increase the odds of dreaming out the material.
2.缜密构思将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3个要点进行概括总结，并重组1、2、3三个要点，将第4、5两个要点进行整合，将第6个要点进行概括总结。
3.遣词造句
Learning continues in our dreams, which in turn improves our performance, and dreaming is key to comprehension, organizing and retaining knowledge.Brain replays the activity learned during the day and keeps drawing important information to integrate into existing knowledge. So we can try to study right before sleep.
五、Modbury, a small town in the south of England, is the first plastic bag-free town in Europe, thanks to Rebecca Hosking, who put forward this idea after seeing the effects of plastic bags on the wildlife. Her idea caught on and there was even an activity to clean up the beach. Though famous, Modbury is still an ordinary town.
解析：
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍莫德伯里是英格兰南部的一个小镇，是欧洲第一个没有塑料袋的小镇，是一个名叫丽贝卡·霍斯金，在看到塑料袋对野生动物的影响后提出了这个想法。她的想法很成功了，还发起一个清理海滩的活动。莫德伯里虽然很有名，但它仍然是一个普通的城镇。
1 要点摘录
①Modbury is a typical small town of the south of England.
②Plastic bags have been well and truly dumped!
③The removal of the plastic bags was the brainchild of Rebecca Hosking, Modbury resident and documentary-maker.
④Rebecca was horrified at the effects of plastic bags on the wildlife off Hawaii.
⑤To prove that the townsfolk are not only committed to reducing plastic waste, they organised a mass beach clean-up last year.
⑥And, contrary to some of the initial reports, it is a normal town, trying to live life in a slightly different way.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、3、4四个要点进行整合，将第5、6两个要点进行重组。
3.遣词造句
Modbury, a small town in the south of England, is the first plastic bag-free town in Europe. Rebecca Hosking put forward this idea after seeing the effects of plastic bags on the wildlife. Her idea caught on and there was even an activity to clean up the beach. Modbury is still an ordinary town.